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!"#$%$& 2: '()*+,-& +.µµ,/,01#/2# +0,/-%3 µ, /( +.0#1/(/$ 4"2+(& $5#(/-%*# +.µ6,5-785*# /8. NAQ-R /8.& /,),./$"8.& 6 µ9#,& (NAQ-R 22)

!.". (#.$.)**

%&'()* !)* +,-' *('

µ.(*

!)* +,-' *('

/01,µ'1*

2'3/ µ4-*22. 567, 789(' 49/:/ 8&,7:/; <'3/ µ)* *&6 :)= 78µ&/-)+,-4= *8:4= :,8=

:/>/8:*;,8= 6 µ.(/=

5,:4 !;* +,-' *(' /01,µ'1*

./<*) <'3/ µ4-**

1. %*= *&,<-?&:,(:*) &>@-,+,-;/= &,8

/&@-/'A,8( :@( *&61,7. 7*=

2. BC/8:/>;A/7:/ . D/>,),&,)/;7:/

79/:)<' µ/ :@ 1,8>/)' 7*=

3. %*= *(*:;3/:*) 1,8>/)' C/<'3*-*

<*:E:/-@ :,8 /&)&41,8 )<*(,:.:F( 7*=

4. %@µ*(:)<4= &/-),94= /83?(@= 7*=

7*= *+*)-,?(:*) . *(:)<*3;7:*(:*) µ/

:/:-)µµ4(* . *7.µ*(:* <*3.<,(:*

5. G.µ/= <*) <,8:7,µ&,>)' 1)*1;1,(:*)

D)* 7*=

6.BC*)-/;7:/ . *&,<>/;/7:/ *&6

1)*1)<*7;/= <*) <,)(F()<' D/D,(6:*

7. 5-,70>@:)<' . /&)3/:)<' 796>)* D)*

/7'= (&.9. 78(.3/)/= . &*-/>36() <*) :@(

&-,7F&)<. 7*= AF.

8. %*= +F('A,8( . D;(/7:/ 7:69,=

*D*('<:@7@= . 38µ,?

9. B<+,0)7:)<. 78µ&/-)+,-', 6&F=

/)70,>. 7:,( &-,7F&)<6 7*= 9E-,,

7&-EC)µ,, <>/;7)µ, &/-'7µ*:,= <.*.

10. H&6(,)/= . 7@µ'1)* *&6 '>>,8= 6:)

3* 4&-/&/ (* &*-*:.7/:/ :@ 1,8>/)' 7*=

11. %*= 8&/(38µ;A,(:*) 78(/9E= :*

>'3@ <*) ,) &*-*>/;I/)= 7*=

12. %*= *D(,,?( . D;(,(:*) /&)3/:)<,;

/(*(:;,( 7*= 6:*( /&)9/)-/;:/ (*

&-,7/DD;7/:/

13. BC*<,>,83@:)<. <-):)<. :@=

1,8>/)'= <*) :@= &-,7&'3/)'= 7*=

14. J D(Eµ@ <*) ,) *&6I/)= 7*=

*D(,,?(:*)

15. K;(/7:/ *&,14<:/= +*-7E( –

*7:/;F( *&6 ':,µ* &,8 1/( 7*=

78µ&*3,?(

16. %*= 1;(,(:*) <*3.<,(:* µ/

&*-'>,D,8= . *1?(*:,8= 7:69,8=

./<*) &-,3/7µ;/=

20 (25,0)

51 (64,6)

12(15,4)

22 (27,5)

27 (34,2)

45 (56,3)

41 (51,9)

28 (35,4)

61 (77,2)

59 (74,7)

31 (39,2)

46 (57,5)

27 (33,8)

25 (31,6)

59 (74,7)

30 (37,5)

37 (46,3)

18 (22,8)

22 (28,2)

21 (26,3)

27 (34,2)

25 (31,3)

25 (31,6)

27 (34,2)

10 (12,7)

13 (16,5)

34 (43,0)

24 (30,0)

26 (32,5)

33 (41,8)

13 (16,5)

31 (38,8)

8 (10,0)

5 (6,3)

16 (20,5)

15 (18,8)

12 (15,2)

5 (6,3)

6 (7,6)

15 (19,0)

7 (8,9)

7 (8,9)

8 (10,1)

8 (10,0)

20 (25,0)

5 (6,3)

3 (3,8)

10 (12,5)

9 (11,3)

4 (5,1)

16 (20,5)

12 (15,0)

5 (6,3)

3 (3,8)

3 (3,8)

4 (5,1)

1 (1,3)

0 (0,0)

5 (6,3)

2 (2,5)

4 (5,0)

5 (6,3)

3 (3,8)

6 (7,5)

6 (7.5)

1 (1,3)

12 (15,4)

10 (12,5)

8 (10,1)

2 (2,5)

4 (5,1)

5 (6,3)

0 (0,0)

0 (0,0)

1 (1,3)

0 (0,0)

3 (3,8)

5 (6,3)

1 (1,3)

3 (3,8)

15 (18,8)

5 (6,4)

28 (35,9)

22 (27,5)

13 (16,4)

5 (6,3)

7 (8,9)

9 (11,4)

1 (1,3)

0 (0,0)

6 (7,6)

2 (2,5)

7 (8,8)

10 (12,6)

4 (5,1)

9 (11,3)

2,30 (1,18)

1,56 (0,92)

2,92 (1,32)

2,59 (1,37)

2,24 (1,28)

1,65 (0,94)

1,78 (1,08)

2,13 (1,15)

1,34 (0,70)

1,34 (0,64)

1,87 (0,96)

1,58 (0,78)

2,12 (1,06)

2,14 (1,13)

1,41 (0,84)

2,01 (1,07)

