AE120 WEEK 1 Architectural Drafting Careers Equipment Media and Reproduction Methods

8/2/2019 AE120 WEEK 1 Architectural Drafting Careers Equipment Media and Reproduction Methods

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WEEK 1.Architectural drafting

careers,equipment,media and reproduction methods

Faculty: Dr. Marisa Choguill, Adjunct Professor

Spring 2012


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Introduction

An architectural drawing/drafting class can leadto a career as a drafter, a CAD technician, adesigner, an interior decorator, an interior

designer, an architect, or an engineer.Mastering the information and skills presentedin this course will prepare you for a job orserve as a solid foundation for each of the

listed professions as well as many others.Next, we will examine some of these careers,starting from the most basic*:

* This lecture covers chapters 1, 3 and 4 of the textbook.


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DRAFTER

DRAFTER

A drafter is a person who creates the drawings anddetails for another persons creations.

It is the drafters responsibility to use the properline and lettering quality and to properly lay out therequired drawings necessary to complete a project.


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DRAFTER (cont.)

The term CAD technicianis used to describe aperson who creates the same type of drawingsusing a computer. However, we can use the termdrafterto describe both those who draw manuallyand those who create drawings using a computer.

No matter what tools are used to create thedrawings, typically a drafter supervisor will giveto the drafter a sketch and expect him/her to draw

the required drawing.


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DRAFTER (cont.)

Fig. 1-1 Fig. 1-2

Figure 1-1shows a project managers sketch. Figure 1-2 showsthe drawing created by a drafter.


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DRAFTER (cont.)

Drawings can be made without sketches. However,the decisions involved in making them require thedrafter to have a good understanding of what is beingdrawn. This understanding does not come from a

textbook alone.

A good way to gain a solid understanding of what isbeing drafted is to spend time at a construction sitewatching projects become reality.

To advance as a drafter will include the ability todetermine what drawings need to be created, selectedfrom a stock library, and edited; and to estimate thetime needed to complete these assignments and meetdeadlines established by the team captain, the client, thelending institution, or the building department. It takestime to acquire these skills in the office alone.


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DRAFTER (cont.)

In his/her initial job, a drafter will spend a lot oftime as a beginning drafter editing stock details,running prints, making deliveries, obtainingpermits, and doing other such office tasks.

Although a drafter does more than this around anoffice, the beginning drafter will need to beprepared to do things other than drafting

The experienced drafter, on the other hand, hasa busy schedule!


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DRAFTER (cont.)

Although the supervisor/boss may prepare the basicdesign for a project, the experienced drafter isexpected to make decisions about construction design.

These decisions might include determining structuralsizes and connection methods for intersecting beams,drawing renderings, visiting job sites, and supervisingbeginning drafters.

As the drafter gains experience, he/she will be

assigned drawings that are more complex. Instead ofrevising existing details or drawing site plans, cabinetelevations, or roof plans, an experienced drafter andteam leader may be working on the floor andfoundation plans, elevations, and sections.


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DRAFTER (cont.)

In order to get a job, a drafter will need a solid educationand good computer-aided drafting (CAD) skills.

CAD skills must include a thorough understanding ofdrawing and editing commands, as well as the ability to

quickly decide which option is best for the given situation.This ability will also come with practice.

Employment Opportunities

Drafters can find employment in firms of all sizes.

Designers, architects, and engineers all require entry-level and advanced drafters to help produce their drawings.


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DRAFTER (cont.)

Drafters are also employed by suppliers ofarchitectural equipment. This job might includedrawing construction details for a steel fabricator,making layout drawings for a cabinet shop, or

designing ductwork for a heating and air-conditioninginstaller.

Drafters are also employed by many governmentagencies. These jobs include working in planning,

utility, or building departments; survey crews; orother related municipal jobs.


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BUILDING DESIGNER

In the USA, a building designers responsibilities are verysimilar to those of an experienced drafter and are usuallybased on both education and experience.

A building designer is usually the coordinator of a team of

drafters.

The building designer may work under the directsupervision of an architect, an engineer, or both andsupervise the work schedule of the drafting team.

Building designers often have their own office practice inwhich they design residential, multifamily, and some typesof light commercial buildings


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INTERIOR DECORATOR

In the USA, an interior decorator decorates theinteriors of buildings with the aim of making rooms moreattractive, comfortable, and functional.

