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Aerospace Planes: A New Technical Arena for the Homebuilder. EAA Oshkosh Airventure '99 John A. Bossard. What Happened to Aerospace Development?. Aviation Saw Continuous Increases in Speed and Altitudes until WWII - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Aerospace Planes: Aerospace Planes: A New Technical Arena for A New Technical Arena for
the Homebuilderthe Homebuilder
EAA Oshkosh Airventure '99EAA Oshkosh Airventure '99
John A. BossardJohn A. Bossard
What Happened to Aerospace Development?What Happened to Aerospace Development?
Aviation Saw Continuous Increases in Speed and Aviation Saw Continuous Increases in Speed and Altitudes until WWIIAltitudes until WWII
Natural Evolution of Aerospace Planes for Orbital Natural Evolution of Aerospace Planes for Orbital Travel was curtailed by the Space RaceTravel was curtailed by the Space Race
Significant Consequences of the Aerospace Significant Consequences of the Aerospace Development Path are:Development Path are:
– Space Travel has left the Average Person BehindSpace Travel has left the Average Person Behind– MannedManned Spaceflight remains exceedingly limited Spaceflight remains exceedingly limited– If we want to get into space, we’ll have to do it ourselvesIf we want to get into space, we’ll have to do it ourselves
Aerospace Development Path Aerospace Development Path Characterized by Discontinuous ChangesCharacterized by Discontinuous Changes
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
year
spee
d (m
ph)
Aerospace
Military Aviation
General/Commercial Aviation
Homebuilt Aerospace
Planes
Homebuilt Aerospace Planes:Homebuilt Aerospace Planes:A New Path for Aerospace DevelopmentA New Path for Aerospace Development
Homebuilt Aerospace Planes are AchievableHomebuilt Aerospace Planes are Achievable
Aerospace Planes = Airplanes + Rocket Aerospace Planes = Airplanes + Rocket EnginesEngines
Homebuilt Aerospace Plane Development Homebuilt Aerospace Plane Development SynopsisSynopsis
Homebuilt Aerospace Planes are Homebuilt Aerospace Planes are AchievableAchievable
Homebuilt Aerospace Planes are not ImpossibleHomebuilt Aerospace Planes are not Impossible– They should be considered as merely another aerospace They should be considered as merely another aerospace
design optimization problemdesign optimization problem– High Speed Aerospace Planes have already been flownHigh Speed Aerospace Planes have already been flown– Manned Orbital Space Transportation has already been Manned Orbital Space Transportation has already been
achievedachieved
A Huge Data base for Aerospace Planes Already ExistsA Huge Data base for Aerospace Planes Already Exists– AerothermodynamicsAerothermodynamics– MaterialsMaterials– Atmospheric PropertiesAtmospheric Properties– Fast Information Retrieval MethodsFast Information Retrieval Methods
Aerospace Planes = Airplanes + Rocket Aerospace Planes = Airplanes + Rocket EnginesEngines
Synergize Vast Experience Among Builders: Synergize Vast Experience Among Builders: – Aircraft builders and Rocket BuildersAircraft builders and Rocket Builders– Merging the efforts of these two talent pools is a powerful Merging the efforts of these two talent pools is a powerful
approach to building aerospace planesapproach to building aerospace planes
Extending the Performance of Aircraft seems a more Extending the Performance of Aircraft seems a more sensible approach than man-rating artillery rocketssensible approach than man-rating artillery rockets
Utilize Vast Array of Existing “Know-How”Utilize Vast Array of Existing “Know-How”– EAA has been a continuous source of aviation advancesEAA has been a continuous source of aviation advances– ARS et.al. has been a continuous source of rocketry ARS et.al. has been a continuous source of rocketry
advancesadvances
Rocket Propulsion for the Homebuilt Rocket Propulsion for the Homebuilt Aerospace PlaneAerospace Plane
Solid Rocket MotorsSolid Rocket Motors
Liquid Rocket EnginesLiquid Rocket Engines
Hybrid Rocket MotorsHybrid Rocket Motors
Combined-Cycle EnginesCombined-Cycle Engines
Liquid Rocket EnginesLiquid Rocket Engines
LOx/RP-1 Engine Test, 12,000 lbf ThrustPhoto courtesy of Space America, Inc.http://www.spaceamerica.com/