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3 .,*+*0#2!2 (2- !4)!2- "#%µ*!" !* "(/µ,1/0-, *$"55*6µ"(,1/0- 1", µ/+7&(,1/0- $"+%5/#(*- (&# 89-µ%(&# 1", (/ :"8µ' 4"+"1(2+,!µ/0 (&# !9µµ*(*4'#(&# &- 89µ%(&# !0µ7&#" µ* (2# "9(/"#"7/+,1; $+/!)5-5,!2, .26".; (/# <.=. (&# "$"#(;!*&# !(,- 22 *+&(;-!*,- (/9 NAQ-R, $"+/9!,%>*(", !(/# ?@#"1" 4. A"@#*(", '(, .*# 9$%+4*, !("(,!(,1% !2µ"#(,1; .,"7/+% "#%µ*!" !(,- /µ%.*- $/9 !42µ"(@>/#(", !0µ7&#" µ* (/ 706/, (2# 26,1@", (2 8)!2 !(2# ,*+"+4@" 5," (/9- ,"(+/0- 1", (" 4+'#," *$"55*6µ"(,1;- *µ$*,+@"-. B#(@8*(", "$' (2 !051+,!2 (&# µ)!&# '+&# (&# /µ%.&# .,"$,!(C82-1* '(, 9$%+4*, !("(,!(,1% !2µ"#(,1; .,"7/+% "#%µ*!" !(/9- <.=. (&# /µ%.&# $/9 !42µ"(@>/#(",: ") !0µ7&#" µ* (2# *,.,1'(2(" [(U(46,34)=524,5, p=0,012<0,05] 5," (/ !9#/6,1' mobbing 1", [U(46,34)=409,5, p=0,000<0,05] 5," (/ mobbing $/9 !4*(@>*(", µ* (2# *+5"!@", µ* (/ ,"-(+,1' $+/!&$,1' #" *µ7"#@>*, 9D26'(*+/9- µ)!/9- '+/9- (<.=.=47,44±16,46 1", <.=.=18,88±5,98) "$' (/ #/!26*9(,1' (<.=.=38,09±9,93 1", <.=.=14,15±5,98) 5," (/ !9#/6,1' mobbing 1", (/ mobbing$/9 !4*(@>*(", µ* (2# *+5"!@" "#(@!(/,4", :) !0µ7&#" µ* (2 8)!2 !(2# ,*+"+4@" 5," (/ #/!26*9(,1' $+/!&$,1' [U(6,40)=54,0, p=0,030<0,05] !(/ $+/!&$,1' mobbing, µ* (/9- $+/E-!("µ)#/9- #" *µ7"#@>/9# µ*5"60(*+/9- µ)!/9- '+/9- (<.=.=23,67±5,16) "$' "9(/0- $/9 .*# 1"()4/9# 8)!2 $+/E!("µ)#/9 (<.=.=18,70±5,14), 5) !0µ7&#" µ* (/ *$@-$*./ :"!,1C# !$/9.C# [H(2)=6,361, p=0,042<0,05] 5," (/ !9#/6,1' mobbing 1", [H(2)=12,342, p=0,002<0,05]

5," (/ mobbing $/9 !4*(@>*(", µ* (2# *+5"!@", µ* (/9- $(94,/04/9- ?F #" *µ7"#@>/9# µ*5"60(*+/9- µ)!/9- '+/9- (<.=.=46,41±16,10 1", <.=.=18,43±6,13) "$' (/9- GF (<.=.=38,87±9,60 1", <.=.=14,34±3,82) 1", (/9- HF (<.=.=35,00±10,04 1", <.=.=12,90±3,70) !(/ !9#/6,1' mobbing 1", (/ mobbing $/9 !4*(@>*(", µ* (2# *+5"!@" "#(@!(/,4".

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B#(@!(/,4*- )+*9#*- !(2# F66%.", '$&- 2 )+*9#" (&# Galanaki & Papalexandris (2011) $/9 )5,#* !* 840 1"(C(*+" 1", µ*!"@" .,/,12(,1% !(*6)42 .2µ'!,&# 1", ,.,&(,1C# /+5"#,!µC# (/ 2008, 1"()5+"D* )#" 13% (&#

17. &'()(*+, -./0.'1 ,23/4,2µ)' 2.

564)1 2+1

18. $ 0)/7.,6 2+1 8+4+9)7)/:.'*+,

9+, .7;<3.*+, /8.45)7,96

19. =;3.2*. 8'.2> (+ µ>( +8+,*?2.*.

96*, *) )8)') 0,9+,)@2*. (8.3. 60.,.1,

60.,+ +2:.(.'+1, ;A)0+ *+A,0')/)

20. =;3.2*. /8.45)7,96 8.,46<µ+*+

9+, 2+49+2µB

21. C9*':.2*. 2. µ> 0,+3.,4'2,µ) DB4*)

.4<+2'+1

22. !Eµ+*,9? 9+9)8)'>2> ? +8.,7;1

5'+1

40 (50,6)

24 (30,4)

32 (40,5)

48 (60,8)

14 (17,7)

64 (80,0)

26 (32,9)

29 (36,7)

23 (29,1)

24 (30,4)

27 (34,2)

15 (18,8)

7 (8,9)

15 (19,0)

13 (16,5)

4 (5,1)

15 (19,0)

0 (0,0)

6 (7,6)

5 (6,3)

8 (10,1)

1 (1,3)

18 (22,8)

1 (1,3)

0 (0,0)

6 (7,6)

3 (3,8)

2 (2,5)

5 (6,3)

0 (0,0)

6 (7,6)

11 (13,9)

11 (13,9)

3 (3,8)

23 (29,1)

1 (1,3)

1,73 (0,92)

2,24 (1,18)

2,08 (1,15)

1,54 (0,86)

2,66 (1,20)

1,23 (0,50)

!"µ#$%&". '( )(µ*+ #,-./012)3( %+ 4 (%)#5$ )16 &627816 )16 9#$:µ3)1+ #,)7+ 32 1.$0#)3( 9(3-1.#)(,/.* ;(3 23 *<16µ# µ$3 5(1 =#,/>3." #(,723 #µ-/2(&"+ )%2 3.2")(,?2 &6µ5#.(-1.?2 &# )168/<(&)12 #@91µ39(3$3 @/&" A/,3( &6<27)#.3, 1( 9B1 )#8#6-)3$#+ &)A8#+ 3>.1$&)",32 ** ;(3 ,/># µ$3 #.?)"&" 65181:$&)",# 1 C.'. (D.E.) 357 )(+ 3532)A&#(+ 516 *9%&32 1( &6µµ#)*<12)#+ 32)(&)1(<$012)3+ )(+ )(µ*+ 1,2,3,4,5 &)(+ 32)$&)1(-<#+ 3532)A&#(+ )"+ 5@3>µ"+ ,8$µ3,3+