Most interior decorators are hired to decorate homes,

but they may also be hired to decorate interiors ofbusinesses such as boutiques, restaurants, and offices.

An interior decorators work may involve a variety ofelements, including space planning, determination ofcolor schemes, furniture placement, and the coordination

of interior finishes such as paint and wallpaper, windowcoverings, and flooring. It may also include thearrangement of lighting fixtures, art objects, furnishingaccessories, and interior plants.


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INTERIOR DECORATOR (cont.)

Specific job requirements may include:

Meeting with clients to determine the scope of a project.

Reviewing and measuring the space to be decorated.

Preparing proposed room layouts and obtaining costestimates.

Providing samples and colors of materials to be used.

Arranging and overseeing painting, wallpapering, andflooring.

Selecting and purchasing furnishings and other items.

In the USA, there are no formal educational requirementsto enter this career. You can start calling yourself aninterior decorator as soon as you start doing interiordecorating!


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INTERIOR DESIGNER

An interior designer works with the structural designer tooptimize and harmonize the interior design of structures. Inaddition to health and safety concerns, interior designers help planhow the space will be accessed, how a space will be used, theamount of light that will be required, acoustics, seating, storage,and work areas.

An interior designer must consider how the visual, tactile, andauditory senses of the occupants will be impacted. Visualconsiderations include the study and application of color, lighting,and form to improve how the occupants function in the space.

Consideration must be given to the design of surfaces, the shape ofindividual rooms within a structure, and the texture of finishedsurfaces and how furnishing will affect the usage of areas within astructure.

The design of a structure must also be considered in relation to

how noise and echo will be created and how they can be controlled.


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An interior designer must have an aesthetic, practical, andtechnical appreciation for how people use and respond tothese elements and how the elements interact with oneanother.

Interior designers must also be knowledgeable about themany types and characteristics of furnishings, accessories,and ornaments used in creating interiors. Furniture, lighting,carpeting and other floor coverings, paint and wallcoverings, glass, wrought metal, fixtures, art, and artifacts

are some of the many items and materials designers select.In addition, they must be familiar with the various styles ofdesign, art, and architecture and their history. Interiordesigners provide a variety of services that include:

INTERIOR DESIGNER (cont.)


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Consulting to help determine project goals and objectives.

Generating ideas for aesthetic possibilities of the space,

and arranging space to suit its intended function.

Creating illustrations and renderings of proposals.

Developing documents and specifications related tointerior spaces in compliance with applicable building codes.

Specifying colors and purchasing fixtures, furnishings,products, and other interior materials.

Designing and managing fabrication of custom furnishingsand interior details.

Monitoring and managing construction and installation ofthe design.



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In the United States, designers may not use the titleinterior designer or registered interior designer unlessthey have met the requirements for education, experience,and examination as set forth in the statutes established by

the National Council for Interior Design Qualification(NCIDQ).

The minimum examination requirements include two yearsof formal interior design experience and four years of full-time work experience in the practice of interior design.



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ARCHITECT

An architect is a licensed professional who designscommercial and residential structures.

Architects perform the tasks of many professionals,

including building designer, artist, project manager, andconstruction supervisor.

Few architects work full-time in residential design.Although many architects design some homes, most

devote their time to commercial construction projectssuch as schools, offices, and hospitals.


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ARCHITECT (cont.)

Figure 1-3 shows a home designed by an architect to blend theneeds and wishes of the client with the site, materials, and

financial realities.


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ARCHITECT (cont.)

Fine arts classes such as drawing, sketching,design, and art, along with architectural history,will help the future architect develop anunderstanding of the cultural significance of

structures and help transform ideas into reality.

Classes that will aid problem-solving abilities, aswell as math and science classes, includingalgebra, geometry, trigonometry, and physics, will

provide a stable base for the advanced structuralclasses that will be required.


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ARCHITECT (cont.)

Sociology, psychology, cultural anthropology andclasses dealing with human environments will helpdevelop an understanding of the people who will usethe structure.

Because architectural students will need to read, write,and think clearly about abstract concepts, preparationshould also include literature and philosophy courses. Inaddition to formal study, students should discuss with

local architects the opportunities and possibledisadvantages that may await them in pursuing thestudy and practice of architecture.


