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AE-306 (JDC 621039548
G2103952446034
Final Report on IFA-10 the first Swedish
Instrumented Fuel Assembly Irratiated in
HBWR Norway
o
J-A Gyllander
AKTIEBOLAGET ATOMENERGI
STOCKHOLM SWEDEN 1967
AE-306
FINAL REPORT ON IFA-10 THE FIRST SWEDISH INSTRUshy
MENTED FUEL ASSEMBLY IRRADIATED IN HBWR NORWAY
J-Aring Gyllander
ABSTRACT
A final repor t is given on IFA-10 the f i rs t Swedish ins t rumented
fuel assembly i r rad ia ted in HBWR
The pos t - i r rad ia t ion data a re presented and co r re l a t ed with the
i r radia t ion s ta t i s t i cs
No bowing of the bundle was observed no equi-axed gra in growth
was d iscernible the fission gas r e l ease was very smal l and the r e l a shy
tive dimensional changes in length and diameter were of the order of -4 magnitude 9 x 1 0
The hydride content of the can increased from 35 ppm to 65 ppm
and in the contact point of the spacer to 1 80 ppm
Pr inted and distr ibuted in December 1 967
LIST OF CONTENTS
P a g e
In t roduc t ion
Objec t ives of I F A - 1 0
D e s i g n and d e s c r i p t i o n of IFA-1 0
A s s e m b l y d e s i g n
I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n
I r r a d i a t i o n cond i t ions
I r r a d i a t i o n h i s t o r y
Hea t r a t i n g s
P o s t - i r r a d i a t i o n e x a m i n a t i o n
V i s u a l i n s p e c t i o n
D i m e n s i o n a l m e a s u r e m e n t
C r u d m e a s u r e m e n t
F i s s i o n gas r e l e a s e
y- s c a n n i n g
C e r a m og r aphy
H y d r o g e n p i c k - u p
D i s c u s s i o n of the r e s u l t s
Hea t r a t i n g s and UO t e m p e r a t u r e effects
1 T h e r m a l conduc t iv i ty
2 F i s s i o n gas r e l e a s e
3 G r a i n g rowth
D i m e n s i o n a l changes
1 A s s e m b l i e s
2 Indiv idual r ods
S p a c e r d e s i g n
1 S tab i l i ty
2 F r e t t i n g
3 H y d r o g e n p i c k - u p
4 C r u d depos i t i on
P a s e
7 Conclusions for the actual experiment 9
7 1 Feasibi l i ty of long fuel s t r ingers 9
72 Deformation behaviour of a s ix - rod element 9
7 3 The effect of the spacers 9
74 Thermal conductivity of UO 9
8 References 10
9 List of computer p rograms used 12
1 0 Lis t of figures 1 3
Tables
F igures
- 3 -
1 INTRODUCTION
During the period January 1964 to December 1966 AB Atomenergi
Sweden has extended its collaboration in the OECD Halden Projec t to a
s e r i e s of experimental fuel assembl ies in the Halden Boiling Water Reacshy
to r HBWR The f i rs t Swedish tes t fuel assembly was designated IFA-1 0
and the final repor t on this experiment is given below
2 OBJECTIVES OF IFA-1 0
The main purposes of this i r rad ia t ion experiment were the folshy
lowing
i) to study the possibi l i ty of using long fuel s t r ingers in element
design
ii) to study the form of deformation if any ar is ing in a s ix - rod
element i r rad ia ted in conditions as close to those of the Marviken
reac tor as possible
iii) to tes t the effectivity of the s t r ip spacer design with respec t to
avoiding fretting of the rods
iv) to test the corros ion ra te due to the spacer s t r i p
v) to measu re the heat conductivity of the actual oxide fuel
See also ref [ 1 2 3 and 1 5 ]
3 DESIGN AND DESCRIPTION OF IFA-1 0
3 1 Assembly design
The fuel bundle consisted of six rods UO canned in Z r - 2 and
a r ranged with one cent ra l and five equally spaced c i rcumferent ia l rods
The active length of each of the rods was 1 71 4 m m and they were sepashy
ra ted by three s t r ip spacers along the length The pellet d iameter was
1 2 47 mm and the shroud tube had an inner d iameter of 71 m m
3 2 Instrumentation
The assembly was equipped with ins t ruments to m e a s u r e power
flow exit s team quality centra l oxide t empera ture and the coolant
t empe ra tu r e These signals were r eg i s t e red continuously during the
i r radia t ion The total UO - s tack movement after i r rad ia t ion was m e a s -
- 4 -
ured in five of the rods The integrated the rmal neutron dose was m e a s shy
ured by means of in ternal cobalt monitors along the c i rcumference of
some of the pe l le t s See also ref [1 4 9 1 5 and 1 9 ] and fig 1-5
4 IRRADIATION CONDITIONS
4 1 I r radiat ion h is tory
Fig 1 6 gives the channel power as a function of in -core t ime It
is obvious that the evaluation of the data must be divided into two difshy
ferent power - s t eps
I High-power 340 kW
II Medium-power 275 kW
In tables 1 3 6 7 and 8 this division has been made
4 2 Heat ratings
The heat ratings have been calculated by an axial form factor of
127 The radial form factors have been calculated from the burn-up
values
In fig 1 7 the relat ionship between channel power l inear heat outshy
put heat conductivity in tegral heat surface flux on the canning and
specific power is given for the highest and lowest heat ra ted rods D
and C respect ively The dashed line in the middle cor responds to a
hypothetical rod with FRAD = 1
The computer p rograms 1 2 3 6 7 and 8 have been used for
the various calculat ions
5 POST-IRRADIATION EXAMINATION
51 Visual inspection
The visual inspection of the fuel assembly did not reveal any
special effects The only thing was a thin layer of crud which can be
seen in fig 14-15 The layer had a typical s t reaming pat tern behind
the spacers and it was very easi ly removed Under section 6 3 the crud
measu remen t will be discussed
After dismantling one could observe smal l fretting marks on the
can surface caused by the spacers (see fig 6 and 7)
- 5 -
5 2 Dimensional measu remen t (by B Winqvist)
The dimensional measu remen t s have included determinat ion of
radial and tangential rod prof i les distance between adjacent rods in an
assembled bundle and measu remen t s of d iameter and profile of deshy
mounted cent ra l rods
In connection with the measu remen t of tangential prof i les the
d iameters of the outer rods have been determined
The measuremen t s have been c a r r i e d out in our measur ing rig
Goliath Zeroing of the rig measur ing head has been c a r r i e d out by
mounting together gauge blocks until they nominally formed the distance
concerned
The following gauge blocks have been used (fig- 1 8)
Determination of radial profile (by scanning along the 0 genera tor )
Gauge block 0 57 00 plusmn 001 m m
Determination of tangential profile and rod diameter (by scanning along
the 270deg and 270-90deg genera tors ) Gauge block 0 1 4 00 plusmn 0 001 mm
Determination of separat ion between adjacent rods (by scanning along
the 36deg and 324deg genera tors ) Gauge block 0 39 00 plusmn 0 01 mm
The resu l t s are summar ized in table 4 where the UO s tack
movement relat ive to the can is also given See also ref [ 4 6 8 9 and 16]
5 3 Crud measu remen t
As mentioned in paragraph 5 1 the crud was very easi ly removed
Six crud samples were taken and analyzed The positions of the samples
and the analysis values a re given in tables 9-1 1 See also ref [22]
5 4 Fiss ion gas re lease
The fission gas re lease was measu red for five rods The gas was
analyzed by y - spec t romet ry and m a s s - s p e c t r o m e t r y and the r e l ease
values were calculated by the computer p rogram FARMA The values
are given in table 1 2
- 6 -
5 5 y-scanning
Longitudinal y-scanning was performed for all the six rods The
energy used for the y-scanning was 0 75 MeV (Zr-Nb) and the curves
a re reproduced in fig 19-24
5 6 Ceramography
According to the y-scanning the highest hea t - r a t ed pellets were
taken for ceramography The resul ts a re shown in fig 10-13 fig 10
from rod A fig 11-13 from rod D the same a rea at various magni shy
fications
5 7 Hydrogen pick-up
F r o m rod E six samples were taken for hydride m e a s u r e m e n t s
The reference m a r k is shown in fig 7 and fig 8 and 9 show the r e shy
sulting can after the samples were taken The resul ts a re given in
detail in fig 25 and are summar ized in table 5
6 DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS
6 1 Heat ratings and UP- t empera tu re effects
611 Thermal conductivity
With only one oxide thermocouple it is not possible to determine
the thermal conductivity of UO for the following reasons
a) the heat t ransfe r coefficient of the c learance between canning and
UO has a great influence
b) the assumed thermal neutron distribution and hence the heat
generation distr ibution cannot be checked
In addition to these points rod A which was equipped with the
thermocouple had an enrichment of 2 5 w o U-235 in the lower pa r t of
the rod (835 6 mm) and 2 8 w o U-235 in the upper pa r t of the rod
(878 4 mm) The other five rods had an enrichment of 2 8 w o U-235
along the whole length Hence the heat rating figure for the t h e r m o shy
couple rod in the plane where the thermocouple was positioned a re
not given in table 3 but the t empera tu re distribution in table 6 is ca l -
- 7 -
culated according to a linear heat output of 323 400 and 409 Wcm
respectively corresponding to a heat conductivity integral of 24 8
30 7 and 31 4 Wcm respectively
In ref [l 1 ] the integral values given in table IV are not corrected
either for the radial form factors the internal form factors or the
different enrichments The temperature figures corresponding to the
element power Q of approximately 340 kW (6407122320 6407160900
and 640721 1 410) which are 1395 1415 and 1 420 degC respectively are
about 20 C higher than those calculated with the recommended value of
heat transfer coefficient given in ref [14] (a - 10 Wc m bull C for an
assembly clearance of 0 01 6 cm) and with the thermal conductivity
value recommended by AB Atomenergi ref [2425] The agreement
is not so good at lower heat ratings - probably owing to an inproper
choice of a
612 Fission gas release
The values given in table 1 2 are very small The reason for this
is very clearly understood by comparing fig 1617 tables 1 3 7 and
8 The values in table 1 2 which are computed by the program FARMA
is fractional gas release (f g r ) in percent Fig 1 6 shows that the
higher element power of 340 kW is only achieved at the beginning of the
irradiation and table 1 shows that this power level only corresponds to
30 4 of the total burn-up So in fact in order to calculate the fission
gas release for the 340 kW period only one must multiply by the factor
_n which gives a f g r of 0 0 7
The explanation for this very low figure is given in tables 7 and 8
Even at the highest heat-rated rod D the volume of UO which is over
1 600 C is only 1 6 of the total volume The remarkably low f g r
values are therefore in full accord with experience If we assume no
fission gas release below 1600 C the result will be
1 0 0 100 bdquo w ^ f g- r 3Ouml74 T76 deg- 0 2 = 6
over 1600 degC
- 8 -
6 1 3 Grain growth
The same discussion as in point 6 1 Z gives the explanation for
the absence of gra in growth
6 2 Dimensional changes
6 2 1 Assemblies
The overal l stability of the bundle was surpr is ingly good No
bowing was detectable
6 2 2 Individual rods
The resu l t s a re summar ized in table 4 The dimensional changes
were smal l
6 3 Spacer design
6 3 1 Stability
As already mentioned in paragraph 6 2 1 the stabili ty of the
bundle was good
6 3 2 Fret t ing
As shown in fig 6 and 7 the fretting marks were smal l The
photographs show the wors t fretting mark of the whole bundle
6 3 3 Hydrogen pick-up
In table 5 and fig 25 the hydride content values a re given The
measurement s show a pronounced hydrogen pick-up in the vicinity of
the spacer
6 3 4 Crud deposition
The visual examination revealed a s t reaming pat tern behind the
spacer in the form of a very thin crud layer The thickness of the crud
does not seem to affect the heat t ransfe r appreciably
- 9 -
7 CONCLUSIONS FOR THE ACTUAL EXPERIMENT
7 1 Feasibi l i ty of long fuel s t r ingers
Long fuel s t r ingers are feasible
7 2 Deformation behaviour of a s ix - rod element
No deformation of the bundle was detected
7 3 The effect of the spacers
The chosen spacer design was good with respec t to stabili ty and
fretting but had a drawback in view of hydrogen pick-up
7 4 Thermal conductivity of UO
The experiment confirmed the out-of-pile data up to 1400 C with
a heat t ransfer coefficient of 1 0 Wcm bull C
- 10 -
8 REFERENCES
DJURLE S 1963 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMA-403 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-495 )
DJURLE S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RM-203 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMB-351 rev 1 )
GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RKS-1 61 )
BJOumlRZEacuteN H 1 964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -1 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t TPM-RFA-578 )
ERIKSSON E 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t AP-RMB-891 2-1 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RMB-550 )
JONASSON G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RKS-1 69 )
ROLSTAD E 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal r epor t EPB-305 )
HALLSTENSSON L 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-596 )
FORSBERG L GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t STK-1 78 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-541 )
ASPHAUG K 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal repor t DP-305 )
FILIPSSON B 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -2 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFA-559 )
FREDRIKSSON F 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFR-292 )
SVENSSON S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RFA-598 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-579 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMA-596 )
EDWALL B LUNDQVIST R 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t AP-RKK-98 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1967 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-71 0 )
VOGT J GRANDELL L RUNFORS U 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMB-527 )
RUNFORS U 1966 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RMB -1 089 )
- 12 -
9 LIST OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS USED
INDO integrated neutron dose and burn-up p r o g r a m
SLIRMA loop p r o g r a m in genera l
FIRMA neutron flux from Co-moni tors
FARMA fission gas re lease
GORMA dimensional changes
BURMA chemical burn-up measurement
TERMA t empera tu re distr ibution
VORMA volume distribution
STARMA s ta t i s t ics p r o g r a m
KORRMA corre la t ion p r o g r a m
S Svensson
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
B Danielsson
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
P r o g r a m 1 is descr ibed in detail in ref [193 and p rog rams 2-10
descr ibed in ref [23]
- 13 -
10 LIST OF FIGURES
1 Top plug with gauge plug
2 Spacer
3 Upper end of the bundle
4 Upper end of the bundle
5 Lower end of the bundle
6 Fre t t ing m a r k on spacer
7 Fret t ing m a r k on rod E
8 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
9 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
1 0 T ransve r sa l cut rod A in axial maximum
1 1 T r a n s v e r s a l cut rod D in axial maximum
1 2 Detail of fig 11 1 4 x magnification
1 3 Detail of fig 1 1 500 x magnification
14 Fuel bundle bottom after i r radia t ion
1 5 Fuel bundle top after i r radia t ion
1 6 I r radiat ion his tory
1 7 Diagram over cer ta in heat data as a function of channel power
1 8 Goliath gauges
19- Y s c a n n ^ n g curves 24
25 The samples for the hydride measu remen t
T A B L E 1
I r r a d i a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s
E l e m e n t T i m e B u r n - u p
P o w e r P
kW Days MWd
P = 0 43 2 19 5
0 lt P lt 100 16 7 7 6 0 9 2 1
100 pound P lt 200 9 6 4 3 15 3 3
200 ^ P lt 300 1 1 0 7 50 1 29 1 6 4 2
300 pound P 40 8 18 5 1 3 8 30 4
T o t a l 2 2 1 0 100 0 4 5 3 1 0 0 0
T A B L E 2
B u r n - u p by m e a n s of c h e m i c a l - m a s s p e c t r o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s
Rod F IMA F I M A M W d t U 0 2 Ton UO- MWd
Max A v e r a g e A v e r a g e
A 5 50 bull 1 0 3 4 08 bull 10
B 5 16 4 0 6
C 4 52 3 56
D 5 55 4 3 6
E 5 4 3 4 2 7
F 4 74 3 73
To ta l
3420 2 164 bull 10 7 40
3400 2 1 70 7 38
2980 2171 6 4 7
3660 2 1 7 4 7 96
3580 2 1 7 4 7 78
3130 2 1 7 3 6 8 0
43 79
TABLE 3
Radial form factors FRAP l inear heat output Q(2 75) and Q(340)
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1068
1 003
0 877
1 077
1 054
0920
Q(275)
Wcm
-
271
237
291
285
248
Q(340)
Wcm
-
335
293
360
352
307
TABLE 4
Dimensional changes ridge heights and U 0 0 s tack movement
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1 068
1003
0877
1 077
1 054
0912
Length
oo
-
+ 79
+ 78
+ 87
+ 94
+ 76
Diamete Max |im
- 15
+ 7
+ 9
+ 6
+ 18
- 2
r Min (j m
+ 5
+ 19
+ 11
+ 11
+ 1 3
+ 3
bullc
Ridge height | j m
5
5
10
5
3
13
UO s tack movement deg oo
1 5
1 2
1 1
9
14
4
T A B L E 5
H y d r i d e f o r m a t i o n
Rod E
S p a c e r No ( f rom bo t tom) 3
Height over b o t t o m ( c m ) 88
Outs ide can t e m p e r a t u r e ( C) 245
H y d r i d e con ten t of the c a n ( p p m )
j u s t be low s p a c e r 65
con t ac t po in t 1 80
R e f e r e n c e (n o n - i r r a d i a t e d ) 35
T A B L E 6
T e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( C) r o d A ( t h e r m o c o u p l e )
Rad ius
( m m )
0 00
0 50
1 00
1 50
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 50
5 00
5 50
6 0 0
6 23
E l e m e n t
275
1082
1077
1060
1033
995
947
891
826
755
6 79
598
515
431
391
p o w e r (kW)
340
1 379
1371
1 347
1 308
1255
1187
1107
101 7
91 7
811
700
589
477
426
348
1 416
140 7
1 383
1 343
1287
1217
1 1 34
1040
937
827
71 3
59 7
483
430
TABLE 7
Tempera tu re distr ibution ( C) rod D
Radius Element power (kW)
(mm) 275 340
0 00
0 5 0
1 00
150
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 5 0
5 00
5 50
6 00
6 2 3
1255
1248
1227
1193
1146
1087
1017
937
850
756
658
558
459
412
1618
1609
1580
1532
1466
1383
1 284
1171
1048
91 7
781
646
51 3
452
TABLE 8
Integrated volumes for rod D
Tempera tu re 275 kW 3
interval cm
300 - 500 60 0
500 - 600 40 5
600 - 700 32 0
700 - 800 24 5
800 - 900 ] 8 8
900 - 1000 14 4
1000 - 11 00 10 5
1 100 - 1200 6 8
1200 - 1300 1 9
1 300 - 1400 0 0
1400 - 1500
1500 - 1600
1600 - 1700
1 700 - 1800
340 kW
c m 3
2 8 7
19 4
1 5 3
1 1 7
9 0
6 9
5 0
3 3
8 9
0 0
3 7 0
32 8
29 8
24 5
19 8
16 3
13 4
11 0
9 0
7 1
5 3
3 2
0 2
0 0
17 7
15 7
1 4 3
1 1 7
9 5
7 8
6 4
5 3
4 3
3 4
2 5
15
0 1
0 0
Crud measuremen t s
The positions of the samples a re given in the sketch below
Top F6 F4 F 5 F3 Bottom Fuel element
FZ outside
Fl inside Shroud
TABLE 9
Crud deposition (ngcm )
F e Ni C r Z r
F l
F2
F 3
F 4
F 5
F6
32
4
8
8
8
12
8
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
5
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
gt 2
gt 2
15
15
gt 2
gt 2
TABLE 10
The crud activit ies 22 9 65 (dps cm )
C o - 5 i Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
Fl
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
8 5-
34-
56-
7 5-
5 2-
4 7-
10^ 1 2 - 1 0 ^ 3 8 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 9 7 1 0
10^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 - 1 0 ^ 3 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 0 - 1 0
l O 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 6 9 - 10^
l O 2 0 - l 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 9 0 - 1 0
l O 2 0 - 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 ^ 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 - 1 0 ^ 1 3 0 - 1 0
l O 7 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 - 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 6 4 - 1 0 1 7 - 1 0
TABLE 1 1
Specific activit ies (dpsmg Fe)
C o - 5 8 Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
F6
F4
F5
F3
Fl
F2
6
TABLE 1 2
F i ss ion gas re lease ()
Rod B D
Kr
Xe
-
-
002
002
003
003
0 02
0 03
0 02
002
0 02
0 02
3 9 2 - 1 0 ^ 6 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 5 3 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 4 2 1 0
9 3 7 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 3 7 - 1 0 ^
6 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 1 0 ^ 1 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 9 5 - 1 0 1 6 3 - 1 0
7 0 - 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 0 1 8 8 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 6 3 - 1 0 ^
2 6 6 - 1 0 ^ 3 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 9 1 0 7 1 9 1 0 ^ 7 5 - 1 0 3 0 3 - 1 0 ^
8 5 lt 1 0 5 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 4 5 - 1 0
F i g 1 Top plug with gauge plug
F ig 2 Spacer
Fig 3 Upper end of the bundle F ig 4 Upper end of the bundle
F ig 5 Lower end of the bundle
t
Fig 6
F- -
4 5x
bull
bullaumlW^
Fig 7
Wr-
4 5x
amp
K bull i- m
Fig 8 4 5x Fig 9 4 5x
F i g 1 O 4 5x F i g 11 4 5x
8Epoundli2amp
F i e 12 14x F i g 1 3 500 x
Fig 1 4 Through cell window
ml
8hfegt- laquo IgUtMIKflr i l - V T - rv
s-
jpj^EacuteASfe-laquobullbull bullilPfff
laquo -bull
Fig 1 5 Through cell window
i
bull i
T~-~
bull- l
bull bull bull - bull - - bull
bull bull bull bull i mdash
bull - - bull bull
L~Hr^
- j
) bull bull
bull bull bull
i i i i i i
i
bull mdash - bull - -
-
T
-bull
bull bull bull - bull mdash mdash
j - bull bull bull
bull bull
- 1 - bull
i bull bull
- r
bull - i i
i
jjU
bdquo _
bull bull
3e
-----
bull - -
bull - mdash -
- bull mdash i
Tii iampr
iiili
bullT-
i
i t -
i i
v
bull i bull
bull -
_-
d c
T I
| bull
bull
gt
I r r a d i a t i o n h i s t o r y
- C h a n n e l p o w e r in kW as a funct ion of i n - c o r e t i m e
^ ~ - -
bdquo
---
_ _
r
i r bull
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Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
-LLL
f
bull bull
- - t bull bull
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St---bull bull L _
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mdash
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t bull bull bull
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j r - i bull 5 1
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bull - bull f r - - -
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-
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z T
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i
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i
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r
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ii
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mdash
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bull - bull | T
bull ^ - L 1 -i bull bull bull bull 1
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1 i
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| T- i
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bull -
1 -I L j
bull
-i
i
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i i 1 i
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| bull bull bull i - bull bull |
1 bull
bull i i p i 1 t L
bull bull J bull bull bull bull
-rrH---i
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-L
rr-
- _ U bull =
IS-
bull
bullLL
bullLL
-----i
Z--1-L
bullmdash-bullbull
bull r---
rmdashr~ 7|
j i
bull bull i
j
I
bull bull i
i |
mdash
T Gamma-scanning
Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
AE-306
FINAL REPORT ON IFA-10 THE FIRST SWEDISH INSTRUshy
MENTED FUEL ASSEMBLY IRRADIATED IN HBWR NORWAY
J-Aring Gyllander
ABSTRACT
A final repor t is given on IFA-10 the f i rs t Swedish ins t rumented
fuel assembly i r rad ia ted in HBWR
The pos t - i r rad ia t ion data a re presented and co r re l a t ed with the
i r radia t ion s ta t i s t i cs
No bowing of the bundle was observed no equi-axed gra in growth
was d iscernible the fission gas r e l ease was very smal l and the r e l a shy
tive dimensional changes in length and diameter were of the order of -4 magnitude 9 x 1 0
The hydride content of the can increased from 35 ppm to 65 ppm
and in the contact point of the spacer to 1 80 ppm
Pr inted and distr ibuted in December 1 967
LIST OF CONTENTS
P a g e
In t roduc t ion
Objec t ives of I F A - 1 0
D e s i g n and d e s c r i p t i o n of IFA-1 0
A s s e m b l y d e s i g n
I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n
I r r a d i a t i o n cond i t ions
I r r a d i a t i o n h i s t o r y
Hea t r a t i n g s
P o s t - i r r a d i a t i o n e x a m i n a t i o n
V i s u a l i n s p e c t i o n
D i m e n s i o n a l m e a s u r e m e n t
C r u d m e a s u r e m e n t
F i s s i o n gas r e l e a s e
y- s c a n n i n g
C e r a m og r aphy
H y d r o g e n p i c k - u p
D i s c u s s i o n of the r e s u l t s
Hea t r a t i n g s and UO t e m p e r a t u r e effects
1 T h e r m a l conduc t iv i ty
2 F i s s i o n gas r e l e a s e
3 G r a i n g rowth
D i m e n s i o n a l changes
1 A s s e m b l i e s
2 Indiv idual r ods
S p a c e r d e s i g n
1 S tab i l i ty
2 F r e t t i n g
3 H y d r o g e n p i c k - u p
4 C r u d depos i t i on
P a s e
7 Conclusions for the actual experiment 9
7 1 Feasibi l i ty of long fuel s t r ingers 9
72 Deformation behaviour of a s ix - rod element 9
7 3 The effect of the spacers 9
74 Thermal conductivity of UO 9
8 References 10
9 List of computer p rograms used 12
1 0 Lis t of figures 1 3
Tables
F igures
- 3 -
1 INTRODUCTION
During the period January 1964 to December 1966 AB Atomenergi
Sweden has extended its collaboration in the OECD Halden Projec t to a
s e r i e s of experimental fuel assembl ies in the Halden Boiling Water Reacshy
to r HBWR The f i rs t Swedish tes t fuel assembly was designated IFA-1 0
and the final repor t on this experiment is given below
2 OBJECTIVES OF IFA-1 0
The main purposes of this i r rad ia t ion experiment were the folshy
lowing
i) to study the possibi l i ty of using long fuel s t r ingers in element
design
ii) to study the form of deformation if any ar is ing in a s ix - rod
element i r rad ia ted in conditions as close to those of the Marviken
reac tor as possible
iii) to tes t the effectivity of the s t r ip spacer design with respec t to
avoiding fretting of the rods
iv) to test the corros ion ra te due to the spacer s t r i p
v) to measu re the heat conductivity of the actual oxide fuel
See also ref [ 1 2 3 and 1 5 ]
3 DESIGN AND DESCRIPTION OF IFA-1 0
3 1 Assembly design
The fuel bundle consisted of six rods UO canned in Z r - 2 and
a r ranged with one cent ra l and five equally spaced c i rcumferent ia l rods
The active length of each of the rods was 1 71 4 m m and they were sepashy
ra ted by three s t r ip spacers along the length The pellet d iameter was
1 2 47 mm and the shroud tube had an inner d iameter of 71 m m
3 2 Instrumentation
The assembly was equipped with ins t ruments to m e a s u r e power
flow exit s team quality centra l oxide t empera ture and the coolant
t empe ra tu r e These signals were r eg i s t e red continuously during the
i r radia t ion The total UO - s tack movement after i r rad ia t ion was m e a s -
- 4 -
ured in five of the rods The integrated the rmal neutron dose was m e a s shy
ured by means of in ternal cobalt monitors along the c i rcumference of
some of the pe l le t s See also ref [1 4 9 1 5 and 1 9 ] and fig 1-5
4 IRRADIATION CONDITIONS
4 1 I r radiat ion h is tory
Fig 1 6 gives the channel power as a function of in -core t ime It
is obvious that the evaluation of the data must be divided into two difshy
ferent power - s t eps
I High-power 340 kW
II Medium-power 275 kW
In tables 1 3 6 7 and 8 this division has been made
4 2 Heat ratings
The heat ratings have been calculated by an axial form factor of
127 The radial form factors have been calculated from the burn-up
values
In fig 1 7 the relat ionship between channel power l inear heat outshy
put heat conductivity in tegral heat surface flux on the canning and
specific power is given for the highest and lowest heat ra ted rods D
and C respect ively The dashed line in the middle cor responds to a
hypothetical rod with FRAD = 1
The computer p rograms 1 2 3 6 7 and 8 have been used for
the various calculat ions
5 POST-IRRADIATION EXAMINATION
51 Visual inspection
The visual inspection of the fuel assembly did not reveal any
special effects The only thing was a thin layer of crud which can be
seen in fig 14-15 The layer had a typical s t reaming pat tern behind
the spacers and it was very easi ly removed Under section 6 3 the crud
measu remen t will be discussed
After dismantling one could observe smal l fretting marks on the
can surface caused by the spacers (see fig 6 and 7)
- 5 -
5 2 Dimensional measu remen t (by B Winqvist)
The dimensional measu remen t s have included determinat ion of
radial and tangential rod prof i les distance between adjacent rods in an
assembled bundle and measu remen t s of d iameter and profile of deshy
mounted cent ra l rods
In connection with the measu remen t of tangential prof i les the
d iameters of the outer rods have been determined
The measuremen t s have been c a r r i e d out in our measur ing rig
Goliath Zeroing of the rig measur ing head has been c a r r i e d out by
mounting together gauge blocks until they nominally formed the distance
concerned
The following gauge blocks have been used (fig- 1 8)
Determination of radial profile (by scanning along the 0 genera tor )
Gauge block 0 57 00 plusmn 001 m m
Determination of tangential profile and rod diameter (by scanning along
the 270deg and 270-90deg genera tors ) Gauge block 0 1 4 00 plusmn 0 001 mm
Determination of separat ion between adjacent rods (by scanning along
the 36deg and 324deg genera tors ) Gauge block 0 39 00 plusmn 0 01 mm
The resu l t s are summar ized in table 4 where the UO s tack
movement relat ive to the can is also given See also ref [ 4 6 8 9 and 16]
5 3 Crud measu remen t
As mentioned in paragraph 5 1 the crud was very easi ly removed
Six crud samples were taken and analyzed The positions of the samples
and the analysis values a re given in tables 9-1 1 See also ref [22]
5 4 Fiss ion gas re lease
The fission gas re lease was measu red for five rods The gas was
analyzed by y - spec t romet ry and m a s s - s p e c t r o m e t r y and the r e l ease
values were calculated by the computer p rogram FARMA The values
are given in table 1 2
- 6 -
5 5 y-scanning
Longitudinal y-scanning was performed for all the six rods The
energy used for the y-scanning was 0 75 MeV (Zr-Nb) and the curves
a re reproduced in fig 19-24
5 6 Ceramography
According to the y-scanning the highest hea t - r a t ed pellets were
taken for ceramography The resul ts a re shown in fig 10-13 fig 10
from rod A fig 11-13 from rod D the same a rea at various magni shy
fications
5 7 Hydrogen pick-up
F r o m rod E six samples were taken for hydride m e a s u r e m e n t s
The reference m a r k is shown in fig 7 and fig 8 and 9 show the r e shy
sulting can after the samples were taken The resul ts a re given in
detail in fig 25 and are summar ized in table 5
6 DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS
6 1 Heat ratings and UP- t empera tu re effects
611 Thermal conductivity
With only one oxide thermocouple it is not possible to determine
the thermal conductivity of UO for the following reasons
a) the heat t ransfe r coefficient of the c learance between canning and
UO has a great influence
b) the assumed thermal neutron distribution and hence the heat
generation distr ibution cannot be checked
In addition to these points rod A which was equipped with the
thermocouple had an enrichment of 2 5 w o U-235 in the lower pa r t of
the rod (835 6 mm) and 2 8 w o U-235 in the upper pa r t of the rod
(878 4 mm) The other five rods had an enrichment of 2 8 w o U-235
along the whole length Hence the heat rating figure for the t h e r m o shy
couple rod in the plane where the thermocouple was positioned a re
not given in table 3 but the t empera tu re distribution in table 6 is ca l -
- 7 -
culated according to a linear heat output of 323 400 and 409 Wcm
respectively corresponding to a heat conductivity integral of 24 8
30 7 and 31 4 Wcm respectively
In ref [l 1 ] the integral values given in table IV are not corrected
either for the radial form factors the internal form factors or the
different enrichments The temperature figures corresponding to the
element power Q of approximately 340 kW (6407122320 6407160900
and 640721 1 410) which are 1395 1415 and 1 420 degC respectively are
about 20 C higher than those calculated with the recommended value of