!"#"$ 11 - !%&'"$ 2 [37]

!"!#$%&'(% !")*+'*

!"#$%$& 5. '()*+ ($,$%-+,.*-.%/# -0# *1µµ2-2(3#-0# µ2 -+# $#$4#/,.*+ 5*%+*+& mobbing *-6# 2,4$*.$%3 (/,6 -61& -2721-$"61& 6 µ8#2& (NAQ-R23)

!"#$%&

'("%)*%

20 +,& 30

30 +,& 40

40 +,& 50

50 +,& 60

60 *%- .",

/01234(#-*5 6$01,7-*5

8%#$-*5 6$01,7-*5

9%#+:4- ;+12 7$0<01#%µ+"0(

=4" *%#+:4- ;+12 7$0<1#%µ+"0(

>-?-*4(µ+"0& @("#0"-1#A&

=-4(;("#A&

=-4(;("#A&

>7-µ432#A& B'

>7-µ432#A& C'

>-?-*4(5µ4"0&

0 +,& 5

5 +,& 10

10 +,& 20

20 +,& 30

30 *%- .",

6#(:)0 =>

6#(:)0 D>

6#(:)0 6>

16 (57,1)

29 (55,8)

7 (53,8)

10 (50,0)

21 (60,0)

5 (50,0)

2 (100,0)

26 (56,5)

19 (55,9)

2 (33,3)

25 (62,5)

2 (66,7)

3 (75,0)

2 (40,0)

2 (40,0)

9 (52,9)

11 (57,9)

6 (54,5)

10 (52,6)

16 (55,2)

2 (100,0)

5 (50,0)

19 (61,3)

21 (53,8)

7 (25,0)

16 (30,8)

3 (23,1)

7 (35,0)

10 (28,6)

3 (30,0)

0 (0,0)

16 (34,8)

7 (20,6)

3 (50,0)

12 (30,0)

1 (33,3)

0 (0,0)

2 (40,0)

1 (20,0)

4 (23,5)

5 (26,3)

2 (18,2)

8 (42,1)

8 (27,6)

0 (0,0)

4 (40,0)

9 (29,0)

10 (25,6)

B#0µ-*. :%$%*#2$-1#-*.

9%;530( @7."-% E-% F0$.%".µ2"%

2 (7,1)

5 (9,6)

1 (7,7)

2 (10,0)

2 (5,7)

2 (20,0)

0 (0,0)

2 (4,3)

5 (14,7)

1 (16,7)

1 (2,5)

0 (0,0)

1 (25,0)

1 (20,0)

1 (20,0)

2 (11,8)

1 (5,3)

2 (18,2)

1 (5,3)

3 (10,3)

0 (0,0)

1 (10,0)

1 (3,2)

5 (12,8)

GH30

I3-*)%

>-?-*5#2#%

J+12 1#2" -4$%$:)%

K-% #0(& "01234(#+&

J+12 1#2" -4$%$:)%

K-% #0(& -%#$0H&

L$5"-% 1("03-*A&

47%KK43µ%#-*A&

4µ74-$)%&

>7)74?0 M%1-*N"

170(?N"

E-% F0$.%". 4M?0µ.?%

2 (7,1)

1 (1,9)

2 (15,4)

0 (0,0)

1 (2,9)

0 (0,0)

0 (0,0)

1 (2,2)

2 (5,9)

0 (0,0)

1 (2,5)

0 (0,0)

0 (0,0)

0 (0,0)

0 (0,0)

2 (11,8)

2 (10,5)

0 (0,0)

0 (0,0)

1 (3,4)

0 (0,0)

0 (0,0)

1 (3,2)

2 (5,1)

9.;4µ+$%

E.O.(D.B.)*

Test/Sig.

1 (3,6)

1 (1,9)

0 (0,0)

1 (5,0)

1 (2,9)

0 (0,0)

0 (0,0)

1 (2,2)

1 (2,9)

0 (0,0)

1 (2,5)

0 (0,0)

0 (0,0)

0 (0,0)

1 (20,0)

0 (0,0)

0 (0,0)

1 (9,1)

0 (0,0)

1 (3,4)

0 (0,0)

0 (0,0)

1 (3,2)

1 (2,6)

1,75 (1,11)

1,63 (0,87)

1,85 (1,14)

1,75 (1,10)

1,60 (0,95)

1,70 (0,82)

-

1,59 (0,86)

1,79 (1,09)

1,83 (0,75)

1,53 (0,88)

1,33 (0,58)

1,50 (1,00)

1,80 (0,84)

2,4 (1,67)

1,82 (1,07)

1,68 (1,00)

1,91 (1,30)

1,53 (0,61)

1,72 (1,03)

-

1,60 (0,60)

1,58 (0,96)

1,77 (1,04)

U(28,52)=717,5a

p=,906

H(4)=2,226b

p=,694

U(46,34)=729,5a

p=,567

U(6,40)=84,5a

p=,254

H(4)=1,729b

p=,785

H(4)=1,671b

p=,796

H(2)=,693b

p=,785

!"µ#$%&". '( )(µ*+ #,-./012)3( %+ 4.'. (5.6.) a. Mann Withney Ub. Kruskal-Wallis H

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6/-'# !# 2.929 ',!.>#"$6: !$.' @0>)'91) µ# #0($.µ)-$,>&/-, )'1%'#"!.: )0'.$-*A' !"µ5#0-3,0A' *)- *)-$6/0)<# 6') 38,5% ') )')/'(01?,"' $,' #)"$& $,": (: 27µ)$) mobbing µ# $.' 50,!6//-!. $," )"$,%)0)*$.0--!µ,7. B$.' C>>+9), . 60#"') $(' Karatza et al (2016), . ,5,1) 6/-'# !# 841 µ6>. ',!.>#"$-*,7 50,!(5-*,7 56'$# ',!,*,µ#1(' $.: D#0-360#-): E$$-*4: $, 2013, *)-$6/0)<# &$- 30,2% $(' !"µµ#$#%&'$(' )')/'A0-!)' &$- 6%,"' "5,!$#1 *+5,-," #19,": mobbing $,": $#>#"$)1-,": 6 µ4'#: !5+'-), #'A 3,1% 9.>A'#- !"%'&$.$) $,"->+%-!$,' !# #;9,µ)9-)1) ;+!.. E*&µ) µ#/)>7$#0) 5,-!,!$+ )')360#- . 60#"') $(' F5)*6>>) *)- !"' (2013)