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ARCHITECT (cont.)

In the USA, a typical path to becoming an architect requiresthree years to complete a masters program, three years as anintern, and two years to complete the registration examprocess.

Some states allow a designer to take the licensing testthrough practical work experience. Although standards vary foreach state, five to seven years of experience under the directsupervision of a licensed architect or engineer is usuallyrequired.


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ARCHITECT (cont.)

Positions in an architectural firm include:

Technical staff Consulting engineers such as mechanical,electrical, and structural engineers; landscape architects;interior designers; CAD operators; and drafters.

Intern Unlicensed architectural graduates with less thanthree years of experience. An interns responsibilities typicallyinclude developing design and technical solutions under thesupervision of an architect.

Architect I Licensed architect with three to five years ofexperience. An Architect Is job description typically includesresponsibility for a specific portion of a project within theparameters set by a supervisor.


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ARCHITECT (cont.)

Architect II Licensed architect with six to eight years ofexperience. An Architect IIs job description typically includesresponsibility for the daily design and technical developmentof a project.

Architect III Licensed architect with eight to ten years ofexperience. An Architect IIIs job description typically includesresponsibility for the management of major projects.

Manager Licensed architect with more than 10 years ofexperience. A Managers responsibilities typically includemanagement of several projects, project teams, and client

contacts, as well as project scheduling and budgeting.AssociateSenior management architect, but not an ownerin the firm. This person is responsible for major departmentsand their functions.

PrincipalOwner/partner in an architectural firm.


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ARCHITECT (cont.)

The study of architecture is not limited to the design of buildings.Although the architectural curriculum typically is highlystructured for the first two years of study, students begin tospecialize in an area of interest during the third year of theprogram.

Students in a bachelors program may choose courses leading toa degree in several different areas of architecture such as urbandesign, interior architecture, and landscape architecture.

Urban design is the study of the relationship among thecomponents within a city.

Interior architects work specifically with the interior of a structureto ensure that all aspects of the building will be functional.

Landscape architects specialize in relating the exterior of astructure to the environment.


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ENGINEER

The term engineercovers a wide variety of professions. Ingeneral, an engineer is a licensed professional who appliesmathematical and scientific principles to the design andconstruction of structures.

In the construction fields, structural engineers are the mostcommon, although many jobs exist for electrical, mechanical,civil and architectural engineers.

Structural engineers typically specialize in the design of

structures built of steel or concrete (see Figure 1-4). Manydirectly supervise drafters and designers in the design ofmultifamily and light commercial structures.


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ENGINEER (cont.)

FIGURE 1-4 The architectural team determines the shape and style ofthe structure. The structural engineeringteam is responsible fordetermining the size of materials to resist the loads and stress that abuilding will face. Courtesy David Jefferis.


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ENGINEER (cont.)

Electrical engineers work with architects and structuralengineers and are responsible for the design of lighting andcommunication systems. They supervise the design andinstallation of specific lighting fixtures, telephone services,

and requirements for computer networking.

Mechanical engineers are also an instrumental part of thedesign team. They are responsible for the sizing and layout ofheating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems (HVAC) andplan how treated air will be routed throughout the project.

They work with the project architect to determine the numberof occupants of the completed building and the heating andcooling load that will be generated.


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ENGINEER (cont.)

Civil engineers are responsible for the design andsupervision of a wide variety of construction projects, such ashighways, bridges, sanitation facilities, and water treatmentplants. They are often directly employed by construction

companies to oversee the construction of large projects and toverify that the specifications of the design architects andengineers have been carried out.

Architectural engineers are often responsible for elementsof other engineering disciplines as they actively work in the

design and construction of buildings while managing andconstructing mechanical, electrical, fire protection andstructural systems for buildings.


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ENGINEER (cont.)

As with the requirements for becoming an architect, a licenseis required to function as an engineer.

In the USA, potential engineers can apply for the license afterseveral years of practical experience, or after obtaining abachelors degree and three years of practical experience.


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ENGINEER (cont.)

Success in any of the engineering fields requires highproficiency in math and science, and involves completingcourses in physics, mechanics, print reading (or draftreading), architecture, mathematics, and material science.

As with the requirements for becoming an architect, in theUSA, an engineer must have five years of education at anaccredited college or university, followed by successfulcompletion of an examination. Certification can also beaccomplished by training under a licensed engineer and then

successfully completing the examination.