heat transfer coefficient given in ref [14] (a - 10 Wc m bull C for an
assembly clearance of 0 01 6 cm) and with the thermal conductivity
value recommended by AB Atomenergi ref [2425] The agreement
is not so good at lower heat ratings - probably owing to an inproper
choice of a
612 Fission gas release
The values given in table 1 2 are very small The reason for this
is very clearly understood by comparing fig 1617 tables 1 3 7 and
8 The values in table 1 2 which are computed by the program FARMA
is fractional gas release (f g r ) in percent Fig 1 6 shows that the
higher element power of 340 kW is only achieved at the beginning of the
irradiation and table 1 shows that this power level only corresponds to
30 4 of the total burn-up So in fact in order to calculate the fission
gas release for the 340 kW period only one must multiply by the factor
_n which gives a f g r of 0 0 7
The explanation for this very low figure is given in tables 7 and 8
Even at the highest heat-rated rod D the volume of UO which is over
1 600 C is only 1 6 of the total volume The remarkably low f g r
values are therefore in full accord with experience If we assume no
fission gas release below 1600 C the result will be
1 0 0 100 bdquo w ^ f g- r 3Ouml74 T76 deg- 0 2 = 6
over 1600 degC
- 8 -
6 1 3 Grain growth
The same discussion as in point 6 1 Z gives the explanation for
the absence of gra in growth
6 2 Dimensional changes
6 2 1 Assemblies
The overal l stability of the bundle was surpr is ingly good No
bowing was detectable
6 2 2 Individual rods
The resu l t s a re summar ized in table 4 The dimensional changes
were smal l
6 3 Spacer design
6 3 1 Stability
As already mentioned in paragraph 6 2 1 the stabili ty of the
bundle was good
6 3 2 Fret t ing
As shown in fig 6 and 7 the fretting marks were smal l The
photographs show the wors t fretting mark of the whole bundle
6 3 3 Hydrogen pick-up
In table 5 and fig 25 the hydride content values a re given The
measurement s show a pronounced hydrogen pick-up in the vicinity of
the spacer
6 3 4 Crud deposition
The visual examination revealed a s t reaming pat tern behind the
spacer in the form of a very thin crud layer The thickness of the crud
does not seem to affect the heat t ransfe r appreciably
- 9 -
7 CONCLUSIONS FOR THE ACTUAL EXPERIMENT
7 1 Feasibi l i ty of long fuel s t r ingers
Long fuel s t r ingers are feasible
7 2 Deformation behaviour of a s ix - rod element
No deformation of the bundle was detected
7 3 The effect of the spacers
The chosen spacer design was good with respec t to stabili ty and
fretting but had a drawback in view of hydrogen pick-up
7 4 Thermal conductivity of UO
The experiment confirmed the out-of-pile data up to 1400 C with
a heat t ransfer coefficient of 1 0 Wcm bull C
- 10 -
8 REFERENCES
DJURLE S 1963 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMA-403 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-495 )
DJURLE S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RM-203 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMB-351 rev 1 )
GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RKS-1 61 )
BJOumlRZEacuteN H 1 964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -1 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t TPM-RFA-578 )
ERIKSSON E 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t AP-RMB-891 2-1 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RMB-550 )
JONASSON G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RKS-1 69 )
ROLSTAD E 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal r epor t EPB-305 )
HALLSTENSSON L 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-596 )
FORSBERG L GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t STK-1 78 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-541 )
ASPHAUG K 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal repor t DP-305 )
FILIPSSON B 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -2 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFA-559 )
FREDRIKSSON F 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFR-292 )
SVENSSON S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RFA-598 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-579 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMA-596 )
EDWALL B LUNDQVIST R 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t AP-RKK-98 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1967 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-71 0 )
VOGT J GRANDELL L RUNFORS U 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMB-527 )
RUNFORS U 1966 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RMB -1 089 )
- 12 -
9 LIST OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS USED
INDO integrated neutron dose and burn-up p r o g r a m
SLIRMA loop p r o g r a m in genera l
FIRMA neutron flux from Co-moni tors
FARMA fission gas re lease
GORMA dimensional changes
BURMA chemical burn-up measurement
TERMA t empera tu re distr ibution
VORMA volume distribution
STARMA s ta t i s t ics p r o g r a m
KORRMA corre la t ion p r o g r a m
S Svensson
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
B Danielsson
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
P r o g r a m 1 is descr ibed in detail in ref [193 and p rog rams 2-10
descr ibed in ref [23]
- 13 -
10 LIST OF FIGURES
1 Top plug with gauge plug
2 Spacer
3 Upper end of the bundle
4 Upper end of the bundle
5 Lower end of the bundle
6 Fre t t ing m a r k on spacer
7 Fret t ing m a r k on rod E
8 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
9 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
1 0 T ransve r sa l cut rod A in axial maximum
1 1 T r a n s v e r s a l cut rod D in axial maximum
1 2 Detail of fig 11 1 4 x magnification
1 3 Detail of fig 1 1 500 x magnification
14 Fuel bundle bottom after i r radia t ion
1 5 Fuel bundle top after i r radia t ion
1 6 I r radiat ion his tory
1 7 Diagram over cer ta in heat data as a function of channel power
1 8 Goliath gauges
19- Y s c a n n ^ n g curves 24
25 The samples for the hydride measu remen t
T A B L E 1
I r r a d i a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s
E l e m e n t T i m e B u r n - u p
P o w e r P
kW Days MWd
P = 0 43 2 19 5
0 lt P lt 100 16 7 7 6 0 9 2 1
100 pound P lt 200 9 6 4 3 15 3 3
200 ^ P lt 300 1 1 0 7 50 1 29 1 6 4 2
300 pound P 40 8 18 5 1 3 8 30 4
T o t a l 2 2 1 0 100 0 4 5 3 1 0 0 0
T A B L E 2
B u r n - u p by m e a n s of c h e m i c a l - m a s s p e c t r o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s
Rod F IMA F I M A M W d t U 0 2 Ton UO- MWd
Max A v e r a g e A v e r a g e
A 5 50 bull 1 0 3 4 08 bull 10
B 5 16 4 0 6
C 4 52 3 56
D 5 55 4 3 6
E 5 4 3 4 2 7
F 4 74 3 73
To ta l
3420 2 164 bull 10 7 40
3400 2 1 70 7 38
2980 2171 6 4 7
3660 2 1 7 4 7 96
3580 2 1 7 4 7 78
3130 2 1 7 3 6 8 0
43 79
TABLE 3
Radial form factors FRAP l inear heat output Q(2 75) and Q(340)
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1068
1 003
0 877
1 077
1 054
0920
Q(275)
Wcm
-
271
237
291
285
248
Q(340)
Wcm
-
335
293
360
352
307
TABLE 4
Dimensional changes ridge heights and U 0 0 s tack movement
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1 068
1003
0877
1 077
1 054
0912
Length
oo
-
+ 79
+ 78
+ 87
+ 94
+ 76
Diamete Max |im
- 15
+ 7
+ 9
+ 6
+ 18
- 2
r Min (j m
+ 5
+ 19
+ 11
+ 11
+ 1 3
+ 3
bullc
Ridge height | j m
5
5
10
5
3
13
UO s tack movement deg oo
1 5
1 2
1 1
9
14
4
T A B L E 5
H y d r i d e f o r m a t i o n
Rod E
S p a c e r No ( f rom bo t tom) 3
Height over b o t t o m ( c m ) 88
Outs ide can t e m p e r a t u r e ( C) 245
H y d r i d e con ten t of the c a n ( p p m )
j u s t be low s p a c e r 65
con t ac t po in t 1 80
R e f e r e n c e (n o n - i r r a d i a t e d ) 35
T A B L E 6
T e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( C) r o d A ( t h e r m o c o u p l e )
Rad ius
( m m )
0 00
0 50
1 00
1 50
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 50
5 00
5 50
6 0 0
6 23
E l e m e n t
275
1082
1077
1060
1033
995
947
891
826
755
6 79
598
515
431
391
p o w e r (kW)
340
1 379
1371
1 347
1 308
1255
1187
1107
101 7
91 7
811
700
589
477
426
348
1 416
140 7
1 383
1 343
1287
1217
1 1 34
1040
937
827
71 3
59 7
483
430
TABLE 7
Tempera tu re distr ibution ( C) rod D
Radius Element power (kW)
(mm) 275 340
0 00
0 5 0
1 00
150
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 5 0
5 00
5 50
6 00
6 2 3
1255
1248
1227
1193
1146
1087
1017
937
850
756
658
558
459
412
1618
1609
1580
1532
1466
1383
1 284
1171
1048
91 7
781
646
51 3
452
TABLE 8
Integrated volumes for rod D
Tempera tu re 275 kW 3
interval cm
300 - 500 60 0
500 - 600 40 5
600 - 700 32 0
700 - 800 24 5
800 - 900 ] 8 8
900 - 1000 14 4
1000 - 11 00 10 5
1 100 - 1200 6 8
1200 - 1300 1 9
1 300 - 1400 0 0
1400 - 1500
1500 - 1600
1600 - 1700
1 700 - 1800
340 kW
c m 3
2 8 7
19 4
1 5 3
1 1 7
9 0
6 9
5 0
3 3
8 9
0 0
3 7 0
32 8
29 8
24 5
19 8
16 3
13 4
11 0
9 0
7 1
5 3
3 2
0 2
0 0
17 7
15 7
1 4 3
1 1 7
9 5
7 8
6 4
5 3
4 3
3 4
2 5
15
0 1
0 0
Crud measuremen t s
The positions of the samples a re given in the sketch below
Top F6 F4 F 5 F3 Bottom Fuel element
FZ outside
Fl inside Shroud
TABLE 9
Crud deposition (ngcm )
F e Ni C r Z r
F l
F2
F 3
F 4
F 5
F6
32
4
8
8
8
12
8
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
5
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
gt 2
gt 2
15
15
gt 2
gt 2
TABLE 10
The crud activit ies 22 9 65 (dps cm )
C o - 5 i Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
Fl
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
8 5-
34-
56-
7 5-
5 2-
4 7-
10^ 1 2 - 1 0 ^ 3 8 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 9 7 1 0
10^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 - 1 0 ^ 3 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 0 - 1 0
l O 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 6 9 - 10^
l O 2 0 - l 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 9 0 - 1 0
l O 2 0 - 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 ^ 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 - 1 0 ^ 1 3 0 - 1 0
l O 7 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 - 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 6 4 - 1 0 1 7 - 1 0
TABLE 1 1
Specific activit ies (dpsmg Fe)
C o - 5 8 Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
F6
F4
F5
F3
Fl
F2
6
TABLE 1 2
F i ss ion gas re lease ()
Rod B D
Kr
Xe
-
-
002
002
003
003
0 02
0 03
0 02
002
0 02
0 02
3 9 2 - 1 0 ^ 6 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 5 3 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 4 2 1 0
9 3 7 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 3 7 - 1 0 ^
6 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 1 0 ^ 1 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 9 5 - 1 0 1 6 3 - 1 0
7 0 - 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 0 1 8 8 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 6 3 - 1 0 ^
2 6 6 - 1 0 ^ 3 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 9 1 0 7 1 9 1 0 ^ 7 5 - 1 0 3 0 3 - 1 0 ^
8 5 lt 1 0 5 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 4 5 - 1 0
F i g 1 Top plug with gauge plug
F ig 2 Spacer
Fig 3 Upper end of the bundle F ig 4 Upper end of the bundle
F ig 5 Lower end of the bundle
t
Fig 6
F- -
4 5x
bull
bullaumlW^
Fig 7
Wr-
4 5x
amp
K bull i- m
Fig 8 4 5x Fig 9 4 5x
F i g 1 O 4 5x F i g 11 4 5x
8Epoundli2amp
F i e 12 14x F i g 1 3 500 x
Fig 1 4 Through cell window
ml
8hfegt- laquo IgUtMIKflr i l - V T - rv
s-
jpj^EacuteASfe-laquobullbull bullilPfff
laquo -bull
Fig 1 5 Through cell window
i
bull i
T~-~
bull- l
bull bull bull - bull - - bull
bull bull bull bull i mdash
bull - - bull bull
L~Hr^
- j
) bull bull
bull bull bull
i i i i i i
i
bull mdash - bull - -
-
T
-bull
bull bull bull - bull mdash mdash
j - bull bull bull
bull bull
- 1 - bull
i bull bull
- r
bull - i i
i
jjU
bdquo _
bull bull
3e
-----
bull - -
bull - mdash -
- bull mdash i
Tii iampr
iiili
bullT-
i
i t -
i i
v
bull i bull
bull -
_-
d c
T I
| bull
bull
gt
I r r a d i a t i o n h i s t o r y
- C h a n n e l p o w e r in kW as a funct ion of i n - c o r e t i m e
^ ~ - -
bdquo
---
_ _
r
i r bull
m-v Hi i i ^ i i iH
iEK i i
- i i
~Fi
bull _
bull bull
m - bull bull bull bull
i iii
iYil
T
bullrill--l-
bull bull
j bull - _
bull bull
1
bull i -
bull
7H 7
bull
ui-i
jllUlIiL
- - bull
rn __
ji 1
bull -
bull i i
bull U
i|
i L
viii
r
bull T
LiLi
bull i i i
j -
| - bull bull bull bull
L _ 1 i
i bull
bull bull
bull
bull
---[[
i 1-
i ^
---
-
i
_ _
r f i i i
- - - - - bull mdash - bull - - J - mdash r
bull bull bull bull bull | bull 1
bull
bull bull i bull bull bull i
f
I bull 1
-
1
bull
bull bull bull
bull
1
bulli
r
bull-v-
j
bull bull
iiiii
bull
bull
bull
bull i - i bull -
i bull 1
--mdash
i
___mdash|
i
i
bull i -
mdash t i
- i ir
i
c
bull 1
bull bull
1
----
bull bull bull bull bull
Mh i
bull bull bull bull
bull
i
1 bull
i
bull bull bull
bull -Iii i T i
- bull bull bull
i i i i
mdash i mdash mdash i
_
J i i i - bull bull bull bull
ii i
bull
mdashti i - i bull
ii^
-
m i -
i
- iii-iiiii
i]i-i
|
i - - - -I
F i g 16
Bpl i i bull
bull _
iii
_
ii
ii
ii
t
o
o iw
bull i
i bull
i bull i 1 bull
i ^ bull bull bull
J L i
i-
1
-i
i
bull bull
- bull bull
bull
i
i
I
i
i bull
iLij i
bull bull bull bull
i i i i y
gt
i
r-iI 1
r bullbull--bull
iii
i i
i i
1
i
bull bull - J
i i bull
bull bull
mdash V
- mdash - mdash bull bull
i - _
mdashmdash
bull j
|
i -
i i i - i
o
o o CM
O
H
O O r-i
LPl
X K CM
Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
-LLL
f
bull bull
- - t bull bull
bull bull
St---bull bull L _
- i bull bull bull
i
bull[-bull
r--
bdquo
r_ t
t t
i
- i
i
LLi
I bullbull
bull-
(
[ bull bull
) bull
i i
bull bullbullbullbull- ) -
i i bull
it bull j |
j bullbull t -
bull bull
-tr-f --bull
r-rrr-T
bulliir
i - j bull bull bull
t
1 bull i -
I i t
i
mdash-vr
- 1 - - -
-
~zzLY
iaE^f ^ T p f
- - ( mdash bull laquo mdash
iblL
-bullbull
~L]-
-7T 1TJ FT
_ui
iiLilLLL
mdash i bull 1
1C
L-mdash-L-
LzzY
LLL1--
zj
LLi-L
-mdash
H-
i-i
^rTTTL
i l ~ i
i H W OU_
i
bull bull
bull bull r
LLii][ -
EriJpi
Sni i T IT
HTTI
LL-L-
bull[
i -t - i -r
] bull
m - bull -
i
LI T o p i i
if i
fcN-ii]jjiFrii
bull pound - 1 T - i bullbull
~ f bull bull bull bull [ bull bull bull bull -
bull | - i -M
1 i
bull - i f f bullbull f --T i
i pound 1 bull S
bull M - i -i j bull
-nkpound-I J ^ bull
bull bull i
H--- U-
bull i 1
mdash
|
t bull bull bull
bull -
j r - i bull 5 1
^ r r
--Trii ^
F gt
- 4 j
r r r r l r t
- r _ i l ^
-i i f
HTrpiP
bull bull
laquo
bull
rf1-r i
~rr
LLLLL1
T-Y~l
] i
i
T~~ t i r r
i r i i r i i i i
LYr-lL
H P
bull bull [
bull
L-----
LllLL
7 - p n f
bull - bull f r - - -
-
mdash i -
- -bullL bull - bull bull
TrHiii i i
bull
I
T
ipi
MP C
bull bull
I
bullLTLi-
L1LL
L-1L1
--bull ~ -
bull
I
-- -
i i t i i i r ril_
ri-j-T i i i i
~L i i t i
i
i ^ H
bull
bulli r~-
LLL
LL- i - i - -
y
r i i - |
r raquo i
-
- i r
bull h bull bull
_
bull I bullbull
ii
- i
bull -
bull bull i - bull
i
bull
j bull 1
v r K
Li-
bull bull
bull bull
bull
L~-i
bull bull
-r^jir
WL-Li
bull-~ -4- r i
J
i r a
ii^kr rrr
- f i 4 i i i LLH
)
bull - -
^LrL-~
L-SLi
-Mi-L
i i
mdash i mdash
TTTTT^^
^ r t j
Li
xLi m
i qjis
LWTL
bull bull
-
- j r
bull J -H-i-f-
LL
bullrL bull
liLLLi
bull
iLri
ilp mdash gt - bull |
LiLL
z T
i bull ( bull
trrr
bull -H
Jill
10
bull bull r bull
LL
i
gt
bull i i | j
^
Tirrrir-
i ^ - ^ bull bull
LrlzL-
O T
- -f i -
f j
bull - gt bull bull bull bull bull bull mdash
fy
i
-bullbullbull P bullbull
bull bull
-mdash ---
_ i i
- ^ j - 1 1
bull - bull r - f -
gt
bull _
F i g 21
L-mdashZ--
_ bdquo
bull bull
- x
^ T -
i i j -
i i i
j bull
i i 1 |
bull i
bull bull 1 1
bull - ] -
il~L
- i i ~ t - bull bull bull
1 bull bull
gt 1 bull
- r-iri mdash -Vfmdash
i B
i
- i i ~
I-ILL
r
0
- | f c r
_ rlj jt
l l fs
ii
- i i -
--ZLT
i - _
t
J_ _
=j 4 -
poundJ-
ri-
It v
mdash
^J
i1-
-mdash r
illLiz
bull bull - - T r -
n
- bull -
bullH^iri mdash i
d
bull t
bull - bull | T
bull ^ - L 1 -i bull bull bull bull 1
bull bull |
1 i
| i bull i
| T- i
- jv -j bull
r-rH bull bull bull bull ] - |
bull -
1 -I L j
bull
-i
i
j
i
i
i
bull bull bull bull
bull i
___ _J_ i l i bull
i i 1 i
( bull | |
| bull bull bull i - bull bull |
1 bull
bull i i p i 1 t L
bull bull J bull bull bull bull
-rrH---i
-1-~~
-L
rr-
- _ U bull =
IS-
bull
bullLL
bullLL
-----i
Z--1-L
bullmdash-bullbull
bull r---
rmdashr~ 7|
j i
bull bull i
j
I
bull bull i
i |
mdash
T Gamma-scanning
Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
LIST OF CONTENTS
P a g e
In t roduc t ion
Objec t ives of I F A - 1 0
D e s i g n and d e s c r i p t i o n of IFA-1 0
A s s e m b l y d e s i g n
I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n
I r r a d i a t i o n cond i t ions
I r r a d i a t i o n h i s t o r y
Hea t r a t i n g s
P o s t - i r r a d i a t i o n e x a m i n a t i o n
V i s u a l i n s p e c t i o n
D i m e n s i o n a l m e a s u r e m e n t
C r u d m e a s u r e m e n t
F i s s i o n gas r e l e a s e
y- s c a n n i n g
C e r a m og r aphy
H y d r o g e n p i c k - u p
D i s c u s s i o n of the r e s u l t s
Hea t r a t i n g s and UO t e m p e r a t u r e effects
1 T h e r m a l conduc t iv i ty
2 F i s s i o n gas r e l e a s e
3 G r a i n g rowth
D i m e n s i o n a l changes
1 A s s e m b l i e s
2 Indiv idual r ods
S p a c e r d e s i g n
1 S tab i l i ty
2 F r e t t i n g
3 H y d r o g e n p i c k - u p
4 C r u d depos i t i on
P a s e
7 Conclusions for the actual experiment 9
7 1 Feasibi l i ty of long fuel s t r ingers 9
72 Deformation behaviour of a s ix - rod element 9
7 3 The effect of the spacers 9
74 Thermal conductivity of UO 9
8 References 10
9 List of computer p rograms used 12
1 0 Lis t of figures 1 3
Tables
F igures
- 3 -
1 INTRODUCTION
During the period January 1964 to December 1966 AB Atomenergi
Sweden has extended its collaboration in the OECD Halden Projec t to a
s e r i e s of experimental fuel assembl ies in the Halden Boiling Water Reacshy
to r HBWR The f i rs t Swedish tes t fuel assembly was designated IFA-1 0
and the final repor t on this experiment is given below
2 OBJECTIVES OF IFA-1 0
The main purposes of this i r rad ia t ion experiment were the folshy
lowing
i) to study the possibi l i ty of using long fuel s t r ingers in element
design
ii) to study the form of deformation if any ar is ing in a s ix - rod
element i r rad ia ted in conditions as close to those of the Marviken
reac tor as possible
iii) to tes t the effectivity of the s t r ip spacer design with respec t to
avoiding fretting of the rods
iv) to test the corros ion ra te due to the spacer s t r i p
v) to measu re the heat conductivity of the actual oxide fuel
See also ref [ 1 2 3 and 1 5 ]
3 DESIGN AND DESCRIPTION OF IFA-1 0
3 1 Assembly design
The fuel bundle consisted of six rods UO canned in Z r - 2 and
a r ranged with one cent ra l and five equally spaced c i rcumferent ia l rods
The active length of each of the rods was 1 71 4 m m and they were sepashy
ra ted by three s t r ip spacers along the length The pellet d iameter was
1 2 47 mm and the shroud tube had an inner d iameter of 71 m m
3 2 Instrumentation
The assembly was equipped with ins t ruments to m e a s u r e power
flow exit s team quality centra l oxide t empera ture and the coolant
t empe ra tu r e These signals were r eg i s t e red continuously during the
i r radia t ion The total UO - s tack movement after i r rad ia t ion was m e a s -
- 4 -
ured in five of the rods The integrated the rmal neutron dose was m e a s shy
ured by means of in ternal cobalt monitors along the c i rcumference of
some of the pe l le t s See also ref [1 4 9 1 5 and 1 9 ] and fig 1-5
4 IRRADIATION CONDITIONS
4 1 I r radiat ion h is tory
Fig 1 6 gives the channel power as a function of in -core t ime It
is obvious that the evaluation of the data must be divided into two difshy
ferent power - s t eps
I High-power 340 kW
II Medium-power 275 kW
In tables 1 3 6 7 and 8 this division has been made
4 2 Heat ratings
The heat ratings have been calculated by an axial form factor of
127 The radial form factors have been calculated from the burn-up
values
In fig 1 7 the relat ionship between channel power l inear heat outshy
put heat conductivity in tegral heat surface flux on the canning and
specific power is given for the highest and lowest heat ra ted rods D
and C respect ively The dashed line in the middle cor responds to a
hypothetical rod with FRAD = 1
The computer p rograms 1 2 3 6 7 and 8 have been used for
the various calculat ions
5 POST-IRRADIATION EXAMINATION
51 Visual inspection
The visual inspection of the fuel assembly did not reveal any
special effects The only thing was a thin layer of crud which can be
seen in fig 14-15 The layer had a typical s t reaming pat tern behind
the spacers and it was very easi ly removed Under section 6 3 the crud
measu remen t will be discussed
After dismantling one could observe smal l fretting marks on the
can surface caused by the spacers (see fig 6 and 7)
- 5 -
5 2 Dimensional measu remen t (by B Winqvist)
The dimensional measu remen t s have included determinat ion of
radial and tangential rod prof i les distance between adjacent rods in an
assembled bundle and measu remen t s of d iameter and profile of deshy
mounted cent ra l rods
In connection with the measu remen t of tangential prof i les the
d iameters of the outer rods have been determined
The measuremen t s have been c a r r i e d out in our measur ing rig
Goliath Zeroing of the rig measur ing head has been c a r r i e d out by
mounting together gauge blocks until they nominally formed the distance
concerned
The following gauge blocks have been used (fig- 1 8)
Determination of radial profile (by scanning along the 0 genera tor )
Gauge block 0 57 00 plusmn 001 m m
Determination of tangential profile and rod diameter (by scanning along
the 270deg and 270-90deg genera tors ) Gauge block 0 1 4 00 plusmn 0 001 mm
Determination of separat ion between adjacent rods (by scanning along
the 36deg and 324deg genera tors ) Gauge block 0 39 00 plusmn 0 01 mm
The resu l t s are summar ized in table 4 where the UO s tack
movement relat ive to the can is also given See also ref [ 4 6 8 9 and 16]
5 3 Crud measu remen t
As mentioned in paragraph 5 1 the crud was very easi ly removed
Six crud samples were taken and analyzed The positions of the samples
and the analysis values a re given in tables 9-1 1 See also ref [22]
5 4 Fiss ion gas re lease
The fission gas re lease was measu red for five rods The gas was
analyzed by y - spec t romet ry and m a s s - s p e c t r o m e t r y and the r e l ease
values were calculated by the computer p rogram FARMA The values
are given in table 1 2
- 6 -
5 5 y-scanning
Longitudinal y-scanning was performed for all the six rods The
energy used for the y-scanning was 0 75 MeV (Zr-Nb) and the curves
a re reproduced in fig 19-24
5 6 Ceramography
According to the y-scanning the highest hea t - r a t ed pellets were
taken for ceramography The resul ts a re shown in fig 10-13 fig 10
from rod A fig 11-13 from rod D the same a rea at various magni shy
fications
5 7 Hydrogen pick-up
F r o m rod E six samples were taken for hydride m e a s u r e m e n t s
The reference m a r k is shown in fig 7 and fig 8 and 9 show the r e shy
sulting can after the samples were taken The resul ts a re given in
detail in fig 25 and are summar ized in table 5
6 DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS
6 1 Heat ratings and UP- t empera tu re effects
611 Thermal conductivity
With only one oxide thermocouple it is not possible to determine
the thermal conductivity of UO for the following reasons
a) the heat t ransfe r coefficient of the c learance between canning and
UO has a great influence
b) the assumed thermal neutron distribution and hence the heat
generation distr ibution cannot be checked
In addition to these points rod A which was equipped with the
thermocouple had an enrichment of 2 5 w o U-235 in the lower pa r t of
the rod (835 6 mm) and 2 8 w o U-235 in the upper pa r t of the rod
(878 4 mm) The other five rods had an enrichment of 2 8 w o U-235
along the whole length Hence the heat rating figure for the t h e r m o shy
couple rod in the plane where the thermocouple was positioned a re
not given in table 3 but the t empera tu re distribution in table 6 is ca l -
- 7 -
culated according to a linear heat output of 323 400 and 409 Wcm
respectively corresponding to a heat conductivity integral of 24 8
30 7 and 31 4 Wcm respectively
In ref [l 1 ] the integral values given in table IV are not corrected
either for the radial form factors the internal form factors or the
different enrichments The temperature figures corresponding to the
element power Q of approximately 340 kW (6407122320 6407160900
and 640721 1 410) which are 1395 1415 and 1 420 degC respectively are
about 20 C higher than those calculated with the recommended value of
heat transfer coefficient given in ref [14] (a - 10 Wc m bull C for an
assembly clearance of 0 01 6 cm) and with the thermal conductivity
value recommended by AB Atomenergi ref [2425] The agreement
is not so good at lower heat ratings - probably owing to an inproper
choice of a
612 Fission gas release
The values given in table 1 2 are very small The reason for this
is very clearly understood by comparing fig 1617 tables 1 3 7 and
8 The values in table 1 2 which are computed by the program FARMA
is fractional gas release (f g r ) in percent Fig 1 6 shows that the
higher element power of 340 kW is only achieved at the beginning of the
irradiation and table 1 shows that this power level only corresponds to
30 4 of the total burn-up So in fact in order to calculate the fission
gas release for the 340 kW period only one must multiply by the factor
_n which gives a f g r of 0 0 7
The explanation for this very low figure is given in tables 7 and 8
Even at the highest heat-rated rod D the volume of UO which is over
1 600 C is only 1 6 of the total volume The remarkably low f g r
values are therefore in full accord with experience If we assume no
fission gas release below 1600 C the result will be
1 0 0 100 bdquo w ^ f g- r 3Ouml74 T76 deg- 0 2 = 6
over 1600 degC
- 8 -
6 1 3 Grain growth
The same discussion as in point 6 1 Z gives the explanation for
the absence of gra in growth
6 2 Dimensional changes
6 2 1 Assemblies
The overal l stability of the bundle was surpr is ingly good No
bowing was detectable
6 2 2 Individual rods
The resu l t s a re summar ized in table 4 The dimensional changes
were smal l
6 3 Spacer design
6 3 1 Stability
As already mentioned in paragraph 6 2 1 the stabili ty of the
bundle was good
6 3 2 Fret t ing
As shown in fig 6 and 7 the fretting marks were smal l The
photographs show the wors t fretting mark of the whole bundle
6 3 3 Hydrogen pick-up
In table 5 and fig 25 the hydride content values a re given The
measurement s show a pronounced hydrogen pick-up in the vicinity of
the spacer
6 3 4 Crud deposition
The visual examination revealed a s t reaming pat tern behind the
spacer in the form of a very thin crud layer The thickness of the crud
does not seem to affect the heat t ransfe r appreciably
- 9 -
7 CONCLUSIONS FOR THE ACTUAL EXPERIMENT
7 1 Feasibi l i ty of long fuel s t r ingers
Long fuel s t r ingers are feasible
7 2 Deformation behaviour of a s ix - rod element
No deformation of the bundle was detected
7 3 The effect of the spacers
The chosen spacer design was good with respec t to stabili ty and
fretting but had a drawback in view of hydrogen pick-up
7 4 Thermal conductivity of UO
The experiment confirmed the out-of-pile data up to 1400 C with
a heat t ransfer coefficient of 1 0 Wcm bull C
- 10 -
8 REFERENCES
DJURLE S 1963 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMA-403 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-495 )
DJURLE S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RM-203 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMB-351 rev 1 )
GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RKS-1 61 )
BJOumlRZEacuteN H 1 964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -1 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t TPM-RFA-578 )
ERIKSSON E 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t AP-RMB-891 2-1 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RMB-550 )
JONASSON G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RKS-1 69 )
ROLSTAD E 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal r epor t EPB-305 )
HALLSTENSSON L 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-596 )
FORSBERG L GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t STK-1 78 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-541 )
ASPHAUG K 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal repor t DP-305 )
FILIPSSON B 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -2 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFA-559 )
FREDRIKSSON F 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFR-292 )
SVENSSON S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RFA-598 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-579 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMA-596 )
EDWALL B LUNDQVIST R 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t AP-RKK-98 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1967 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-71 0 )
VOGT J GRANDELL L RUNFORS U 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMB-527 )
RUNFORS U 1966 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RMB -1 089 )
- 12 -
9 LIST OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS USED
INDO integrated neutron dose and burn-up p r o g r a m
SLIRMA loop p r o g r a m in genera l
FIRMA neutron flux from Co-moni tors
FARMA fission gas re lease
GORMA dimensional changes
BURMA chemical burn-up measurement
TERMA t empera tu re distr ibution
VORMA volume distribution
STARMA s ta t i s t ics p r o g r a m
KORRMA corre la t ion p r o g r a m
S Svensson
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
B Danielsson
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
P r o g r a m 1 is descr ibed in detail in ref [193 and p rog rams 2-10
descr ibed in ref [23]
- 13 -
10 LIST OF FIGURES
1 Top plug with gauge plug
2 Spacer
3 Upper end of the bundle
4 Upper end of the bundle
5 Lower end of the bundle
6 Fre t t ing m a r k on spacer
7 Fret t ing m a r k on rod E
8 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
9 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
1 0 T ransve r sa l cut rod A in axial maximum
1 1 T r a n s v e r s a l cut rod D in axial maximum
1 2 Detail of fig 11 1 4 x magnification
1 3 Detail of fig 1 1 500 x magnification
14 Fuel bundle bottom after i r radia t ion
1 5 Fuel bundle top after i r radia t ion
1 6 I r radiat ion his tory
1 7 Diagram over cer ta in heat data as a function of channel power
1 8 Goliath gauges
19- Y s c a n n ^ n g curves 24
25 The samples for the hydride measu remen t
T A B L E 1
I r r a d i a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s
E l e m e n t T i m e B u r n - u p
P o w e r P
kW Days MWd
P = 0 43 2 19 5
0 lt P lt 100 16 7 7 6 0 9 2 1
100 pound P lt 200 9 6 4 3 15 3 3
200 ^ P lt 300 1 1 0 7 50 1 29 1 6 4 2
300 pound P 40 8 18 5 1 3 8 30 4
T o t a l 2 2 1 0 100 0 4 5 3 1 0 0 0
T A B L E 2
B u r n - u p by m e a n s of c h e m i c a l - m a s s p e c t r o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s
Rod F IMA F I M A M W d t U 0 2 Ton UO- MWd
Max A v e r a g e A v e r a g e
A 5 50 bull 1 0 3 4 08 bull 10
B 5 16 4 0 6
C 4 52 3 56
D 5 55 4 3 6
E 5 4 3 4 2 7
F 4 74 3 73
To ta l
3420 2 164 bull 10 7 40
3400 2 1 70 7 38
2980 2171 6 4 7
3660 2 1 7 4 7 96
3580 2 1 7 4 7 78
3130 2 1 7 3 6 8 0
43 79
TABLE 3
Radial form factors FRAP l inear heat output Q(2 75) and Q(340)
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1068
1 003
0 877
1 077
1 054
0920
Q(275)
Wcm
-
271
237
291
285
248
Q(340)
Wcm
-
335
293
360
352
307
TABLE 4
Dimensional changes ridge heights and U 0 0 s tack movement
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1 068
1003
0877
1 077
1 054
0912
Length
oo
-
+ 79
+ 78
+ 87
+ 94
+ 76
Diamete Max |im
- 15
+ 7
+ 9
+ 6
+ 18
- 2
r Min (j m
+ 5
+ 19
+ 11
+ 11
+ 1 3
+ 3
bullc
Ridge height | j m
5
5
10
5
3
13
UO s tack movement deg oo
1 5
1 2
1 1
9
14
4
T A B L E 5
H y d r i d e f o r m a t i o n
Rod E
S p a c e r No ( f rom bo t tom) 3