[38] !""#$%&' (!)%'*%&' +#, $',#"!-+%&#, !(%,+#.#,

!"!#$%&'(% !")*+'*

!"#$%&

20 !"# 30

30 !"# 40

40 !"# 50

50 !"# 60

60 $%& '("

'#(#$)*+*&

)*+,-./0&$1 23*+"4&$1

5%03&$1 23*+"4&$1

,-.+ .*+/ #01&12%&

3#& *456 /4.+"05*-6

6%0!7.& 8!+, 43*9+0%µ!(*/

:.( $%0!7.& 8!+, 43*9+0%µ!(*/

,-.+ .*+/ #01&12%& 3#& *456 #&*1476

;&<&$./µ!(*# =/(0*(&+0># :&./8/(0>#

:&./8/(0>#

;4&µ.-,0># ?'

;4&µ.-,0># @'

;&<&$./1µ.(*#

81)/#& .5/4"#$96 0:&330"µ&*#$96

0µ:0#1%&6

0 !"# 5

5 !"# 10

10 !"# 20

20 !"# 30

30 $%& '("

':%:0(4 ;&.#$</ .:45(</

20/7A* :;

20/7A* B;

20/7A* 2;

17,92 (6,20)

16,40 (6,49)

16,23 (5,07)

14,10 (3,21)

11,50 (6,36)

14,15(4,16)

18,88 (5,98)

16,33 (3,20)

13,73 (4,76)

16,00 (9,85)

14,75 (8,38)

18,60 (4,45)

17,00 (6,52)

21,24 (4,32)

17,26 (5,92)

19,73 (7,25)

14,95 (4,48)

15,21 (4,57)

11,50 (6,36)

12,90 (3,70)

14,24 (3,82)

18,43 (6,13)

H(4)=3,959b

p=,462

U(46,34)=409,5a

p=,000*

U(6,40)=65,5a

p=,075

H(4)=4,647b

p=,326

H(4)=6,846b

p=,144

H(2)=12,342b

p=,002*

24,23 (9,11)

20,60 (6,36)

21,37 (8,28)

19,40 (6,35)

15,50 (4,95)

19,37 (5,36)

23,79 (9,59)

23,67 (5,16)

18,70 (5,14)

18,00 (9,54)

23,00 (11,64)

23,40 (11,04)

20,20 (6,91)

26,24 (7,76)

22,26 (7,87)

24,27 (7,99)

20,68 (8,97)

20,21 (6,72)

15,50 (4,95)

17,50 (5,49)

19,94 (5,49)

23,26 (9,16)

H(4)=3,333b

p=,504

U(46,34)=596,5a

p=,071

U(6,40)=54,0a

p=,030*

H(4)=4,021b

p=,403

H(4)=4,150b

p=,386

H(2)=4,476b

p=,107

4,85 (2,19)

4,50 (1,79)

4,60 (1,95)

5,00 (1,76)

4,00 (1,41)

4,57 (1,70)

4,76 (2,15)

5,00 (1,79)

4,45 (1,68)

4,00 (1,73)

5,25 (3,30)

3,60 (0,89)

4,00 (2,24)

5,47 (2,10)

4,79 (2,04)

4,46 (2,07)

4,63 (1,95)

4,69 (1,81)

4,00 (1,41)

4,60 (2,07)

4,58 (1,63)

4,72 (2,08)

H(4)=,988b

p=,912

U(46,34)=754,5a

p=,783

U(6,40)=92,5a

p=,379

H(4)=5,152b

p=,272

H(4)=,224b

p=,994

H(2)=,140b

p=,932

H(4)=2,973b

p=,562

U(46,34)=524,5a

p=,012*

U(6,40)=62,0a

p=,059

H(4)=4,026b

p=,402

H(4)=4,538b

p=,338

H(2)=6,361b

p=,042*

47,00 (16,03)

41,50 (13,53)

42,20 (14,05)

38,50 (10,29)

31,00 (12,73)

38,09 (9,93)

47,44 (16,46)

45,0 (9,08)

36,86 (9,65)

38,00 (20,88)

43,00 (29,09)

45,60 (15,08)

41,20 (14,97)

52,94 (12,66)

44,32 (14,51)

48,45 (16,67)

40,26 (13,86)

40,10 (11,85)

31,00 (12,73)

35,00 (10,04)

38,87 (9,60)

46,41 (16,10)

!"µ#$%&". '( )(µ*+ #,-./012)3( %+ 4.'. (5.6.), a. Mann Withney U, b. Kruskal-Wallis H, * 7 &8&9*)(&" : " ;(3-1.1<1$"&" #$23( &"µ32)(,: &# #<$<#;1 0,05

!"#$%$& 4. '()*+ ($,$%-+,.*-.%/# -0# *1µµ2-2(3#-0# µ2 -+ 4$5µ6768"$ *-6 *9#676 %$. *-.& 1:6%7"µ$%2& -0# 22 2,0-;*2-0# -61 NAQ-R (NAQ-R 22)

=*4µ#$> 2&1&$*+1#.*#$>

Mobbing :45 .20*%?0*&# µ0 *+/ 013&.%&/Work-related

mobbing

@14.A:#$) mobbing/Personal mobbing

BAµ&*#$) mobbing/Physical forms

of mobbing

B5/4"#$) mobbing/NAQ Total

Test / Sig.Score Test / Sig. Test / Sig. Test / Sig.Score Score Score

C7"4

!"#$%&

'("%)*%

16,86 (5,86)

15,79 (5,33)

U(28,52)=660,5a

p=,495

22,61 (7,59)

20,52 (7,77)

U(28,52)=599,5a

p=,194

4,71 (1,46)

4,62 (2,10)

U(28,52)=628,0a

p=,299

U(28,52)=611,5a

p=,240

44,18 (13,45)

40,92 (14,01)

!"#"$ 11 - !%&'"$ 2 [39]

!"!#$%&'(% !")*+'*

!"# $%&'( )( 521 '")*+(#,$- )( (!,. /")"0"µ(12 ,*- 6*- 3.45. ," 2013, µ( ,* µ$6"7" ,"# 2#,"82920,*9&)µ":, 02& ;9<0( =,& 71% ,>' )#µµ(,(8=',>' $8(& ;&?)(& 0.!"&2 ),&%µ< mobbing.