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Other related fields

In addition to these careers, there are manyrelated careers that require an understandingof drafting principles. These include model

maker, illustrator, specification writer,plan examiner, inspector, andconstruction-related trades.


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Other related fields (cont.)

Many architectural offices use 3-D models of abuilding or project to help convey designconcepts in addition to presentation drawings.

Models such as the one shown in Figure 1-5 areoften used as a public display to help gainsupport for large projects.

Model makers need basic drafting skills to helpinterpret the plans required to build the actualproject. Model makers may be employed within alarge architectural firm or may work for acompany that only makes models for architects.


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FIGURE 1-5 Models such as this one of the KOIN Center in Portland,Oregon, are often used in public displays to convey design ideas. CourtesyKOIN Center, Olympia & York Properties (Oregon) Inc.


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Many drafters, designers, and architects have thebasic skills to draw architectural renderings. Veryfew, though, have the expertise to make this type

of drawing rapidly.Most illustrators have a background in art. Bycombining artistic talent with a basic understandingof architectural principles, the illustrator can

produce drawings that show a proposed structurerealistically. Figure 1-6 shows a drawing that wasprepared by an architectural illustrator.

In AE120, students will have an introduction to

presentation drawings.


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FIGURE 1-6 Drawings created by an architectural illustrator are oftenused for advertising and presentation purposes. Courtesy BobGreenspan, Alan Mascord Design Associates, Inc.


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Building departments require that plans be checkedcarefully to ensure that the required codes forpublic safety have been met. A plan examiner is

prepared to do this job. An experienced drafter ordesigner may be able to qualify as a low-level orresidential plan inspector. Generally, a degree inengineering or architecture is required to advanceto an upper-level position.


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The construction that results from the plans mustalso be inspected. Depending on the size of thebuilding department, the plan examiner may also

serve as the building inspector.In large building departments, one group examinesplans and another inspects construction.

Being a construction inspector requires an

exceptionally good understanding of codelimitations, print reading (draft reading), andconstruction methods. Each of these skills has itsroots in a beginning drafting class.


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Many drafters are employed directly by constructioncompanies. These drafters typically not only dodrafting but also work part-time in the field. Some

drafters give up their jobs for one of the high-paying positions in the construction industry. Theease of interpreting plans as a result of abackground in drafting is of great benefit to anyconstruction worker.


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Next, we will cover drafting equipment.


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Drafting Equipment

Manual drafting is the term used to describe traditionalpencil or ink drafting.

Manual drafting tools and equipment are available from anumber of vendors of professional drafting supplies.

For accuracy and durability, always purchase high-qualityequipment.

This section introduces a variety of manual drafting tools andtheir proper use.

Additional products are described in the SupplementalReference found on the Student CD of the textbook.


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Drafting Equipment (cont.)

The following items are the minimum normally needed for manualdrafting:

One 0.3 mm automaticdrafting pencil with 4H,2H, and H leads

One 0.5 mm automaticdrafting pencil with 4H,2H, and F leads

One 0.7 mm automaticdrafting pencil with 2H, H,and F leads

One 0.9 mm automaticdrafting pencil with H, F,and HB leads

6" bow compass

Dividers

Eraser

Erasing shield

3060 triangle

45 triangleAdjustable triangle(optional)

Irregular curve

Scales: triangulararchitects scale and

triangular civil engineersscale

Drafting tape

Architectural floor plantemplate for residentialplans, with 1/4" = 1'0"

scale

Circle template withsmall holes

Lettering guide

Sandpaper sharpeningpad

Dusting brush

Drafting media:

vellum sheets size A1

Optional:

Lettering template.

Assorted architecturaldrafting templates


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FIGURE 3-1 Range of lead grades.


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FIGURE 3-2 Basic pencil motions.

NOTE: these pencil movements should be reversed(top to bottom, right to left) for lefthanded people.


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FIGURE 3-3 Center-wheel bowcompass and its parts.


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FIGURE 3-4 Common compasspoints. FIGURE 3-5 Properly sharpened andaligned elliptical compass lead.


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FIGURE 3-6 Using the divider.


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FIGURE 3-7 Parallel bar.


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FIGURE 3-8 Drawing vertical lines with the parallel barand triangle.