Oxidizer Fuel
Pressurant
Gas
Hybrid Rocket EnginesHybrid Rocket Engines
Pressurant
Gas
Oxidizer
N20/HTTP Hybrid Engine Test, 1300 lbf thrustPhoto courtesy of HARC
Combined-Cycle EnginesCombined-Cycle Engines
High Thrust-to-High Thrust-to-Weight, Specific Weight, Specific Thrust, and IspThrust, and Isp
Zero to Mach 5-6 Zero to Mach 5-6 Operating RangeOperating Range
SimpleSimple
Integrates with Integrates with Rocket SystemsRocket SystemsCompressor Turbine
Combustor
Nozzle
The Air Turbo The Air Turbo RocketRocket
Gas generator
Safety Cost Avail-ability
Complexity AerospacePlane
Suitability
Solid RocketMotors
Low High Low Low Low
Liquid RocketEngines
Med. Med. High Med. High
Hybrid RocketMotors
High Low High Med. High
Combined-Cycle Engines
Med. High Low High Low
Propulsion Options Available to the Propulsion Options Available to the HomebuilderHomebuilder
Good Poor Acceptable with Further Development
Key
Development Synopsis for the Development Synopsis for the Homebuilt Aerospace PlaneHomebuilt Aerospace Plane
Design PrinciplesDesign Principles
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Significant Design ConsiderationsSignificant Design Considerations
Building and Operating CostsBuilding and Operating Costs
Example VehiclesExample Vehicles
Design Principles for Homebuilt Aerospace Design Principles for Homebuilt Aerospace PlanesPlanes(KIS(KIS33S)S)
Think SmallThink Small
Keep it SimpleKeep it Simple
Design for SafetyDesign for Safety
Aerospace Planes have a wider Range of Aerospace Planes have a wider Range of Characteristics relative to General Aviation Characteristics relative to General Aviation
PlanesPlanes
Aerodynamics Characterized by:Aerodynamics Characterized by:– Compressible FlowCompressible Flow– Real Gas EffectsReal Gas Effects– Slip Flow (high Altitudes and Speeds)Slip Flow (high Altitudes and Speeds)
High Propellant FractionsHigh Propellant Fractions
Rocket PropulsionRocket Propulsion
Additional Systems:Additional Systems:– Reaction Control Reaction Control – Life SupportLife Support
What Are the Significant Design What Are the Significant Design Considerations?Considerations?
How to You Achieve Sufficiently High Propellant Mass How to You Achieve Sufficiently High Propellant Mass Fractions?Fractions?
Aero-thermodynamic Properties:Aero-thermodynamic Properties:– Vehicle AerodynamicsVehicle Aerodynamics– Material CompatibilitiesMaterial Compatibilities– The “Up” Problems ( Burn Up, Blow Up, Break Up -> Toes Up)The “Up” Problems ( Burn Up, Blow Up, Break Up -> Toes Up)
Human FactorsHuman Factors
Unknown ProblemsUnknown Problems
Homebuilt Aerospace Plane CostsHomebuilt Aerospace Plane Costs
MaterialsMaterials– structurestructure– TPSTPS
Rocket EngineRocket Engine
SystemsSystems– Propellant tankagePropellant tankage– ControlsControls– Life SupportLife Support– Navigation/Comm.Navigation/Comm.
PropellantsPropellants
Operating ExpensesOperating Expenses
MaintenanceMaintenance
Fees and LicensingFees and Licensing
Non-Recurring CostsNon-Recurring Costs Recurring CostsRecurring Costs
2-person, sub-orbital vehicle7000 lbm GLOW, 5000 lbm propellant, delta V=5000 ft/sec
Materials Structure $ 100,000 Thermal Protection $ 40,000
System Rocket Engine $ 250,000 Propellant Tankage $ 150,000 Pressurant System $ 90,000 Reaction Control System $ 65,000 Life Support $ 50,000 Comm./Nav. $ 50,000 on-board elec. Power $ 30,000
Other Instrumentation $ 20,000 Landing Gear $ 5,000
Total Cost (dry vehicle) $ 850,000
Propellants (per flight) 3500 lbm Lox $ 700 1500 lbm RP-1 $ 400
Homebuilt Aerospace Plane Costs Homebuilt Aerospace Plane Costs
Less than$1,000,000
Representative Homebuilt Aerospace Representative Homebuilt Aerospace PlanePlane
Crew/Recovery Compartment
Pressurant gas
Propellant Tankage
Reaction Control System
Rocket Engine
Control Surfaces (Wings and Empenage)
Life support
Thermal Protection
Rocket-Powered ErcoupeRocket-Powered Ercoupe
First Rocket-Powered First Rocket-Powered Airplane test by U.S. Airplane test by U.S. Military; Aug. 12th, Military; Aug. 12th, 19411941
6 solid propellant 6 solid propellant rocket motors; 3 rocket motors; 3 under each wingunder each wing
operated with and operated with and without prop thrustwithout prop thrust
subsonicsubsonic