@" %(%"'=- =,& ," )>µ2,&0= mobbing (µA2'1B(,2& )( µ&09=,(92 !")"),., )#µA>'(1 02& µ( ,&- !9?,(- (#-9>!2C0$- $9(#'(- )8(,&0. µ( ,&- µ"9A$- ,"# mobbing, =!>- * $9(#'2 ,>' Einarsen & Raknes (1997 2'2A"9. )," Zapf et al 2011), ):µA>'2 µ( ,*' "!"12 2,4% ,>' )#µµ(,(8=',>' 7*+?'(& =,& 7$86*0( )>µ2,&0< ;12 < ,"# Zapf (1999a 2'2A"9. )," Zapf et al 2011), ):µA>'2 µ( ,*' "!"12 * )>µ2,&0< (!&6(,&0=,*,2 (µA2'1B(,2& )," 3,6-9,1% ,>' !(9&!,?)(>', #!"%92µµ1B"',2- ," %(%"'=- =,& " (0A";&)µ=- ),*' (9%2)12 2!",(+(1 !9>,1),>- µ12 µ"9A< D#8"+"%&0<- !29. )>µ2,&0<- (!16()*-. E 2',1-),"&8* $9(#'2 ,>' Karatza et al (2016), )#µA>'(1 µ( ,* )#8'=,(9* (µA.'&)* 29'*,&0?' )#µ!(9&A"9?' !"# )8(,1B"',2& µ( ,*' 17&2 ,*' (9%2)12 (mobbing !"# )8(,1-B(,2& µ( ,*' (9%2)12), ('? "& µ$)"& =9"& ,*- ;26µ"+"%12- ,>' )#µµ(,(8=',>' ),&- 2',1),"&8(- 0+1µ20(- (µA2'1-B"',2& (+2A9?- µ&09=,(9"& 2!= ,*' !29":)2 $9(#'2, 02& !&" )#%0(09&µ$'2 %&2 ," mobbing !"# )8(,1B(,2& µ( ,*' (9%2)12 14,2 (@.F.=5,5), %&2 ," !9")>!&0= mobbing 19,3(±6,8) 02& %&2 ," )>µ2,&0= mobbing 4,4(±1,7).

G)"' 2A"9. ),*' (9%2)&20< )8$)* ,>' 6#µ.,>' µ( ,"#- 79.),(- 02& ,* 6$)* ,>' 792),?' ),*' &(929-812, 48,6% 2!= 2#,":- !"# 7*+?'"#' =,& $8"#' #!"-),(1 mobbing 2'2%'?9&)2' ,"#- 79.),(- >- !(+.,(-/2)6('(1-/A"&,*,$- 0+!, ," 42,9% >- )#'27$+A"#- ,"#-, ," 25,7% >- ,"' .µ()" !9"C),.µ('= ,"#-, ," 20,0% >- .++"#- !9"C),2µ$'"#-/7&(#6#',$- ),"' "9%2'&)µ=, ('? µ=+&- 5,7% >- #A&),2µ$'"#- ,"#-. E 6$)* ,"# 79.),* ),*' &(929812 7&2A$9(& 2'.+"%2 µ( ,* 8?92 ),*' "!"12 7&(H<86* * $9(#'2. F#,< * 7&2A"9. "A(1+(,2& ):µA>-'2 µ( ,"#- Zapf et al (2003) ),&- !"+&,&)µ&0$- 7&2A"9$- !"# (µA2'1B"#' "& 8?9(- µ(,2H: ,"#-. I),=)", '$(- $9(#'(- !"# (),&.B"#' )( &2,9"'")*+(#,&0= !9")>!&-0= 02,2%9.A"#' )( µ(%2+:,(92 !")"),. ,"#- 79.),(- >- !9"C),2µ$'"#-. 4&" )#%0(09&µ$'2, ),*' $9(#'2 ,*- J(192 (2014), >- !9"- ,*' (9%2)&20< )8$)* ,>' 6#µ.-,>' µ( ,"#- 79.),(- 2'2A$9(,2& =,& 55,9% ,>' 6#µ.,>' 7<+>)2' =,& $8"#' #!"),(1 mobbing 2!= ,"#- !9"C),2-µ$'"#- ,"#- 02& 50% 2!= )#'27$+A"#-. K,*' $9(#'2 ,>' Mc Mahon et al (2013), >- 79.),(- 2'2%'>91B"',2& )," µ(%2+:,(9" !")"),= (74,2%) "& !9"C),.µ('"& 02& "& 2'?-,(9"& 7&(#6#',$-, "& )#'.7(+A"& (38,2%), "& #A&),.µ('"& (13,5%) 02& "& !(+.,(-/A"&,*,$-/"&0"%$'(&(- (18,9%). F',1-),"&82, ),*' $9(#'2 ,>' Cevik et al (2012), !"# $%&'( )( 180 '")*+(#,$- ),*' @"#9012, * !+(&"D*A12 ,>' 6#µ.-,>' (58,9%) 2'2%'>91B(& ,"#- 79.),(- >- ,"#- .µ()"#- !9"C),.µ('"#-.