Height over b o t t o m ( c m ) 88
Outs ide can t e m p e r a t u r e ( C) 245
H y d r i d e con ten t of the c a n ( p p m )
j u s t be low s p a c e r 65
con t ac t po in t 1 80
R e f e r e n c e (n o n - i r r a d i a t e d ) 35
T A B L E 6
T e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( C) r o d A ( t h e r m o c o u p l e )
Rad ius
( m m )
0 00
0 50
1 00
1 50
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 50
5 00
5 50
6 0 0
6 23
E l e m e n t
275
1082
1077
1060
1033
995
947
891
826
755
6 79
598
515
431
391
p o w e r (kW)
340
1 379
1371
1 347
1 308
1255
1187
1107
101 7
91 7
811
700
589
477
426
348
1 416
140 7
1 383
1 343
1287
1217
1 1 34
1040
937
827
71 3
59 7
483
430
TABLE 7
Tempera tu re distr ibution ( C) rod D
Radius Element power (kW)
(mm) 275 340
0 00
0 5 0
1 00
150
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 5 0
5 00
5 50
6 00
6 2 3
1255
1248
1227
1193
1146
1087
1017
937
850
756
658
558
459
412
1618
1609
1580
1532
1466
1383
1 284
1171
1048
91 7
781
646
51 3
452
TABLE 8
Integrated volumes for rod D
Tempera tu re 275 kW 3
interval cm
300 - 500 60 0
500 - 600 40 5
600 - 700 32 0
700 - 800 24 5
800 - 900 ] 8 8
900 - 1000 14 4
1000 - 11 00 10 5
1 100 - 1200 6 8
1200 - 1300 1 9
1 300 - 1400 0 0
1400 - 1500
1500 - 1600
1600 - 1700
1 700 - 1800
340 kW
c m 3
2 8 7
19 4
1 5 3
1 1 7
9 0
6 9
5 0
3 3
8 9
0 0
3 7 0
32 8
29 8
24 5
19 8
16 3
13 4
11 0
9 0
7 1
5 3
3 2
0 2
0 0
17 7
15 7
1 4 3
1 1 7
9 5
7 8
6 4
5 3
4 3
3 4
2 5
15
0 1
0 0
Crud measuremen t s
The positions of the samples a re given in the sketch below
Top F6 F4 F 5 F3 Bottom Fuel element
FZ outside
Fl inside Shroud
TABLE 9
Crud deposition (ngcm )
F e Ni C r Z r
F l
F2
F 3
F 4
F 5
F6
32
4
8
8
8
12
8
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
5
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
gt 2
gt 2
15
15
gt 2
gt 2
TABLE 10
The crud activit ies 22 9 65 (dps cm )
C o - 5 i Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
Fl
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
8 5-
34-
56-
7 5-
5 2-
4 7-
10^ 1 2 - 1 0 ^ 3 8 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 9 7 1 0
10^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 - 1 0 ^ 3 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 0 - 1 0
l O 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 6 9 - 10^
l O 2 0 - l 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 9 0 - 1 0
l O 2 0 - 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 ^ 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 - 1 0 ^ 1 3 0 - 1 0
l O 7 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 - 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 6 4 - 1 0 1 7 - 1 0
TABLE 1 1
Specific activit ies (dpsmg Fe)
C o - 5 8 Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
F6
F4
F5
F3
Fl
F2
6
TABLE 1 2
F i ss ion gas re lease ()
Rod B D
Kr
Xe
-
-
002
002
003
003
0 02
0 03
0 02
002
0 02
0 02
3 9 2 - 1 0 ^ 6 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 5 3 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 4 2 1 0
9 3 7 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 3 7 - 1 0 ^
6 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 1 0 ^ 1 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 9 5 - 1 0 1 6 3 - 1 0
7 0 - 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 0 1 8 8 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 6 3 - 1 0 ^
2 6 6 - 1 0 ^ 3 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 9 1 0 7 1 9 1 0 ^ 7 5 - 1 0 3 0 3 - 1 0 ^
8 5 lt 1 0 5 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 4 5 - 1 0
F i g 1 Top plug with gauge plug
F ig 2 Spacer
Fig 3 Upper end of the bundle F ig 4 Upper end of the bundle
F ig 5 Lower end of the bundle
t
Fig 6
F- -
4 5x
bull
bullaumlW^
Fig 7
Wr-
4 5x
amp
K bull i- m
Fig 8 4 5x Fig 9 4 5x
F i g 1 O 4 5x F i g 11 4 5x
8Epoundli2amp
F i e 12 14x F i g 1 3 500 x
Fig 1 4 Through cell window
ml
8hfegt- laquo IgUtMIKflr i l - V T - rv
s-
jpj^EacuteASfe-laquobullbull bullilPfff
laquo -bull
Fig 1 5 Through cell window
i
bull i
T~-~
bull- l
bull bull bull - bull - - bull
bull bull bull bull i mdash
bull - - bull bull
L~Hr^
- j
) bull bull
bull bull bull
i i i i i i
i
bull mdash - bull - -
-
T
-bull
bull bull bull - bull mdash mdash
j - bull bull bull
bull bull
- 1 - bull
i bull bull
- r
bull - i i
i
jjU
bdquo _
bull bull
3e
-----
bull - -
bull - mdash -
- bull mdash i
Tii iampr
iiili
bullT-
i
i t -
i i
v
bull i bull
bull -
_-
d c
T I
| bull
bull
gt
I r r a d i a t i o n h i s t o r y
- C h a n n e l p o w e r in kW as a funct ion of i n - c o r e t i m e
^ ~ - -
bdquo
---
_ _
r
i r bull
m-v Hi i i ^ i i iH
iEK i i
- i i
~Fi
bull _
bull bull
m - bull bull bull bull
i iii
iYil
T
bullrill--l-
bull bull
j bull - _
bull bull
1
bull i -
bull
7H 7
bull
ui-i
jllUlIiL
- - bull
rn __
ji 1
bull -
bull i i
bull U
i|
i L
viii
r
bull T
LiLi
bull i i i
j -
| - bull bull bull bull
L _ 1 i
i bull
bull bull
bull
bull
---[[
i 1-
i ^
---
-
i
_ _
r f i i i
- - - - - bull mdash - bull - - J - mdash r
bull bull bull bull bull | bull 1
bull
bull bull i bull bull bull i
f
I bull 1
-
1
bull
bull bull bull
bull
1
bulli
r
bull-v-
j
bull bull
iiiii
bull
bull
bull
bull i - i bull -
i bull 1
--mdash
i
___mdash|
i
i
bull i -
mdash t i
- i ir
i
c
bull 1
bull bull
1
----
bull bull bull bull bull
Mh i
bull bull bull bull
bull
i
1 bull
i
bull bull bull
bull -Iii i T i
- bull bull bull
i i i i
mdash i mdash mdash i
_
J i i i - bull bull bull bull
ii i
bull
mdashti i - i bull
ii^
-
m i -
i
- iii-iiiii
i]i-i
|
i - - - -I
F i g 16
Bpl i i bull
bull _
iii
_
ii
ii
ii
t
o
o iw
bull i
i bull
i bull i 1 bull
i ^ bull bull bull
J L i
i-
1
-i
i
bull bull
- bull bull
bull
i
i
I
i
i bull
iLij i
bull bull bull bull
i i i i y
gt
i
r-iI 1
r bullbull--bull
iii
i i
i i
1
i
bull bull - J
i i bull
bull bull
mdash V
- mdash - mdash bull bull
i - _
mdashmdash
bull j
|
i -
i i i - i
o
o o CM
O
H
O O r-i
LPl
X K CM
Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
-LLL
f
bull bull
- - t bull bull
bull bull
St---bull bull L _
- i bull bull bull
i
bull[-bull
r--
bdquo
r_ t
t t
i
- i
i
LLi
I bullbull
bull-
(
[ bull bull
) bull
i i
bull bullbullbullbull- ) -
i i bull
it bull j |
j bullbull t -
bull bull
-tr-f --bull
r-rrr-T
bulliir
i - j bull bull bull
t
1 bull i -
I i t
i
mdash-vr
- 1 - - -
-
~zzLY
iaE^f ^ T p f
- - ( mdash bull laquo mdash
iblL
-bullbull
~L]-
-7T 1TJ FT
_ui
iiLilLLL
mdash i bull 1
1C
L-mdash-L-
LzzY
LLL1--
zj
LLi-L
-mdash
H-
i-i
^rTTTL
i l ~ i
i H W OU_
i
bull bull
bull bull r
LLii][ -
EriJpi
Sni i T IT
HTTI
LL-L-
bull[
i -t - i -r
] bull
m - bull -
i
LI T o p i i
if i
fcN-ii]jjiFrii
bull pound - 1 T - i bullbull
~ f bull bull bull bull [ bull bull bull bull -
bull | - i -M
1 i
bull - i f f bullbull f --T i
i pound 1 bull S
bull M - i -i j bull
-nkpound-I J ^ bull
bull bull i
H--- U-
bull i 1
mdash
|
t bull bull bull
bull -
j r - i bull 5 1
^ r r
--Trii ^
F gt
- 4 j
r r r r l r t
- r _ i l ^
-i i f
HTrpiP
bull bull
laquo
bull
rf1-r i
~rr
LLLLL1
T-Y~l
] i
i
T~~ t i r r
i r i i r i i i i
LYr-lL
H P
bull bull [
bull
L-----
LllLL
7 - p n f
bull - bull f r - - -
-
mdash i -
- -bullL bull - bull bull
TrHiii i i
bull
I
T
ipi
MP C
bull bull
I
bullLTLi-
L1LL
L-1L1
--bull ~ -
bull
I
-- -
i i t i i i r ril_
ri-j-T i i i i
~L i i t i
i
i ^ H
bull
bulli r~-
LLL
LL- i - i - -
y
r i i - |
r raquo i
-
- i r
bull h bull bull
_
bull I bullbull
ii
- i
bull -
bull bull i - bull
i
bull
j bull 1
v r K
Li-
bull bull
bull bull
bull
L~-i
bull bull
-r^jir
WL-Li
bull-~ -4- r i
J
i r a
ii^kr rrr
- f i 4 i i i LLH
)
bull - -
^LrL-~
L-SLi
-Mi-L
i i
mdash i mdash
TTTTT^^
^ r t j
Li
xLi m
i qjis
LWTL
bull bull
-
- j r
bull J -H-i-f-
LL
bullrL bull
liLLLi
bull
iLri
ilp mdash gt - bull |
LiLL
z T
i bull ( bull
trrr
bull -H
Jill
10
bull bull r bull
LL
i
gt
bull i i | j
^
Tirrrir-
i ^ - ^ bull bull
LrlzL-
O T
- -f i -
f j
bull - gt bull bull bull bull bull bull mdash
fy
i
-bullbullbull P bullbull
bull bull
-mdash ---
_ i i
- ^ j - 1 1
bull - bull r - f -
gt
bull _
F i g 21
L-mdashZ--
_ bdquo
bull bull
- x
^ T -
i i j -
i i i
j bull
i i 1 |
bull i
bull bull 1 1
bull - ] -
il~L
- i i ~ t - bull bull bull
1 bull bull
gt 1 bull
- r-iri mdash -Vfmdash
i B
i
- i i ~
I-ILL
r
0
- | f c r
_ rlj jt
l l fs
ii
- i i -
--ZLT
i - _
t
J_ _
=j 4 -
poundJ-
ri-
It v
mdash
^J
i1-
-mdash r
illLiz
bull bull - - T r -
n
- bull -
bullH^iri mdash i
d
bull t
bull - bull | T
bull ^ - L 1 -i bull bull bull bull 1
bull bull |
1 i
| i bull i
| T- i
- jv -j bull
r-rH bull bull bull bull ] - |
bull -
1 -I L j
bull
-i
i
j
i
i
i
bull bull bull bull
bull i
___ _J_ i l i bull
i i 1 i
( bull | |
| bull bull bull i - bull bull |
1 bull
bull i i p i 1 t L
bull bull J bull bull bull bull
-rrH---i
-1-~~
-L
rr-
- _ U bull =
IS-
bull
bullLL
bullLL
-----i
Z--1-L
bullmdash-bullbull
bull r---
rmdashr~ 7|
j i
bull bull i
j
I
bull bull i
i |
mdash
T Gamma-scanning
Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
P a s e
7 Conclusions for the actual experiment 9
7 1 Feasibi l i ty of long fuel s t r ingers 9
72 Deformation behaviour of a s ix - rod element 9
7 3 The effect of the spacers 9
74 Thermal conductivity of UO 9
8 References 10
9 List of computer p rograms used 12
1 0 Lis t of figures 1 3
Tables
F igures
- 3 -
1 INTRODUCTION
During the period January 1964 to December 1966 AB Atomenergi
Sweden has extended its collaboration in the OECD Halden Projec t to a
s e r i e s of experimental fuel assembl ies in the Halden Boiling Water Reacshy
to r HBWR The f i rs t Swedish tes t fuel assembly was designated IFA-1 0
and the final repor t on this experiment is given below
2 OBJECTIVES OF IFA-1 0
The main purposes of this i r rad ia t ion experiment were the folshy
lowing
i) to study the possibi l i ty of using long fuel s t r ingers in element
design
ii) to study the form of deformation if any ar is ing in a s ix - rod
element i r rad ia ted in conditions as close to those of the Marviken
reac tor as possible
iii) to tes t the effectivity of the s t r ip spacer design with respec t to
avoiding fretting of the rods
iv) to test the corros ion ra te due to the spacer s t r i p
v) to measu re the heat conductivity of the actual oxide fuel
See also ref [ 1 2 3 and 1 5 ]
3 DESIGN AND DESCRIPTION OF IFA-1 0
3 1 Assembly design
The fuel bundle consisted of six rods UO canned in Z r - 2 and
a r ranged with one cent ra l and five equally spaced c i rcumferent ia l rods
The active length of each of the rods was 1 71 4 m m and they were sepashy
ra ted by three s t r ip spacers along the length The pellet d iameter was
1 2 47 mm and the shroud tube had an inner d iameter of 71 m m
3 2 Instrumentation
The assembly was equipped with ins t ruments to m e a s u r e power
flow exit s team quality centra l oxide t empera ture and the coolant
t empe ra tu r e These signals were r eg i s t e red continuously during the
i r radia t ion The total UO - s tack movement after i r rad ia t ion was m e a s -
- 4 -
ured in five of the rods The integrated the rmal neutron dose was m e a s shy
ured by means of in ternal cobalt monitors along the c i rcumference of
some of the pe l le t s See also ref [1 4 9 1 5 and 1 9 ] and fig 1-5
4 IRRADIATION CONDITIONS
4 1 I r radiat ion h is tory
Fig 1 6 gives the channel power as a function of in -core t ime It
is obvious that the evaluation of the data must be divided into two difshy
ferent power - s t eps
I High-power 340 kW
II Medium-power 275 kW
In tables 1 3 6 7 and 8 this division has been made
4 2 Heat ratings
The heat ratings have been calculated by an axial form factor of
127 The radial form factors have been calculated from the burn-up
values
In fig 1 7 the relat ionship between channel power l inear heat outshy
put heat conductivity in tegral heat surface flux on the canning and
specific power is given for the highest and lowest heat ra ted rods D
and C respect ively The dashed line in the middle cor responds to a
hypothetical rod with FRAD = 1
The computer p rograms 1 2 3 6 7 and 8 have been used for
the various calculat ions
5 POST-IRRADIATION EXAMINATION
51 Visual inspection
The visual inspection of the fuel assembly did not reveal any
special effects The only thing was a thin layer of crud which can be
seen in fig 14-15 The layer had a typical s t reaming pat tern behind
the spacers and it was very easi ly removed Under section 6 3 the crud
measu remen t will be discussed
After dismantling one could observe smal l fretting marks on the
can surface caused by the spacers (see fig 6 and 7)
- 5 -
5 2 Dimensional measu remen t (by B Winqvist)
The dimensional measu remen t s have included determinat ion of
radial and tangential rod prof i les distance between adjacent rods in an
assembled bundle and measu remen t s of d iameter and profile of deshy
mounted cent ra l rods
In connection with the measu remen t of tangential prof i les the
d iameters of the outer rods have been determined
The measuremen t s have been c a r r i e d out in our measur ing rig
Goliath Zeroing of the rig measur ing head has been c a r r i e d out by
mounting together gauge blocks until they nominally formed the distance
concerned
The following gauge blocks have been used (fig- 1 8)
Determination of radial profile (by scanning along the 0 genera tor )
Gauge block 0 57 00 plusmn 001 m m
Determination of tangential profile and rod diameter (by scanning along
the 270deg and 270-90deg genera tors ) Gauge block 0 1 4 00 plusmn 0 001 mm
Determination of separat ion between adjacent rods (by scanning along
the 36deg and 324deg genera tors ) Gauge block 0 39 00 plusmn 0 01 mm
The resu l t s are summar ized in table 4 where the UO s tack
movement relat ive to the can is also given See also ref [ 4 6 8 9 and 16]
5 3 Crud measu remen t
As mentioned in paragraph 5 1 the crud was very easi ly removed
Six crud samples were taken and analyzed The positions of the samples
and the analysis values a re given in tables 9-1 1 See also ref [22]
5 4 Fiss ion gas re lease
The fission gas re lease was measu red for five rods The gas was
analyzed by y - spec t romet ry and m a s s - s p e c t r o m e t r y and the r e l ease
values were calculated by the computer p rogram FARMA The values
are given in table 1 2
- 6 -
5 5 y-scanning
Longitudinal y-scanning was performed for all the six rods The
energy used for the y-scanning was 0 75 MeV (Zr-Nb) and the curves
a re reproduced in fig 19-24
5 6 Ceramography
According to the y-scanning the highest hea t - r a t ed pellets were
taken for ceramography The resul ts a re shown in fig 10-13 fig 10
from rod A fig 11-13 from rod D the same a rea at various magni shy
fications
5 7 Hydrogen pick-up
F r o m rod E six samples were taken for hydride m e a s u r e m e n t s
The reference m a r k is shown in fig 7 and fig 8 and 9 show the r e shy
sulting can after the samples were taken The resul ts a re given in
detail in fig 25 and are summar ized in table 5
6 DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS
6 1 Heat ratings and UP- t empera tu re effects
611 Thermal conductivity
With only one oxide thermocouple it is not possible to determine
the thermal conductivity of UO for the following reasons
a) the heat t ransfe r coefficient of the c learance between canning and
UO has a great influence
b) the assumed thermal neutron distribution and hence the heat
generation distr ibution cannot be checked
In addition to these points rod A which was equipped with the
thermocouple had an enrichment of 2 5 w o U-235 in the lower pa r t of
the rod (835 6 mm) and 2 8 w o U-235 in the upper pa r t of the rod
(878 4 mm) The other five rods had an enrichment of 2 8 w o U-235
along the whole length Hence the heat rating figure for the t h e r m o shy
couple rod in the plane where the thermocouple was positioned a re
not given in table 3 but the t empera tu re distribution in table 6 is ca l -
- 7 -
culated according to a linear heat output of 323 400 and 409 Wcm
respectively corresponding to a heat conductivity integral of 24 8
30 7 and 31 4 Wcm respectively
In ref [l 1 ] the integral values given in table IV are not corrected
either for the radial form factors the internal form factors or the
different enrichments The temperature figures corresponding to the
element power Q of approximately 340 kW (6407122320 6407160900
and 640721 1 410) which are 1395 1415 and 1 420 degC respectively are
about 20 C higher than those calculated with the recommended value of
heat transfer coefficient given in ref [14] (a - 10 Wc m bull C for an
assembly clearance of 0 01 6 cm) and with the thermal conductivity
value recommended by AB Atomenergi ref [2425] The agreement
is not so good at lower heat ratings - probably owing to an inproper
choice of a
612 Fission gas release
The values given in table 1 2 are very small The reason for this
is very clearly understood by comparing fig 1617 tables 1 3 7 and
8 The values in table 1 2 which are computed by the program FARMA
is fractional gas release (f g r ) in percent Fig 1 6 shows that the
higher element power of 340 kW is only achieved at the beginning of the
irradiation and table 1 shows that this power level only corresponds to
30 4 of the total burn-up So in fact in order to calculate the fission
gas release for the 340 kW period only one must multiply by the factor
_n which gives a f g r of 0 0 7
The explanation for this very low figure is given in tables 7 and 8
Even at the highest heat-rated rod D the volume of UO which is over
1 600 C is only 1 6 of the total volume The remarkably low f g r
values are therefore in full accord with experience If we assume no
fission gas release below 1600 C the result will be
1 0 0 100 bdquo w ^ f g- r 3Ouml74 T76 deg- 0 2 = 6
over 1600 degC
- 8 -
6 1 3 Grain growth
The same discussion as in point 6 1 Z gives the explanation for
the absence of gra in growth
6 2 Dimensional changes
6 2 1 Assemblies
The overal l stability of the bundle was surpr is ingly good No
bowing was detectable
6 2 2 Individual rods
The resu l t s a re summar ized in table 4 The dimensional changes
were smal l
6 3 Spacer design
6 3 1 Stability
As already mentioned in paragraph 6 2 1 the stabili ty of the
bundle was good
6 3 2 Fret t ing
As shown in fig 6 and 7 the fretting marks were smal l The
photographs show the wors t fretting mark of the whole bundle
6 3 3 Hydrogen pick-up
In table 5 and fig 25 the hydride content values a re given The
measurement s show a pronounced hydrogen pick-up in the vicinity of
the spacer
6 3 4 Crud deposition
The visual examination revealed a s t reaming pat tern behind the
spacer in the form of a very thin crud layer The thickness of the crud
does not seem to affect the heat t ransfe r appreciably
- 9 -
7 CONCLUSIONS FOR THE ACTUAL EXPERIMENT
7 1 Feasibi l i ty of long fuel s t r ingers
Long fuel s t r ingers are feasible
7 2 Deformation behaviour of a s ix - rod element
No deformation of the bundle was detected
7 3 The effect of the spacers
The chosen spacer design was good with respec t to stabili ty and
fretting but had a drawback in view of hydrogen pick-up
7 4 Thermal conductivity of UO
The experiment confirmed the out-of-pile data up to 1400 C with
a heat t ransfer coefficient of 1 0 Wcm bull C
- 10 -
8 REFERENCES
DJURLE S 1963 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMA-403 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-495 )
DJURLE S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RM-203 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMB-351 rev 1 )
GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RKS-1 61 )
BJOumlRZEacuteN H 1 964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -1 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t TPM-RFA-578 )
ERIKSSON E 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t AP-RMB-891 2-1 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RMB-550 )
JONASSON G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RKS-1 69 )
ROLSTAD E 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal r epor t EPB-305 )
HALLSTENSSON L 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-596 )
FORSBERG L GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t STK-1 78 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-541 )
ASPHAUG K 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal repor t DP-305 )
FILIPSSON B 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -2 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFA-559 )
FREDRIKSSON F 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFR-292 )
SVENSSON S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RFA-598 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-579 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMA-596 )
EDWALL B LUNDQVIST R 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t AP-RKK-98 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1967 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-71 0 )
VOGT J GRANDELL L RUNFORS U 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMB-527 )
RUNFORS U 1966 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RMB -1 089 )
- 12 -
9 LIST OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS USED
INDO integrated neutron dose and burn-up p r o g r a m
SLIRMA loop p r o g r a m in genera l
FIRMA neutron flux from Co-moni tors
FARMA fission gas re lease
GORMA dimensional changes
BURMA chemical burn-up measurement
TERMA t empera tu re distr ibution
VORMA volume distribution
STARMA s ta t i s t ics p r o g r a m
KORRMA corre la t ion p r o g r a m
S Svensson
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
B Danielsson
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
P r o g r a m 1 is descr ibed in detail in ref [193 and p rog rams 2-10
descr ibed in ref [23]
- 13 -
10 LIST OF FIGURES
1 Top plug with gauge plug
2 Spacer
3 Upper end of the bundle
4 Upper end of the bundle
5 Lower end of the bundle
6 Fre t t ing m a r k on spacer
7 Fret t ing m a r k on rod E
8 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
9 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
1 0 T ransve r sa l cut rod A in axial maximum
1 1 T r a n s v e r s a l cut rod D in axial maximum
1 2 Detail of fig 11 1 4 x magnification
1 3 Detail of fig 1 1 500 x magnification
14 Fuel bundle bottom after i r radia t ion
1 5 Fuel bundle top after i r radia t ion
1 6 I r radiat ion his tory
1 7 Diagram over cer ta in heat data as a function of channel power
1 8 Goliath gauges
19- Y s c a n n ^ n g curves 24
25 The samples for the hydride measu remen t
T A B L E 1
I r r a d i a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s
E l e m e n t T i m e B u r n - u p
P o w e r P
kW Days MWd
P = 0 43 2 19 5
0 lt P lt 100 16 7 7 6 0 9 2 1
100 pound P lt 200 9 6 4 3 15 3 3
200 ^ P lt 300 1 1 0 7 50 1 29 1 6 4 2
300 pound P 40 8 18 5 1 3 8 30 4
T o t a l 2 2 1 0 100 0 4 5 3 1 0 0 0
T A B L E 2
B u r n - u p by m e a n s of c h e m i c a l - m a s s p e c t r o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s
Rod F IMA F I M A M W d t U 0 2 Ton UO- MWd
Max A v e r a g e A v e r a g e
A 5 50 bull 1 0 3 4 08 bull 10
B 5 16 4 0 6
C 4 52 3 56
D 5 55 4 3 6
E 5 4 3 4 2 7
F 4 74 3 73
To ta l
3420 2 164 bull 10 7 40
3400 2 1 70 7 38
2980 2171 6 4 7
3660 2 1 7 4 7 96
3580 2 1 7 4 7 78
3130 2 1 7 3 6 8 0
43 79
TABLE 3
Radial form factors FRAP l inear heat output Q(2 75) and Q(340)
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1068
1 003
0 877
1 077
1 054
0920
Q(275)
Wcm
-
271
237
291
285
248
Q(340)
Wcm
-
335
293
360
352
307
TABLE 4
Dimensional changes ridge heights and U 0 0 s tack movement
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1 068
1003
0877
1 077
1 054
0912
Length
oo
-
+ 79
+ 78
+ 87
+ 94
+ 76
Diamete Max |im
- 15
+ 7
+ 9
+ 6
+ 18
- 2
r Min (j m
+ 5
+ 19
+ 11
+ 11
+ 1 3
+ 3
bullc
Ridge height | j m
5
5
10
5
3
13
UO s tack movement deg oo
1 5
1 2
1 1
9
14
4
T A B L E 5
H y d r i d e f o r m a t i o n
Rod E
S p a c e r No ( f rom bo t tom) 3
Height over b o t t o m ( c m ) 88
Outs ide can t e m p e r a t u r e ( C) 245
H y d r i d e con ten t of the c a n ( p p m )
j u s t be low s p a c e r 65
con t ac t po in t 1 80
R e f e r e n c e (n o n - i r r a d i a t e d ) 35
T A B L E 6
T e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( C) r o d A ( t h e r m o c o u p l e )
Rad ius
( m m )
0 00
0 50
1 00
1 50
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 50
5 00
5 50
6 0 0
6 23
E l e m e n t
275
1082
1077
1060
1033
995
947
891
826
755
6 79
598
515
431
391
p o w e r (kW)
340
1 379
1371
1 347
1 308
1255
1187
1107
101 7
91 7
811
700
589
477
426
348
1 416
140 7
1 383
1 343
1287
1217
1 1 34
1040
937
827
71 3
59 7
483
430
TABLE 7
Tempera tu re distr ibution ( C) rod D
Radius Element power (kW)
(mm) 275 340
0 00
0 5 0
1 00
150
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 5 0
5 00
5 50
6 00
6 2 3
1255
1248
1227
1193
1146
1087
1017
937
850
756
658
558
459
412
1618
1609
1580
1532
1466
1383
1 284
1171
1048
91 7
781
646
51 3
452
TABLE 8
Integrated volumes for rod D
Tempera tu re 275 kW 3
interval cm
300 - 500 60 0
500 - 600 40 5
600 - 700 32 0
700 - 800 24 5
800 - 900 ] 8 8
900 - 1000 14 4
1000 - 11 00 10 5
1 100 - 1200 6 8
1200 - 1300 1 9
1 300 - 1400 0 0
1400 - 1500
1500 - 1600
1600 - 1700
1 700 - 1800
340 kW
c m 3
2 8 7
19 4
1 5 3
1 1 7
9 0
6 9
5 0
3 3
8 9
0 0
3 7 0
32 8
29 8
24 5
19 8
16 3
13 4
11 0
9 0
7 1
5 3
3 2
0 2
0 0
17 7
15 7
1 4 3
1 1 7
9 5
7 8
6 4
5 3
4 3
3 4
2 5
15
0 1
0 0
Crud measuremen t s
The positions of the samples a re given in the sketch below
Top F6 F4 F 5 F3 Bottom Fuel element
FZ outside
Fl inside Shroud
TABLE 9
Crud deposition (ngcm )
F e Ni C r Z r
F l
F2
F 3
F 4
F 5
F6
32
4
8
8
8
12
8
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
5
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
gt 2
gt 2
15
15
gt 2
gt 2
TABLE 10
The crud activit ies 22 9 65 (dps cm )
C o - 5 i Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
Fl
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
8 5-
34-
56-
7 5-
5 2-
4 7-
10^ 1 2 - 1 0 ^ 3 8 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 9 7 1 0
10^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 - 1 0 ^ 3 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 0 - 1 0
l O 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 6 9 - 10^
l O 2 0 - l 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 9 0 - 1 0
l O 2 0 - 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 ^ 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 - 1 0 ^ 1 3 0 - 1 0
l O 7 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 - 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 6 4 - 1 0 1 7 - 1 0
TABLE 1 1
Specific activit ies (dpsmg Fe)
C o - 5 8 Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
F6
F4
F5
F3
Fl
F2
6
TABLE 1 2
F i ss ion gas re lease ()
Rod B D
Kr
Xe
-
-
002
002
003
003
0 02
0 03
0 02
002
0 02
0 02
3 9 2 - 1 0 ^ 6 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 5 3 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 4 2 1 0
9 3 7 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 3 7 - 1 0 ^
6 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 1 0 ^ 1 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 9 5 - 1 0 1 6 3 - 1 0
7 0 - 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 0 1 8 8 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 6 3 - 1 0 ^
2 6 6 - 1 0 ^ 3 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 9 1 0 7 1 9 1 0 ^ 7 5 - 1 0 3 0 3 - 1 0 ^
8 5 lt 1 0 5 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 4 5 - 1 0
F i g 1 Top plug with gauge plug
F ig 2 Spacer
Fig 3 Upper end of the bundle F ig 4 Upper end of the bundle
F ig 5 Lower end of the bundle
t
Fig 6
F- -
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bull
bullaumlW^
Fig 7
Wr-
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amp
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Fig 8 4 5x Fig 9 4 5x
F i g 1 O 4 5x F i g 11 4 5x
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F i e 12 14x F i g 1 3 500 x
Fig 1 4 Through cell window
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I r r a d i a t i o n h i s t o r y
- C h a n n e l p o w e r in kW as a funct ion of i n - c o r e t i m e
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mdash t i
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----
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Mh i
bull bull bull bull
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1 bull
i
bull bull bull
bull -Iii i T i
- bull bull bull
i i i i
mdash i mdash mdash i
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J i i i - bull bull bull bull
ii i
bull
mdashti i - i bull
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-
m i -
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- iii-iiiii
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F i g 16
Bpl i i bull
bull _
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ii
ii
ii
t
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bull i
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i bull i 1 bull
i ^ bull bull bull
J L i
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bull bull
- bull bull
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bull bull bull bull
i i i i y
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bull bull - J
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mdash V
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i - _
mdashmdash
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i -
i i i - i
o
o o CM
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H
O O r-i
LPl
X K CM
Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
-LLL
f
bull bull
- - t bull bull
bull bull
St---bull bull L _
- i bull bull bull
i
bull[-bull
r--
bdquo
r_ t
t t
i
- i
i
LLi
I bullbull
bull-
(
[ bull bull
) bull
i i
bull bullbullbullbull- ) -
i i bull
it bull j |
j bullbull t -
bull bull
-tr-f --bull
r-rrr-T
bulliir
i - j bull bull bull
t
1 bull i -
I i t
i
mdash-vr
- 1 - - -
-
~zzLY
iaE^f ^ T p f
- - ( mdash bull laquo mdash
iblL
-bullbull
~L]-
-7T 1TJ FT
_ui
iiLilLLL
mdash i bull 1
1C
L-mdash-L-
LzzY
LLL1--
zj
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H-
i-i
^rTTTL
i l ~ i
i H W OU_
i
bull bull
bull bull r
LLii][ -
EriJpi
Sni i T IT
HTTI
LL-L-
bull[
i -t - i -r
] bull
m - bull -
i
LI T o p i i
if i
fcN-ii]jjiFrii
bull pound - 1 T - i bullbull
~ f bull bull bull bull [ bull bull bull bull -
bull | - i -M
1 i
bull - i f f bullbull f --T i
i pound 1 bull S
bull M - i -i j bull
-nkpound-I J ^ bull
bull bull i
H--- U-
bull i 1
mdash
|
t bull bull bull
bull -
j r - i bull 5 1
^ r r
--Trii ^
F gt
- 4 j
r r r r l r t
- r _ i l ^
-i i f
HTrpiP
bull bull
laquo
bull
rf1-r i
~rr
LLLLL1
T-Y~l
] i
i
T~~ t i r r
i r i i r i i i i
LYr-lL
H P
bull bull [
bull
L-----
LllLL
7 - p n f
bull - bull f r - - -
-
mdash i -
- -bullL bull - bull bull
TrHiii i i
bull
I
T
ipi
MP C
bull bull
I
bullLTLi-
L1LL
L-1L1
--bull ~ -
bull
I
-- -
i i t i i i r ril_
ri-j-T i i i i
~L i i t i
i
i ^ H
bull
bulli r~-
LLL
LL- i - i - -
y
r i i - |
r raquo i
-
- i r
bull h bull bull
_
bull I bullbull
ii
- i
bull -
bull bull i - bull
i
bull
j bull 1
v r K
Li-
bull bull
bull bull
bull
L~-i
bull bull
-r^jir
WL-Li
bull-~ -4- r i
J
i r a
ii^kr rrr
- f i 4 i i i LLH
)
bull - -
^LrL-~
L-SLi
-Mi-L
i i
mdash i mdash
TTTTT^^
^ r t j
Li
xLi m
i qjis
LWTL
bull bull
-
- j r
bull J -H-i-f-
LL
bullrL bull
liLLLi
bull
iLri
ilp mdash gt - bull |
LiLL
z T
i bull ( bull
trrr
bull -H
Jill
10
bull bull r bull
LL
i
gt
bull i i | j
^
Tirrrir-
i ^ - ^ bull bull
LrlzL-
O T
- -f i -
f j
bull - gt bull bull bull bull bull bull mdash
fy
i
-bullbullbull P bullbull
bull bull
-mdash ---
_ i i
- ^ j - 1 1
bull - bull r - f -
gt
bull _
F i g 21
L-mdashZ--
_ bdquo
bull bull
- x
^ T -
i i j -
i i i
j bull
i i 1 |
bull i
bull bull 1 1
bull - ] -
il~L
- i i ~ t - bull bull bull
1 bull bull
gt 1 bull
- r-iri mdash -Vfmdash
i B
i
- i i ~
I-ILL
r
0
- | f c r
_ rlj jt
l l fs
ii
- i i -
--ZLT
i - _
t
J_ _
=j 4 -
poundJ-
ri-
It v
mdash
^J
i1-
-mdash r
illLiz
bull bull - - T r -
n
- bull -
bullH^iri mdash i
d
bull t
bull - bull | T
bull ^ - L 1 -i bull bull bull bull 1
bull bull |
1 i
| i bull i
| T- i
- jv -j bull
r-rH bull bull bull bull ] - |
bull -
1 -I L j
bull
-i
i
j
i
i
i
bull bull bull bull
bull i
___ _J_ i l i bull
i i 1 i
( bull | |
| bull bull bull i - bull bull |
1 bull
bull i i p i 1 t L
bull bull J bull bull bull bull