Photo courtesy Ercoupe Web site:http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hangar/3651/cfacts/jato.htm
Bell X-1Bell X-1
Lox/Alcohol Lox/Alcohol Rocket motorRocket motor
2000 lbf thrust2000 lbf thrust
1200 lbm 1200 lbm onboard onboard propellantpropellant
supersonicsupersonic
Photo courtesy of the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center Photo Gallery
tgs Kitten tgs Kitten Cerulean Freight Forwarding CompanyCerulean Freight Forwarding Company
3-place Rocket-Powered 3-place Rocket-Powered VehicleVehicle
3 x 4880 lbf 3 x 4880 lbf Liquid Rocket Motors; Liquid Rocket Motors; LOx and CH4 LOx and CH4 or C3H8or C3H8
7000 lbm Gross Lift-off 7000 lbm Gross Lift-off Weight (GLOW)Weight (GLOW)
4600 lbm Propellants4600 lbm Propellants
Sub-OrbitalSub-OrbitalImage courtesy Cerulean Freight Forwarding Co.http://www.nvinet.com/%7Ecffc/page2.htm
Homebuilt Aerospace PlaneHomebuilt Aerospace PlaneDevelopment RoadmapDevelopment Roadmap
Airframe Development
2000 2020
Existing Rocket Engines
1st Homebuilt Aerospace
Plane
Hypersonic/Sub-Orbital
Airframe
2nd Gen. Aerospace
Plane
X-PrizeB-Prize
Next Generation Propulsion
Orbital Aerospace
Plane
Orbital Flight
TSTO Launch Aircraft
Orbital/Re-entry Airframe
1st Custom Airframe
Custom Rocket Engine
Rocket Development
Challenges to the Aerospace Plane Challenges to the Aerospace Plane HomebuilderHomebuilder
Building and Operating Costs will be Building and Operating Costs will be significantly higher than for General significantly higher than for General Aviation AircraftAviation Aircraft
Integrating into the Existing Regulatory Integrating into the Existing Regulatory System will require perseverance and System will require perseverance and fortitudefortitude
Builders will be told repeatedly:Builders will be told repeatedly: “You “You can’t do it”can’t do it”
Motivations for Building Aerospace PlanesMotivations for Building Aerospace Planes
FunFun
FreedomFreedom
WealthWealth
AdventureAdventure
ChallengeChallenge
“For those who understand, no explanation is necessary;
For those who do not understand, no explanation is possible”
ConclusionsConclusions
Homebuilt Aerospace Planes are AchievableHomebuilt Aerospace Planes are Achievable
Synergy of Rocket and Aircraft Builders will Synergy of Rocket and Aircraft Builders will make Homebuilt Aerospace Planes Possiblemake Homebuilt Aerospace Planes Possible
Aerospace Plane Designs Lie within the Realm Aerospace Plane Designs Lie within the Realm of Existing Knowledgeof Existing Knowledge
acknowledgementsacknowledgements
LOx/RP-1 Engine Testing Video footage:LOx/RP-1 Engine Testing Video footage: Space Space America, Inc.America, Inc. http://www.spaceamerica.com/http://www.spaceamerica.com/
Kitten Image and data:Kitten Image and data:Cerulean Freight Forwarding Co.Cerulean Freight Forwarding Co.http://www.nvinet.com/%7Ecffc/page2.htmhttp://www.nvinet.com/%7Ecffc/page2.htm
Hybrid Engine Testing Video Footage:Hybrid Engine Testing Video Footage: High High Altitude Research Corp.Altitude Research Corp. (256)-683-7864(256)-683-7864
Air Turbo Rocket Testing Video Footage:Air Turbo Rocket Testing Video Footage: Dr. Jay Dr. Jay LilleyLilley U.S. Army Aviation and Missile CommandU.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command
The Vision for Homebuilt Aerospace The Vision for Homebuilt Aerospace PlanesPlanes
We can build Aerospace Planes if We Want toWe can build Aerospace Planes if We Want to
We are at the dawn of We are at the dawn of the Age of the Personal Aerospace Planethe Age of the Personal Aerospace Plane
Homebuilt Aerospace Planes will open up Homebuilt Aerospace Planes will open up the Space Frontier for the rest of the Space Frontier for the rest of
usus
"....For I dipt into the future, far as human eye could see,"....For I dipt into the future, far as human eye could see,Saw the Vision of the World, and all the wonder that would be;Saw the Vision of the World, and all the wonder that would be;Saw the heavens fill with commerce, argosies of magic sails,Saw the heavens fill with commerce, argosies of magic sails,
Pilots of the purple twilight, dropping down with costly bales;..."Pilots of the purple twilight, dropping down with costly bales;..."
-Alfred, Lord Tennyson--Alfred, Lord Tennyson-