@2 (#9<µ2,2 ,*- !29":)2- $9(#'2- )#µA>'":' )," =,& "& !9"C),.µ('"& 02& "& )#'.7(+A"& (1'2& ,&- !(9&))=-

,(9(- A"9$- "& 79.),(- mobbing. G)"' 2A"9. )," 9=+" ,>' ,91,>', (1'2& )*µ2',&0= '2 2'2A(96(1 =,& * $9(#'2 %&2 ," mobbing 02& ,* ;12 ),"' ,"µ$2 !29"8<- #!*9()&-?' #%(12- H(01'*)( µ( ,"' (',"!&)µ= ,*- ;12&*- )#µ!(9&-A"9.- ,>' 2)6('?' !9"- ,"#- &2,9":- 02& '")*+(#,$-, 0#91>- )( D#8&2,9&0$- 0+&'&0$- 02& µ"'.7(- $0,20,>' !(9&),2,&0?' (Leather 2002). 5!1)*-, "& "9&)µ"1 ,>' 7&(-6'?' "9%2'&)µ?' (9%2)12- 02& #%(12-, =!>- ,"# 5#9>-!2C0": L9%2'&)µ": %&2 ,*' F)A.+(&2 02& ,*' 3%(12 ),*' 59%2)12 (EU-OSHA 2010), )#µ!(9&+2µ;.'"#' ,* ;12 02& !29('=8+*)* 2!= ,91,"#-, !.8. !(+.,(- 02& 2)6('(1-, (!&)*µ21'"',2-, >),=)", =,& ," mobbing (1'2& µ&2 µ"9A< D#8"+"%&0<-, 0#91>- ;12-, %(%"'=- !"# 2!2&,(1 !(92&,$-9> µ(+$,*.

G)"' 2A"9. ),&- 2!2',<)(&- )8(,&0. µ( ," A:+" ,>' 792),?', ," 44,8% 2!= 2#,":- !"# 7*+?'"#' =,& $8"#' #!"),(1 mobbing 2'2%'?9&)2' ,"#- 79.),(- >- .'79(-, ," 31% >- %#'210(- 02& ," 24,1% 02& 2!= ,2 7:" A:+2. @" 2!",$+()µ2 >- !9"- ," A:+" ,>' 792),?' )#µA>-'(1 µ( !"++$- $9(#'(-, "& "!"1(- %('&0. 7(18'"#' µ&2 #!(9(0!9")?!*)* ,>' 2'79?' µ(,2H: ,>' 792),?' (Zapf et al 2003). K,*' $9(#'2 ,*- J(192 (2014), >- !9"- ," A:+" ,>' 792),?', ," 83,8% 7*+?'(& =,& $8(& #!"),(1 mobbing 2!= %#'210(-, >),=)" * )#',9&!,&0< !+(&"D*-A12 ,"# 7(1%µ2,"- 2!",(+":',2' 2!= %#'210(-, %(%"'=- !"# 7(18'(& =,& ," 2!",$+()µ2 7(' µ!"9(1 '2 2!",(+$)(& 2)A2+$- )#µ!$92)µ2 %&2 ,* %('10(#)* ,"# A:+"# ,>' 792),?'.

K8(,&0. µ( ,&- 2!2',<)(&- 2'2A"9&0. µ( ,"' 29&6µ= ,>' 792),?', µ='" 18 2!= ,2 35 .,"µ2 !"# 7<+>)2' =,& $8"#' #!"),(1 0.!"&"# (17"#- mobbing ($),> 02& )!.-'&2) 7<+>)2' 02& ,"' 29&6µ= ,>' 792),?'. 4&" )#%0(09&-µ$'2, 33,3% 2!= 2#,":- 2'2%'?9&)2' !.'> 2!= ,$))(9&- 79.),(-, 27,8% 7:" 79.),(-, 16,7% ,$))(9&- 79.),(- 02& $'2' 79.),* 02& 5,6% ,9(&- 79.),(-. K,*' $9(#'2 ,*- J(1-92 (2014), 02,2%9.A(,2& " M.L. ,"# 29&6µ": ,>' 792),?' )( 2,3 (±1,1), ('? ),*' $9(#'2 ,>' Mc Mahon et al (2013), ," 50% ,>' 6#µ.,>' 2'2A$9(& =,& $8(& #!"),(1 mobbing 2!= $'2' µ(µ"'>µ$'" 79.),*, ('? ," #!=+"&!" 50% 2!= !(9&))=,(9"#- 79.),(-.

@" 2!",$+()µ2 ,*- µ* )#)8$,&)*- ,"# mobbing µ( ," A:+" 02& ,*' *+&012 ,>' 6#µ.,>' )#µA>'(1 µ( ,*' $9(#'2 ,*- J(192 (2014) 02& ,>' Kakoulakis et al (2015) !"# $7(&H2' =,& ," A:+" 02& * *+&012 7(' (!*9(.B"#' )*µ2',&0. ,*' (µA.'&)* ,"# A2&'"µ$'"#. I),=)", 2',1-),"&8* $9(#'2 ,>' Cevik et al (2012) ),*' @"#9012, $7(&H( ),2,&),&0. )*µ2',&0< )8$)* 2'.µ()2 ),*' *+&012 02& ,*' (µA.'&)* ,"# A2&'"µ$'"#, µ( ,"#- µ&09=,(9*- *+&012- '")*+(#,$- '2 7$8"',2& )#8'=,(92 mobbing.

E )#)8$,&)* ,"# mobbing µ( ,*' (&7&0=,*,2 ,>' )#µµ(,(8=',>', µ( ," &2,9&0= !9")>!&0= '2 (µA2'1B(& µ(%2+:,(9"#- µ$)"#- =9"#-, )#µA>'(1 µ( ,*' $9(#'2 ,>' Carter et al (2013), !"# $%&'( )( 2.950 µ$+* &2,9"-

[40] !""#$%&' (!)%'*%&' +#, $',#"!-+%&#, !(%,+#.#,

!"!#$%&'(% !")*+'*

!"#$%&'()*"+ ,-"#.,)*"+ #($ /-&(0!10. 2" 3&3"!45 4() ") &)6)*&'4µ&!") )0(-"1 &µ78!)#0! µ&30%+(&-0 ,"#"#(8 mobbing #'µ7.!&1 *0) µ& ($! &9!)*:5 &µ;<%&)05 <-&'!0 #($ /-&(0!10 ,"' 6)&=83&) " >0(-)*45 ?+%%"3"5 (General Medical Council 2013 & 2014) &($#1.5 #& 50.000 ,&-1,"' &*,0)6&'4µ&!"'5 )0(-"+5, #@&()*8 µ& (" mobbing ,"' 6<@"!(0) *0(8 ($ 6)8-*&)0 ($5 &*,016&'#:5 ("'5, 4,"' 701!&(0) 4(), (" 2014,(" 8% (.! &*,0)6&'4µ&!.! )0(-A! 6$%A!"'! 9+µ0(0 mobbing (µ& ($ µ<9"6" ("' 0'("@0-0-*($-)#µ"+), &!A (" 2013 " 0-)9µ45 0!<-@&(0) #(" 13,2%.