-rrH---i
-1-~~
-L
rr-
- _ U bull =
IS-
bull
bullLL
bullLL
-----i
Z--1-L
bullmdash-bullbull
bull r---
rmdashr~ 7|
j i
bull bull i
j
I
bull bull i
i |
mdash
T Gamma-scanning
Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
- 3 -
1 INTRODUCTION
During the period January 1964 to December 1966 AB Atomenergi
Sweden has extended its collaboration in the OECD Halden Projec t to a
s e r i e s of experimental fuel assembl ies in the Halden Boiling Water Reacshy
to r HBWR The f i rs t Swedish tes t fuel assembly was designated IFA-1 0
and the final repor t on this experiment is given below
2 OBJECTIVES OF IFA-1 0
The main purposes of this i r rad ia t ion experiment were the folshy
lowing
i) to study the possibi l i ty of using long fuel s t r ingers in element
design
ii) to study the form of deformation if any ar is ing in a s ix - rod
element i r rad ia ted in conditions as close to those of the Marviken
reac tor as possible
iii) to tes t the effectivity of the s t r ip spacer design with respec t to
avoiding fretting of the rods
iv) to test the corros ion ra te due to the spacer s t r i p
v) to measu re the heat conductivity of the actual oxide fuel
See also ref [ 1 2 3 and 1 5 ]
3 DESIGN AND DESCRIPTION OF IFA-1 0
3 1 Assembly design
The fuel bundle consisted of six rods UO canned in Z r - 2 and
a r ranged with one cent ra l and five equally spaced c i rcumferent ia l rods
The active length of each of the rods was 1 71 4 m m and they were sepashy
ra ted by three s t r ip spacers along the length The pellet d iameter was
1 2 47 mm and the shroud tube had an inner d iameter of 71 m m
3 2 Instrumentation
The assembly was equipped with ins t ruments to m e a s u r e power
flow exit s team quality centra l oxide t empera ture and the coolant
t empe ra tu r e These signals were r eg i s t e red continuously during the
i r radia t ion The total UO - s tack movement after i r rad ia t ion was m e a s -
- 4 -
ured in five of the rods The integrated the rmal neutron dose was m e a s shy
ured by means of in ternal cobalt monitors along the c i rcumference of
some of the pe l le t s See also ref [1 4 9 1 5 and 1 9 ] and fig 1-5
4 IRRADIATION CONDITIONS
4 1 I r radiat ion h is tory
Fig 1 6 gives the channel power as a function of in -core t ime It
is obvious that the evaluation of the data must be divided into two difshy
ferent power - s t eps
I High-power 340 kW
II Medium-power 275 kW
In tables 1 3 6 7 and 8 this division has been made
4 2 Heat ratings
The heat ratings have been calculated by an axial form factor of
127 The radial form factors have been calculated from the burn-up
values
In fig 1 7 the relat ionship between channel power l inear heat outshy
put heat conductivity in tegral heat surface flux on the canning and
specific power is given for the highest and lowest heat ra ted rods D
and C respect ively The dashed line in the middle cor responds to a
hypothetical rod with FRAD = 1
The computer p rograms 1 2 3 6 7 and 8 have been used for
the various calculat ions
5 POST-IRRADIATION EXAMINATION
51 Visual inspection
The visual inspection of the fuel assembly did not reveal any
special effects The only thing was a thin layer of crud which can be
seen in fig 14-15 The layer had a typical s t reaming pat tern behind
the spacers and it was very easi ly removed Under section 6 3 the crud
measu remen t will be discussed
After dismantling one could observe smal l fretting marks on the
can surface caused by the spacers (see fig 6 and 7)
- 5 -
5 2 Dimensional measu remen t (by B Winqvist)
The dimensional measu remen t s have included determinat ion of
radial and tangential rod prof i les distance between adjacent rods in an
assembled bundle and measu remen t s of d iameter and profile of deshy
mounted cent ra l rods
In connection with the measu remen t of tangential prof i les the
d iameters of the outer rods have been determined
The measuremen t s have been c a r r i e d out in our measur ing rig
Goliath Zeroing of the rig measur ing head has been c a r r i e d out by
mounting together gauge blocks until they nominally formed the distance
concerned
The following gauge blocks have been used (fig- 1 8)
Determination of radial profile (by scanning along the 0 genera tor )
Gauge block 0 57 00 plusmn 001 m m
Determination of tangential profile and rod diameter (by scanning along
the 270deg and 270-90deg genera tors ) Gauge block 0 1 4 00 plusmn 0 001 mm
Determination of separat ion between adjacent rods (by scanning along
the 36deg and 324deg genera tors ) Gauge block 0 39 00 plusmn 0 01 mm
The resu l t s are summar ized in table 4 where the UO s tack
movement relat ive to the can is also given See also ref [ 4 6 8 9 and 16]
5 3 Crud measu remen t
As mentioned in paragraph 5 1 the crud was very easi ly removed
Six crud samples were taken and analyzed The positions of the samples
and the analysis values a re given in tables 9-1 1 See also ref [22]
5 4 Fiss ion gas re lease
The fission gas re lease was measu red for five rods The gas was
analyzed by y - spec t romet ry and m a s s - s p e c t r o m e t r y and the r e l ease
values were calculated by the computer p rogram FARMA The values
are given in table 1 2
- 6 -
5 5 y-scanning
Longitudinal y-scanning was performed for all the six rods The
energy used for the y-scanning was 0 75 MeV (Zr-Nb) and the curves
a re reproduced in fig 19-24
5 6 Ceramography
According to the y-scanning the highest hea t - r a t ed pellets were
taken for ceramography The resul ts a re shown in fig 10-13 fig 10
from rod A fig 11-13 from rod D the same a rea at various magni shy
fications
5 7 Hydrogen pick-up
F r o m rod E six samples were taken for hydride m e a s u r e m e n t s
The reference m a r k is shown in fig 7 and fig 8 and 9 show the r e shy
sulting can after the samples were taken The resul ts a re given in
detail in fig 25 and are summar ized in table 5
6 DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS
6 1 Heat ratings and UP- t empera tu re effects
611 Thermal conductivity
With only one oxide thermocouple it is not possible to determine
the thermal conductivity of UO for the following reasons
a) the heat t ransfe r coefficient of the c learance between canning and
UO has a great influence
b) the assumed thermal neutron distribution and hence the heat
generation distr ibution cannot be checked
In addition to these points rod A which was equipped with the
thermocouple had an enrichment of 2 5 w o U-235 in the lower pa r t of
the rod (835 6 mm) and 2 8 w o U-235 in the upper pa r t of the rod
(878 4 mm) The other five rods had an enrichment of 2 8 w o U-235
along the whole length Hence the heat rating figure for the t h e r m o shy
couple rod in the plane where the thermocouple was positioned a re
not given in table 3 but the t empera tu re distribution in table 6 is ca l -
- 7 -
culated according to a linear heat output of 323 400 and 409 Wcm
respectively corresponding to a heat conductivity integral of 24 8
30 7 and 31 4 Wcm respectively
In ref [l 1 ] the integral values given in table IV are not corrected
either for the radial form factors the internal form factors or the
different enrichments The temperature figures corresponding to the
element power Q of approximately 340 kW (6407122320 6407160900
and 640721 1 410) which are 1395 1415 and 1 420 degC respectively are
about 20 C higher than those calculated with the recommended value of
heat transfer coefficient given in ref [14] (a - 10 Wc m bull C for an
assembly clearance of 0 01 6 cm) and with the thermal conductivity
value recommended by AB Atomenergi ref [2425] The agreement
is not so good at lower heat ratings - probably owing to an inproper
choice of a
612 Fission gas release
The values given in table 1 2 are very small The reason for this
is very clearly understood by comparing fig 1617 tables 1 3 7 and
8 The values in table 1 2 which are computed by the program FARMA
is fractional gas release (f g r ) in percent Fig 1 6 shows that the
higher element power of 340 kW is only achieved at the beginning of the
irradiation and table 1 shows that this power level only corresponds to
30 4 of the total burn-up So in fact in order to calculate the fission
gas release for the 340 kW period only one must multiply by the factor
_n which gives a f g r of 0 0 7
The explanation for this very low figure is given in tables 7 and 8
Even at the highest heat-rated rod D the volume of UO which is over
1 600 C is only 1 6 of the total volume The remarkably low f g r
values are therefore in full accord with experience If we assume no
fission gas release below 1600 C the result will be
1 0 0 100 bdquo w ^ f g- r 3Ouml74 T76 deg- 0 2 = 6
over 1600 degC
- 8 -
6 1 3 Grain growth
The same discussion as in point 6 1 Z gives the explanation for
the absence of gra in growth
6 2 Dimensional changes
6 2 1 Assemblies
The overal l stability of the bundle was surpr is ingly good No
bowing was detectable
6 2 2 Individual rods
The resu l t s a re summar ized in table 4 The dimensional changes
were smal l
6 3 Spacer design
6 3 1 Stability
As already mentioned in paragraph 6 2 1 the stabili ty of the
bundle was good
6 3 2 Fret t ing
As shown in fig 6 and 7 the fretting marks were smal l The
photographs show the wors t fretting mark of the whole bundle
6 3 3 Hydrogen pick-up
In table 5 and fig 25 the hydride content values a re given The
measurement s show a pronounced hydrogen pick-up in the vicinity of
the spacer
6 3 4 Crud deposition
The visual examination revealed a s t reaming pat tern behind the
spacer in the form of a very thin crud layer The thickness of the crud
does not seem to affect the heat t ransfe r appreciably
- 9 -
7 CONCLUSIONS FOR THE ACTUAL EXPERIMENT
7 1 Feasibi l i ty of long fuel s t r ingers
Long fuel s t r ingers are feasible
7 2 Deformation behaviour of a s ix - rod element
No deformation of the bundle was detected
7 3 The effect of the spacers
The chosen spacer design was good with respec t to stabili ty and
fretting but had a drawback in view of hydrogen pick-up
7 4 Thermal conductivity of UO
The experiment confirmed the out-of-pile data up to 1400 C with
a heat t ransfer coefficient of 1 0 Wcm bull C
- 10 -
8 REFERENCES
DJURLE S 1963 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMA-403 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-495 )
DJURLE S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RM-203 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMB-351 rev 1 )
GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RKS-1 61 )
BJOumlRZEacuteN H 1 964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -1 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t TPM-RFA-578 )
ERIKSSON E 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t AP-RMB-891 2-1 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RMB-550 )
JONASSON G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RKS-1 69 )
ROLSTAD E 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal r epor t EPB-305 )
HALLSTENSSON L 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-596 )
FORSBERG L GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t STK-1 78 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-541 )
ASPHAUG K 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal repor t DP-305 )
FILIPSSON B 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -2 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFA-559 )
FREDRIKSSON F 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFR-292 )
SVENSSON S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RFA-598 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-579 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMA-596 )
EDWALL B LUNDQVIST R 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t AP-RKK-98 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1967 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-71 0 )
VOGT J GRANDELL L RUNFORS U 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMB-527 )
RUNFORS U 1966 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RMB -1 089 )
- 12 -
9 LIST OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS USED
INDO integrated neutron dose and burn-up p r o g r a m
SLIRMA loop p r o g r a m in genera l
FIRMA neutron flux from Co-moni tors
FARMA fission gas re lease
GORMA dimensional changes
BURMA chemical burn-up measurement
TERMA t empera tu re distr ibution
VORMA volume distribution
STARMA s ta t i s t ics p r o g r a m
KORRMA corre la t ion p r o g r a m
S Svensson
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
B Danielsson
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
P r o g r a m 1 is descr ibed in detail in ref [193 and p rog rams 2-10
descr ibed in ref [23]
- 13 -
10 LIST OF FIGURES
1 Top plug with gauge plug
2 Spacer
3 Upper end of the bundle
4 Upper end of the bundle
5 Lower end of the bundle
6 Fre t t ing m a r k on spacer
7 Fret t ing m a r k on rod E
8 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
9 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
1 0 T ransve r sa l cut rod A in axial maximum
1 1 T r a n s v e r s a l cut rod D in axial maximum
1 2 Detail of fig 11 1 4 x magnification
1 3 Detail of fig 1 1 500 x magnification
14 Fuel bundle bottom after i r radia t ion
1 5 Fuel bundle top after i r radia t ion
1 6 I r radiat ion his tory
1 7 Diagram over cer ta in heat data as a function of channel power
1 8 Goliath gauges
19- Y s c a n n ^ n g curves 24
25 The samples for the hydride measu remen t
T A B L E 1
I r r a d i a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s
E l e m e n t T i m e B u r n - u p
P o w e r P
kW Days MWd
P = 0 43 2 19 5
0 lt P lt 100 16 7 7 6 0 9 2 1
100 pound P lt 200 9 6 4 3 15 3 3
200 ^ P lt 300 1 1 0 7 50 1 29 1 6 4 2
300 pound P 40 8 18 5 1 3 8 30 4
T o t a l 2 2 1 0 100 0 4 5 3 1 0 0 0
T A B L E 2
B u r n - u p by m e a n s of c h e m i c a l - m a s s p e c t r o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s
Rod F IMA F I M A M W d t U 0 2 Ton UO- MWd
Max A v e r a g e A v e r a g e
A 5 50 bull 1 0 3 4 08 bull 10
B 5 16 4 0 6
C 4 52 3 56
D 5 55 4 3 6
E 5 4 3 4 2 7
F 4 74 3 73
To ta l
3420 2 164 bull 10 7 40
3400 2 1 70 7 38
2980 2171 6 4 7
3660 2 1 7 4 7 96
3580 2 1 7 4 7 78
3130 2 1 7 3 6 8 0
43 79
TABLE 3
Radial form factors FRAP l inear heat output Q(2 75) and Q(340)
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1068
1 003
0 877
1 077
1 054
0920
Q(275)
Wcm
-
271
237
291
285
248
Q(340)
Wcm
-
335
293
360
352
307
TABLE 4
Dimensional changes ridge heights and U 0 0 s tack movement
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1 068
1003
0877
1 077
1 054
0912
Length
oo
-
+ 79
+ 78
+ 87
+ 94
+ 76
Diamete Max |im
- 15
+ 7
+ 9
+ 6
+ 18
- 2
r Min (j m
+ 5
+ 19
+ 11
+ 11
+ 1 3
+ 3
bullc
Ridge height | j m
5
5
10
5
3
13
UO s tack movement deg oo
1 5
1 2
1 1
9
14
4
T A B L E 5
H y d r i d e f o r m a t i o n
Rod E
S p a c e r No ( f rom bo t tom) 3
Height over b o t t o m ( c m ) 88
Outs ide can t e m p e r a t u r e ( C) 245
H y d r i d e con ten t of the c a n ( p p m )
j u s t be low s p a c e r 65
con t ac t po in t 1 80
R e f e r e n c e (n o n - i r r a d i a t e d ) 35
T A B L E 6
T e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( C) r o d A ( t h e r m o c o u p l e )
Rad ius
( m m )
0 00
0 50
1 00
1 50
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 50
5 00
5 50
6 0 0
6 23
E l e m e n t
275
1082
1077
1060
1033
995
947
891
826
755
6 79
598
515
431
391
p o w e r (kW)
340
1 379
1371
1 347
1 308
1255
1187
1107
101 7
91 7
811
700
589
477
426
348
1 416
140 7
1 383
1 343
1287
1217
1 1 34
1040
937
827
71 3
59 7
483
430
TABLE 7
Tempera tu re distr ibution ( C) rod D
Radius Element power (kW)
(mm) 275 340
0 00
0 5 0
1 00
150
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 5 0
5 00
5 50
6 00
6 2 3
1255
1248
1227
1193
1146
1087
1017
937
850
756
658
558
459
412
1618
1609
1580
1532
1466
1383
1 284
1171
1048
91 7
781
646
51 3
452
TABLE 8
Integrated volumes for rod D
Tempera tu re 275 kW 3
interval cm
300 - 500 60 0
500 - 600 40 5
600 - 700 32 0
700 - 800 24 5
800 - 900 ] 8 8
900 - 1000 14 4
1000 - 11 00 10 5
1 100 - 1200 6 8
1200 - 1300 1 9
1 300 - 1400 0 0
1400 - 1500
1500 - 1600
1600 - 1700
1 700 - 1800
340 kW
c m 3
2 8 7
19 4
1 5 3
1 1 7
9 0
6 9
5 0
3 3
8 9
0 0
3 7 0
32 8
29 8
24 5
19 8
16 3
13 4
11 0
9 0
7 1
5 3
3 2
0 2
0 0
17 7
15 7
1 4 3
1 1 7
9 5
7 8
6 4
5 3
4 3
3 4
2 5
15
0 1
0 0
Crud measuremen t s
The positions of the samples a re given in the sketch below
Top F6 F4 F 5 F3 Bottom Fuel element
FZ outside
Fl inside Shroud
TABLE 9
Crud deposition (ngcm )
F e Ni C r Z r
F l
F2
F 3
F 4
F 5
F6
32
4
8
8
8
12
8
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
5
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
gt 2
gt 2
15
15
gt 2
gt 2
TABLE 10
The crud activit ies 22 9 65 (dps cm )
C o - 5 i Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
Fl
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
8 5-
34-
56-
7 5-
5 2-
4 7-
10^ 1 2 - 1 0 ^ 3 8 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 9 7 1 0
10^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 - 1 0 ^ 3 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 0 - 1 0
l O 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 6 9 - 10^
l O 2 0 - l 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 9 0 - 1 0
l O 2 0 - 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 ^ 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 - 1 0 ^ 1 3 0 - 1 0
l O 7 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 - 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 6 4 - 1 0 1 7 - 1 0
TABLE 1 1
Specific activit ies (dpsmg Fe)
C o - 5 8 Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
F6
F4
F5
F3
Fl
F2
6
TABLE 1 2
F i ss ion gas re lease ()
Rod B D
Kr
Xe
-
-
002
002
003
003
0 02
0 03
0 02
002
0 02
0 02
3 9 2 - 1 0 ^ 6 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 5 3 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 4 2 1 0
9 3 7 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 3 7 - 1 0 ^
6 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 1 0 ^ 1 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 9 5 - 1 0 1 6 3 - 1 0
7 0 - 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 0 1 8 8 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 6 3 - 1 0 ^
2 6 6 - 1 0 ^ 3 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 9 1 0 7 1 9 1 0 ^ 7 5 - 1 0 3 0 3 - 1 0 ^
8 5 lt 1 0 5 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 4 5 - 1 0
F i g 1 Top plug with gauge plug
F ig 2 Spacer
Fig 3 Upper end of the bundle F ig 4 Upper end of the bundle
F ig 5 Lower end of the bundle
t
Fig 6
F- -
4 5x
bull
bullaumlW^
Fig 7
Wr-
4 5x
amp
K bull i- m
Fig 8 4 5x Fig 9 4 5x
F i g 1 O 4 5x F i g 11 4 5x
8Epoundli2amp
F i e 12 14x F i g 1 3 500 x
Fig 1 4 Through cell window
ml
8hfegt- laquo IgUtMIKflr i l - V T - rv
s-
jpj^EacuteASfe-laquobullbull bullilPfff
laquo -bull
Fig 1 5 Through cell window
i
bull i
T~-~
bull- l
bull bull bull - bull - - bull
bull bull bull bull i mdash
bull - - bull bull
L~Hr^
- j
) bull bull
bull bull bull
i i i i i i
i
bull mdash - bull - -
-
T
-bull
bull bull bull - bull mdash mdash
j - bull bull bull
bull bull
- 1 - bull
i bull bull
- r
bull - i i
i
jjU
bdquo _
bull bull
3e
-----
bull - -
bull - mdash -
- bull mdash i
Tii iampr
iiili
bullT-
i
i t -
i i
v
bull i bull
bull -
_-
d c
T I
| bull
bull
gt
I r r a d i a t i o n h i s t o r y
- C h a n n e l p o w e r in kW as a funct ion of i n - c o r e t i m e
^ ~ - -
bdquo
---
_ _
r
i r bull
m-v Hi i i ^ i i iH
iEK i i
- i i
~Fi
bull _
bull bull
m - bull bull bull bull
i iii
iYil
T
bullrill--l-
bull bull
j bull - _
bull bull
1
bull i -
bull
7H 7
bull
ui-i
jllUlIiL
- - bull
rn __
ji 1
bull -
bull i i
bull U
i|
i L
viii
r
bull T
LiLi
bull i i i
j -
| - bull bull bull bull
L _ 1 i
i bull
bull bull
bull
bull
---[[
i 1-
i ^
---
-
i
_ _
r f i i i
- - - - - bull mdash - bull - - J - mdash r
bull bull bull bull bull | bull 1
bull
bull bull i bull bull bull i
f
I bull 1
-
1
bull
bull bull bull
bull
1
bulli
r
bull-v-
j
bull bull
iiiii
bull
bull
bull
bull i - i bull -
i bull 1
--mdash
i
___mdash|
i
i
bull i -
mdash t i
- i ir
i
c
bull 1
bull bull
1
----
bull bull bull bull bull
Mh i
bull bull bull bull
bull
i
1 bull
i
bull bull bull
bull -Iii i T i
- bull bull bull
i i i i
mdash i mdash mdash i
_
J i i i - bull bull bull bull
ii i
bull
mdashti i - i bull
ii^
-
m i -
i
- iii-iiiii
i]i-i
|
i - - - -I
F i g 16
Bpl i i bull
bull _
iii
_
ii
ii
ii
t
o
o iw
bull i
i bull
i bull i 1 bull
i ^ bull bull bull
J L i
i-
1
-i
i
bull bull
- bull bull
bull
i
i
I
i
i bull
iLij i
bull bull bull bull
i i i i y
gt
i
r-iI 1
r bullbull--bull
iii
i i
i i
1
i
bull bull - J
i i bull
bull bull
mdash V
- mdash - mdash bull bull
i - _
mdashmdash
bull j
|
i -
i i i - i
o
o o CM
O
H
O O r-i
LPl
X K CM
Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
-LLL
f
bull bull
- - t bull bull
bull bull
St---bull bull L _
- i bull bull bull
i
bull[-bull
r--
bdquo
r_ t
t t
i
- i
i
LLi
I bullbull
bull-
(
[ bull bull
) bull
i i
bull bullbullbullbull- ) -
i i bull
it bull j |
j bullbull t -
bull bull
-tr-f --bull
r-rrr-T
bulliir
i - j bull bull bull
t
1 bull i -
I i t
i
mdash-vr
- 1 - - -
-
~zzLY
iaE^f ^ T p f
- - ( mdash bull laquo mdash
iblL
-bullbull
~L]-
-7T 1TJ FT
_ui
iiLilLLL
mdash i bull 1
1C
L-mdash-L-
LzzY
LLL1--
zj
LLi-L
-mdash
H-
i-i
^rTTTL
i l ~ i
i H W OU_
i
bull bull
bull bull r
LLii][ -
EriJpi
Sni i T IT
HTTI
LL-L-
bull[
i -t - i -r
] bull
m - bull -
i
LI T o p i i
if i
fcN-ii]jjiFrii
bull pound - 1 T - i bullbull
~ f bull bull bull bull [ bull bull bull bull -
bull | - i -M
1 i
bull - i f f bullbull f --T i
i pound 1 bull S
bull M - i -i j bull
-nkpound-I J ^ bull
bull bull i
H--- U-
bull i 1
mdash
|
t bull bull bull
bull -
j r - i bull 5 1
^ r r
--Trii ^
F gt
- 4 j
r r r r l r t
- r _ i l ^
-i i f
HTrpiP
bull bull
laquo
bull
rf1-r i
~rr
LLLLL1
T-Y~l
] i
i
T~~ t i r r
i r i i r i i i i
LYr-lL
H P
bull bull [
bull
L-----
LllLL
7 - p n f
bull - bull f r - - -
-
mdash i -
- -bullL bull - bull bull
TrHiii i i
bull
I
T
ipi
MP C
bull bull
I
bullLTLi-
L1LL
L-1L1
--bull ~ -
bull
I
-- -
i i t i i i r ril_
ri-j-T i i i i
~L i i t i
i
i ^ H
bull
bulli r~-
LLL
LL- i - i - -
y
r i i - |
r raquo i
-
- i r
bull h bull bull
_
bull I bullbull
ii
- i
bull -
bull bull i - bull
i
bull
j bull 1
v r K
Li-
bull bull
bull bull
bull
L~-i
bull bull
-r^jir
WL-Li
bull-~ -4- r i
J
i r a
ii^kr rrr
- f i 4 i i i LLH
)
bull - -
^LrL-~
L-SLi
-Mi-L
i i
mdash i mdash
TTTTT^^
^ r t j
Li
xLi m
i qjis
LWTL
bull bull
-
- j r
bull J -H-i-f-
LL
bullrL bull
liLLLi
bull
iLri
ilp mdash gt - bull |
LiLL
z T
i bull ( bull
trrr
bull -H
Jill
10
bull bull r bull
LL
i
gt
bull i i | j
^
Tirrrir-
i ^ - ^ bull bull
LrlzL-
O T
- -f i -
f j
bull - gt bull bull bull bull bull bull mdash
fy
i
-bullbullbull P bullbull
bull bull
-mdash ---
_ i i
- ^ j - 1 1
bull - bull r - f -
gt
bull _
F i g 21
L-mdashZ--
_ bdquo
bull bull
- x
^ T -
i i j -
i i i
j bull
i i 1 |
bull i
bull bull 1 1
bull - ] -
il~L
- i i ~ t - bull bull bull
1 bull bull
gt 1 bull
- r-iri mdash -Vfmdash
i B
i
- i i ~
I-ILL
r
0
- | f c r
_ rlj jt
l l fs
ii
- i i -
--ZLT
i - _
t
J_ _
=j 4 -
poundJ-
ri-
It v
mdash
^J
i1-
-mdash r
illLiz
bull bull - - T r -
n
- bull -
bullH^iri mdash i
d
bull t
bull - bull | T
bull ^ - L 1 -i bull bull bull bull 1
bull bull |
1 i
| i bull i
| T- i
- jv -j bull
r-rH bull bull bull bull ] - |
bull -
1 -I L j
bull
-i
i
j
i
i
i
bull bull bull bull
bull i
___ _J_ i l i bull
i i 1 i
( bull | |
| bull bull bull i - bull bull |
1 bull
bull i i p i 1 t L
bull bull J bull bull bull bull
-rrH---i
-1-~~
-L
rr-
- _ U bull =
IS-
bull
bullLL
bullLL
-----i
Z--1-L
bullmdash-bullbull
bull r---
rmdashr~ 7|
j i
bull bull i
j
I
bull bull i
i |
mdash
T Gamma-scanning
Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
- 4 -
ured in five of the rods The integrated the rmal neutron dose was m e a s shy
ured by means of in ternal cobalt monitors along the c i rcumference of
some of the pe l le t s See also ref [1 4 9 1 5 and 1 9 ] and fig 1-5
4 IRRADIATION CONDITIONS
4 1 I r radiat ion h is tory
Fig 1 6 gives the channel power as a function of in -core t ime It
is obvious that the evaluation of the data must be divided into two difshy
ferent power - s t eps
I High-power 340 kW
II Medium-power 275 kW
In tables 1 3 6 7 and 8 this division has been made
4 2 Heat ratings
The heat ratings have been calculated by an axial form factor of
127 The radial form factors have been calculated from the burn-up
values
In fig 1 7 the relat ionship between channel power l inear heat outshy
put heat conductivity in tegral heat surface flux on the canning and
specific power is given for the highest and lowest heat ra ted rods D
and C respect ively The dashed line in the middle cor responds to a
hypothetical rod with FRAD = 1
The computer p rograms 1 2 3 6 7 and 8 have been used for
the various calculat ions
5 POST-IRRADIATION EXAMINATION
51 Visual inspection
The visual inspection of the fuel assembly did not reveal any
special effects The only thing was a thin layer of crud which can be
seen in fig 14-15 The layer had a typical s t reaming pat tern behind
the spacers and it was very easi ly removed Under section 6 3 the crud
measu remen t will be discussed
After dismantling one could observe smal l fretting marks on the
can surface caused by the spacers (see fig 6 and 7)
- 5 -
5 2 Dimensional measu remen t (by B Winqvist)
The dimensional measu remen t s have included determinat ion of
radial and tangential rod prof i les distance between adjacent rods in an
assembled bundle and measu remen t s of d iameter and profile of deshy
mounted cent ra l rods
In connection with the measu remen t of tangential prof i les the
d iameters of the outer rods have been determined
The measuremen t s have been c a r r i e d out in our measur ing rig
Goliath Zeroing of the rig measur ing head has been c a r r i e d out by
mounting together gauge blocks until they nominally formed the distance
concerned
The following gauge blocks have been used (fig- 1 8)
Determination of radial profile (by scanning along the 0 genera tor )
Gauge block 0 57 00 plusmn 001 m m
Determination of tangential profile and rod diameter (by scanning along
the 270deg and 270-90deg genera tors ) Gauge block 0 1 4 00 plusmn 0 001 mm
Determination of separat ion between adjacent rods (by scanning along
the 36deg and 324deg genera tors ) Gauge block 0 39 00 plusmn 0 01 mm
The resu l t s are summar ized in table 4 where the UO s tack
movement relat ive to the can is also given See also ref [ 4 6 8 9 and 16]
5 3 Crud measu remen t
As mentioned in paragraph 5 1 the crud was very easi ly removed
Six crud samples were taken and analyzed The positions of the samples
and the analysis values a re given in tables 9-1 1 See also ref [22]
5 4 Fiss ion gas re lease
The fission gas re lease was measu red for five rods The gas was
analyzed by y - spec t romet ry and m a s s - s p e c t r o m e t r y and the r e l ease
values were calculated by the computer p rogram FARMA The values
are given in table 1 2
- 6 -
5 5 y-scanning
Longitudinal y-scanning was performed for all the six rods The
energy used for the y-scanning was 0 75 MeV (Zr-Nb) and the curves
a re reproduced in fig 19-24
5 6 Ceramography
According to the y-scanning the highest hea t - r a t ed pellets were
taken for ceramography The resul ts a re shown in fig 10-13 fig 10
from rod A fig 11-13 from rod D the same a rea at various magni shy
fications
5 7 Hydrogen pick-up
F r o m rod E six samples were taken for hydride m e a s u r e m e n t s
The reference m a r k is shown in fig 7 and fig 8 and 9 show the r e shy
sulting can after the samples were taken The resul ts a re given in
detail in fig 25 and are summar ized in table 5
6 DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS
6 1 Heat ratings and UP- t empera tu re effects
611 Thermal conductivity
With only one oxide thermocouple it is not possible to determine
the thermal conductivity of UO for the following reasons
a) the heat t ransfe r coefficient of the c learance between canning and
UO has a great influence
b) the assumed thermal neutron distribution and hence the heat
generation distr ibution cannot be checked
In addition to these points rod A which was equipped with the
thermocouple had an enrichment of 2 5 w o U-235 in the lower pa r t of
the rod (835 6 mm) and 2 8 w o U-235 in the upper pa r t of the rod
(878 4 mm) The other five rods had an enrichment of 2 8 w o U-235
along the whole length Hence the heat rating figure for the t h e r m o shy
couple rod in the plane where the thermocouple was positioned a re
not given in table 3 but the t empera tu re distribution in table 6 is ca l -
- 7 -
culated according to a linear heat output of 323 400 and 409 Wcm
respectively corresponding to a heat conductivity integral of 24 8
30 7 and 31 4 Wcm respectively
In ref [l 1 ] the integral values given in table IV are not corrected
either for the radial form factors the internal form factors or the
different enrichments The temperature figures corresponding to the
element power Q of approximately 340 kW (6407122320 6407160900
and 640721 1 410) which are 1395 1415 and 1 420 degC respectively are
about 20 C higher than those calculated with the recommended value of
heat transfer coefficient given in ref [14] (a - 10 Wc m bull C for an
assembly clearance of 0 01 6 cm) and with the thermal conductivity
value recommended by AB Atomenergi ref [2425] The agreement
is not so good at lower heat ratings - probably owing to an inproper
choice of a
612 Fission gas release
The values given in table 1 2 are very small The reason for this
is very clearly understood by comparing fig 1617 tables 1 3 7 and
8 The values in table 1 2 which are computed by the program FARMA
is fractional gas release (f g r ) in percent Fig 1 6 shows that the
higher element power of 340 kW is only achieved at the beginning of the
irradiation and table 1 shows that this power level only corresponds to
30 4 of the total burn-up So in fact in order to calculate the fission
gas release for the 340 kW period only one must multiply by the factor
_n which gives a f g r of 0 0 7
The explanation for this very low figure is given in tables 7 and 8
Even at the highest heat-rated rod D the volume of UO which is over
1 600 C is only 1 6 of the total volume The remarkably low f g r
values are therefore in full accord with experience If we assume no
fission gas release below 1600 C the result will be
1 0 0 100 bdquo w ^ f g- r 3Ouml74 T76 deg- 0 2 = 6
over 1600 degC
- 8 -
6 1 3 Grain growth
The same discussion as in point 6 1 Z gives the explanation for
the absence of gra in growth
6 2 Dimensional changes
6 2 1 Assemblies
The overal l stability of the bundle was surpr is ingly good No
bowing was detectable
6 2 2 Individual rods
The resu l t s a re summar ized in table 4 The dimensional changes
were smal l
6 3 Spacer design
6 3 1 Stability
As already mentioned in paragraph 6 2 1 the stabili ty of the
bundle was good
6 3 2 Fret t ing
As shown in fig 6 and 7 the fretting marks were smal l The
photographs show the wors t fretting mark of the whole bundle
6 3 3 Hydrogen pick-up
In table 5 and fig 25 the hydride content values a re given The
measurement s show a pronounced hydrogen pick-up in the vicinity of
the spacer
6 3 4 Crud deposition
The visual examination revealed a s t reaming pat tern behind the
spacer in the form of a very thin crud layer The thickness of the crud
does not seem to affect the heat t ransfe r appreciably
- 9 -
7 CONCLUSIONS FOR THE ACTUAL EXPERIMENT
7 1 Feasibi l i ty of long fuel s t r ingers
Long fuel s t r ingers are feasible
7 2 Deformation behaviour of a s ix - rod element
No deformation of the bundle was detected
7 3 The effect of the spacers
The chosen spacer design was good with respec t to stabili ty and
fretting but had a drawback in view of hydrogen pick-up
7 4 Thermal conductivity of UO
The experiment confirmed the out-of-pile data up to 1400 C with
a heat t ransfer coefficient of 1 0 Wcm bull C
- 10 -
8 REFERENCES
DJURLE S 1963 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMA-403 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-495 )
DJURLE S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RM-203 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMB-351 rev 1 )
GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RKS-1 61 )
BJOumlRZEacuteN H 1 964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -1 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t TPM-RFA-578 )
ERIKSSON E 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t AP-RMB-891 2-1 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RMB-550 )
JONASSON G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RKS-1 69 )
ROLSTAD E 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal r epor t EPB-305 )
HALLSTENSSON L 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-596 )
FORSBERG L GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t STK-1 78 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-541 )
ASPHAUG K 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal repor t DP-305 )
FILIPSSON B 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -2 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFA-559 )
FREDRIKSSON F 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFR-292 )
SVENSSON S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RFA-598 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-579 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMA-596 )
EDWALL B LUNDQVIST R 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t AP-RKK-98 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1967 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-71 0 )
VOGT J GRANDELL L RUNFORS U 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMB-527 )
RUNFORS U 1966 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RMB -1 089 )
- 12 -
9 LIST OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS USED
INDO integrated neutron dose and burn-up p r o g r a m
SLIRMA loop p r o g r a m in genera l
FIRMA neutron flux from Co-moni tors
FARMA fission gas re lease
GORMA dimensional changes
BURMA chemical burn-up measurement
TERMA t empera tu re distr ibution
VORMA volume distribution
STARMA s ta t i s t ics p r o g r a m
KORRMA corre la t ion p r o g r a m
S Svensson
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
B Danielsson
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
P r o g r a m 1 is descr ibed in detail in ref [193 and p rog rams 2-10
descr ibed in ref [23]
- 13 -
10 LIST OF FIGURES
1 Top plug with gauge plug
2 Spacer
3 Upper end of the bundle
4 Upper end of the bundle
5 Lower end of the bundle
6 Fre t t ing m a r k on spacer
7 Fret t ing m a r k on rod E
8 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
9 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
1 0 T ransve r sa l cut rod A in axial maximum
1 1 T r a n s v e r s a l cut rod D in axial maximum
1 2 Detail of fig 11 1 4 x magnification
1 3 Detail of fig 1 1 500 x magnification
14 Fuel bundle bottom after i r radia t ion
1 5 Fuel bundle top after i r radia t ion
1 6 I r radiat ion his tory
1 7 Diagram over cer ta in heat data as a function of channel power
1 8 Goliath gauges
19- Y s c a n n ^ n g curves 24
25 The samples for the hydride measu remen t
T A B L E 1
I r r a d i a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s
E l e m e n t T i m e B u r n - u p
P o w e r P
kW Days MWd
P = 0 43 2 19 5
0 lt P lt 100 16 7 7 6 0 9 2 1
100 pound P lt 200 9 6 4 3 15 3 3
200 ^ P lt 300 1 1 0 7 50 1 29 1 6 4 2
300 pound P 40 8 18 5 1 3 8 30 4
T o t a l 2 2 1 0 100 0 4 5 3 1 0 0 0
T A B L E 2
B u r n - u p by m e a n s of c h e m i c a l - m a s s p e c t r o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s
Rod F IMA F I M A M W d t U 0 2 Ton UO- MWd
Max A v e r a g e A v e r a g e
A 5 50 bull 1 0 3 4 08 bull 10
B 5 16 4 0 6
C 4 52 3 56
D 5 55 4 3 6
E 5 4 3 4 2 7
F 4 74 3 73
To ta l
3420 2 164 bull 10 7 40
3400 2 1 70 7 38
2980 2171 6 4 7
3660 2 1 7 4 7 96
3580 2 1 7 4 7 78
3130 2 1 7 3 6 8 0
43 79
TABLE 3
Radial form factors FRAP l inear heat output Q(2 75) and Q(340)
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1068
1 003
0 877
1 077
1 054
0920
Q(275)
Wcm
-
271
237
291
285
248
Q(340)
Wcm
-
335
293
360
352
307
TABLE 4
Dimensional changes ridge heights and U 0 0 s tack movement
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1 068
1003
0877
1 077
1 054
0912
Length
oo
-
+ 79
+ 78
+ 87
+ 94
+ 76
Diamete Max |im
- 15
+ 7
+ 9
+ 6
+ 18
- 2
r Min (j m
+ 5
+ 19
+ 11
+ 11
+ 1 3
+ 3
bullc
Ridge height | j m
5
5
10
5
3
13
UO s tack movement deg oo
1 5
1 2
1 1
9
14
4
T A B L E 5
H y d r i d e f o r m a t i o n
Rod E
S p a c e r No ( f rom bo t tom) 3
Height over b o t t o m ( c m ) 88
Outs ide can t e m p e r a t u r e ( C) 245
H y d r i d e con ten t of the c a n ( p p m )
j u s t be low s p a c e r 65
con t ac t po in t 1 80
R e f e r e n c e (n o n - i r r a d i a t e d ) 35
T A B L E 6
T e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( C) r o d A ( t h e r m o c o u p l e )
Rad ius
( m m )
0 00
0 50
1 00
1 50
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 50
5 00
5 50
6 0 0
6 23
E l e m e n t
275
1082
1077
1060
1033
995
947
891
826
755
6 79
598
515
431
391
p o w e r (kW)
340
1 379
1371
1 347
1 308
1255
1187
1107
101 7
91 7
811
700
589
477
426
348
1 416
140 7
1 383
1 343
1287
1217
1 1 34
1040
937
827
71 3
59 7
483
430
TABLE 7
Tempera tu re distr ibution ( C) rod D
Radius Element power (kW)
(mm) 275 340
0 00
0 5 0
1 00
150
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 5 0
5 00
5 50
6 00
6 2 3
1255
1248
1227
1193
1146
1087
1017
937
850
756
658
558
459
412
1618
1609
1580
1532
1466
1383
1 284
1171
1048
91 7
781
646
51 3
452
TABLE 8
Integrated volumes for rod D
Tempera tu re 275 kW 3
interval cm
300 - 500 60 0
500 - 600 40 5
600 - 700 32 0
700 - 800 24 5
800 - 900 ] 8 8
900 - 1000 14 4
1000 - 11 00 10 5
1 100 - 1200 6 8
1200 - 1300 1 9
1 300 - 1400 0 0
1400 - 1500
1500 - 1600
1600 - 1700
1 700 - 1800
340 kW
c m 3
2 8 7
19 4
1 5 3
1 1 7
9 0
6 9
5 0
3 3
8 9
0 0
3 7 0
32 8
29 8
24 5
19 8
16 3
13 4
11 0
9 0
7 1
5 3
3 2
0 2
0 0
17 7
15 7
1 4 3
1 1 7
9 5
7 8
6 4
5 3
4 3
3 4
2 5
15
0 1
0 0
Crud measuremen t s
The positions of the samples a re given in the sketch below
Top F6 F4 F 5 F3 Bottom Fuel element
FZ outside
Fl inside Shroud
TABLE 9
Crud deposition (ngcm )
F e Ni C r Z r
F l
F2
F 3
F 4
F 5
F6
32
4
8
8
8
12
8
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
5
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
gt 2
gt 2
15
15
gt 2
gt 2
TABLE 10
The crud activit ies 22 9 65 (dps cm )
C o - 5 i Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
Fl
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
8 5-
34-
56-
7 5-
5 2-
4 7-
10^ 1 2 - 1 0 ^ 3 8 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 9 7 1 0
10^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 - 1 0 ^ 3 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 0 - 1 0
l O 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 6 9 - 10^
l O 2 0 - l 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 9 0 - 1 0
l O 2 0 - 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 ^ 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 - 1 0 ^ 1 3 0 - 1 0
l O 7 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 - 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 6 4 - 1 0 1 7 - 1 0
TABLE 1 1
Specific activit ies (dpsmg Fe)
C o - 5 8 Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
F6
F4
F5
F3
Fl
F2
6
TABLE 1 2
F i ss ion gas re lease ()
Rod B D
Kr
Xe
-
-
002
002
003
003
0 02
0 03
0 02
002
0 02
0 02
3 9 2 - 1 0 ^ 6 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 5 3 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 4 2 1 0
9 3 7 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 3 7 - 1 0 ^
6 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 1 0 ^ 1 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 9 5 - 1 0 1 6 3 - 1 0
7 0 - 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 0 1 8 8 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 6 3 - 1 0 ^
2 6 6 - 1 0 ^ 3 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 9 1 0 7 1 9 1 0 ^ 7 5 - 1 0 3 0 3 - 1 0 ^
8 5 lt 1 0 5 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 4 5 - 1 0
F i g 1 Top plug with gauge plug
F ig 2 Spacer
Fig 3 Upper end of the bundle F ig 4 Upper end of the bundle
F ig 5 Lower end of the bundle
t
Fig 6
F- -
4 5x
bull
bullaumlW^
Fig 7
Wr-
4 5x
amp
K bull i- m
Fig 8 4 5x Fig 9 4 5x
F i g 1 O 4 5x F i g 11 4 5x
8Epoundli2amp
F i e 12 14x F i g 1 3 500 x
Fig 1 4 Through cell window
ml
8hfegt- laquo IgUtMIKflr i l - V T - rv
s-
jpj^EacuteASfe-laquobullbull bullilPfff
laquo -bull
Fig 1 5 Through cell window
i
bull i
T~-~
bull- l
bull bull bull - bull - - bull
bull bull bull bull i mdash
bull - - bull bull
L~Hr^
- j
) bull bull
bull bull bull
i i i i i i
i
bull mdash - bull - -
-
T
-bull
bull bull bull - bull mdash mdash
j - bull bull bull
bull bull
- 1 - bull
i bull bull
- r
bull - i i
i
jjU
bdquo _
bull bull
3e
-----
bull - -
bull - mdash -
- bull mdash i
Tii iampr
iiili
bullT-
i
i t -
i i
v
bull i bull
bull -
_-
d c
T I
| bull
bull
gt
I r r a d i a t i o n h i s t o r y
- C h a n n e l p o w e r in kW as a funct ion of i n - c o r e t i m e
^ ~ - -
bdquo
---
_ _
r
i r bull
m-v Hi i i ^ i i iH
iEK i i
- i i
~Fi
bull _
bull bull
m - bull bull bull bull
i iii
iYil
T
bullrill--l-
bull bull
j bull - _
bull bull
1
bull i -
bull
7H 7
bull
ui-i
jllUlIiL
- - bull
rn __
ji 1
bull -
bull i i
bull U
i|
i L
viii
r
bull T
LiLi
bull i i i
j -
| - bull bull bull bull
L _ 1 i
i bull
bull bull
bull
bull
---[[
i 1-
i ^
---
-
i
_ _
r f i i i
- - - - - bull mdash - bull - - J - mdash r
bull bull bull bull bull | bull 1
bull
bull bull i bull bull bull i
f
I bull 1
-
1
bull
bull bull bull
bull
1
bulli
r
bull-v-
j
bull bull
iiiii
bull
bull
bull
bull i - i bull -
i bull 1
--mdash
i
___mdash|
i
i
bull i -
mdash t i
- i ir
i
c
bull 1
bull bull
1
----
bull bull bull bull bull
Mh i
bull bull bull bull
bull
i
1 bull
i
bull bull bull
bull -Iii i T i
- bull bull bull
i i i i
mdash i mdash mdash i
_
J i i i - bull bull bull bull
ii i
bull
mdashti i - i bull
ii^
-
m i -
i
- iii-iiiii
i]i-i
|
i - - - -I
F i g 16
Bpl i i bull
bull _
iii
_
ii
ii
ii
t
o
o iw
bull i
i bull
i bull i 1 bull
i ^ bull bull bull
J L i
i-
1
-i
i
bull bull
- bull bull
bull
i
i
I
i
i bull
iLij i
bull bull bull bull
i i i i y
gt
i
r-iI 1
r bullbull--bull
iii
i i
i i
1
i
bull bull - J
i i bull
bull bull
mdash V
- mdash - mdash bull bull
i - _
mdashmdash
bull j
|
i -
i i i - i
o
o o CM
O
H
O O r-i
LPl
X K CM
Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
-LLL
f
bull bull
- - t bull bull
bull bull
St---bull bull L _
- i bull bull bull
i
bull[-bull
r--
bdquo
r_ t
t t
i
- i
i
LLi
I bullbull
bull-
(
[ bull bull
) bull
i i
bull bullbullbullbull- ) -
i i bull
it bull j |
j bullbull t -
bull bull
-tr-f --bull
r-rrr-T
bulliir
i - j bull bull bull
t
1 bull i -
I i t
i
mdash-vr
- 1 - - -
-
~zzLY
iaE^f ^ T p f
- - ( mdash bull laquo mdash
iblL
-bullbull
~L]-
-7T 1TJ FT
_ui
iiLilLLL
mdash i bull 1
1C
L-mdash-L-
LzzY
LLL1--
zj
LLi-L
-mdash
H-
i-i
^rTTTL
i l ~ i
i H W OU_
i
bull bull
bull bull r
LLii][ -
EriJpi
Sni i T IT
HTTI
LL-L-
bull[
i -t - i -r
] bull
m - bull -
i
LI T o p i i
if i
fcN-ii]jjiFrii
bull pound - 1 T - i bullbull
~ f bull bull bull bull [ bull bull bull bull -
bull | - i -M
1 i
bull - i f f bullbull f --T i
i pound 1 bull S
bull M - i -i j bull
-nkpound-I J ^ bull
bull bull i
H--- U-
bull i 1
mdash
|
t bull bull bull
bull -
j r - i bull 5 1
^ r r
--Trii ^
F gt
- 4 j
r r r r l r t
- r _ i l ^
-i i f
HTrpiP
bull bull
laquo
bull
rf1-r i
~rr
LLLLL1
T-Y~l
] i
i
T~~ t i r r
i r i i r i i i i
LYr-lL
H P
bull bull [
bull
L-----
LllLL
7 - p n f
bull - bull f r - - -
-
mdash i -
- -bullL bull - bull bull
TrHiii i i
bull
I
T
ipi
MP C
bull bull
I
bullLTLi-
L1LL
L-1L1
--bull ~ -
bull
I
-- -
i i t i i i r ril_
ri-j-T i i i i
~L i i t i
i
i ^ H
bull
bulli r~-
LLL
LL- i - i - -
y
r i i - |
r raquo i
-
- i r
bull h bull bull
_
bull I bullbull
ii
- i
bull -
bull bull i - bull
i
bull
j bull 1
v r K
Li-
bull bull
bull bull
bull
L~-i
bull bull
-r^jir
WL-Li
bull-~ -4- r i
J
i r a
ii^kr rrr
- f i 4 i i i LLH
)
bull - -
^LrL-~
L-SLi
-Mi-L
i i
mdash i mdash
TTTTT^^
^ r t j
Li
xLi m
i qjis
LWTL
bull bull
-
- j r
bull J -H-i-f-
LL
bullrL bull
liLLLi
bull
iLri
ilp mdash gt - bull |
LiLL
z T
i bull ( bull
trrr
bull -H
Jill
10
bull bull r bull
LL
i
gt
bull i i | j
^
Tirrrir-
i ^ - ^ bull bull
LrlzL-
O T
- -f i -
f j
bull - gt bull bull bull bull bull bull mdash
fy
i
-bullbullbull P bullbull
bull bull
-mdash ---
_ i i
- ^ j - 1 1
bull - bull r - f -
gt
bull _
F i g 21
L-mdashZ--
_ bdquo
bull bull
- x
^ T -
i i j -
i i i
j bull
i i 1 |
bull i
bull bull 1 1
bull - ] -
il~L
- i i ~ t - bull bull bull
1 bull bull
gt 1 bull
- r-iri mdash -Vfmdash
i B
i
- i i ~
I-ILL
r
0
- | f c r
_ rlj jt
l l fs
ii
- i i -
--ZLT
i - _
t
J_ _
=j 4 -
poundJ-
ri-
It v
mdash
^J
i1-
-mdash r
illLiz
bull bull - - T r -
n
- bull -
bullH^iri mdash i
d
bull t
bull - bull | T
bull ^ - L 1 -i bull bull bull bull 1
bull bull |
1 i
| i bull i
| T- i
- jv -j bull
r-rH bull bull bull bull ] - |
bull -
1 -I L j
bull
-i
i
j
i
i
i
bull bull bull bull
bull i
___ _J_ i l i bull
i i 1 i
( bull | |
| bull bull bull i - bull bull |
1 bull
bull i i p i 1 t L
bull bull J bull bull bull bull
-rrH---i
-1-~~
-L
rr-
- _ U bull =
IS-
bull
bullLL
bullLL
-----i
Z--1-L
bullmdash-bullbull
bull r---
rmdashr~ 7|
j i
bull bull i
j
I
bull bull i
i |
mdash
T Gamma-scanning
Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
- 5 -
5 2 Dimensional measu remen t (by B Winqvist)
The dimensional measu remen t s have included determinat ion of
radial and tangential rod prof i les distance between adjacent rods in an
assembled bundle and measu remen t s of d iameter and profile of deshy
mounted cent ra l rods
In connection with the measu remen t of tangential prof i les the
d iameters of the outer rods have been determined
The measuremen t s have been c a r r i e d out in our measur ing rig
Goliath Zeroing of the rig measur ing head has been c a r r i e d out by
mounting together gauge blocks until they nominally formed the distance
concerned
The following gauge blocks have been used (fig- 1 8)
Determination of radial profile (by scanning along the 0 genera tor )
Gauge block 0 57 00 plusmn 001 m m
Determination of tangential profile and rod diameter (by scanning along
the 270deg and 270-90deg genera tors ) Gauge block 0 1 4 00 plusmn 0 001 mm
Determination of separat ion between adjacent rods (by scanning along
the 36deg and 324deg genera tors ) Gauge block 0 39 00 plusmn 0 01 mm
The resu l t s are summar ized in table 4 where the UO s tack
movement relat ive to the can is also given See also ref [ 4 6 8 9 and 16]
5 3 Crud measu remen t
As mentioned in paragraph 5 1 the crud was very easi ly removed
Six crud samples were taken and analyzed The positions of the samples
and the analysis values a re given in tables 9-1 1 See also ref [22]
5 4 Fiss ion gas re lease
The fission gas re lease was measu red for five rods The gas was
analyzed by y - spec t romet ry and m a s s - s p e c t r o m e t r y and the r e l ease
values were calculated by the computer p rogram FARMA The values
are given in table 1 2
- 6 -
5 5 y-scanning
Longitudinal y-scanning was performed for all the six rods The
energy used for the y-scanning was 0 75 MeV (Zr-Nb) and the curves
a re reproduced in fig 19-24
5 6 Ceramography
According to the y-scanning the highest hea t - r a t ed pellets were
taken for ceramography The resul ts a re shown in fig 10-13 fig 10
from rod A fig 11-13 from rod D the same a rea at various magni shy
fications
5 7 Hydrogen pick-up
F r o m rod E six samples were taken for hydride m e a s u r e m e n t s
The reference m a r k is shown in fig 7 and fig 8 and 9 show the r e shy
sulting can after the samples were taken The resul ts a re given in
detail in fig 25 and are summar ized in table 5
6 DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS
6 1 Heat ratings and UP- t empera tu re effects
611 Thermal conductivity
With only one oxide thermocouple it is not possible to determine
the thermal conductivity of UO for the following reasons
a) the heat t ransfe r coefficient of the c learance between canning and
UO has a great influence
b) the assumed thermal neutron distribution and hence the heat
generation distr ibution cannot be checked
In addition to these points rod A which was equipped with the
thermocouple had an enrichment of 2 5 w o U-235 in the lower pa r t of
the rod (835 6 mm) and 2 8 w o U-235 in the upper pa r t of the rod
(878 4 mm) The other five rods had an enrichment of 2 8 w o U-235
along the whole length Hence the heat rating figure for the t h e r m o shy
couple rod in the plane where the thermocouple was positioned a re
not given in table 3 but the t empera tu re distribution in table 6 is ca l -
- 7 -
culated according to a linear heat output of 323 400 and 409 Wcm
respectively corresponding to a heat conductivity integral of 24 8
30 7 and 31 4 Wcm respectively
In ref [l 1 ] the integral values given in table IV are not corrected
either for the radial form factors the internal form factors or the
different enrichments The temperature figures corresponding to the
element power Q of approximately 340 kW (6407122320 6407160900
and 640721 1 410) which are 1395 1415 and 1 420 degC respectively are
about 20 C higher than those calculated with the recommended value of
heat transfer coefficient given in ref [14] (a - 10 Wc m bull C for an
assembly clearance of 0 01 6 cm) and with the thermal conductivity
value recommended by AB Atomenergi ref [2425] The agreement
is not so good at lower heat ratings - probably owing to an inproper
choice of a
612 Fission gas release
The values given in table 1 2 are very small The reason for this
is very clearly understood by comparing fig 1617 tables 1 3 7 and
8 The values in table 1 2 which are computed by the program FARMA
is fractional gas release (f g r ) in percent Fig 1 6 shows that the
higher element power of 340 kW is only achieved at the beginning of the
irradiation and table 1 shows that this power level only corresponds to
30 4 of the total burn-up So in fact in order to calculate the fission
gas release for the 340 kW period only one must multiply by the factor
_n which gives a f g r of 0 0 7
The explanation for this very low figure is given in tables 7 and 8
Even at the highest heat-rated rod D the volume of UO which is over
1 600 C is only 1 6 of the total volume The remarkably low f g r
values are therefore in full accord with experience If we assume no
fission gas release below 1600 C the result will be
1 0 0 100 bdquo w ^ f g- r 3Ouml74 T76 deg- 0 2 = 6
over 1600 degC
- 8 -
6 1 3 Grain growth
The same discussion as in point 6 1 Z gives the explanation for
the absence of gra in growth
6 2 Dimensional changes
6 2 1 Assemblies
The overal l stability of the bundle was surpr is ingly good No
bowing was detectable
6 2 2 Individual rods
The resu l t s a re summar ized in table 4 The dimensional changes
were smal l
6 3 Spacer design
6 3 1 Stability
As already mentioned in paragraph 6 2 1 the stabili ty of the
bundle was good
6 3 2 Fret t ing
As shown in fig 6 and 7 the fretting marks were smal l The
photographs show the wors t fretting mark of the whole bundle
6 3 3 Hydrogen pick-up
In table 5 and fig 25 the hydride content values a re given The
measurement s show a pronounced hydrogen pick-up in the vicinity of
the spacer
6 3 4 Crud deposition
The visual examination revealed a s t reaming pat tern behind the
spacer in the form of a very thin crud layer The thickness of the crud
does not seem to affect the heat t ransfe r appreciably
- 9 -
7 CONCLUSIONS FOR THE ACTUAL EXPERIMENT
7 1 Feasibi l i ty of long fuel s t r ingers
Long fuel s t r ingers are feasible
7 2 Deformation behaviour of a s ix - rod element
No deformation of the bundle was detected
7 3 The effect of the spacers
The chosen spacer design was good with respec t to stabili ty and
fretting but had a drawback in view of hydrogen pick-up
7 4 Thermal conductivity of UO
The experiment confirmed the out-of-pile data up to 1400 C with
a heat t ransfer coefficient of 1 0 Wcm bull C
- 10 -
8 REFERENCES
DJURLE S 1963 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMA-403 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-495 )
DJURLE S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RM-203 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMB-351 rev 1 )
GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RKS-1 61 )
BJOumlRZEacuteN H 1 964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -1 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t TPM-RFA-578 )
ERIKSSON E 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t AP-RMB-891 2-1 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RMB-550 )
JONASSON G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RKS-1 69 )
ROLSTAD E 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal r epor t EPB-305 )
HALLSTENSSON L 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-596 )
FORSBERG L GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t STK-1 78 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-541 )
ASPHAUG K 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal repor t DP-305 )
FILIPSSON B 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -2 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFA-559 )
FREDRIKSSON F 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFR-292 )
SVENSSON S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RFA-598 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-579 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMA-596 )
EDWALL B LUNDQVIST R 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t AP-RKK-98 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1967 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-71 0 )
VOGT J GRANDELL L RUNFORS U 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMB-527 )
RUNFORS U 1966 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RMB -1 089 )
- 12 -
9 LIST OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS USED
INDO integrated neutron dose and burn-up p r o g r a m
SLIRMA loop p r o g r a m in genera l
FIRMA neutron flux from Co-moni tors
FARMA fission gas re lease
GORMA dimensional changes
BURMA chemical burn-up measurement
TERMA t empera tu re distr ibution
VORMA volume distribution
STARMA s ta t i s t ics p r o g r a m
KORRMA corre la t ion p r o g r a m
S Svensson
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
B Danielsson
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
P r o g r a m 1 is descr ibed in detail in ref [193 and p rog rams 2-10
descr ibed in ref [23]
- 13 -
10 LIST OF FIGURES
1 Top plug with gauge plug
2 Spacer
3 Upper end of the bundle
4 Upper end of the bundle
5 Lower end of the bundle
6 Fre t t ing m a r k on spacer
7 Fret t ing m a r k on rod E
8 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
9 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
1 0 T ransve r sa l cut rod A in axial maximum
1 1 T r a n s v e r s a l cut rod D in axial maximum
1 2 Detail of fig 11 1 4 x magnification
1 3 Detail of fig 1 1 500 x magnification
14 Fuel bundle bottom after i r radia t ion
1 5 Fuel bundle top after i r radia t ion
1 6 I r radiat ion his tory
1 7 Diagram over cer ta in heat data as a function of channel power
1 8 Goliath gauges
19- Y s c a n n ^ n g curves 24
25 The samples for the hydride measu remen t
T A B L E 1
I r r a d i a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s
E l e m e n t T i m e B u r n - u p
P o w e r P
kW Days MWd
P = 0 43 2 19 5
0 lt P lt 100 16 7 7 6 0 9 2 1
100 pound P lt 200 9 6 4 3 15 3 3
200 ^ P lt 300 1 1 0 7 50 1 29 1 6 4 2
300 pound P 40 8 18 5 1 3 8 30 4
T o t a l 2 2 1 0 100 0 4 5 3 1 0 0 0
T A B L E 2
B u r n - u p by m e a n s of c h e m i c a l - m a s s p e c t r o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s
Rod F IMA F I M A M W d t U 0 2 Ton UO- MWd
Max A v e r a g e A v e r a g e
A 5 50 bull 1 0 3 4 08 bull 10
B 5 16 4 0 6
C 4 52 3 56
D 5 55 4 3 6
E 5 4 3 4 2 7
F 4 74 3 73
To ta l
3420 2 164 bull 10 7 40
3400 2 1 70 7 38
2980 2171 6 4 7
3660 2 1 7 4 7 96
3580 2 1 7 4 7 78
3130 2 1 7 3 6 8 0
43 79
TABLE 3
Radial form factors FRAP l inear heat output Q(2 75) and Q(340)
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1068
1 003
0 877
1 077
1 054
0920
Q(275)
Wcm
-
271
237
291
285
248
Q(340)
Wcm
-
335
293
360
352
307
TABLE 4
Dimensional changes ridge heights and U 0 0 s tack movement
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1 068
1003
0877
1 077
1 054
0912
Length
oo
-
+ 79
+ 78
+ 87
+ 94
+ 76
Diamete Max |im
- 15
+ 7
+ 9
+ 6
+ 18
- 2
r Min (j m
+ 5
+ 19
+ 11
+ 11
+ 1 3
+ 3
bullc
Ridge height | j m
5
5
10
5
3
13
UO s tack movement deg oo
1 5
1 2
1 1
9
14
4
T A B L E 5
H y d r i d e f o r m a t i o n
Rod E
S p a c e r No ( f rom bo t tom) 3
Height over b o t t o m ( c m ) 88
Outs ide can t e m p e r a t u r e ( C) 245
H y d r i d e con ten t of the c a n ( p p m )
j u s t be low s p a c e r 65
con t ac t po in t 1 80
R e f e r e n c e (n o n - i r r a d i a t e d ) 35
T A B L E 6
T e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( C) r o d A ( t h e r m o c o u p l e )
Rad ius
( m m )
0 00
0 50
1 00
1 50
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 50
5 00
5 50
6 0 0
6 23
E l e m e n t
275
1082
1077
1060
1033
995
947
891
826
755
6 79
598
515
431
391
p o w e r (kW)
340
1 379
1371
1 347
1 308
1255
1187
1107
101 7
91 7
811
700
589
477
426
348
1 416
140 7
1 383
1 343
1287
1217
1 1 34
1040
937
827
71 3
59 7
483
430
TABLE 7
Tempera tu re distr ibution ( C) rod D
Radius Element power (kW)
(mm) 275 340
0 00
0 5 0
1 00
150
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 5 0
5 00
5 50
6 00
6 2 3
1255
1248
1227
1193
1146
1087
1017
937
850
756
658
558
459
412
1618
1609
1580
1532
1466
1383
1 284
1171
1048
91 7
781
646
51 3
452
TABLE 8
Integrated volumes for rod D
Tempera tu re 275 kW 3
interval cm
300 - 500 60 0
500 - 600 40 5
600 - 700 32 0
700 - 800 24 5
800 - 900 ] 8 8
900 - 1000 14 4
1000 - 11 00 10 5
1 100 - 1200 6 8
1200 - 1300 1 9
1 300 - 1400 0 0
1400 - 1500
1500 - 1600
1600 - 1700
1 700 - 1800
340 kW
c m 3
2 8 7
19 4
1 5 3
1 1 7
9 0
6 9
5 0
3 3
8 9
0 0
3 7 0
32 8
29 8
24 5
19 8
16 3
13 4
11 0
9 0
7 1
5 3
3 2
0 2
0 0
17 7
15 7
1 4 3
1 1 7
9 5
7 8
6 4
5 3
4 3
3 4
2 5
15
0 1
0 0
Crud measuremen t s
The positions of the samples a re given in the sketch below
Top F6 F4 F 5 F3 Bottom Fuel element
FZ outside
Fl inside Shroud
TABLE 9
Crud deposition (ngcm )
F e Ni C r Z r
F l
F2
F 3
F 4
F 5
F6
32
4
8
8
8
12
8
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
5
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
gt 2
gt 2
15
15
gt 2
gt 2
TABLE 10
The crud activit ies 22 9 65 (dps cm )
C o - 5 i Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
Fl
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
8 5-
34-
56-
7 5-
5 2-
4 7-
10^ 1 2 - 1 0 ^ 3 8 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 9 7 1 0
10^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 - 1 0 ^ 3 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 0 - 1 0
l O 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 6 9 - 10^
l O 2 0 - l 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 9 0 - 1 0
l O 2 0 - 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 ^ 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 - 1 0 ^ 1 3 0 - 1 0
l O 7 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 - 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 6 4 - 1 0 1 7 - 1 0
TABLE 1 1
Specific activit ies (dpsmg Fe)
C o - 5 8 Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
F6
F4
F5
F3
Fl
F2
6
TABLE 1 2
F i ss ion gas re lease ()
Rod B D
Kr
Xe
-
-
002
002
003
003
0 02
0 03
0 02
002
0 02
0 02
3 9 2 - 1 0 ^ 6 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 5 3 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 4 2 1 0
9 3 7 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 3 7 - 1 0 ^
6 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 1 0 ^ 1 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 9 5 - 1 0 1 6 3 - 1 0
7 0 - 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 0 1 8 8 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 6 3 - 1 0 ^
2 6 6 - 1 0 ^ 3 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 9 1 0 7 1 9 1 0 ^ 7 5 - 1 0 3 0 3 - 1 0 ^
8 5 lt 1 0 5 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 4 5 - 1 0
F i g 1 Top plug with gauge plug
F ig 2 Spacer
Fig 3 Upper end of the bundle F ig 4 Upper end of the bundle
F ig 5 Lower end of the bundle
t
Fig 6
F- -
4 5x
bull
bullaumlW^
Fig 7
Wr-
4 5x
amp
K bull i- m
Fig 8 4 5x Fig 9 4 5x
F i g 1 O 4 5x F i g 11 4 5x
8Epoundli2amp
F i e 12 14x F i g 1 3 500 x
Fig 1 4 Through cell window
ml
8hfegt- laquo IgUtMIKflr i l - V T - rv
s-
jpj^EacuteASfe-laquobullbull bullilPfff
laquo -bull
Fig 1 5 Through cell window
i
bull i
T~-~
bull- l
bull bull bull - bull - - bull
bull bull bull bull i mdash
bull - - bull bull
L~Hr^
- j
) bull bull
bull bull bull
i i i i i i
i
bull mdash - bull - -
-
T
-bull
bull bull bull - bull mdash mdash
j - bull bull bull
bull bull
- 1 - bull
i bull bull
- r
bull - i i
i
jjU
bdquo _
bull bull
3e
-----
bull - -
bull - mdash -
- bull mdash i
Tii iampr
iiili
bullT-
i
i t -
i i
v
bull i bull
bull -
_-
d c
T I
| bull
bull
gt
I r r a d i a t i o n h i s t o r y
- C h a n n e l p o w e r in kW as a funct ion of i n - c o r e t i m e
^ ~ - -
bdquo
---
_ _
r
i r bull
m-v Hi i i ^ i i iH
iEK i i
- i i
~Fi
bull _
bull bull
m - bull bull bull bull
i iii
iYil
T
bullrill--l-
bull bull
j bull - _
bull bull
1
bull i -
bull
7H 7
bull
ui-i
jllUlIiL
- - bull
rn __
ji 1
bull -
bull i i
bull U
i|
i L
viii
r
bull T
LiLi
bull i i i
j -
| - bull bull bull bull
L _ 1 i
i bull
bull bull
bull
bull
---[[
i 1-
i ^
---
-
i
_ _
r f i i i
- - - - - bull mdash - bull - - J - mdash r
bull bull bull bull bull | bull 1
bull
bull bull i bull bull bull i
f
I bull 1
-
1
bull
bull bull bull
bull
1
bulli
r
bull-v-
j
bull bull
iiiii
bull
bull
bull
bull i - i bull -
i bull 1
--mdash
i
___mdash|
i
i
bull i -
mdash t i
- i ir
i
c
bull 1
bull bull
1
----
bull bull bull bull bull
Mh i
bull bull bull bull
bull
i
1 bull
i
bull bull bull
bull -Iii i T i
- bull bull bull
i i i i
mdash i mdash mdash i
_
J i i i - bull bull bull bull
ii i
bull
mdashti i - i bull
ii^
-
m i -
i
- iii-iiiii
i]i-i
|
i - - - -I
F i g 16
Bpl i i bull
bull _
iii
_
ii
ii
ii
t
o
o iw
bull i
i bull
i bull i 1 bull
i ^ bull bull bull
J L i
i-
1
-i
i
bull bull
- bull bull
bull
i
i
I
i
i bull
iLij i
bull bull bull bull
i i i i y
gt
i
r-iI 1
r bullbull--bull
iii
i i
i i
1
i
bull bull - J
i i bull
bull bull
mdash V
- mdash - mdash bull bull
i - _
mdashmdash
bull j
|
i -
i i i - i
o
o o CM
O
H
O O r-i
LPl
X K CM
Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
-LLL
f
bull bull
- - t bull bull
bull bull
St---bull bull L _
- i bull bull bull
i
bull[-bull
r--
bdquo
r_ t
t t
i
- i
i
LLi
I bullbull
bull-
(
[ bull bull
) bull
i i
bull bullbullbullbull- ) -
i i bull
it bull j |
j bullbull t -
bull bull
-tr-f --bull
r-rrr-T
bulliir
i - j bull bull bull
t
1 bull i -
I i t
i
mdash-vr
- 1 - - -
-
~zzLY
iaE^f ^ T p f
- - ( mdash bull laquo mdash
iblL
-bullbull
~L]-
-7T 1TJ FT
_ui
iiLilLLL
mdash i bull 1
1C
L-mdash-L-
LzzY
LLL1--
zj
LLi-L
-mdash
H-
i-i
^rTTTL
i l ~ i
i H W OU_
i
bull bull
bull bull r
LLii][ -
EriJpi
Sni i T IT
HTTI
LL-L-
bull[
i -t - i -r
] bull
m - bull -
i
LI T o p i i
if i
fcN-ii]jjiFrii
bull pound - 1 T - i bullbull
~ f bull bull bull bull [ bull bull bull bull -
bull | - i -M
1 i
bull - i f f bullbull f --T i
i pound 1 bull S
bull M - i -i j bull
-nkpound-I J ^ bull
bull bull i
H--- U-
bull i 1
mdash
|
t bull bull bull
bull -
j r - i bull 5 1
^ r r
--Trii ^
F gt
- 4 j
r r r r l r t
- r _ i l ^
-i i f
HTrpiP
bull bull
laquo
bull
rf1-r i
~rr
LLLLL1
T-Y~l
] i
i
T~~ t i r r
i r i i r i i i i
LYr-lL
H P
bull bull [
bull
L-----
LllLL
7 - p n f
bull - bull f r - - -
-
mdash i -
- -bullL bull - bull bull
TrHiii i i
bull
I
T
ipi
MP C
bull bull
I
bullLTLi-
L1LL
L-1L1
--bull ~ -
bull
I
-- -
i i t i i i r ril_
ri-j-T i i i i
~L i i t i
i
i ^ H
bull
bulli r~-
LLL
LL- i - i - -
y
r i i - |
r raquo i
-
- i r
bull h bull bull
_
bull I bullbull
ii
- i
bull -
bull bull i - bull
i
bull
j bull 1
v r K
Li-
bull bull
bull bull
bull
L~-i
bull bull
-r^jir
WL-Li
bull-~ -4- r i
J
i r a
ii^kr rrr
- f i 4 i i i LLH
)