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FIGURE 3-9 Angles that can be made with the 3060triangle and 45 triangle, individually or in combination.


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FIGURE 3-10 Architectural floor plan symbol template.Courtesy Berol Corporation.


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FIGURE 3-11 Irregular or French curves. Courtesy ofC-Thru Ruler Company.


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FIGURE 3-12 Arm drafting machine. Courtesy VEMCO America, Inc.


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FIGURE 3-13 Track drafting machine and itsparts. Courtesy Mutoh America, Inc.


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SCALES

The drafting instruments used for makingmeasurements, establishing dimensions, and

drawing features at reduced size are called scales.Architectural drafting scales are available in avariety of shapes and calibrations.


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FIGURE 3-14Scale shapes.

The triangular scale is commonly used because it offers many scaleoptions and is easy to handle.

The scale of a drawing is usually noted in the drawing title block or belowthe view that differs in scale from that given in the title block.

Drawings are scaled so that the object represented can beillustrated clearly on standard sheet sizes. It would be difficult, forexample, to draw a full-size house, so a scale is used to reduce thesize of such large objects.


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The drawing scale selected depends on:

Actual size of the structure.

Amount of detail to be shown.

Sheet size selected.

Amount of dimensions and notes required.

Common standard practice that regulates the

scale of specific drawing types.


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According to the International System of Units (SI),the linear unit that is commonly used onarchitectural drawings is the millimeter.

Where some millimeters are shown on an inch-dimensioned drawing, the millimeter value shouldbe followed by the symbol mm. Where some inchesare shown on a millimeter-dimensioned drawing,

the inch value should be followed by theabbreviation in.


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FIGURE 3-15a

Common metric scalecalibrations andmeasurements.


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FIGURE 3-15b Common metric scale calibrations and

measurements.

See below the conversion table of most used scales frommetric to imperial measurement system:


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Other conversion tables:

Metric Imperial

1 millimetre [mm] 0.03937 in

1 centimetre[cm]

10 mm 0.3937 in

1 metre [m]100cm

1.0936 yd

1 kilometre [km] 1000m

0.6214mile

Imperial Metric

1 inch [in] 2.54 cm

1 foot [ft] 12 in 0.3048 m

1 yard [yd] 3 ft 0.9144 m

1 mile 1760 yd 1.6093 km

1 int nautical mile 2025.4 yd 1.853 km


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Next, we will examine Drafting Media and

Reproduction Methods.


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Drafting Media andReproduction Methods


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Drafting Media

This section covers the types of media used for the draftingand the reproduction of architectural drawings.

Manual drawings are generally prepared on pre-cut draftingsheets with printed graphic designs for the company logo and

information, borders, and title blocks.

Computer-aided drawings are generally created using a templatecontaining a border, title block, and graphic designs for thecompany.

The computer-aided drawings are stored in files and reproducedon media by printing or plotting.

Drawing reproductions or copies of manual drawings are made foruse in the construction process so the original manual drawingsare not damaged.


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Drafting Media (cont.)

Several factors influence the choice and use of manualdrafting media. These include durability, smoothness,erasability, dimensional stability, transparency, and cost.Let's examine them:

Durabilityshould be considered if the original drawing isexpected to have a great deal of use. Originals can tear orwrinkle, and the images become difficult to see if the drawingsare used often.

Smoothnessrelates to how the medium accepts line workand lettering. The material should be easy to draw on, so theimage is dark and sharp without excessive effort on the partof the drafter.


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Erasabilityis important because errors need to becorrected and changes are made frequently. When images areerased, ghosting should be kept to a minimum. Ghosting isthe residue when lines are not completely removed. These

unsightly ghost images can reproduce in a print. Materialswith good erasability are easy to clean.

Dimensionalstabilityis the quality of the medium thatmaintains size despite the effects of atmospheric conditionssuch as heat and cold. Some materials are more dimensionally

stable than others.


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Transparencyis one of the most important characteristicsof drawing media. The diazo reproduction method requireslight to pass through the material. Diazo printing is notcommonly used today, and is described on the Student CD.

The final goal of a drawing is good reproduction, so the moretransparent the material is, the better the reproduction,assuming that the image drawn is of professional quality.Transparency is not a factor with photocopying.