2" 3&3"!45 4() #($! ,0-"+#0 <-&'!0 &!(",1#9$*& !0 &µ70!1B"'! µ&30%+(&-"'5 µ<#"'5 4-"'5 ") ,('@)"+@") CD, 6)07.!&1 µ& ()5 <-&'!&5 (.! Cevik et al (2012) *0) (.! Karatza et al (2016) ,"' &µ70!1B"'! ("'5 !"#$%&'-(<5 µ& (" @0µ$%4(&-" &,1,&6" #,"'6A! !0 6<@"!(0) #'-@!4(&-0 mobbing. E ,0-0,8!. 0!(19&#$ 90 µ,"-"+#& !0 &=$3$9&1 *0) µ& (" 3&3"!45 4() (" µ&30%+(&-" ,"#"-#(4 (.! ,('@)"+@.! CD #(" 6&13µ0 µ05 :(0! ") )0(-"1, ") ","1") &µ70!1B"'! µ&30%+(&-0 ,"#"#(8 mobbing, ,0-0-#+-"!(05 <(#) (" #+!"%" (.! ,('@)"+@.! CD !0 &µ70!1-B"!(0) .5 9+µ0(0 mobbing.

!"#$%#$&µ%' ()* +#",-.*20 0,"(&%<#µ0(0 ($5 ,0-"+#05 <-&'!05, ,0-4() 61-

!"'! @-:#)µ&5 ,%$-"7"-1&5 #@&()*8 µ& ($! &µ78!)#$ ("' 70)!"µ<!"' ("' mobbing #(" )0(-"!"#$%&'()*4 ,-"#.-,)*4 ("' CFGHE, .#(4#" 6&! µ,"-"+! !0 3&!)*&'9"+! #(" #+!"%" ("' ,-"#.,)*"+, "+(& #("! ,%$9'#µ4 ("' )0-(-"!"#$%&'()*"+ ,-"#.,)*"+ #("! &%%06)*4 @A-". G)0 0'(4, ,-"(&1!&(0) $ &,<*(0#$ ($5 <-&'!05 #& µ&30%+(&-" 6&13µ0 &!(45 ("' !"#"*"µ&1"' : 8%%.! !"#"*"µ&1.! ($5 ,&-)7<-&)05 :/*0) ,0!&%%06)*8. D,),%<"!, ,-"(&1!&(0) $ &,<*(0#$ ($5 <-&'!05 *0) #(0 ',4%"),0 µ<%$ (.! ',$--&#)A! '3&105, 4,.5 (&@!"%43"'5 )0(-)*A! &-30#($-1-.!, 7'#)"9&-0,&'(<5, 6)0)("%43"'5, ("'5 0#*"+µ&!"'5 7")($(<5 !"#$%&'()*:5 *0) )0(-)*:5, :/*0) 6)")*$()*4 ,-"#.,)*4 ,"' ;-1#*&(0) #& &-30#)0*: #@<#$ µ& (" )0-(-"!"#$%&'()*4 ,-"#.,)*4. 2<%"5, µ&%%"!()*: <-&'!0 90 µ,"-"+#& !0 #'µ,&-)%8;&) &,),%<"! &,033&%µ0()*8 @0-0*($-)#()*8 (4,.5 $ &,033&%µ0()*: &="'9<!.#$)

*0) "-30!.#)0*8 @0-0*($-)#()*8 (4,.5 "-30!.#)0*: *"'%("+-0).

!"#$%&'!#'('?'µ,&-0#µ0()*8, ,0-4() $ <-&'!0 6&! µ,"-&1 !0

3&!)*&+#&) #("! ,%$9'#µ4 ("' )0(-"!"#$%&'()*"+ ,-"-#.,)*"+ ("' CFGHE, .#(4#", *0(03-87&) ,%$-"7"-1&5 ,"' 6&1@!"'! #$µ0!()*<5 &!6&1=&)5 3)0 ($! &µ78!)#$ ("' 70)!"µ<!"' ("' mobbing #& µ&38%" ;09µ4 #(0 µ<%$ ("' #& <!0 µ&38%" ,0!&,)#($µ)0*4 !"#"*"µ&1" *0) &7)#(8 ($! ,-"#"@: #($! 0!03*0)4($(0 ($5 &!$µ<-.#$5 *0) ($5 %:I$5 µ<(-.! ,-4%$I$5 *0) ,-"#(0#105 (.! &-30B"µ<-!.! ,"' &1!0) 9+µ0(0 mobbing.

/,-"$&0%#1 "#",-)(2-D.J.: &1@& ($! &'9+!$ #@&6)0#µ"+ ($5 µ&%<($5 *0)

#'µµ&(&1@& #($ #'33-07: ($5 µ&%<($5.H.K.: #'µµ&(&1@& #($ #'%%"3:, ($! 0!8%'#$ (.! 6&-

6"µ<!.!, ($! &-µ$!&10 (.! 0,"(&%&#µ8(.! *0) ($ #'3-3-07: ($5 µ&%<($5.

D.K.: #'µµ&(&1@& #($ #'%%"3:, ($! 0!8%'#$ (.! 6&-6"µ<!.!, ($! &-µ$!&10 (.! 0,"(&%&#µ8(.! *0) ($ #'3-3-07: ($5 µ&%<($5. L%") ") #'33-07&15 0=)"%43$#0! *-)-()*8 *0) &!<*-)!0! ($! ',";"%: ("' (&%)*"+ *&)µ<!"'.