bull - -
^LrL-~
L-SLi
-Mi-L
i i
mdash i mdash
TTTTT^^
^ r t j
Li
xLi m
i qjis
LWTL
bull bull
-
- j r
bull J -H-i-f-
LL
bullrL bull
liLLLi
bull
iLri
ilp mdash gt - bull |
LiLL
z T
i bull ( bull
trrr
bull -H
Jill
10
bull bull r bull
LL
i
gt
bull i i | j
^
Tirrrir-
i ^ - ^ bull bull
LrlzL-
O T
- -f i -
f j
bull - gt bull bull bull bull bull bull mdash
fy
i
-bullbullbull P bullbull
bull bull
-mdash ---
_ i i
- ^ j - 1 1
bull - bull r - f -
gt
bull _
F i g 21
L-mdashZ--
_ bdquo
bull bull
- x
^ T -
i i j -
i i i
j bull
i i 1 |
bull i
bull bull 1 1
bull - ] -
il~L
- i i ~ t - bull bull bull
1 bull bull
gt 1 bull
- r-iri mdash -Vfmdash
i B
i
- i i ~
I-ILL
r
0
- | f c r
_ rlj jt
l l fs
ii
- i i -
--ZLT
i - _
t
J_ _
=j 4 -
poundJ-
ri-
It v
mdash
^J
i1-
-mdash r
illLiz
bull bull - - T r -
n
- bull -
bullH^iri mdash i
d
bull t
bull - bull | T
bull ^ - L 1 -i bull bull bull bull 1
bull bull |
1 i
| i bull i
| T- i
- jv -j bull
r-rH bull bull bull bull ] - |
bull -
1 -I L j
bull
-i
i
j
i
i
i
bull bull bull bull
bull i
___ _J_ i l i bull
i i 1 i
( bull | |
| bull bull bull i - bull bull |
1 bull
bull i i p i 1 t L
bull bull J bull bull bull bull
-rrH---i
-1-~~
-L
rr-
- _ U bull =
IS-
bull
bullLL
bullLL
-----i
Z--1-L
bullmdash-bullbull
bull r---
rmdashr~ 7|
j i
bull bull i
j
I
bull bull i
i |
mdash
T Gamma-scanning
Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
- 6 -
5 5 y-scanning
Longitudinal y-scanning was performed for all the six rods The
energy used for the y-scanning was 0 75 MeV (Zr-Nb) and the curves
a re reproduced in fig 19-24
5 6 Ceramography
According to the y-scanning the highest hea t - r a t ed pellets were
taken for ceramography The resul ts a re shown in fig 10-13 fig 10
from rod A fig 11-13 from rod D the same a rea at various magni shy
fications
5 7 Hydrogen pick-up
F r o m rod E six samples were taken for hydride m e a s u r e m e n t s
The reference m a r k is shown in fig 7 and fig 8 and 9 show the r e shy
sulting can after the samples were taken The resul ts a re given in
detail in fig 25 and are summar ized in table 5
6 DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS
6 1 Heat ratings and UP- t empera tu re effects
611 Thermal conductivity
With only one oxide thermocouple it is not possible to determine
the thermal conductivity of UO for the following reasons
a) the heat t ransfe r coefficient of the c learance between canning and
UO has a great influence
b) the assumed thermal neutron distribution and hence the heat
generation distr ibution cannot be checked
In addition to these points rod A which was equipped with the
thermocouple had an enrichment of 2 5 w o U-235 in the lower pa r t of
the rod (835 6 mm) and 2 8 w o U-235 in the upper pa r t of the rod
(878 4 mm) The other five rods had an enrichment of 2 8 w o U-235
along the whole length Hence the heat rating figure for the t h e r m o shy
couple rod in the plane where the thermocouple was positioned a re
not given in table 3 but the t empera tu re distribution in table 6 is ca l -
- 7 -
culated according to a linear heat output of 323 400 and 409 Wcm
respectively corresponding to a heat conductivity integral of 24 8
30 7 and 31 4 Wcm respectively
In ref [l 1 ] the integral values given in table IV are not corrected
either for the radial form factors the internal form factors or the
different enrichments The temperature figures corresponding to the
element power Q of approximately 340 kW (6407122320 6407160900
and 640721 1 410) which are 1395 1415 and 1 420 degC respectively are
about 20 C higher than those calculated with the recommended value of
heat transfer coefficient given in ref [14] (a - 10 Wc m bull C for an
assembly clearance of 0 01 6 cm) and with the thermal conductivity
value recommended by AB Atomenergi ref [2425] The agreement
is not so good at lower heat ratings - probably owing to an inproper
choice of a
612 Fission gas release
The values given in table 1 2 are very small The reason for this
is very clearly understood by comparing fig 1617 tables 1 3 7 and
8 The values in table 1 2 which are computed by the program FARMA
is fractional gas release (f g r ) in percent Fig 1 6 shows that the
higher element power of 340 kW is only achieved at the beginning of the
irradiation and table 1 shows that this power level only corresponds to
30 4 of the total burn-up So in fact in order to calculate the fission
gas release for the 340 kW period only one must multiply by the factor
_n which gives a f g r of 0 0 7
The explanation for this very low figure is given in tables 7 and 8
Even at the highest heat-rated rod D the volume of UO which is over
1 600 C is only 1 6 of the total volume The remarkably low f g r
values are therefore in full accord with experience If we assume no
fission gas release below 1600 C the result will be
1 0 0 100 bdquo w ^ f g- r 3Ouml74 T76 deg- 0 2 = 6
over 1600 degC
- 8 -
6 1 3 Grain growth
The same discussion as in point 6 1 Z gives the explanation for
the absence of gra in growth
6 2 Dimensional changes
6 2 1 Assemblies
The overal l stability of the bundle was surpr is ingly good No
bowing was detectable
6 2 2 Individual rods
The resu l t s a re summar ized in table 4 The dimensional changes
were smal l
6 3 Spacer design
6 3 1 Stability
As already mentioned in paragraph 6 2 1 the stabili ty of the
bundle was good
6 3 2 Fret t ing
As shown in fig 6 and 7 the fretting marks were smal l The
photographs show the wors t fretting mark of the whole bundle
6 3 3 Hydrogen pick-up
In table 5 and fig 25 the hydride content values a re given The
measurement s show a pronounced hydrogen pick-up in the vicinity of
the spacer
6 3 4 Crud deposition
The visual examination revealed a s t reaming pat tern behind the
spacer in the form of a very thin crud layer The thickness of the crud
does not seem to affect the heat t ransfe r appreciably
- 9 -
7 CONCLUSIONS FOR THE ACTUAL EXPERIMENT
7 1 Feasibi l i ty of long fuel s t r ingers
Long fuel s t r ingers are feasible
7 2 Deformation behaviour of a s ix - rod element
No deformation of the bundle was detected
7 3 The effect of the spacers
The chosen spacer design was good with respec t to stabili ty and
fretting but had a drawback in view of hydrogen pick-up
7 4 Thermal conductivity of UO
The experiment confirmed the out-of-pile data up to 1400 C with
a heat t ransfer coefficient of 1 0 Wcm bull C
- 10 -
8 REFERENCES
DJURLE S 1963 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMA-403 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-495 )
DJURLE S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RM-203 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMB-351 rev 1 )
GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RKS-1 61 )
BJOumlRZEacuteN H 1 964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -1 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t TPM-RFA-578 )
ERIKSSON E 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t AP-RMB-891 2-1 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RMB-550 )
JONASSON G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RKS-1 69 )
ROLSTAD E 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal r epor t EPB-305 )
HALLSTENSSON L 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-596 )
FORSBERG L GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t STK-1 78 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-541 )
ASPHAUG K 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal repor t DP-305 )
FILIPSSON B 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -2 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFA-559 )
FREDRIKSSON F 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFR-292 )
SVENSSON S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RFA-598 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-579 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMA-596 )
EDWALL B LUNDQVIST R 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t AP-RKK-98 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1967 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-71 0 )
VOGT J GRANDELL L RUNFORS U 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMB-527 )
RUNFORS U 1966 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RMB -1 089 )
- 12 -
9 LIST OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS USED
INDO integrated neutron dose and burn-up p r o g r a m
SLIRMA loop p r o g r a m in genera l
FIRMA neutron flux from Co-moni tors
FARMA fission gas re lease
GORMA dimensional changes
BURMA chemical burn-up measurement
TERMA t empera tu re distr ibution
VORMA volume distribution
STARMA s ta t i s t ics p r o g r a m
KORRMA corre la t ion p r o g r a m
S Svensson
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
B Danielsson
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
P r o g r a m 1 is descr ibed in detail in ref [193 and p rog rams 2-10
descr ibed in ref [23]
- 13 -
10 LIST OF FIGURES
1 Top plug with gauge plug
2 Spacer
3 Upper end of the bundle
4 Upper end of the bundle
5 Lower end of the bundle
6 Fre t t ing m a r k on spacer
7 Fret t ing m a r k on rod E
8 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
9 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
1 0 T ransve r sa l cut rod A in axial maximum
1 1 T r a n s v e r s a l cut rod D in axial maximum
1 2 Detail of fig 11 1 4 x magnification
1 3 Detail of fig 1 1 500 x magnification
14 Fuel bundle bottom after i r radia t ion
1 5 Fuel bundle top after i r radia t ion
1 6 I r radiat ion his tory
1 7 Diagram over cer ta in heat data as a function of channel power
1 8 Goliath gauges
19- Y s c a n n ^ n g curves 24
25 The samples for the hydride measu remen t
T A B L E 1
I r r a d i a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s
E l e m e n t T i m e B u r n - u p
P o w e r P
kW Days MWd
P = 0 43 2 19 5
0 lt P lt 100 16 7 7 6 0 9 2 1
100 pound P lt 200 9 6 4 3 15 3 3
200 ^ P lt 300 1 1 0 7 50 1 29 1 6 4 2
300 pound P 40 8 18 5 1 3 8 30 4
T o t a l 2 2 1 0 100 0 4 5 3 1 0 0 0
T A B L E 2
B u r n - u p by m e a n s of c h e m i c a l - m a s s p e c t r o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s
Rod F IMA F I M A M W d t U 0 2 Ton UO- MWd
Max A v e r a g e A v e r a g e
A 5 50 bull 1 0 3 4 08 bull 10
B 5 16 4 0 6
C 4 52 3 56
D 5 55 4 3 6
E 5 4 3 4 2 7
F 4 74 3 73
To ta l
3420 2 164 bull 10 7 40
3400 2 1 70 7 38
2980 2171 6 4 7
3660 2 1 7 4 7 96
3580 2 1 7 4 7 78
3130 2 1 7 3 6 8 0
43 79
TABLE 3
Radial form factors FRAP l inear heat output Q(2 75) and Q(340)
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1068
1 003
0 877
1 077
1 054
0920
Q(275)
Wcm
-
271
237
291
285
248
Q(340)
Wcm
-
335
293
360
352
307
TABLE 4
Dimensional changes ridge heights and U 0 0 s tack movement
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1 068
1003
0877
1 077
1 054
0912
Length
oo
-
+ 79
+ 78
+ 87
+ 94
+ 76
Diamete Max |im
- 15
+ 7
+ 9
+ 6
+ 18
- 2
r Min (j m
+ 5
+ 19
+ 11
+ 11
+ 1 3
+ 3
bullc
Ridge height | j m
5
5
10
5
3
13
UO s tack movement deg oo
1 5
1 2
1 1
9
14
4
T A B L E 5
H y d r i d e f o r m a t i o n
Rod E
S p a c e r No ( f rom bo t tom) 3
Height over b o t t o m ( c m ) 88
Outs ide can t e m p e r a t u r e ( C) 245
H y d r i d e con ten t of the c a n ( p p m )
j u s t be low s p a c e r 65
con t ac t po in t 1 80
R e f e r e n c e (n o n - i r r a d i a t e d ) 35
T A B L E 6
T e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( C) r o d A ( t h e r m o c o u p l e )
Rad ius
( m m )
0 00
0 50
1 00
1 50
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 50
5 00
5 50
6 0 0
6 23
E l e m e n t
275
1082
1077
1060
1033
995
947
891
826
755
6 79
598
515
431
391
p o w e r (kW)
340
1 379
1371
1 347
1 308
1255
1187
1107
101 7
91 7
811
700
589
477
426
348
1 416
140 7
1 383
1 343
1287
1217
1 1 34
1040
937
827
71 3
59 7
483
430
TABLE 7
Tempera tu re distr ibution ( C) rod D
Radius Element power (kW)
(mm) 275 340
0 00
0 5 0
1 00
150
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 5 0
5 00
5 50
6 00
6 2 3
1255
1248
1227
1193
1146
1087
1017
937
850
756
658
558
459
412
1618
1609
1580
1532
1466
1383
1 284
1171
1048
91 7
781
646
51 3
452
TABLE 8
Integrated volumes for rod D
Tempera tu re 275 kW 3
interval cm
300 - 500 60 0
500 - 600 40 5
600 - 700 32 0
700 - 800 24 5
800 - 900 ] 8 8
900 - 1000 14 4
1000 - 11 00 10 5
1 100 - 1200 6 8
1200 - 1300 1 9
1 300 - 1400 0 0
1400 - 1500
1500 - 1600
1600 - 1700
1 700 - 1800
340 kW
c m 3
2 8 7
19 4
1 5 3
1 1 7
9 0
6 9
5 0
3 3
8 9
0 0
3 7 0
32 8
29 8
24 5
19 8
16 3
13 4
11 0
9 0
7 1
5 3
3 2
0 2
0 0
17 7
15 7
1 4 3
1 1 7
9 5
7 8
6 4
5 3
4 3
3 4
2 5
15
0 1
0 0
Crud measuremen t s
The positions of the samples a re given in the sketch below
Top F6 F4 F 5 F3 Bottom Fuel element
FZ outside
Fl inside Shroud
TABLE 9
Crud deposition (ngcm )
F e Ni C r Z r
F l
F2
F 3
F 4
F 5
F6
32
4
8
8
8
12
8
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
5
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
gt 2
gt 2
15
15
gt 2
gt 2
TABLE 10
The crud activit ies 22 9 65 (dps cm )
C o - 5 i Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
Fl
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
8 5-
34-
56-
7 5-
5 2-
4 7-
10^ 1 2 - 1 0 ^ 3 8 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 9 7 1 0
10^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 - 1 0 ^ 3 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 0 - 1 0
l O 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 6 9 - 10^
l O 2 0 - l 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 9 0 - 1 0
l O 2 0 - 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 ^ 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 - 1 0 ^ 1 3 0 - 1 0
l O 7 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 - 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 6 4 - 1 0 1 7 - 1 0
TABLE 1 1
Specific activit ies (dpsmg Fe)
C o - 5 8 Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
F6
F4
F5
F3
Fl
F2
6
TABLE 1 2
F i ss ion gas re lease ()
Rod B D
Kr
Xe
-
-
002
002
003
003
0 02
0 03
0 02
002
0 02
0 02
3 9 2 - 1 0 ^ 6 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 5 3 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 4 2 1 0
9 3 7 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 3 7 - 1 0 ^
6 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 1 0 ^ 1 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 9 5 - 1 0 1 6 3 - 1 0
7 0 - 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 0 1 8 8 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 6 3 - 1 0 ^
2 6 6 - 1 0 ^ 3 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 9 1 0 7 1 9 1 0 ^ 7 5 - 1 0 3 0 3 - 1 0 ^
8 5 lt 1 0 5 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 4 5 - 1 0
F i g 1 Top plug with gauge plug
F ig 2 Spacer
Fig 3 Upper end of the bundle F ig 4 Upper end of the bundle
F ig 5 Lower end of the bundle
t
Fig 6
F- -
4 5x
bull
bullaumlW^
Fig 7
Wr-
4 5x
amp
K bull i- m
Fig 8 4 5x Fig 9 4 5x
F i g 1 O 4 5x F i g 11 4 5x
8Epoundli2amp
F i e 12 14x F i g 1 3 500 x
Fig 1 4 Through cell window
ml
8hfegt- laquo IgUtMIKflr i l - V T - rv
s-
jpj^EacuteASfe-laquobullbull bullilPfff
laquo -bull
Fig 1 5 Through cell window
i
bull i
T~-~
bull- l
bull bull bull - bull - - bull
bull bull bull bull i mdash
bull - - bull bull
L~Hr^
- j
) bull bull
bull bull bull
i i i i i i
i
bull mdash - bull - -
-
T
-bull
bull bull bull - bull mdash mdash
j - bull bull bull
bull bull
- 1 - bull
i bull bull
- r
bull - i i
i
jjU
bdquo _
bull bull
3e
-----
bull - -
bull - mdash -
- bull mdash i
Tii iampr
iiili
bullT-
i
i t -
i i
v
bull i bull
bull -
_-
d c
T I
| bull
bull
gt
I r r a d i a t i o n h i s t o r y
- C h a n n e l p o w e r in kW as a funct ion of i n - c o r e t i m e
^ ~ - -
bdquo
---
_ _
r
i r bull
m-v Hi i i ^ i i iH
iEK i i
- i i
~Fi
bull _
bull bull
m - bull bull bull bull
i iii
iYil
T
bullrill--l-
bull bull
j bull - _
bull bull
1
bull i -
bull
7H 7
bull
ui-i
jllUlIiL
- - bull
rn __
ji 1
bull -
bull i i
bull U
i|
i L
viii
r
bull T
LiLi
bull i i i
j -
| - bull bull bull bull
L _ 1 i
i bull
bull bull
bull
bull
---[[
i 1-
i ^
---
-
i
_ _
r f i i i
- - - - - bull mdash - bull - - J - mdash r
bull bull bull bull bull | bull 1
bull
bull bull i bull bull bull i
f
I bull 1
-
1
bull
bull bull bull
bull
1
bulli
r
bull-v-
j
bull bull
iiiii
bull
bull
bull
bull i - i bull -
i bull 1
--mdash
i
___mdash|
i
i
bull i -
mdash t i
- i ir
i
c
bull 1
bull bull
1
----
bull bull bull bull bull
Mh i
bull bull bull bull
bull
i
1 bull
i
bull bull bull
bull -Iii i T i
- bull bull bull
i i i i
mdash i mdash mdash i
_
J i i i - bull bull bull bull
ii i
bull
mdashti i - i bull
ii^
-
m i -
i
- iii-iiiii
i]i-i
|
i - - - -I
F i g 16
Bpl i i bull
bull _
iii
_
ii
ii
ii
t
o
o iw
bull i
i bull
i bull i 1 bull
i ^ bull bull bull
J L i
i-
1
-i
i
bull bull
- bull bull
bull
i
i
I
i
i bull
iLij i
bull bull bull bull
i i i i y
gt
i
r-iI 1
r bullbull--bull
iii
i i
i i
1
i
bull bull - J
i i bull
bull bull
mdash V
- mdash - mdash bull bull
i - _
mdashmdash
bull j
|
i -
i i i - i
o
o o CM
O
H
O O r-i
LPl
X K CM
Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
-LLL
f
bull bull
- - t bull bull
bull bull
St---bull bull L _
- i bull bull bull
i
bull[-bull
r--
bdquo
r_ t
t t
i
- i
i
LLi
I bullbull
bull-
(
[ bull bull
) bull
i i
bull bullbullbullbull- ) -
i i bull
it bull j |
j bullbull t -
bull bull
-tr-f --bull
r-rrr-T
bulliir
i - j bull bull bull
t
1 bull i -
I i t
i
mdash-vr
- 1 - - -
-
~zzLY
iaE^f ^ T p f
- - ( mdash bull laquo mdash
iblL
-bullbull
~L]-
-7T 1TJ FT
_ui
iiLilLLL
mdash i bull 1
1C
L-mdash-L-
LzzY
LLL1--
zj
LLi-L
-mdash
H-
i-i
^rTTTL
i l ~ i
i H W OU_
i
bull bull
bull bull r
LLii][ -
EriJpi
Sni i T IT
HTTI
LL-L-
bull[
i -t - i -r
] bull
m - bull -
i
LI T o p i i
if i
fcN-ii]jjiFrii
bull pound - 1 T - i bullbull
~ f bull bull bull bull [ bull bull bull bull -
bull | - i -M
1 i
bull - i f f bullbull f --T i
i pound 1 bull S
bull M - i -i j bull
-nkpound-I J ^ bull
bull bull i
H--- U-
bull i 1
mdash
|
t bull bull bull
bull -
j r - i bull 5 1
^ r r
--Trii ^
F gt
- 4 j
r r r r l r t
- r _ i l ^
-i i f
HTrpiP
bull bull
laquo
bull
rf1-r i
~rr
LLLLL1
T-Y~l
] i
i
T~~ t i r r
i r i i r i i i i
LYr-lL
H P
bull bull [
bull
L-----
LllLL
7 - p n f
bull - bull f r - - -
-
mdash i -
- -bullL bull - bull bull
TrHiii i i
bull
I
T
ipi
MP C
bull bull
I
bullLTLi-
L1LL
L-1L1
--bull ~ -
bull
I
-- -
i i t i i i r ril_
ri-j-T i i i i
~L i i t i
i
i ^ H
bull
bulli r~-
LLL
LL- i - i - -
y
r i i - |
r raquo i
-
- i r
bull h bull bull
_
bull I bullbull
ii
- i
bull -
bull bull i - bull
i
bull
j bull 1
v r K
Li-
bull bull
bull bull
bull
L~-i
bull bull
-r^jir
WL-Li
bull-~ -4- r i
J
i r a
ii^kr rrr
- f i 4 i i i LLH
)
bull - -
^LrL-~
L-SLi
-Mi-L
i i
mdash i mdash
TTTTT^^
^ r t j
Li
xLi m
i qjis
LWTL
bull bull
-
- j r
bull J -H-i-f-
LL
bullrL bull
liLLLi
bull
iLri
ilp mdash gt - bull |
LiLL
z T
i bull ( bull
trrr
bull -H
Jill
10
bull bull r bull
LL
i
gt
bull i i | j
^
Tirrrir-
i ^ - ^ bull bull
LrlzL-
O T
- -f i -
f j
bull - gt bull bull bull bull bull bull mdash
fy
i
-bullbullbull P bullbull
bull bull
-mdash ---
_ i i
- ^ j - 1 1
bull - bull r - f -
gt
bull _
F i g 21
L-mdashZ--
_ bdquo
bull bull
- x
^ T -
i i j -
i i i
j bull
i i 1 |
bull i
bull bull 1 1
bull - ] -
il~L
- i i ~ t - bull bull bull
1 bull bull
gt 1 bull
- r-iri mdash -Vfmdash
i B
i
- i i ~
I-ILL
r
0
- | f c r
_ rlj jt
l l fs
ii
- i i -
--ZLT
i - _
t
J_ _
=j 4 -
poundJ-
ri-
It v
mdash
^J
i1-
-mdash r
illLiz
bull bull - - T r -
n
- bull -
bullH^iri mdash i
d
bull t
bull - bull | T
bull ^ - L 1 -i bull bull bull bull 1
bull bull |
1 i
| i bull i
| T- i
- jv -j bull
r-rH bull bull bull bull ] - |
bull -
1 -I L j
bull
-i
i
j
i
i
i
bull bull bull bull
bull i
___ _J_ i l i bull
i i 1 i
( bull | |
| bull bull bull i - bull bull |
1 bull
bull i i p i 1 t L
bull bull J bull bull bull bull
-rrH---i
-1-~~
-L
rr-
- _ U bull =
IS-
bull
bullLL
bullLL
-----i
Z--1-L
bullmdash-bullbull
bull r---
rmdashr~ 7|
j i
bull bull i
j
I
bull bull i
i |
mdash
T Gamma-scanning
Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
- 7 -
culated according to a linear heat output of 323 400 and 409 Wcm
respectively corresponding to a heat conductivity integral of 24 8
30 7 and 31 4 Wcm respectively
In ref [l 1 ] the integral values given in table IV are not corrected
either for the radial form factors the internal form factors or the
different enrichments The temperature figures corresponding to the
element power Q of approximately 340 kW (6407122320 6407160900
and 640721 1 410) which are 1395 1415 and 1 420 degC respectively are
about 20 C higher than those calculated with the recommended value of
heat transfer coefficient given in ref [14] (a - 10 Wc m bull C for an
assembly clearance of 0 01 6 cm) and with the thermal conductivity
value recommended by AB Atomenergi ref [2425] The agreement
is not so good at lower heat ratings - probably owing to an inproper
choice of a
612 Fission gas release
The values given in table 1 2 are very small The reason for this
is very clearly understood by comparing fig 1617 tables 1 3 7 and
8 The values in table 1 2 which are computed by the program FARMA
is fractional gas release (f g r ) in percent Fig 1 6 shows that the
higher element power of 340 kW is only achieved at the beginning of the
irradiation and table 1 shows that this power level only corresponds to
30 4 of the total burn-up So in fact in order to calculate the fission
gas release for the 340 kW period only one must multiply by the factor
_n which gives a f g r of 0 0 7
The explanation for this very low figure is given in tables 7 and 8
Even at the highest heat-rated rod D the volume of UO which is over
1 600 C is only 1 6 of the total volume The remarkably low f g r
values are therefore in full accord with experience If we assume no
fission gas release below 1600 C the result will be
1 0 0 100 bdquo w ^ f g- r 3Ouml74 T76 deg- 0 2 = 6
over 1600 degC
- 8 -
6 1 3 Grain growth
The same discussion as in point 6 1 Z gives the explanation for
the absence of gra in growth
6 2 Dimensional changes
6 2 1 Assemblies
The overal l stability of the bundle was surpr is ingly good No
bowing was detectable
6 2 2 Individual rods
The resu l t s a re summar ized in table 4 The dimensional changes
were smal l
6 3 Spacer design
6 3 1 Stability
As already mentioned in paragraph 6 2 1 the stabili ty of the
bundle was good
6 3 2 Fret t ing
As shown in fig 6 and 7 the fretting marks were smal l The
photographs show the wors t fretting mark of the whole bundle
6 3 3 Hydrogen pick-up
In table 5 and fig 25 the hydride content values a re given The
measurement s show a pronounced hydrogen pick-up in the vicinity of
the spacer
6 3 4 Crud deposition
The visual examination revealed a s t reaming pat tern behind the
spacer in the form of a very thin crud layer The thickness of the crud
does not seem to affect the heat t ransfe r appreciably
- 9 -
7 CONCLUSIONS FOR THE ACTUAL EXPERIMENT
7 1 Feasibi l i ty of long fuel s t r ingers
Long fuel s t r ingers are feasible
7 2 Deformation behaviour of a s ix - rod element
No deformation of the bundle was detected
7 3 The effect of the spacers
The chosen spacer design was good with respec t to stabili ty and
fretting but had a drawback in view of hydrogen pick-up
7 4 Thermal conductivity of UO
The experiment confirmed the out-of-pile data up to 1400 C with
a heat t ransfer coefficient of 1 0 Wcm bull C
- 10 -
8 REFERENCES
DJURLE S 1963 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMA-403 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-495 )
DJURLE S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RM-203 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMB-351 rev 1 )
GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RKS-1 61 )
BJOumlRZEacuteN H 1 964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -1 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t TPM-RFA-578 )
ERIKSSON E 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t AP-RMB-891 2-1 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RMB-550 )
JONASSON G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RKS-1 69 )
ROLSTAD E 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal r epor t EPB-305 )
HALLSTENSSON L 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-596 )
FORSBERG L GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t STK-1 78 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-541 )
ASPHAUG K 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal repor t DP-305 )
FILIPSSON B 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -2 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFA-559 )
FREDRIKSSON F 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFR-292 )
SVENSSON S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RFA-598 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-579 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMA-596 )
EDWALL B LUNDQVIST R 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t AP-RKK-98 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1967 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-71 0 )
VOGT J GRANDELL L RUNFORS U 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMB-527 )
RUNFORS U 1966 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RMB -1 089 )
- 12 -
9 LIST OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS USED
INDO integrated neutron dose and burn-up p r o g r a m
SLIRMA loop p r o g r a m in genera l
FIRMA neutron flux from Co-moni tors
FARMA fission gas re lease
GORMA dimensional changes
BURMA chemical burn-up measurement
TERMA t empera tu re distr ibution
VORMA volume distribution
STARMA s ta t i s t ics p r o g r a m
KORRMA corre la t ion p r o g r a m
S Svensson
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
B Danielsson
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
P r o g r a m 1 is descr ibed in detail in ref [193 and p rog rams 2-10
descr ibed in ref [23]
- 13 -
10 LIST OF FIGURES
1 Top plug with gauge plug
2 Spacer
3 Upper end of the bundle
4 Upper end of the bundle
5 Lower end of the bundle
6 Fre t t ing m a r k on spacer
7 Fret t ing m a r k on rod E
8 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
9 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
1 0 T ransve r sa l cut rod A in axial maximum
1 1 T r a n s v e r s a l cut rod D in axial maximum
1 2 Detail of fig 11 1 4 x magnification
1 3 Detail of fig 1 1 500 x magnification
14 Fuel bundle bottom after i r radia t ion
1 5 Fuel bundle top after i r radia t ion
1 6 I r radiat ion his tory
1 7 Diagram over cer ta in heat data as a function of channel power
1 8 Goliath gauges
19- Y s c a n n ^ n g curves 24
25 The samples for the hydride measu remen t
T A B L E 1
I r r a d i a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s
E l e m e n t T i m e B u r n - u p
P o w e r P
kW Days MWd
P = 0 43 2 19 5
0 lt P lt 100 16 7 7 6 0 9 2 1
100 pound P lt 200 9 6 4 3 15 3 3
200 ^ P lt 300 1 1 0 7 50 1 29 1 6 4 2
300 pound P 40 8 18 5 1 3 8 30 4
T o t a l 2 2 1 0 100 0 4 5 3 1 0 0 0
T A B L E 2
B u r n - u p by m e a n s of c h e m i c a l - m a s s p e c t r o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s
Rod F IMA F I M A M W d t U 0 2 Ton UO- MWd
Max A v e r a g e A v e r a g e
A 5 50 bull 1 0 3 4 08 bull 10
B 5 16 4 0 6
C 4 52 3 56
D 5 55 4 3 6
E 5 4 3 4 2 7
F 4 74 3 73
To ta l
3420 2 164 bull 10 7 40
3400 2 1 70 7 38
2980 2171 6 4 7
3660 2 1 7 4 7 96
3580 2 1 7 4 7 78
3130 2 1 7 3 6 8 0
43 79
TABLE 3
Radial form factors FRAP l inear heat output Q(2 75) and Q(340)
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1068
1 003
0 877
1 077
1 054
0920
Q(275)
Wcm
-
271
237
291
285
248
Q(340)
Wcm
-
335
293
360
352
307
TABLE 4
Dimensional changes ridge heights and U 0 0 s tack movement
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1 068
1003
0877
1 077
1 054
0912
Length
oo
-
+ 79
+ 78
+ 87
+ 94
+ 76
Diamete Max |im
- 15
+ 7
+ 9
+ 6
+ 18
- 2
r Min (j m
+ 5
+ 19
+ 11
+ 11
+ 1 3
+ 3
bullc
Ridge height | j m
5
5
10
5
3
13
UO s tack movement deg oo
1 5
1 2
1 1
9
14
4
T A B L E 5
H y d r i d e f o r m a t i o n
Rod E
S p a c e r No ( f rom bo t tom) 3
Height over b o t t o m ( c m ) 88
Outs ide can t e m p e r a t u r e ( C) 245
H y d r i d e con ten t of the c a n ( p p m )
j u s t be low s p a c e r 65
con t ac t po in t 1 80
R e f e r e n c e (n o n - i r r a d i a t e d ) 35
T A B L E 6
T e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( C) r o d A ( t h e r m o c o u p l e )
Rad ius
( m m )
0 00
0 50
1 00
1 50
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 50
5 00
5 50
6 0 0
6 23
E l e m e n t
275
1082
1077
1060
1033
995
947
891
826
755
6 79
598
515
431
391
p o w e r (kW)
340
1 379
1371
1 347
1 308
1255
1187
1107
101 7
91 7
811
700
589
477
426
348
1 416
140 7
1 383
1 343
1287
1217
1 1 34
1040
937
827
71 3
59 7
483
430
TABLE 7
Tempera tu re distr ibution ( C) rod D
Radius Element power (kW)
(mm) 275 340
0 00
0 5 0
1 00
150
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 5 0
5 00
5 50
6 00
6 2 3
1255
1248
1227
1193
1146
1087
1017
937
850
756
658
558
459
412
1618
1609
1580
1532
1466
1383
1 284
1171
1048
91 7
781
646
51 3
452
TABLE 8
Integrated volumes for rod D
Tempera tu re 275 kW 3
interval cm
300 - 500 60 0
500 - 600 40 5
600 - 700 32 0
700 - 800 24 5
800 - 900 ] 8 8
900 - 1000 14 4
1000 - 11 00 10 5
1 100 - 1200 6 8
1200 - 1300 1 9
1 300 - 1400 0 0
1400 - 1500
1500 - 1600
1600 - 1700
1 700 - 1800
340 kW
c m 3
2 8 7
19 4
1 5 3
1 1 7
9 0
6 9
5 0
3 3
8 9
0 0
3 7 0
32 8
29 8
24 5
19 8
16 3
13 4
11 0
9 0
7 1
5 3
3 2
0 2
0 0
17 7
15 7
1 4 3
1 1 7
9 5
7 8
6 4
5 3
4 3
3 4
2 5
15
0 1
0 0
Crud measuremen t s
The positions of the samples a re given in the sketch below
Top F6 F4 F 5 F3 Bottom Fuel element
FZ outside
Fl inside Shroud
TABLE 9
Crud deposition (ngcm )
F e Ni C r Z r
F l
F2
F 3
F 4
F 5
F6
32
4
8
8
8
12
8
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
5
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
gt 2
gt 2
15
15
gt 2
gt 2
TABLE 10
The crud activit ies 22 9 65 (dps cm )
C o - 5 i Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
Fl
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
8 5-
34-
56-
7 5-
5 2-
4 7-
10^ 1 2 - 1 0 ^ 3 8 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 9 7 1 0
10^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 - 1 0 ^ 3 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 0 - 1 0
l O 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 6 9 - 10^
l O 2 0 - l 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 9 0 - 1 0
l O 2 0 - 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 ^ 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 - 1 0 ^ 1 3 0 - 1 0
l O 7 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 - 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 6 4 - 1 0 1 7 - 1 0
TABLE 1 1
Specific activit ies (dpsmg Fe)
C o - 5 8 Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
F6
F4
F5
F3
Fl
F2
6
TABLE 1 2
F i ss ion gas re lease ()
Rod B D
Kr
Xe
-
-
002
002
003
003
0 02
0 03
0 02
002
0 02
0 02
3 9 2 - 1 0 ^ 6 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 5 3 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 4 2 1 0
9 3 7 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 3 7 - 1 0 ^
6 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 1 0 ^ 1 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 9 5 - 1 0 1 6 3 - 1 0
7 0 - 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 0 1 8 8 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 6 3 - 1 0 ^
2 6 6 - 1 0 ^ 3 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 9 1 0 7 1 9 1 0 ^ 7 5 - 1 0 3 0 3 - 1 0 ^
8 5 lt 1 0 5 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 4 5 - 1 0
F i g 1 Top plug with gauge plug
F ig 2 Spacer
Fig 3 Upper end of the bundle F ig 4 Upper end of the bundle
F ig 5 Lower end of the bundle
t
Fig 6
F- -
4 5x
bull
bullaumlW^
Fig 7
Wr-
4 5x
amp
K bull i- m
Fig 8 4 5x Fig 9 4 5x
F i g 1 O 4 5x F i g 11 4 5x
8Epoundli2amp
F i e 12 14x F i g 1 3 500 x
Fig 1 4 Through cell window
ml
8hfegt- laquo IgUtMIKflr i l - V T - rv
s-
jpj^EacuteASfe-laquobullbull bullilPfff
laquo -bull
Fig 1 5 Through cell window
i
bull i
T~-~
bull- l
bull bull bull - bull - - bull
bull bull bull bull i mdash
bull - - bull bull
L~Hr^
- j
) bull bull
bull bull bull
i i i i i i
i
bull mdash - bull - -
-
T
-bull
bull bull bull - bull mdash mdash