Costcan influence the selection of drafting media. When the

best reproduction, durability, smoothness, erasability, anddimensional stability are important, there may be few costalternatives. If drawings are to have normal use andreproduction quality, then the cost of the drafting media canbe kept to a minimum. The following discussion of available

materials can help you evaluate cost differences.


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Vellum is drafting paper that is specially designed to acceptpencil or ink. Lead on vellum is the most common combinationused for manual drafting.

Vellum is the least expensive material and has good

smoothness and transparency.

Use vellum originals with care. Drawings made on vellum thatrequire a great deal of use could deteriorate.

Vellum is not as durable as other materials. Also, some

brands are more erasable than others. Affected by humidityand other atmospheric conditions, vellum generally is not asdimensionally stable as other materials.


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Polyester film, also known by its trade name Mylar, is aplastic manual drafting material that is more expensive thanvellum but offers excellent durability, erasability, dimensionalstability, and transparency.

Drawing on polyester film is best accomplished using ink orspecial polyester leads.

Do not use regular graphite leads, because they smear easilyand do not adhere properly to the surface.

Drawing techniques that drafters use with polyester leads aresimilar to those used with graphite leads except thatpolyester lead is softer and feels like a crayon.


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Reproduction Methods

The one thing most engineers, architects, designers,and drafters have in common is that their finisheddrawings are made to be reproduced.

Thus, the goal of every professional is to produce drawings of

the highest quality, providing the best possible prints whenreproduced.

Reproduction is the most important factor in the selection ofmedia for drafting.

The primary combination that achieves the best reproductionis the blackest, most opaque lines or images on the mosttransparent base or material.


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Reproduction Methods (cont.)

Figure 4-1 shows a magnified view of graphite on vellum,plastic lead on polyester film, and ink on polyester film. Noticethat each combination provides progressively improvedreproduction quality. As you can see from the figure, the best

reproduction is achieved with a crisp, opaque image ontransparent material. If your original drawing is not of goodquality, it will not get better on the print.

FIGURE 4-1 A magnifiedcomparison of graphite onvellum, plastic lead onMylar, and ink on Mylar.Courtesy Koh-I-Noor, Inc.


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PHOTOCOPY REPRODUCTION

A photocopy is a photographic reproduction of printed or graphicmaterial.

Photocopies of architectural drawings are commonly made on large-size engineering copy machines, also called engineering copiers or

engineering printers.

The photocopy engineering-size printer makes prints up to 36" wideand up to 25' long from originals up to 36" wide by 25' long.

Reproduction capabilities also include reduction and enlargement onsome models.

Photocopies can be made on bond paper*, vellum, polyester film,colored paper, or other translucent materials.

*Bond paper is a strong, durable paper especially suitable to electronicprinting and use in office machines including copiers and desktop printers.


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Almost any large original can be converted into a smaller-sized reproducible print for distribution, inclusion in manuals,or more convenient handling. Also, a random collection ofmixed-scale drawings can be enlarged or reduced andconverted to one standard scale and format.

Reproduction clarity of photocopies is so good that halftone*illustrations, photographs, and solid or fine line work haveexcellent resolution and density.

The photocopy process has mostly replaced the diazoreproduction process for copying architectural drawings.

*A halftone is the reproduction of continuous-tone artwork, such as aphotograph, by converting the image into dots of various sizes.


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MICROFILM

Microfilm is a film containing a reduced image of a drawing orother printed material for compact storage and for futureaccess, viewing, and reproduction.

Refer to the Student CD: MICROFILM, for more information.


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SHEET SIZES, ZONING,BORDERS, TITLE BLOCKS, SHEET

FORMAT,

ANDBORDERS


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INTRODUCTION

A standardized drawing is easier to read andfile (store) than drawings that do not follow astandard format. For this reason, everyprofessional drawing has, for example, a title

block standards have been developed for theinformation to be put into the title block and onthe sheet next to the border.


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Sheet Sizes

Drafting materials are available in standard sizes, which aredetermined by manufacturers specifications and based onnational standards.

Paper and polyester film can be purchased in cut sheets or in

rolls.

Metric sheet sizes vary from 297 210 mm to 1189 841mm. Metric roll sizes range from 297 mm to 420 mm wide.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has

established standard metric drawing sheet sizes that havebeen adopted by the American National Standards Institute(ANSI). Standard metric drawing sheet sizes are shown inTable 4-2.


