AET 28 Principles of Flight Overview

8/10/2019 AET 28 Principles of Flight Overview

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Flight Control Systems (Conventional &

Digital) & Enhanced Diagnostic Aid (EDNA)

2a. Identify principles of flight with

at least 80% accuracy.


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2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80% accuracy.

Overview of Principles of Flight

Basic Facts and Terms

Controls and Surfaces

Axes of Rotation


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Principles of Flight

Bernoullis Principle

As air velocity increases,

pressure decreases

As air velocity decreases,

pressure increases

Venturi tube


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Density

As air is compressed, it becomes more dense

Air has less density at high altitude

Air expands as it is heated occupies more space Changes in air density affect flight

Climate is cold, altitude is low = dense air

Aircraft achieves takeoff speed more quickly

Takes off with less runway High Altitude = low density (airplane flies faster)


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Humidity

Higher temperature of air the more water it can

absorb

Temperature the same density of air varies withhumidity

Damp days

Density is less than it is on dry days

Airplane requires longer runway for takeoff


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Relative Wind the direction of the airflow with

respect to the wing


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Angle of Attack angle between the wing chord

line and the direction of the relative wind


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Airfoils

Any object designed to obtain a reaction upon itself

from the air through which it passes


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Wing Chord Line

Distance from the leading edge to the trailing edge

Represented by a straight line called the chord line


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Camber

The curve or departure from the chord line

Positive Convex Surface

Negative Concave Surface


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Camber

Upper Surface Always positive

Lower Surface

Positive (usually) Zero

Negative


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Producing Lift

High-speed flow is associated with low pressure

Low-speed flow is associated with high pressure


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Airfoil is designed to increase the velocity of theairflow above the surface decreases pressure

above the airfoil

Impact of air on lower surface increases pressure

below

Pressure differential causes lift


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Weight the force of gravity

acting downward upon

anything that goes into the

aircraft

Reduced as fuel is burned

Reduced as missles and

bombs are released Reduced the aircraft will

climb


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Lift acts vertically, by doing so counteracts

weight

Increases to a certain point with

AOA

Air Density

Airspeed

Lift is increased aircraft will climb Lift is reduced aircraft will descend


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Drag forward deterrent force (caused by the disruption

of the airflow by the wings, fuselage and protrudingobjects)

Increases with

Airspeed

AOA (drag increases much more rapidly than lift as AOAincreases)

Decreases with increased altitude due to decrease in air density


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Thrust the forward force produced by the jet engine

that overcomes the force of drag Increased thrust increases airspeed

Decreased thrust is needed at higher altitude to achieve the

same airspeed due to less air density and drag

Thrust is decreased, airspeed will decrease


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Stick


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Mechanical/Electronic

Controls


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Electronic Controls


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Rudder Pedals


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Flap Controls


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Control/Surface Connection

Direct Mechanical


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Power Assisted Mechanical


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Powered, Electronically Controlled


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Flight Control Surfaces

Wings

Primary means of providing lift for the aircraft


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Flaps

Attached to wings

Moveable surfaces that provide increased lift


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Flaps

Trailing Edge Flaps


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Flaps

Leading Edge Flaps


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Ailerons

Moveable surfaces to provide roll control


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Horizontal Stabilizers

Provides stabilization against uncontrolled pitching of theaircraft

Attached to aft section of aircraft


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Elevators

Moveable surfaces to provide pitch control

Attached to trailing edge of horizontal stabs


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Moveable Horizontal Stabilizers

Entire Surface pivots to provide pitch control Does not require elevators


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Vertical Stabilizers

Provides stabilization against uncontrolled yawing

of the aircraft


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Rudder

Moveable surfaces to provide yaw control

Move symmetrically


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2a. Identify principles of flight with at least 80%

accuracy.

Combined Surfaces

Flaperon

f f f


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accuracy.

Elevons

d f l f fl h h l


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accuracy.

Speedbrake

2 Id if i i l f fli h i h l 80%


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accuracy.

Axes of Rotation

Surfaces are normally streamline for straight

and level flight

2 Id if i i l f fli h i h l 80%


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accuracy.

Roll

The longitudal axis is an imaginary line through

center of straight and level flight

2 Id tif i i l f fli ht ith t l t 80%


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accuracy.

Roll

Movement about the axis is roll



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accuracy.

Roll

Roll is initiated by applying lateral pressure to the

side stick controller



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accuracy.

Pitch

The lateral axis is an imaginary line from the wing

tip to wing tip



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accuracy.

Pitch

Movement about about the axis is pitch



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accuracy.

Pitch

Pitch is initiated by applying fore and aft pressure

on the side stick controller

2a Identify principles of flight with at least 80%


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accuracy.

Yaw

The vertical axis is an imaginary line through the

center of the aircraft from top to bottom



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accuracy.

Yaw

Movement about the axis is yaw



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accuracy.

Yaw

Yaw initiated using rudder pedals



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accuracy.

Trim



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accuracy.

Summary of Principles of Flight

Defined Basic Facts and Terms

Covered Controls and Surfaces

Axes of Rotation

Documents

AET 28 Principles of Flight Overview