j - bull bull bull
bull bull
- 1 - bull
i bull bull
- r
bull - i i
i
jjU
bdquo _
bull bull
3e
-----
bull - -
bull - mdash -
- bull mdash i
Tii iampr
iiili
bullT-
i
i t -
i i
v
bull i bull
bull -
_-
d c
T I
| bull
bull
gt
I r r a d i a t i o n h i s t o r y
- C h a n n e l p o w e r in kW as a funct ion of i n - c o r e t i m e
^ ~ - -
bdquo
---
_ _
r
i r bull
m-v Hi i i ^ i i iH
iEK i i
- i i
~Fi
bull _
bull bull
m - bull bull bull bull
i iii
iYil
T
bullrill--l-
bull bull
j bull - _
bull bull
1
bull i -
bull
7H 7
bull
ui-i
jllUlIiL
- - bull
rn __
ji 1
bull -
bull i i
bull U
i|
i L
viii
r
bull T
LiLi
bull i i i
j -
| - bull bull bull bull
L _ 1 i
i bull
bull bull
bull
bull
---[[
i 1-
i ^
---
-
i
_ _
r f i i i
- - - - - bull mdash - bull - - J - mdash r
bull bull bull bull bull | bull 1
bull
bull bull i bull bull bull i
f
I bull 1
-
1
bull
bull bull bull
bull
1
bulli
r
bull-v-
j
bull bull
iiiii
bull
bull
bull
bull i - i bull -
i bull 1
--mdash
i
___mdash|
i
i
bull i -
mdash t i
- i ir
i
c
bull 1
bull bull
1
----
bull bull bull bull bull
Mh i
bull bull bull bull
bull
i
1 bull
i
bull bull bull
bull -Iii i T i
- bull bull bull
i i i i
mdash i mdash mdash i
_
J i i i - bull bull bull bull
ii i
bull
mdashti i - i bull
ii^
-
m i -
i
- iii-iiiii
i]i-i
|
i - - - -I
F i g 16
Bpl i i bull
bull _
iii
_
ii
ii
ii
t
o
o iw
bull i
i bull
i bull i 1 bull
i ^ bull bull bull
J L i
i-
1
-i
i
bull bull
- bull bull
bull
i
i
I
i
i bull
iLij i
bull bull bull bull
i i i i y
gt
i
r-iI 1
r bullbull--bull
iii
i i
i i
1
i
bull bull - J
i i bull
bull bull
mdash V
- mdash - mdash bull bull
i - _
mdashmdash
bull j
|
i -
i i i - i
o
o o CM
O
H
O O r-i
LPl
X K CM
Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
-LLL
f
bull bull
- - t bull bull
bull bull
St---bull bull L _
- i bull bull bull
i
bull[-bull
r--
bdquo
r_ t
t t
i
- i
i
LLi
I bullbull
bull-
(
[ bull bull
) bull
i i
bull bullbullbullbull- ) -
i i bull
it bull j |
j bullbull t -
bull bull
-tr-f --bull
r-rrr-T
bulliir
i - j bull bull bull
t
1 bull i -
I i t
i
mdash-vr
- 1 - - -
-
~zzLY
iaE^f ^ T p f
- - ( mdash bull laquo mdash
iblL
-bullbull
~L]-
-7T 1TJ FT
_ui
iiLilLLL
mdash i bull 1
1C
L-mdash-L-
LzzY
LLL1--
zj
LLi-L
-mdash
H-
i-i
^rTTTL
i l ~ i
i H W OU_
i
bull bull
bull bull r
LLii][ -
EriJpi
Sni i T IT
HTTI
LL-L-
bull[
i -t - i -r
] bull
m - bull -
i
LI T o p i i
if i
fcN-ii]jjiFrii
bull pound - 1 T - i bullbull
~ f bull bull bull bull [ bull bull bull bull -
bull | - i -M
1 i
bull - i f f bullbull f --T i
i pound 1 bull S
bull M - i -i j bull
-nkpound-I J ^ bull
bull bull i
H--- U-
bull i 1
mdash
|
t bull bull bull
bull -
j r - i bull 5 1
^ r r
--Trii ^
F gt
- 4 j
r r r r l r t
- r _ i l ^
-i i f
HTrpiP
bull bull
laquo
bull
rf1-r i
~rr
LLLLL1
T-Y~l
] i
i
T~~ t i r r
i r i i r i i i i
LYr-lL
H P
bull bull [
bull
L-----
LllLL
7 - p n f
bull - bull f r - - -
-
mdash i -
- -bullL bull - bull bull
TrHiii i i
bull
I
T
ipi
MP C
bull bull
I
bullLTLi-
L1LL
L-1L1
--bull ~ -
bull
I
-- -
i i t i i i r ril_
ri-j-T i i i i
~L i i t i
i
i ^ H
bull
bulli r~-
LLL
LL- i - i - -
y
r i i - |
r raquo i
-
- i r
bull h bull bull
_
bull I bullbull
ii
- i
bull -
bull bull i - bull
i
bull
j bull 1
v r K
Li-
bull bull
bull bull
bull
L~-i
bull bull
-r^jir
WL-Li
bull-~ -4- r i
J
i r a
ii^kr rrr
- f i 4 i i i LLH
)
bull - -
^LrL-~
L-SLi
-Mi-L
i i
mdash i mdash
TTTTT^^
^ r t j
Li
xLi m
i qjis
LWTL
bull bull
-
- j r
bull J -H-i-f-
LL
bullrL bull
liLLLi
bull
iLri
ilp mdash gt - bull |
LiLL
z T
i bull ( bull
trrr
bull -H
Jill
10
bull bull r bull
LL
i
gt
bull i i | j
^
Tirrrir-
i ^ - ^ bull bull
LrlzL-
O T
- -f i -
f j
bull - gt bull bull bull bull bull bull mdash
fy
i
-bullbullbull P bullbull
bull bull
-mdash ---
_ i i
- ^ j - 1 1
bull - bull r - f -
gt
bull _
F i g 21
L-mdashZ--
_ bdquo
bull bull
- x
^ T -
i i j -
i i i
j bull
i i 1 |
bull i
bull bull 1 1
bull - ] -
il~L
- i i ~ t - bull bull bull
1 bull bull
gt 1 bull
- r-iri mdash -Vfmdash
i B
i
- i i ~
I-ILL
r
0
- | f c r
_ rlj jt
l l fs
ii
- i i -
--ZLT
i - _
t
J_ _
=j 4 -
poundJ-
ri-
It v
mdash
^J
i1-
-mdash r
illLiz
bull bull - - T r -
n
- bull -
bullH^iri mdash i
d
bull t
bull - bull | T
bull ^ - L 1 -i bull bull bull bull 1
bull bull |
1 i
| i bull i
| T- i
- jv -j bull
r-rH bull bull bull bull ] - |
bull -
1 -I L j
bull
-i
i
j
i
i
i
bull bull bull bull
bull i
___ _J_ i l i bull
i i 1 i
( bull | |
| bull bull bull i - bull bull |
1 bull
bull i i p i 1 t L
bull bull J bull bull bull bull
-rrH---i
-1-~~
-L
rr-
- _ U bull =
IS-
bull
bullLL
bullLL
-----i
Z--1-L
bullmdash-bullbull
bull r---
rmdashr~ 7|
j i
bull bull i
j
I
bull bull i
i |
mdash
T Gamma-scanning
Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
- 8 -
6 1 3 Grain growth
The same discussion as in point 6 1 Z gives the explanation for
the absence of gra in growth
6 2 Dimensional changes
6 2 1 Assemblies
The overal l stability of the bundle was surpr is ingly good No
bowing was detectable
6 2 2 Individual rods
The resu l t s a re summar ized in table 4 The dimensional changes
were smal l
6 3 Spacer design
6 3 1 Stability
As already mentioned in paragraph 6 2 1 the stabili ty of the
bundle was good
6 3 2 Fret t ing
As shown in fig 6 and 7 the fretting marks were smal l The
photographs show the wors t fretting mark of the whole bundle
6 3 3 Hydrogen pick-up
In table 5 and fig 25 the hydride content values a re given The
measurement s show a pronounced hydrogen pick-up in the vicinity of
the spacer
6 3 4 Crud deposition
The visual examination revealed a s t reaming pat tern behind the
spacer in the form of a very thin crud layer The thickness of the crud
does not seem to affect the heat t ransfe r appreciably
- 9 -
7 CONCLUSIONS FOR THE ACTUAL EXPERIMENT
7 1 Feasibi l i ty of long fuel s t r ingers
Long fuel s t r ingers are feasible
7 2 Deformation behaviour of a s ix - rod element
No deformation of the bundle was detected
7 3 The effect of the spacers
The chosen spacer design was good with respec t to stabili ty and
fretting but had a drawback in view of hydrogen pick-up
7 4 Thermal conductivity of UO
The experiment confirmed the out-of-pile data up to 1400 C with
a heat t ransfer coefficient of 1 0 Wcm bull C
- 10 -
8 REFERENCES
DJURLE S 1963 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMA-403 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-495 )
DJURLE S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RM-203 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMB-351 rev 1 )
GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RKS-1 61 )
BJOumlRZEacuteN H 1 964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -1 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t TPM-RFA-578 )
ERIKSSON E 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t AP-RMB-891 2-1 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RMB-550 )
JONASSON G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RKS-1 69 )
ROLSTAD E 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal r epor t EPB-305 )
HALLSTENSSON L 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-596 )
FORSBERG L GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t STK-1 78 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-541 )
ASPHAUG K 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal repor t DP-305 )
FILIPSSON B 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -2 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFA-559 )
FREDRIKSSON F 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFR-292 )
SVENSSON S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RFA-598 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-579 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMA-596 )
EDWALL B LUNDQVIST R 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t AP-RKK-98 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1967 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-71 0 )
VOGT J GRANDELL L RUNFORS U 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMB-527 )
RUNFORS U 1966 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RMB -1 089 )
- 12 -
9 LIST OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS USED
INDO integrated neutron dose and burn-up p r o g r a m
SLIRMA loop p r o g r a m in genera l
FIRMA neutron flux from Co-moni tors
FARMA fission gas re lease
GORMA dimensional changes
BURMA chemical burn-up measurement
TERMA t empera tu re distr ibution
VORMA volume distribution
STARMA s ta t i s t ics p r o g r a m
KORRMA corre la t ion p r o g r a m
S Svensson
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
B Danielsson
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
P r o g r a m 1 is descr ibed in detail in ref [193 and p rog rams 2-10
descr ibed in ref [23]
- 13 -
10 LIST OF FIGURES
1 Top plug with gauge plug
2 Spacer
3 Upper end of the bundle
4 Upper end of the bundle
5 Lower end of the bundle
6 Fre t t ing m a r k on spacer
7 Fret t ing m a r k on rod E
8 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
9 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
1 0 T ransve r sa l cut rod A in axial maximum
1 1 T r a n s v e r s a l cut rod D in axial maximum
1 2 Detail of fig 11 1 4 x magnification
1 3 Detail of fig 1 1 500 x magnification
14 Fuel bundle bottom after i r radia t ion
1 5 Fuel bundle top after i r radia t ion
1 6 I r radiat ion his tory
1 7 Diagram over cer ta in heat data as a function of channel power
1 8 Goliath gauges
19- Y s c a n n ^ n g curves 24
25 The samples for the hydride measu remen t
T A B L E 1
I r r a d i a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s
E l e m e n t T i m e B u r n - u p
P o w e r P
kW Days MWd
P = 0 43 2 19 5
0 lt P lt 100 16 7 7 6 0 9 2 1
100 pound P lt 200 9 6 4 3 15 3 3
200 ^ P lt 300 1 1 0 7 50 1 29 1 6 4 2
300 pound P 40 8 18 5 1 3 8 30 4
T o t a l 2 2 1 0 100 0 4 5 3 1 0 0 0
T A B L E 2
B u r n - u p by m e a n s of c h e m i c a l - m a s s p e c t r o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s
Rod F IMA F I M A M W d t U 0 2 Ton UO- MWd
Max A v e r a g e A v e r a g e
A 5 50 bull 1 0 3 4 08 bull 10
B 5 16 4 0 6
C 4 52 3 56
D 5 55 4 3 6
E 5 4 3 4 2 7
F 4 74 3 73
To ta l
3420 2 164 bull 10 7 40
3400 2 1 70 7 38
2980 2171 6 4 7
3660 2 1 7 4 7 96
3580 2 1 7 4 7 78
3130 2 1 7 3 6 8 0
43 79
TABLE 3
Radial form factors FRAP l inear heat output Q(2 75) and Q(340)
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1068
1 003
0 877
1 077
1 054
0920
Q(275)
Wcm
-
271
237
291
285
248
Q(340)
Wcm
-
335
293
360
352
307
TABLE 4
Dimensional changes ridge heights and U 0 0 s tack movement
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1 068
1003
0877
1 077
1 054
0912
Length
oo
-
+ 79
+ 78
+ 87
+ 94
+ 76
Diamete Max |im
- 15
+ 7
+ 9
+ 6
+ 18
- 2
r Min (j m
+ 5
+ 19
+ 11
+ 11
+ 1 3
+ 3
bullc
Ridge height | j m
5
5
10
5
3
13
UO s tack movement deg oo
1 5
1 2
1 1
9
14
4
T A B L E 5
H y d r i d e f o r m a t i o n
Rod E
S p a c e r No ( f rom bo t tom) 3
Height over b o t t o m ( c m ) 88
Outs ide can t e m p e r a t u r e ( C) 245
H y d r i d e con ten t of the c a n ( p p m )
j u s t be low s p a c e r 65
con t ac t po in t 1 80
R e f e r e n c e (n o n - i r r a d i a t e d ) 35
T A B L E 6
T e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( C) r o d A ( t h e r m o c o u p l e )
Rad ius
( m m )
0 00
0 50
1 00
1 50
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 50
5 00
5 50
6 0 0
6 23
E l e m e n t
275
1082
1077
1060
1033
995
947
891
826
755
6 79
598
515
431
391
p o w e r (kW)
340
1 379
1371
1 347
1 308
1255
1187
1107
101 7
91 7
811
700
589
477
426
348
1 416
140 7
1 383
1 343
1287
1217
1 1 34
1040
937
827
71 3
59 7
483
430
TABLE 7
Tempera tu re distr ibution ( C) rod D
Radius Element power (kW)
(mm) 275 340
0 00
0 5 0
1 00
150
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 5 0
5 00
5 50
6 00
6 2 3
1255
1248
1227
1193
1146
1087
1017
937
850
756
658
558
459
412
1618
1609
1580
1532
1466
1383
1 284
1171
1048
91 7
781
646
51 3
452
TABLE 8
Integrated volumes for rod D
Tempera tu re 275 kW 3
interval cm
300 - 500 60 0
500 - 600 40 5
600 - 700 32 0
700 - 800 24 5
800 - 900 ] 8 8
900 - 1000 14 4
1000 - 11 00 10 5
1 100 - 1200 6 8
1200 - 1300 1 9
1 300 - 1400 0 0
1400 - 1500
1500 - 1600
1600 - 1700
1 700 - 1800
340 kW
c m 3
2 8 7
19 4
1 5 3
1 1 7
9 0
6 9
5 0
3 3
8 9
0 0
3 7 0
32 8
29 8
24 5
19 8
16 3
13 4
11 0
9 0
7 1
5 3
3 2
0 2
0 0
17 7
15 7
1 4 3
1 1 7
9 5
7 8
6 4
5 3
4 3
3 4
2 5
15
0 1
0 0
Crud measuremen t s
The positions of the samples a re given in the sketch below
Top F6 F4 F 5 F3 Bottom Fuel element
FZ outside
Fl inside Shroud
TABLE 9
Crud deposition (ngcm )
F e Ni C r Z r
F l
F2
F 3
F 4
F 5
F6
32
4
8
8
8
12
8
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
5
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
gt 2
gt 2
15
15
gt 2
gt 2
TABLE 10
The crud activit ies 22 9 65 (dps cm )
C o - 5 i Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
Fl
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
8 5-
34-
56-
7 5-
5 2-
4 7-
10^ 1 2 - 1 0 ^ 3 8 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 9 7 1 0
10^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 - 1 0 ^ 3 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 0 - 1 0
l O 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 6 9 - 10^
l O 2 0 - l 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 9 0 - 1 0
l O 2 0 - 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 ^ 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 - 1 0 ^ 1 3 0 - 1 0
l O 7 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 - 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 6 4 - 1 0 1 7 - 1 0
TABLE 1 1
Specific activit ies (dpsmg Fe)
C o - 5 8 Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
F6
F4
F5
F3
Fl
F2
6
TABLE 1 2
F i ss ion gas re lease ()
Rod B D
Kr
Xe
-
-
002
002
003
003
0 02
0 03
0 02
002
0 02
0 02
3 9 2 - 1 0 ^ 6 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 5 3 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 4 2 1 0
9 3 7 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 3 7 - 1 0 ^
6 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 1 0 ^ 1 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 9 5 - 1 0 1 6 3 - 1 0
7 0 - 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 0 1 8 8 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 6 3 - 1 0 ^
2 6 6 - 1 0 ^ 3 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 9 1 0 7 1 9 1 0 ^ 7 5 - 1 0 3 0 3 - 1 0 ^
8 5 lt 1 0 5 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 4 5 - 1 0
F i g 1 Top plug with gauge plug
F ig 2 Spacer
Fig 3 Upper end of the bundle F ig 4 Upper end of the bundle
F ig 5 Lower end of the bundle
t
Fig 6
F- -
4 5x
bull
bullaumlW^
Fig 7
Wr-
4 5x
amp
K bull i- m
Fig 8 4 5x Fig 9 4 5x
F i g 1 O 4 5x F i g 11 4 5x
8Epoundli2amp
F i e 12 14x F i g 1 3 500 x
Fig 1 4 Through cell window
ml
8hfegt- laquo IgUtMIKflr i l - V T - rv
s-
jpj^EacuteASfe-laquobullbull bullilPfff
laquo -bull
Fig 1 5 Through cell window
i
bull i
T~-~
bull- l
bull bull bull - bull - - bull
bull bull bull bull i mdash
bull - - bull bull
L~Hr^
- j
) bull bull
bull bull bull
i i i i i i
i
bull mdash - bull - -
-
T
-bull
bull bull bull - bull mdash mdash
j - bull bull bull
bull bull
- 1 - bull
i bull bull
- r
bull - i i
i
jjU
bdquo _
bull bull
3e
-----
bull - -
bull - mdash -
- bull mdash i
Tii iampr
iiili
bullT-
i
i t -
i i
v
bull i bull
bull -
_-
d c
T I
| bull
bull
gt
I r r a d i a t i o n h i s t o r y
- C h a n n e l p o w e r in kW as a funct ion of i n - c o r e t i m e
^ ~ - -
bdquo
---
_ _
r
i r bull
m-v Hi i i ^ i i iH
iEK i i
- i i
~Fi
bull _
bull bull
m - bull bull bull bull
i iii
iYil
T
bullrill--l-
bull bull
j bull - _
bull bull
1
bull i -
bull
7H 7
bull
ui-i
jllUlIiL
- - bull
rn __
ji 1
bull -
bull i i
bull U
i|
i L
viii
r
bull T
LiLi
bull i i i
j -
| - bull bull bull bull
L _ 1 i
i bull
bull bull
bull
bull
---[[
i 1-
i ^
---
-
i
_ _
r f i i i
- - - - - bull mdash - bull - - J - mdash r
bull bull bull bull bull | bull 1
bull
bull bull i bull bull bull i
f
I bull 1
-
1
bull
bull bull bull
bull
1
bulli
r
bull-v-
j
bull bull
iiiii
bull
bull
bull
bull i - i bull -
i bull 1
--mdash
i
___mdash|
i
i
bull i -
mdash t i
- i ir
i
c
bull 1
bull bull
1
----
bull bull bull bull bull
Mh i
bull bull bull bull
bull
i
1 bull
i
bull bull bull
bull -Iii i T i
- bull bull bull
i i i i
mdash i mdash mdash i
_
J i i i - bull bull bull bull
ii i
bull
mdashti i - i bull
ii^
-
m i -
i
- iii-iiiii
i]i-i
|
i - - - -I
F i g 16
Bpl i i bull
bull _
iii
_
ii
ii
ii
t
o
o iw
bull i
i bull
i bull i 1 bull
i ^ bull bull bull
J L i
i-
1
-i
i
bull bull
- bull bull
bull
i
i
I
i
i bull
iLij i
bull bull bull bull
i i i i y
gt
i
r-iI 1
r bullbull--bull
iii
i i
i i
1
i
bull bull - J
i i bull
bull bull
mdash V
- mdash - mdash bull bull
i - _
mdashmdash
bull j
|
i -
i i i - i
o
o o CM
O
H
O O r-i
LPl
X K CM
Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
-LLL
f
bull bull
- - t bull bull
bull bull
St---bull bull L _
- i bull bull bull
i
bull[-bull
r--
bdquo
r_ t
t t
i
- i
i
LLi
I bullbull
bull-
(
[ bull bull
) bull
i i
bull bullbullbullbull- ) -
i i bull
it bull j |
j bullbull t -
bull bull
-tr-f --bull
r-rrr-T
bulliir
i - j bull bull bull
t
1 bull i -
I i t
i
mdash-vr
- 1 - - -
-
~zzLY
iaE^f ^ T p f
- - ( mdash bull laquo mdash
iblL
-bullbull
~L]-
-7T 1TJ FT
_ui
iiLilLLL
mdash i bull 1
1C
L-mdash-L-
LzzY
LLL1--
zj
LLi-L
-mdash
H-
i-i
^rTTTL
i l ~ i
i H W OU_
i
bull bull
bull bull r
LLii][ -
EriJpi
Sni i T IT
HTTI
LL-L-
bull[
i -t - i -r
] bull
m - bull -
i
LI T o p i i
if i
fcN-ii]jjiFrii
bull pound - 1 T - i bullbull
~ f bull bull bull bull [ bull bull bull bull -
bull | - i -M
1 i
bull - i f f bullbull f --T i
i pound 1 bull S
bull M - i -i j bull
-nkpound-I J ^ bull
bull bull i
H--- U-
bull i 1
mdash
|
t bull bull bull
bull -
j r - i bull 5 1
^ r r
--Trii ^
F gt
- 4 j
r r r r l r t
- r _ i l ^
-i i f
HTrpiP
bull bull
laquo
bull
rf1-r i
~rr
LLLLL1
T-Y~l
] i
i
T~~ t i r r
i r i i r i i i i
LYr-lL
H P
bull bull [
bull
L-----
LllLL
7 - p n f
bull - bull f r - - -
-
mdash i -
- -bullL bull - bull bull
TrHiii i i
bull
I
T
ipi
MP C
bull bull
I
bullLTLi-
L1LL
L-1L1
--bull ~ -
bull
I
-- -
i i t i i i r ril_
ri-j-T i i i i
~L i i t i
i
i ^ H
bull
bulli r~-
LLL
LL- i - i - -
y
r i i - |
r raquo i
-
- i r
bull h bull bull
_
bull I bullbull
ii
- i
bull -
bull bull i - bull
i
bull
j bull 1
v r K
Li-
bull bull
bull bull
bull
L~-i
bull bull
-r^jir
WL-Li
bull-~ -4- r i
J
i r a
ii^kr rrr
- f i 4 i i i LLH
)
bull - -
^LrL-~
L-SLi
-Mi-L
i i
mdash i mdash
TTTTT^^
^ r t j
Li
xLi m
i qjis
LWTL
bull bull
-
- j r
bull J -H-i-f-
LL
bullrL bull
liLLLi
bull
iLri
ilp mdash gt - bull |
LiLL
z T
i bull ( bull
trrr
bull -H
Jill
10
bull bull r bull
LL
i
gt
bull i i | j
^
Tirrrir-
i ^ - ^ bull bull
LrlzL-
O T
- -f i -
f j
bull - gt bull bull bull bull bull bull mdash
fy
i
-bullbullbull P bullbull
bull bull
-mdash ---
_ i i
- ^ j - 1 1
bull - bull r - f -
gt
bull _
F i g 21
L-mdashZ--
_ bdquo
bull bull
- x
^ T -
i i j -
i i i
j bull
i i 1 |
bull i
bull bull 1 1
bull - ] -
il~L
- i i ~ t - bull bull bull
1 bull bull
gt 1 bull
- r-iri mdash -Vfmdash
i B
i
- i i ~
I-ILL
r
0
- | f c r
_ rlj jt
l l fs
ii
- i i -
--ZLT
i - _
t
J_ _
=j 4 -
poundJ-
ri-
It v
mdash
^J
i1-
-mdash r
illLiz
bull bull - - T r -
n
- bull -
bullH^iri mdash i
d
bull t
bull - bull | T
bull ^ - L 1 -i bull bull bull bull 1
bull bull |
1 i
| i bull i
| T- i
- jv -j bull
r-rH bull bull bull bull ] - |
bull -
1 -I L j
bull
-i
i
j
i
i
i
bull bull bull bull
bull i
___ _J_ i l i bull
i i 1 i
( bull | |
| bull bull bull i - bull bull |
1 bull
bull i i p i 1 t L
bull bull J bull bull bull bull
-rrH---i
-1-~~
-L
rr-
- _ U bull =
IS-
bull
bullLL
bullLL
-----i
Z--1-L
bullmdash-bullbull
bull r---
rmdashr~ 7|
j i
bull bull i
j
I
bull bull i
i |
mdash
T Gamma-scanning
Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
- 9 -
7 CONCLUSIONS FOR THE ACTUAL EXPERIMENT
7 1 Feasibi l i ty of long fuel s t r ingers
Long fuel s t r ingers are feasible
7 2 Deformation behaviour of a s ix - rod element
No deformation of the bundle was detected
7 3 The effect of the spacers
The chosen spacer design was good with respec t to stabili ty and
fretting but had a drawback in view of hydrogen pick-up
7 4 Thermal conductivity of UO
The experiment confirmed the out-of-pile data up to 1400 C with
a heat t ransfer coefficient of 1 0 Wcm bull C
- 10 -
8 REFERENCES
DJURLE S 1963 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMA-403 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-495 )
DJURLE S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RM-203 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMB-351 rev 1 )
GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RKS-1 61 )
BJOumlRZEacuteN H 1 964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -1 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t TPM-RFA-578 )
ERIKSSON E 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t AP-RMB-891 2-1 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RMB-550 )
JONASSON G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RKS-1 69 )
ROLSTAD E 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal r epor t EPB-305 )
HALLSTENSSON L 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-596 )
FORSBERG L GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t STK-1 78 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-541 )
ASPHAUG K 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal repor t DP-305 )
FILIPSSON B 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -2 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFA-559 )
FREDRIKSSON F 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFR-292 )
SVENSSON S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RFA-598 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-579 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMA-596 )
EDWALL B LUNDQVIST R 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t AP-RKK-98 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1967 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-71 0 )
VOGT J GRANDELL L RUNFORS U 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMB-527 )
RUNFORS U 1966 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RMB -1 089 )
- 12 -
9 LIST OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS USED
INDO integrated neutron dose and burn-up p r o g r a m
SLIRMA loop p r o g r a m in genera l
FIRMA neutron flux from Co-moni tors
FARMA fission gas re lease
GORMA dimensional changes
BURMA chemical burn-up measurement
TERMA t empera tu re distr ibution
VORMA volume distribution
STARMA s ta t i s t ics p r o g r a m
KORRMA corre la t ion p r o g r a m
S Svensson
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
B Danielsson
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
P r o g r a m 1 is descr ibed in detail in ref [193 and p rog rams 2-10
descr ibed in ref [23]
- 13 -
10 LIST OF FIGURES
1 Top plug with gauge plug
2 Spacer
3 Upper end of the bundle
4 Upper end of the bundle
5 Lower end of the bundle
6 Fre t t ing m a r k on spacer
7 Fret t ing m a r k on rod E
8 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
9 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
1 0 T ransve r sa l cut rod A in axial maximum
1 1 T r a n s v e r s a l cut rod D in axial maximum
1 2 Detail of fig 11 1 4 x magnification
1 3 Detail of fig 1 1 500 x magnification
14 Fuel bundle bottom after i r radia t ion
1 5 Fuel bundle top after i r radia t ion
1 6 I r radiat ion his tory
1 7 Diagram over cer ta in heat data as a function of channel power
1 8 Goliath gauges
19- Y s c a n n ^ n g curves 24
25 The samples for the hydride measu remen t
T A B L E 1
I r r a d i a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s
E l e m e n t T i m e B u r n - u p
P o w e r P
kW Days MWd
P = 0 43 2 19 5
0 lt P lt 100 16 7 7 6 0 9 2 1
100 pound P lt 200 9 6 4 3 15 3 3
200 ^ P lt 300 1 1 0 7 50 1 29 1 6 4 2
300 pound P 40 8 18 5 1 3 8 30 4
T o t a l 2 2 1 0 100 0 4 5 3 1 0 0 0
T A B L E 2
B u r n - u p by m e a n s of c h e m i c a l - m a s s p e c t r o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s
Rod F IMA F I M A M W d t U 0 2 Ton UO- MWd
Max A v e r a g e A v e r a g e
A 5 50 bull 1 0 3 4 08 bull 10
B 5 16 4 0 6
C 4 52 3 56
D 5 55 4 3 6
E 5 4 3 4 2 7
F 4 74 3 73
To ta l
3420 2 164 bull 10 7 40
3400 2 1 70 7 38
2980 2171 6 4 7
3660 2 1 7 4 7 96
3580 2 1 7 4 7 78
3130 2 1 7 3 6 8 0
43 79
TABLE 3
Radial form factors FRAP l inear heat output Q(2 75) and Q(340)
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1068
1 003
0 877
1 077
1 054
0920
Q(275)
Wcm
-
271
237
291
285
248
Q(340)
Wcm
-
335
293
360
352
307
TABLE 4
Dimensional changes ridge heights and U 0 0 s tack movement
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1 068
1003
0877
1 077
1 054
0912
Length
oo
-
+ 79
+ 78
+ 87
+ 94
+ 76
Diamete Max |im
- 15
+ 7
+ 9
+ 6
+ 18
- 2
r Min (j m
+ 5
+ 19
+ 11
+ 11
+ 1 3
+ 3
bullc
Ridge height | j m
5
5
10
5
3
13
UO s tack movement deg oo
1 5
1 2
1 1
9
14
4
T A B L E 5
H y d r i d e f o r m a t i o n
Rod E
S p a c e r No ( f rom bo t tom) 3
Height over b o t t o m ( c m ) 88
Outs ide can t e m p e r a t u r e ( C) 245
H y d r i d e con ten t of the c a n ( p p m )
j u s t be low s p a c e r 65
con t ac t po in t 1 80
R e f e r e n c e (n o n - i r r a d i a t e d ) 35
T A B L E 6
T e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( C) r o d A ( t h e r m o c o u p l e )
Rad ius
( m m )
0 00
0 50
1 00
1 50
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 50
5 00
5 50
6 0 0
6 23
E l e m e n t
275
1082
1077
1060
1033
995
947
891
826
755
6 79
598
515
431
391
p o w e r (kW)
340
1 379
1371
1 347
1 308
1255
1187
1107
101 7
91 7
811
700
589
477
426
348
1 416
140 7
1 383
1 343
1287
1217
1 1 34
1040
937
827
71 3
59 7
483
430
TABLE 7
Tempera tu re distr ibution ( C) rod D
Radius Element power (kW)
(mm) 275 340
0 00
0 5 0
1 00
150
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 5 0
5 00
5 50
6 00
6 2 3
1255
1248
1227
1193
1146
1087
1017
937
850
756
658
558
459
412
1618
1609
1580
1532
1466
1383
1 284
1171
1048
91 7
781
646
51 3
452
TABLE 8
Integrated volumes for rod D
Tempera tu re 275 kW 3
interval cm
300 - 500 60 0
500 - 600 40 5
600 - 700 32 0
700 - 800 24 5
800 - 900 ] 8 8
900 - 1000 14 4
1000 - 11 00 10 5
1 100 - 1200 6 8
1200 - 1300 1 9
1 300 - 1400 0 0
1400 - 1500
1500 - 1600
1600 - 1700
1 700 - 1800
340 kW
c m 3
2 8 7
19 4
1 5 3
1 1 7
9 0
6 9
5 0
3 3
8 9
0 0
3 7 0
32 8
29 8
24 5
19 8
16 3
13 4
11 0
9 0
7 1
5 3
3 2
0 2
0 0
17 7
15 7
1 4 3
1 1 7
9 5
7 8
6 4
5 3
4 3
3 4
2 5
15
0 1
0 0
Crud measuremen t s
The positions of the samples a re given in the sketch below
Top F6 F4 F 5 F3 Bottom Fuel element
FZ outside
Fl inside Shroud
TABLE 9
Crud deposition (ngcm )
F e Ni C r Z r
F l
F2
F 3
F 4
F 5
F6
32
4
8
8
8
12
8
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
5
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
gt 2
gt 2
15
15
gt 2
gt 2
TABLE 10
The crud activit ies 22 9 65 (dps cm )
C o - 5 i Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
Fl
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
8 5-
34-
56-
7 5-
5 2-
4 7-
10^ 1 2 - 1 0 ^ 3 8 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 9 7 1 0
10^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 - 1 0 ^ 3 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 0 - 1 0
l O 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 6 9 - 10^
l O 2 0 - l 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 9 0 - 1 0
l O 2 0 - 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 ^ 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 - 1 0 ^ 1 3 0 - 1 0
l O 7 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 - 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 6 4 - 1 0 1 7 - 1 0
TABLE 1 1
Specific activit ies (dpsmg Fe)
C o - 5 8 Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
F6
F4
F5
F3
Fl
F2
6
TABLE 1 2
F i ss ion gas re lease ()
Rod B D
Kr
Xe
-
-
002
002
003
003
0 02
0 03
0 02
002
0 02
0 02
3 9 2 - 1 0 ^ 6 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 5 3 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 4 2 1 0
9 3 7 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 3 7 - 1 0 ^
6 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 1 0 ^ 1 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 9 5 - 1 0 1 6 3 - 1 0
7 0 - 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 0 1 8 8 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 6 3 - 1 0 ^
2 6 6 - 1 0 ^ 3 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 9 1 0 7 1 9 1 0 ^ 7 5 - 1 0 3 0 3 - 1 0 ^
8 5 lt 1 0 5 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 4 5 - 1 0
F i g 1 Top plug with gauge plug
F ig 2 Spacer
Fig 3 Upper end of the bundle F ig 4 Upper end of the bundle
F ig 5 Lower end of the bundle
t
Fig 6
F- -
4 5x
bull
bullaumlW^
Fig 7
Wr-
4 5x
amp
K bull i- m
Fig 8 4 5x Fig 9 4 5x
F i g 1 O 4 5x F i g 11 4 5x
8Epoundli2amp
F i e 12 14x F i g 1 3 500 x
Fig 1 4 Through cell window
ml
8hfegt- laquo IgUtMIKflr i l - V T - rv
s-
jpj^EacuteASfe-laquobullbull bullilPfff
laquo -bull
Fig 1 5 Through cell window
i
bull i
T~-~
bull- l
bull bull bull - bull - - bull
bull bull bull bull i mdash
bull - - bull bull
L~Hr^
- j
) bull bull
bull bull bull
i i i i i i
i
bull mdash - bull - -
-
T
-bull
bull bull bull - bull mdash mdash
j - bull bull bull
bull bull
- 1 - bull
i bull bull
- r
bull - i i
i
jjU
bdquo _
bull bull
3e
-----
bull - -
bull - mdash -
- bull mdash i
Tii iampr
iiili
bullT-
i
i t -
i i
v
bull i bull
bull -
_-
d c
T I
| bull
bull
gt
I r r a d i a t i o n h i s t o r y
- C h a n n e l p o w e r in kW as a funct ion of i n - c o r e t i m e
^ ~ - -
bdquo
---
_ _
r
i r bull
m-v Hi i i ^ i i iH
iEK i i
- i i
~Fi
bull _
bull bull
m - bull bull bull bull
i iii
iYil
T
bullrill--l-
bull bull
j bull - _
bull bull
1
bull i -
bull
7H 7
bull
ui-i
jllUlIiL
- - bull
rn __
ji 1
bull -
bull i i
bull U
i|
i L
viii
r
bull T
LiLi
bull i i i
j -
| - bull bull bull bull
L _ 1 i
i bull
bull bull
bull
bull
---[[
i 1-
i ^
---
-
i
_ _
r f i i i
- - - - - bull mdash - bull - - J - mdash r
bull bull bull bull bull | bull 1
bull
bull bull i bull bull bull i
f
I bull 1
-
1
bull
bull bull bull
bull
1
bulli
r
bull-v-
j
bull bull
iiiii
bull
bull
bull
bull i - i bull -
i bull 1
--mdash
i
___mdash|
i
i
bull i -
mdash t i
- i ir
i
c
bull 1
bull bull
1
----
bull bull bull bull bull
Mh i
bull bull bull bull
bull
i
1 bull
i
bull bull bull
bull -Iii i T i
- bull bull bull
i i i i
mdash i mdash mdash i
_
J i i i - bull bull bull bull
ii i
bull
mdashti i - i bull
ii^
-
m i -
i
- iii-iiiii
i]i-i
|
i - - - -I
F i g 16
Bpl i i bull
bull _
iii
_
ii
ii
ii
t
o
o iw
bull i
i bull
i bull i 1 bull
i ^ bull bull bull
J L i
i-
1
-i
i
bull bull
- bull bull
bull
i
i
I
i
i bull
iLij i
bull bull bull bull
i i i i y
gt
i
r-iI 1
r bullbull--bull
iii
i i
i i
1
i
bull bull - J
i i bull
bull bull
mdash V
- mdash - mdash bull bull
i - _
mdashmdash
bull j
|
i -
i i i - i
o
o o CM
O
H
O O r-i
LPl
X K CM
Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
-LLL
f
bull bull
- - t bull bull
bull bull
St---bull bull L _
- i bull bull bull
i
bull[-bull
r--
bdquo
r_ t
t t
i
- i
i
LLi
I bullbull
bull-
(
[ bull bull
) bull
i i
bull bullbullbullbull- ) -
i i bull
it bull j |
j bullbull t -
bull bull
-tr-f --bull
r-rrr-T
bulliir
i - j bull bull bull
t
1 bull i -
I i t
i
mdash-vr
- 1 - - -
-
~zzLY
iaE^f ^ T p f
- - ( mdash bull laquo mdash
iblL
-bullbull
~L]-
-7T 1TJ FT
_ui
iiLilLLL
mdash i bull 1
1C
L-mdash-L-
LzzY
LLL1--
zj
LLi-L
-mdash
H-
i-i
^rTTTL
i l ~ i
i H W OU_
i
bull bull
bull bull r
LLii][ -
EriJpi
Sni i T IT
HTTI
LL-L-
bull[
i -t - i -r
] bull
m - bull -
i
LI T o p i i
if i
fcN-ii]jjiFrii
bull pound - 1 T - i bullbull
~ f bull bull bull bull [ bull bull bull bull -
bull | - i -M
1 i
bull - i f f bullbull f --T i
i pound 1 bull S
bull M - i -i j bull
-nkpound-I J ^ bull
bull bull i
H--- U-
bull i 1
mdash
|
t bull bull bull
bull -
j r - i bull 5 1
^ r r
--Trii ^
F gt
- 4 j
r r r r l r t
- r _ i l ^
-i i f
HTrpiP
bull bull
laquo
bull
rf1-r i
~rr
LLLLL1
T-Y~l
] i
i
T~~ t i r r
i r i i r i i i i
LYr-lL
H P
bull bull [
bull
L-----
LllLL
7 - p n f
bull - bull f r - - -
-
mdash i -
- -bullL bull - bull bull
TrHiii i i
bull
I
T
ipi
MP C
bull bull
I
bullLTLi-
L1LL
L-1L1
--bull ~ -
bull
I
-- -
i i t i i i r ril_
ri-j-T i i i i
~L i i t i
i
i ^ H
bull
bulli r~-
LLL
LL- i - i - -
y
r i i - |