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Sheet Sizes (cont.)

Table 4-2 Standard Metric Drawing Sheet Sizes


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Zoning

Some companies use a system ofnumbers along the top andbottom margins, and letters along the left and right margins.This system is called zoning.

Zoning allows a drawing to be read like a road map. For

example, the reader can refer to the location of a specific itemas D-4, which means the item can be found on or near theintersection of row D and column 4.

Zoning can be found on some architectural drawings, althoughit is more commonly used in mechanical drafting formanufacturing.


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Borders

Borders, as well as title blocks, are normally preprinted ondrawing paper or polyester film for manual draftingapplications to help reduce drafting time and cost.

Drawing borders are thick lines that go around the entire

sheet. Top, bottom, and right-side border lines are usuallybetween 3/8" and 1/2" away from the sheet edge. The leftborder can be between 3/4" and 1 1/2" away from the sheetedge. This extrawide left margin allows for binding drawingsheets.


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Title Blocks

Preprinted architectural drawing title blocks are generallyplaced along the right side of the sheet, although somecompanies place them across the bottom of the sheet. Eacharchitectural company uses a slightly different title block

design, but this same general information is found in almostall blocks:

Drawing number. This can be a specific job or file numberfor the drawing.

Company name,address,andphone number.

Project or client. This is an identification of the project bycompany or client, project title, or location.


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Title Blocks (cont.)

Drawing name. This is where the title of the drawing isplaced. For example, MAIN FLOOR PLAN or ELEVATIONS. Mostcompanies leave this information off the title block and place iton the face of the sheet below the drawing.

Scale. Some company title blocks provide space for thedrafter to fill in the general scale of the drawing. Any view ordetail on the sheet that differs from the general scale musthave the scale identified below the view title, and both areplaced directly below the view.

Drawing or sheet identification. Each sheet is numberedin relation to the entire set of drawings. For example, if thecomplete set of drawings has 8 sheets, then consecutivesheets are numbered 1 of 8, 2 of 8, 3 of 8, through 8 of 8.


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Date. The date noted is the one on which the drawing orproject is completed.

Drawn by. The place for the initials or name of the drafter,designer, or architect who prepared the drawing.

Checked by. This is the identification of the individual whoapproves the drawing for release.

Architect or designer. Most title blocks provide for theidentification of the individual who designed the structure.

Revisions. Many companies provide a revision column wherechanges in the drawing are identified and recorded.

After a set of drawings is released for construction, there can bechanges. When this is necessary, there is usually a writtenrequest for a change from the contractor, owner, or architect. Thechange is then implemented on the affected drawings.


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When changes are made on the face of the drawing, a circle witha revision number accompanies the change. This revisionnumber is keyed to a place in the drawing title block where therevision number, the revision date, the initials of theindividual making the change, and an optional briefdescription of the revision are located.

For further record of the change, the person making the changealso fills out a form, called a change order. The change ordercontains complete information about the revision for futurereference. The change process and the method of documentingchanges vary between companies.


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FIGURE 4-2 Sample architectural title blocks. (A) CourtesySummagraphics; (B) Courtesy Southland Corporation; (C) CourtesyStructureform.


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HOW TO FOLD PRINTS


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HOW TO FOLD PRINTS

Architectural drawings are generally created on large sheets,and prints are made from the originals (REMEMBER: youshould NEVER fold the originals as it would damage them).

It is necessary to fold the architectural prints properly

when they must be mailed or filed in a standard file cabinet.Folding large prints is much like folding a road map.

Folding is done in a pattern of bends that puts the title blockand sheet identification on the front.

Using the proper method to fold prints also aids in unfoldingand refolding prints.

Figure 4-3 shows how large prints are folded.


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FIGURE 4-3 How tofold B-size, C-size,D-size, and E-sizeprints.


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Next lecture:

In the next lecture, we will examine some sketchingapplications.

We will study isometric sketches, multiview ororthographic projection, measurement lines, and

proportions.We will examine architectural lines and lettering, thatis, the types of lines and professional lettering used inarchitectural drafting.

Next lecture will also briefly look at Google SketchUp.

Documents

AE120 WEEK 1 Architectural Drafting Careers Equipment Media and Reproduction Methods