%)*+,-./012E ,0-"+#0 µ&%<($ 6&! 90 µ,"-"+#& !0 "%"*%$-

-.9&1 @.-15 ($ #'µµ&("@: ("' )0(-"!"#$%&'()*"+ ,-"#.,)*"+ ("' CFGHE, ("'5 ","1"'5 90 9<%0µ& !0 &'@0-)#(:#"'µ& )6)0)(<-.5 *09A5 #'µµ&(&1@0! µ& ,-"9'µ10 #& µ10 <-&'!0 µ& &'01#9$(0 6&6"µ<!0. M0 9<%0µ&, &,1#$5, !0 &'@0-)#(:#"'µ& ($ N)"1*$#$ ($5 7$5 OCD K-:($5 *0) (" D,)#($µ"!)*4 ?'µ;"+%)" ("' CFGHE, ,"' @"-:3$#0! ($! <3*-)#: ("'5 3)0 ($ 6)&-=03.3: ($5 <-&'!05. 2<%"5, &*7-8B"'µ& ()5 &'@0-)-#(1&5 µ05 #("! *09$3$(: Staale Einarsen *0) #(0 µ<%$ ("' &-&'!$()*"+ *<!(-"' Bergen Bullying Research Group 3)0 ($ @"-:3$#$ ($5 86&)05 @-:#$5 ("' &-.($-µ0("%"31"' NAQ-R.

!"#"$ 11 - !%&'"$ 2 [41]

!"!#$%&'(% !")*+'*

!"!#"$%&'("'

Carter M., Thompson N., Crampton P., Morrow F., Burford B., Gray C. & Illing J. (2013). Workplace bullying in the UK NHS: a questionnaire and interview study on prevalence, impact and barriers to reporting. BMJ Open 3.doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013- 002628.

Cevik R., Tan M., Saritas S. & Altuntas S. (2012). Levels of mobbing perception among nurses in Eastern Turkey. International Nursing Review, 59 (3), 402-8.doi: 10.1111/j.1466-7657.2012.00974.x.

Einarsen S., Hoel H. & Notelaers G. (2009). Measuring Exposure to Bullying and Harassment at Work: Validity, Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised. Work & Stress, 23(1), 24-44.

Einarsen S., Hoel H., Zapf D. & Cooper C.L. (2011). The Concept of Bullying and Harassment at Work: The European Tradition. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bulling and Harassment in the Workplace (2nd ed., pp. 17-43). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Galanaki E. & Papalexandris N. (2011). Exploring Workplace Bullying in Greece: Frequency of Occurrence and Handling of Measurement Issues, under the Light of Previous Research Findings at the International Level. European Academy of Management Conference: Management Culture in the 21st Century. ')*+,-./-+0 *12 https://ssrn.com/abstract=1831425 (10.11.2016).

General Medical Council (2013). National Training Survey 2013: undermining. ')*+,-./+0 *12 http://www.gmc-uk.org/NTS_2013_autumn_report_undermining.pdf_54275779.pdf (10.11.2016).

General Medical Council (2014). National Training Survey 2014: bullying and undermining. ')*+,-./+0 *12 http://www.gmc-uk.org/NTS_bullying_and_undermining_report_2014_FINAL.pdf_58648010.pdf (10.11.2016).

Kakoulakis C., Galanakis M., Bakoula-Tzoumaka C., Darvyri P., Chroussos G. & Darvyri C. (2015). Validation of the Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ) in a Sample of Greek Teachers. Psychology, 6, 63-74. doi:10.4236/psych.2015.61007.

Karatza C., Zyga S., Tziaferi S. & Prezerakos P. (2016).Workplace bullying and general health status among the nursing staff of Greek public hospitals. Annals of General Psychiatry 15(7). doi:

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[42] HELLENIC JOURNAL OF NURSING SCIENCE

RESEARCH STUDY

ABSTRACTIntroduction: According to the international literature, workplace bullying (mobbing) is frequent in health services. In Greece, however, research and management policies are not yet sufficient.Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the phenomenon of mobbing in health professionals of University General Hospital of Heraklion (Pa.G.N.I.), Greece.Methods: A cross sectional quantitative empirical study was conducted on a sample of 80 nurses, nursing assistants and doctors (response rate 53.3%) in July-October 2016. Negative Acts Questionnaire - Revised was used for data collection and IBM SPSS Statistics V.23 for the statistical analysis.Results: The 65% of the sample were women, 57.5% were nurses and nursing assistants and 42.5% doctors. University graduates were the 48.8% of the participants, 38.8% graduates of applied universities and 12.5% of secondary nursing schools. Administrative positions were occupied by the 13% of the nurses and nursing assistants and 50% of doctors were interns. With the self-report approach, 41.3% of the participants were reported as victims of serious mobbing and 31.3% as victims of occasional mobbing. The self-labelling approach showed that 6.3% identified themselves as victims of serious mobbing and 37.6% as victims of occasional mobbing. Work-related mobbing was more commonly recognized. Perpetrators were also recognized mostly as men, doctors were identified as victims more than nurses and nursing assistants in relation to work-related mobbing (p<0.05). Head nurses were identified as victims more than nurses regarding personal mobbing (p<0.05), University graduates were identified as victims more than graduates of applied universities and of secondary school regarding work-related mobbing (p<0.05).Conclusions: The present study revealed the frequent occurrence of mobbing in health professionals. A phenomenon often observed in the literature for this population group. Further research is needed in a larger sample and other health professionals.

Keywords: health professionals, mobbing, workplace bullying

Exploring the phenomenon of mobbing in health professionals at the university general hospital

of Heraklion

Niki Katsounaki1, Elpida Kiaourtzi1, EftychiaManousaki2

1. Nurse2. Nurse, Intensive Care Unit, University General Hospital of Heraklion

Corresponding Author: Elpida KiaourtziE-mail: elpida.kiaourtzi@gmail.com, Telephone Number: +306942868367

Submission Date: 20/05/2017

Citation: Katsounaki N., Kiaourtzi E., Manousaki E. (2018). Exploring the phenomenon of mobbing in health professional at the Uni-versity General Hospital of Heraklion. Hellenic Journal of Nursing Science 11(2): 29-42.