r raquo i
-
- i r
bull h bull bull
_
bull I bullbull
ii
- i
bull -
bull bull i - bull
i
bull
j bull 1
v r K
Li-
bull bull
bull bull
bull
L~-i
bull bull
-r^jir
WL-Li
bull-~ -4- r i
J
i r a
ii^kr rrr
- f i 4 i i i LLH
)
bull - -
^LrL-~
L-SLi
-Mi-L
i i
mdash i mdash
TTTTT^^
^ r t j
Li
xLi m
i qjis
LWTL
bull bull
-
- j r
bull J -H-i-f-
LL
bullrL bull
liLLLi
bull
iLri
ilp mdash gt - bull |
LiLL
z T
i bull ( bull
trrr
bull -H
Jill
10
bull bull r bull
LL
i
gt
bull i i | j
^
Tirrrir-
i ^ - ^ bull bull
LrlzL-
O T
- -f i -
f j
bull - gt bull bull bull bull bull bull mdash
fy
i
-bullbullbull P bullbull
bull bull
-mdash ---
_ i i
- ^ j - 1 1
bull - bull r - f -
gt
bull _
F i g 21
L-mdashZ--
_ bdquo
bull bull
- x
^ T -
i i j -
i i i
j bull
i i 1 |
bull i
bull bull 1 1
bull - ] -
il~L
- i i ~ t - bull bull bull
1 bull bull
gt 1 bull
- r-iri mdash -Vfmdash
i B
i
- i i ~
I-ILL
r
0
- | f c r
_ rlj jt
l l fs
ii
- i i -
--ZLT
i - _
t
J_ _
=j 4 -
poundJ-
ri-
It v
mdash
^J
i1-
-mdash r
illLiz
bull bull - - T r -
n
- bull -
bullH^iri mdash i
d
bull t
bull - bull | T
bull ^ - L 1 -i bull bull bull bull 1
bull bull |
1 i
| i bull i
| T- i
- jv -j bull
r-rH bull bull bull bull ] - |
bull -
1 -I L j
bull
-i
i
j
i
i
i
bull bull bull bull
bull i
___ _J_ i l i bull
i i 1 i
( bull | |
| bull bull bull i - bull bull |
1 bull
bull i i p i 1 t L
bull bull J bull bull bull bull
-rrH---i
-1-~~
-L
rr-
- _ U bull =
IS-
bull
bullLL
bullLL
-----i
Z--1-L
bullmdash-bullbull
bull r---
rmdashr~ 7|
j i
bull bull i
j
I
bull bull i
i |
mdash
T Gamma-scanning
Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
- 10 -
8 REFERENCES
DJURLE S 1963 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMA-403 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-495 )
DJURLE S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RM-203 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMB-351 rev 1 )
GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RKS-1 61 )
BJOumlRZEacuteN H 1 964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -1 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t TPM-RFA-578 )
ERIKSSON E 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t AP-RMB-891 2-1 )
BJOumlRKLUND K 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t TPM-RMB-550 )
JONASSON G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RKS-1 69 )
ROLSTAD E 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal r epor t EPB-305 )
HALLSTENSSON L 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMB-596 )
FORSBERG L GOODE G 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal r epor t STK-1 78 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-541 )
ASPHAUG K 1964 Institutt for Atomenergi Norway (Internal repor t DP-305 )
FILIPSSON B 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t AP-RMB-891 1 -2 )
KRELL Auml 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFA-559 )
FREDRIKSSON F 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFR-292 )
SVENSSON S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RFA-598 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-579 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMA-596 )
EDWALL B LUNDQVIST R 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t AP-RKK-98 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1967 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-71 0 )
VOGT J GRANDELL L RUNFORS U 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMB-527 )
RUNFORS U 1966 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RMB -1 089 )
- 12 -
9 LIST OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS USED
INDO integrated neutron dose and burn-up p r o g r a m
SLIRMA loop p r o g r a m in genera l
FIRMA neutron flux from Co-moni tors
FARMA fission gas re lease
GORMA dimensional changes
BURMA chemical burn-up measurement
TERMA t empera tu re distr ibution
VORMA volume distribution
STARMA s ta t i s t ics p r o g r a m
KORRMA corre la t ion p r o g r a m
S Svensson
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
B Danielsson
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
P r o g r a m 1 is descr ibed in detail in ref [193 and p rog rams 2-10
descr ibed in ref [23]
- 13 -
10 LIST OF FIGURES
1 Top plug with gauge plug
2 Spacer
3 Upper end of the bundle
4 Upper end of the bundle
5 Lower end of the bundle
6 Fre t t ing m a r k on spacer
7 Fret t ing m a r k on rod E
8 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
9 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
1 0 T ransve r sa l cut rod A in axial maximum
1 1 T r a n s v e r s a l cut rod D in axial maximum
1 2 Detail of fig 11 1 4 x magnification
1 3 Detail of fig 1 1 500 x magnification
14 Fuel bundle bottom after i r radia t ion
1 5 Fuel bundle top after i r radia t ion
1 6 I r radiat ion his tory
1 7 Diagram over cer ta in heat data as a function of channel power
1 8 Goliath gauges
19- Y s c a n n ^ n g curves 24
25 The samples for the hydride measu remen t
T A B L E 1
I r r a d i a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s
E l e m e n t T i m e B u r n - u p
P o w e r P
kW Days MWd
P = 0 43 2 19 5
0 lt P lt 100 16 7 7 6 0 9 2 1
100 pound P lt 200 9 6 4 3 15 3 3
200 ^ P lt 300 1 1 0 7 50 1 29 1 6 4 2
300 pound P 40 8 18 5 1 3 8 30 4
T o t a l 2 2 1 0 100 0 4 5 3 1 0 0 0
T A B L E 2
B u r n - u p by m e a n s of c h e m i c a l - m a s s p e c t r o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s
Rod F IMA F I M A M W d t U 0 2 Ton UO- MWd
Max A v e r a g e A v e r a g e
A 5 50 bull 1 0 3 4 08 bull 10
B 5 16 4 0 6
C 4 52 3 56
D 5 55 4 3 6
E 5 4 3 4 2 7
F 4 74 3 73
To ta l
3420 2 164 bull 10 7 40
3400 2 1 70 7 38
2980 2171 6 4 7
3660 2 1 7 4 7 96
3580 2 1 7 4 7 78
3130 2 1 7 3 6 8 0
43 79
TABLE 3
Radial form factors FRAP l inear heat output Q(2 75) and Q(340)
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1068
1 003
0 877
1 077
1 054
0920
Q(275)
Wcm
-
271
237
291
285
248
Q(340)
Wcm
-
335
293
360
352
307
TABLE 4
Dimensional changes ridge heights and U 0 0 s tack movement
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1 068
1003
0877
1 077
1 054
0912
Length
oo
-
+ 79
+ 78
+ 87
+ 94
+ 76
Diamete Max |im
- 15
+ 7
+ 9
+ 6
+ 18
- 2
r Min (j m
+ 5
+ 19
+ 11
+ 11
+ 1 3
+ 3
bullc
Ridge height | j m
5
5
10
5
3
13
UO s tack movement deg oo
1 5
1 2
1 1
9
14
4
T A B L E 5
H y d r i d e f o r m a t i o n
Rod E
S p a c e r No ( f rom bo t tom) 3
Height over b o t t o m ( c m ) 88
Outs ide can t e m p e r a t u r e ( C) 245
H y d r i d e con ten t of the c a n ( p p m )
j u s t be low s p a c e r 65
con t ac t po in t 1 80
R e f e r e n c e (n o n - i r r a d i a t e d ) 35
T A B L E 6
T e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( C) r o d A ( t h e r m o c o u p l e )
Rad ius
( m m )
0 00
0 50
1 00
1 50
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 50
5 00
5 50
6 0 0
6 23
E l e m e n t
275
1082
1077
1060
1033
995
947
891
826
755
6 79
598
515
431
391
p o w e r (kW)
340
1 379
1371
1 347
1 308
1255
1187
1107
101 7
91 7
811
700
589
477
426
348
1 416
140 7
1 383
1 343
1287
1217
1 1 34
1040
937
827
71 3
59 7
483
430
TABLE 7
Tempera tu re distr ibution ( C) rod D
Radius Element power (kW)
(mm) 275 340
0 00
0 5 0
1 00
150
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 5 0
5 00
5 50
6 00
6 2 3
1255
1248
1227
1193
1146
1087
1017
937
850
756
658
558
459
412
1618
1609
1580
1532
1466
1383
1 284
1171
1048
91 7
781
646
51 3
452
TABLE 8
Integrated volumes for rod D
Tempera tu re 275 kW 3
interval cm
300 - 500 60 0
500 - 600 40 5
600 - 700 32 0
700 - 800 24 5
800 - 900 ] 8 8
900 - 1000 14 4
1000 - 11 00 10 5
1 100 - 1200 6 8
1200 - 1300 1 9
1 300 - 1400 0 0
1400 - 1500
1500 - 1600
1600 - 1700
1 700 - 1800
340 kW
c m 3
2 8 7
19 4
1 5 3
1 1 7
9 0
6 9
5 0
3 3
8 9
0 0
3 7 0
32 8
29 8
24 5
19 8
16 3
13 4
11 0
9 0
7 1
5 3
3 2
0 2
0 0
17 7
15 7
1 4 3
1 1 7
9 5
7 8
6 4
5 3
4 3
3 4
2 5
15
0 1
0 0
Crud measuremen t s
The positions of the samples a re given in the sketch below
Top F6 F4 F 5 F3 Bottom Fuel element
FZ outside
Fl inside Shroud
TABLE 9
Crud deposition (ngcm )
F e Ni C r Z r
F l
F2
F 3
F 4
F 5
F6
32
4
8
8
8
12
8
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
5
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
gt 2
gt 2
15
15
gt 2
gt 2
TABLE 10
The crud activit ies 22 9 65 (dps cm )
C o - 5 i Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
Fl
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
8 5-
34-
56-
7 5-
5 2-
4 7-
10^ 1 2 - 1 0 ^ 3 8 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 9 7 1 0
10^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 - 1 0 ^ 3 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 0 - 1 0
l O 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 6 9 - 10^
l O 2 0 - l 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 9 0 - 1 0
l O 2 0 - 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 ^ 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 - 1 0 ^ 1 3 0 - 1 0
l O 7 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 - 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 6 4 - 1 0 1 7 - 1 0
TABLE 1 1
Specific activit ies (dpsmg Fe)
C o - 5 8 Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
F6
F4
F5
F3
Fl
F2
6
TABLE 1 2
F i ss ion gas re lease ()
Rod B D
Kr
Xe
-
-
002
002
003
003
0 02
0 03
0 02
002
0 02
0 02
3 9 2 - 1 0 ^ 6 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 5 3 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 4 2 1 0
9 3 7 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 3 7 - 1 0 ^
6 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 1 0 ^ 1 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 9 5 - 1 0 1 6 3 - 1 0
7 0 - 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 0 1 8 8 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 6 3 - 1 0 ^
2 6 6 - 1 0 ^ 3 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 9 1 0 7 1 9 1 0 ^ 7 5 - 1 0 3 0 3 - 1 0 ^
8 5 lt 1 0 5 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 4 5 - 1 0
F i g 1 Top plug with gauge plug
F ig 2 Spacer
Fig 3 Upper end of the bundle F ig 4 Upper end of the bundle
F ig 5 Lower end of the bundle
t
Fig 6
F- -
4 5x
bull
bullaumlW^
Fig 7
Wr-
4 5x
amp
K bull i- m
Fig 8 4 5x Fig 9 4 5x
F i g 1 O 4 5x F i g 11 4 5x
8Epoundli2amp
F i e 12 14x F i g 1 3 500 x
Fig 1 4 Through cell window
ml
8hfegt- laquo IgUtMIKflr i l - V T - rv
s-
jpj^EacuteASfe-laquobullbull bullilPfff
laquo -bull
Fig 1 5 Through cell window
i
bull i
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bull bull bull - bull - - bull
bull bull bull bull i mdash
bull - - bull bull
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bull bull bull
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bull mdash - bull - -
-
T
-bull
bull bull bull - bull mdash mdash
j - bull bull bull
bull bull
- 1 - bull
i bull bull
- r
bull - i i
i
jjU
bdquo _
bull bull
3e
-----
bull - -
bull - mdash -
- bull mdash i
Tii iampr
iiili
bullT-
i
i t -
i i
v
bull i bull
bull -
_-
d c
T I
| bull
bull
gt
I r r a d i a t i o n h i s t o r y
- C h a n n e l p o w e r in kW as a funct ion of i n - c o r e t i m e
^ ~ - -
bdquo
---
_ _
r
i r bull
m-v Hi i i ^ i i iH
iEK i i
- i i
~Fi
bull _
bull bull
m - bull bull bull bull
i iii
iYil
T
bullrill--l-
bull bull
j bull - _
bull bull
1
bull i -
bull
7H 7
bull
ui-i
jllUlIiL
- - bull
rn __
ji 1
bull -
bull i i
bull U
i|
i L
viii
r
bull T
LiLi
bull i i i
j -
| - bull bull bull bull
L _ 1 i
i bull
bull bull
bull
bull
---[[
i 1-
i ^
---
-
i
_ _
r f i i i
- - - - - bull mdash - bull - - J - mdash r
bull bull bull bull bull | bull 1
bull
bull bull i bull bull bull i
f
I bull 1
-
1
bull
bull bull bull
bull
1
bulli
r
bull-v-
j
bull bull
iiiii
bull
bull
bull
bull i - i bull -
i bull 1
--mdash
i
___mdash|
i
i
bull i -
mdash t i
- i ir
i
c
bull 1
bull bull
1
----
bull bull bull bull bull
Mh i
bull bull bull bull
bull
i
1 bull
i
bull bull bull
bull -Iii i T i
- bull bull bull
i i i i
mdash i mdash mdash i
_
J i i i - bull bull bull bull
ii i
bull
mdashti i - i bull
ii^
-
m i -
i
- iii-iiiii
i]i-i
|
i - - - -I
F i g 16
Bpl i i bull
bull _
iii
_
ii
ii
ii
t
o
o iw
bull i
i bull
i bull i 1 bull
i ^ bull bull bull
J L i
i-
1
-i
i
bull bull
- bull bull
bull
i
i
I
i
i bull
iLij i
bull bull bull bull
i i i i y
gt
i
r-iI 1
r bullbull--bull
iii
i i
i i
1
i
bull bull - J
i i bull
bull bull
mdash V
- mdash - mdash bull bull
i - _
mdashmdash
bull j
|
i -
i i i - i
o
o o CM
O
H
O O r-i
LPl
X K CM
Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
-LLL
f
bull bull
- - t bull bull
bull bull
St---bull bull L _
- i bull bull bull
i
bull[-bull
r--
bdquo
r_ t
t t
i
- i
i
LLi
I bullbull
bull-
(
[ bull bull
) bull
i i
bull bullbullbullbull- ) -
i i bull
it bull j |
j bullbull t -
bull bull
-tr-f --bull
r-rrr-T
bulliir
i - j bull bull bull
t
1 bull i -
I i t
i
mdash-vr
- 1 - - -
-
~zzLY
iaE^f ^ T p f
- - ( mdash bull laquo mdash
iblL
-bullbull
~L]-
-7T 1TJ FT
_ui
iiLilLLL
mdash i bull 1
1C
L-mdash-L-
LzzY
LLL1--
zj
LLi-L
-mdash
H-
i-i
^rTTTL
i l ~ i
i H W OU_
i
bull bull
bull bull r
LLii][ -
EriJpi
Sni i T IT
HTTI
LL-L-
bull[
i -t - i -r
] bull
m - bull -
i
LI T o p i i
if i
fcN-ii]jjiFrii
bull pound - 1 T - i bullbull
~ f bull bull bull bull [ bull bull bull bull -
bull | - i -M
1 i
bull - i f f bullbull f --T i
i pound 1 bull S
bull M - i -i j bull
-nkpound-I J ^ bull
bull bull i
H--- U-
bull i 1
mdash
|
t bull bull bull
bull -
j r - i bull 5 1
^ r r
--Trii ^
F gt
- 4 j
r r r r l r t
- r _ i l ^
-i i f
HTrpiP
bull bull
laquo
bull
rf1-r i
~rr
LLLLL1
T-Y~l
] i
i
T~~ t i r r
i r i i r i i i i
LYr-lL
H P
bull bull [
bull
L-----
LllLL
7 - p n f
bull - bull f r - - -
-
mdash i -
- -bullL bull - bull bull
TrHiii i i
bull
I
T
ipi
MP C
bull bull
I
bullLTLi-
L1LL
L-1L1
--bull ~ -
bull
I
-- -
i i t i i i r ril_
ri-j-T i i i i
~L i i t i
i
i ^ H
bull
bulli r~-
LLL
LL- i - i - -
y
r i i - |
r raquo i
-
- i r
bull h bull bull
_
bull I bullbull
ii
- i
bull -
bull bull i - bull
i
bull
j bull 1
v r K
Li-
bull bull
bull bull
bull
L~-i
bull bull
-r^jir
WL-Li
bull-~ -4- r i
J
i r a
ii^kr rrr
- f i 4 i i i LLH
)
bull - -
^LrL-~
L-SLi
-Mi-L
i i
mdash i mdash
TTTTT^^
^ r t j
Li
xLi m
i qjis
LWTL
bull bull
-
- j r
bull J -H-i-f-
LL
bullrL bull
liLLLi
bull
iLri
ilp mdash gt - bull |
LiLL
z T
i bull ( bull
trrr
bull -H
Jill
10
bull bull r bull
LL
i
gt
bull i i | j
^
Tirrrir-
i ^ - ^ bull bull
LrlzL-
O T
- -f i -
f j
bull - gt bull bull bull bull bull bull mdash
fy
i
-bullbullbull P bullbull
bull bull
-mdash ---
_ i i
- ^ j - 1 1
bull - bull r - f -
gt
bull _
F i g 21
L-mdashZ--
_ bdquo
bull bull
- x
^ T -
i i j -
i i i
j bull
i i 1 |
bull i
bull bull 1 1
bull - ] -
il~L
- i i ~ t - bull bull bull
1 bull bull
gt 1 bull
- r-iri mdash -Vfmdash
i B
i
- i i ~
I-ILL
r
0
- | f c r
_ rlj jt
l l fs
ii
- i i -
--ZLT
i - _
t
J_ _
=j 4 -
poundJ-
ri-
It v
mdash
^J
i1-
-mdash r
illLiz
bull bull - - T r -
n
- bull -
bullH^iri mdash i
d
bull t
bull - bull | T
bull ^ - L 1 -i bull bull bull bull 1
bull bull |
1 i
| i bull i
| T- i
- jv -j bull
r-rH bull bull bull bull ] - |
bull -
1 -I L j
bull
-i
i
j
i
i
i
bull bull bull bull
bull i
___ _J_ i l i bull
i i 1 i
( bull | |
| bull bull bull i - bull bull |
1 bull
bull i i p i 1 t L
bull bull J bull bull bull bull
-rrH---i
-1-~~
-L
rr-
- _ U bull =
IS-
bull
bullLL
bullLL
-----i
Z--1-L
bullmdash-bullbull
bull r---
rmdashr~ 7|
j i
bull bull i
j
I
bull bull i
i |
mdash
T Gamma-scanning
Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
FREDRIKSSON F 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RFR-292 )
SVENSSON S 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RFA-598 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-579 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t TPM-RMA-596 )
EDWALL B LUNDQVIST R 1965 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t AP-RKK-98 )
GYLLANDER J-Auml 1967 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal r epor t TPM-RMA-71 0 )
VOGT J GRANDELL L RUNFORS U 1964 AB Atomenergi Sweden (internal repor t RMB-527 )
RUNFORS U 1966 AB Atomenergi Sweden (Internal repor t RMB -1 089 )
- 12 -
9 LIST OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS USED
INDO integrated neutron dose and burn-up p r o g r a m
SLIRMA loop p r o g r a m in genera l
FIRMA neutron flux from Co-moni tors
FARMA fission gas re lease
GORMA dimensional changes
BURMA chemical burn-up measurement
TERMA t empera tu re distr ibution
VORMA volume distribution
STARMA s ta t i s t ics p r o g r a m
KORRMA corre la t ion p r o g r a m
S Svensson
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
B Danielsson
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
P r o g r a m 1 is descr ibed in detail in ref [193 and p rog rams 2-10
descr ibed in ref [23]
- 13 -
10 LIST OF FIGURES
1 Top plug with gauge plug
2 Spacer
3 Upper end of the bundle
4 Upper end of the bundle
5 Lower end of the bundle
6 Fre t t ing m a r k on spacer
7 Fret t ing m a r k on rod E
8 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
9 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
1 0 T ransve r sa l cut rod A in axial maximum
1 1 T r a n s v e r s a l cut rod D in axial maximum
1 2 Detail of fig 11 1 4 x magnification
1 3 Detail of fig 1 1 500 x magnification
14 Fuel bundle bottom after i r radia t ion
1 5 Fuel bundle top after i r radia t ion
1 6 I r radiat ion his tory
1 7 Diagram over cer ta in heat data as a function of channel power
1 8 Goliath gauges
19- Y s c a n n ^ n g curves 24
25 The samples for the hydride measu remen t
T A B L E 1
I r r a d i a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s
E l e m e n t T i m e B u r n - u p
P o w e r P
kW Days MWd
P = 0 43 2 19 5
0 lt P lt 100 16 7 7 6 0 9 2 1
100 pound P lt 200 9 6 4 3 15 3 3
200 ^ P lt 300 1 1 0 7 50 1 29 1 6 4 2
300 pound P 40 8 18 5 1 3 8 30 4
T o t a l 2 2 1 0 100 0 4 5 3 1 0 0 0
T A B L E 2
B u r n - u p by m e a n s of c h e m i c a l - m a s s p e c t r o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s
Rod F IMA F I M A M W d t U 0 2 Ton UO- MWd
Max A v e r a g e A v e r a g e
A 5 50 bull 1 0 3 4 08 bull 10
B 5 16 4 0 6
C 4 52 3 56
D 5 55 4 3 6
E 5 4 3 4 2 7
F 4 74 3 73
To ta l
3420 2 164 bull 10 7 40
3400 2 1 70 7 38
2980 2171 6 4 7
3660 2 1 7 4 7 96
3580 2 1 7 4 7 78
3130 2 1 7 3 6 8 0
43 79
TABLE 3
Radial form factors FRAP l inear heat output Q(2 75) and Q(340)
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1068
1 003
0 877
1 077
1 054
0920
Q(275)
Wcm
-
271
237
291
285
248
Q(340)
Wcm
-
335
293
360
352
307
TABLE 4
Dimensional changes ridge heights and U 0 0 s tack movement
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1 068
1003
0877
1 077
1 054
0912
Length
oo
-
+ 79
+ 78
+ 87
+ 94
+ 76
Diamete Max |im
- 15
+ 7
+ 9
+ 6
+ 18
- 2
r Min (j m
+ 5
+ 19
+ 11
+ 11
+ 1 3
+ 3
bullc
Ridge height | j m
5
5
10
5
3
13
UO s tack movement deg oo
1 5
1 2
1 1
9
14
4
T A B L E 5
H y d r i d e f o r m a t i o n
Rod E
S p a c e r No ( f rom bo t tom) 3
Height over b o t t o m ( c m ) 88
Outs ide can t e m p e r a t u r e ( C) 245
H y d r i d e con ten t of the c a n ( p p m )
j u s t be low s p a c e r 65
con t ac t po in t 1 80
R e f e r e n c e (n o n - i r r a d i a t e d ) 35
T A B L E 6
T e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( C) r o d A ( t h e r m o c o u p l e )
Rad ius
( m m )
0 00
0 50
1 00
1 50
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 50
5 00
5 50
6 0 0
6 23
E l e m e n t
275
1082
1077
1060
1033
995
947
891
826
755
6 79
598
515
431
391
p o w e r (kW)
340
1 379
1371
1 347
1 308
1255
1187
1107
101 7
91 7
811
700
589
477
426
348
1 416
140 7
1 383
1 343
1287
1217
1 1 34
1040
937
827
71 3
59 7
483
430
TABLE 7
Tempera tu re distr ibution ( C) rod D
Radius Element power (kW)
(mm) 275 340
0 00
0 5 0
1 00
150
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 5 0
5 00
5 50
6 00
6 2 3
1255
1248
1227
1193
1146
1087
1017
937
850
756
658
558
459
412
1618
1609
1580
1532
1466
1383
1 284
1171
1048
91 7
781
646
51 3
452
TABLE 8
Integrated volumes for rod D
Tempera tu re 275 kW 3
interval cm
300 - 500 60 0
500 - 600 40 5
600 - 700 32 0
700 - 800 24 5
800 - 900 ] 8 8
900 - 1000 14 4
1000 - 11 00 10 5
1 100 - 1200 6 8
1200 - 1300 1 9
1 300 - 1400 0 0
1400 - 1500
1500 - 1600
1600 - 1700
1 700 - 1800
340 kW
c m 3
2 8 7
19 4
1 5 3
1 1 7
9 0
6 9
5 0
3 3
8 9
0 0
3 7 0
32 8
29 8
24 5
19 8
16 3
13 4
11 0
9 0
7 1
5 3
3 2
0 2
0 0
17 7
15 7
1 4 3
1 1 7
9 5
7 8
6 4
5 3
4 3
3 4
2 5
15
0 1
0 0
Crud measuremen t s
The positions of the samples a re given in the sketch below
Top F6 F4 F 5 F3 Bottom Fuel element
FZ outside
Fl inside Shroud
TABLE 9
Crud deposition (ngcm )
F e Ni C r Z r
F l
F2
F 3
F 4
F 5
F6
32
4
8
8
8
12
8
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
5
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
gt 2
gt 2
15
15
gt 2
gt 2
TABLE 10
The crud activit ies 22 9 65 (dps cm )
C o - 5 i Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
Fl
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
8 5-
34-
56-
7 5-
5 2-
4 7-
10^ 1 2 - 1 0 ^ 3 8 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 9 7 1 0
10^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 - 1 0 ^ 3 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 0 - 1 0
l O 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 6 9 - 10^
l O 2 0 - l 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 9 0 - 1 0
l O 2 0 - 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 ^ 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 - 1 0 ^ 1 3 0 - 1 0
l O 7 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 - 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 6 4 - 1 0 1 7 - 1 0
TABLE 1 1
Specific activit ies (dpsmg Fe)
C o - 5 8 Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
F6
F4
F5
F3
Fl
F2
6
TABLE 1 2
F i ss ion gas re lease ()
Rod B D
Kr
Xe
-
-
002
002
003
003
0 02
0 03
0 02
002
0 02
0 02
3 9 2 - 1 0 ^ 6 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 5 3 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 4 2 1 0
9 3 7 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 3 7 - 1 0 ^
6 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 1 0 ^ 1 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 9 5 - 1 0 1 6 3 - 1 0
7 0 - 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 0 1 8 8 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 6 3 - 1 0 ^
2 6 6 - 1 0 ^ 3 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 9 1 0 7 1 9 1 0 ^ 7 5 - 1 0 3 0 3 - 1 0 ^
8 5 lt 1 0 5 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 4 5 - 1 0
F i g 1 Top plug with gauge plug
F ig 2 Spacer
Fig 3 Upper end of the bundle F ig 4 Upper end of the bundle
F ig 5 Lower end of the bundle
t
Fig 6
F- -
4 5x
bull
bullaumlW^
Fig 7
Wr-
4 5x
amp
K bull i- m
Fig 8 4 5x Fig 9 4 5x
F i g 1 O 4 5x F i g 11 4 5x
8Epoundli2amp
F i e 12 14x F i g 1 3 500 x
Fig 1 4 Through cell window
ml
8hfegt- laquo IgUtMIKflr i l - V T - rv
s-
jpj^EacuteASfe-laquobullbull bullilPfff
laquo -bull
Fig 1 5 Through cell window
i
bull i
T~-~
bull- l
bull bull bull - bull - - bull
bull bull bull bull i mdash
bull - - bull bull
L~Hr^
- j
) bull bull
bull bull bull
i i i i i i
i
bull mdash - bull - -
-
T
-bull
bull bull bull - bull mdash mdash
j - bull bull bull
bull bull
- 1 - bull
i bull bull
- r
bull - i i
i
jjU
bdquo _
bull bull
3e
-----
bull - -
bull - mdash -
- bull mdash i
Tii iampr
iiili
bullT-
i
i t -
i i
v
bull i bull
bull -
_-
d c
T I
| bull
bull
gt
I r r a d i a t i o n h i s t o r y
- C h a n n e l p o w e r in kW as a funct ion of i n - c o r e t i m e
^ ~ - -
bdquo
---
_ _
r
i r bull
m-v Hi i i ^ i i iH
iEK i i
- i i
~Fi
bull _
bull bull
m - bull bull bull bull
i iii
iYil
T
bullrill--l-
bull bull
j bull - _
bull bull
1
bull i -
bull
7H 7
bull
ui-i
jllUlIiL
- - bull
rn __
ji 1
bull -
bull i i
bull U
i|
i L
viii
r
bull T
LiLi
bull i i i
j -
| - bull bull bull bull
L _ 1 i
i bull
bull bull
bull
bull
---[[
i 1-
i ^
---
-
i
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r f i i i
- - - - - bull mdash - bull - - J - mdash r
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bull bull i bull bull bull i
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-
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bull bull bull
bull
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bull bull
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--mdash
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i
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mdash t i
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c
bull 1
bull bull
1
----
bull bull bull bull bull
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bull bull bull bull
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1 bull
i
bull bull bull
bull -Iii i T i
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i i i i
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mdashti i - i bull
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F i g 16
Bpl i i bull
bull _
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_
ii
ii
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t
o
o iw
bull i
i bull
i bull i 1 bull
i ^ bull bull bull
J L i
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-i
i
bull bull
- bull bull
bull
i
i
I
i
i bull
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i i i i y
gt
i
r-iI 1
r bullbull--bull
iii
i i
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1
i
bull bull - J
i i bull
bull bull
mdash V
- mdash - mdash bull bull
i - _
mdashmdash
bull j
|
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i i i - i
o
o o CM
O
H
O O r-i
LPl
X K CM
Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
-LLL
f
bull bull
- - t bull bull
bull bull
St---bull bull L _
- i bull bull bull
i
bull[-bull
r--
bdquo
r_ t
t t
i
- i
i
LLi
I bullbull
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(
[ bull bull
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i i
bull bullbullbullbull- ) -
i i bull
it bull j |
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bull bull
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r-rrr-T
bulliir
i - j bull bull bull
t
1 bull i -
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i
mdash-vr
- 1 - - -
-
~zzLY
iaE^f ^ T p f
- - ( mdash bull laquo mdash
iblL
-bullbull
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mdash i bull 1
1C
L-mdash-L-
LzzY
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-mdash
H-
i-i
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i l ~ i
i H W OU_
i
bull bull
bull bull r
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bull[
i -t - i -r
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i
LI T o p i i
if i
fcN-ii]jjiFrii
bull pound - 1 T - i bullbull
~ f bull bull bull bull [ bull bull bull bull -
bull | - i -M
1 i
bull - i f f bullbull f --T i
i pound 1 bull S
bull M - i -i j bull
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bull bull i
H--- U-
bull i 1
mdash
|
t bull bull bull
bull -
j r - i bull 5 1
^ r r
--Trii ^
F gt
- 4 j
r r r r l r t
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bull bull
laquo
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i
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bull
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7 - p n f
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mdash i -
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TrHiii i i
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I
T
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MP C
bull bull
I
bullLTLi-
L1LL
L-1L1
--bull ~ -
bull
I
-- -
i i t i i i r ril_
ri-j-T i i i i
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i
i ^ H
bull
bulli r~-
LLL
LL- i - i - -
y
r i i - |
r raquo i
-
- i r
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_
bull I bullbull
ii
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bull -
bull bull i - bull
i
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j bull 1
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bull bull
bull bull
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J
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)
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^LrL-~
L-SLi
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i i
mdash i mdash
TTTTT^^
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Li
xLi m
i qjis
LWTL
bull bull
-
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bull J -H-i-f-
LL
bullrL bull
liLLLi
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z T
i bull ( bull
trrr
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Jill
10
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i
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LrlzL-
O T
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f j
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fy
i
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bull bull
-mdash ---
_ i i
- ^ j - 1 1
bull - bull r - f -
gt
bull _
F i g 21
L-mdashZ--
_ bdquo
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^ T -
i i j -
i i i
j bull
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bull bull 1 1
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1 bull bull
gt 1 bull
- r-iri mdash -Vfmdash
i B
i
- i i ~
I-ILL
r
0
- | f c r
_ rlj jt
l l fs
ii
- i i -
--ZLT
i - _
t
J_ _
=j 4 -
poundJ-
ri-
It v
mdash
^J
i1-
-mdash r
illLiz
bull bull - - T r -
n
- bull -
bullH^iri mdash i
d
bull t
bull - bull | T
bull ^ - L 1 -i bull bull bull bull 1
bull bull |
1 i
| i bull i
| T- i
- jv -j bull
r-rH bull bull bull bull ] - |
bull -
1 -I L j
bull
-i
i
j
i
i
i
bull bull bull bull
bull i
___ _J_ i l i bull
i i 1 i
( bull | |
| bull bull bull i - bull bull |
1 bull
bull i i p i 1 t L
bull bull J bull bull bull bull
-rrH---i
-1-~~
-L
rr-
- _ U bull =
IS-
bull
bullLL
bullLL
-----i
Z--1-L
bullmdash-bullbull
bull r---
rmdashr~ 7|
j i
bull bull i
j
I
bull bull i
i |
mdash
T Gamma-scanning
Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
- 12 -
9 LIST OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS USED
INDO integrated neutron dose and burn-up p r o g r a m
SLIRMA loop p r o g r a m in genera l
FIRMA neutron flux from Co-moni tors
FARMA fission gas re lease
GORMA dimensional changes
BURMA chemical burn-up measurement
TERMA t empera tu re distr ibution
VORMA volume distribution
STARMA s ta t i s t ics p r o g r a m
KORRMA corre la t ion p r o g r a m
S Svensson
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
B Danielsson
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J-Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
J -Aring Gyllander
P r o g r a m 1 is descr ibed in detail in ref [193 and p rog rams 2-10
descr ibed in ref [23]
- 13 -
10 LIST OF FIGURES
1 Top plug with gauge plug
2 Spacer
3 Upper end of the bundle
4 Upper end of the bundle
5 Lower end of the bundle
6 Fre t t ing m a r k on spacer
7 Fret t ing m a r k on rod E
8 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
9 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
1 0 T ransve r sa l cut rod A in axial maximum
1 1 T r a n s v e r s a l cut rod D in axial maximum
1 2 Detail of fig 11 1 4 x magnification
1 3 Detail of fig 1 1 500 x magnification
14 Fuel bundle bottom after i r radia t ion
1 5 Fuel bundle top after i r radia t ion
1 6 I r radiat ion his tory
1 7 Diagram over cer ta in heat data as a function of channel power
1 8 Goliath gauges
19- Y s c a n n ^ n g curves 24
25 The samples for the hydride measu remen t
T A B L E 1
I r r a d i a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s
E l e m e n t T i m e B u r n - u p
P o w e r P
kW Days MWd
P = 0 43 2 19 5
0 lt P lt 100 16 7 7 6 0 9 2 1
100 pound P lt 200 9 6 4 3 15 3 3
200 ^ P lt 300 1 1 0 7 50 1 29 1 6 4 2
300 pound P 40 8 18 5 1 3 8 30 4
T o t a l 2 2 1 0 100 0 4 5 3 1 0 0 0
T A B L E 2
B u r n - u p by m e a n s of c h e m i c a l - m a s s p e c t r o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s
Rod F IMA F I M A M W d t U 0 2 Ton UO- MWd
Max A v e r a g e A v e r a g e
A 5 50 bull 1 0 3 4 08 bull 10
B 5 16 4 0 6
C 4 52 3 56
D 5 55 4 3 6
E 5 4 3 4 2 7
F 4 74 3 73
To ta l
3420 2 164 bull 10 7 40
3400 2 1 70 7 38
2980 2171 6 4 7
3660 2 1 7 4 7 96
3580 2 1 7 4 7 78
3130 2 1 7 3 6 8 0
43 79
TABLE 3
Radial form factors FRAP l inear heat output Q(2 75) and Q(340)
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1068
1 003
0 877
1 077
1 054
0920
Q(275)
Wcm
-
271
237
291
285
248
Q(340)
Wcm
-
335
293
360
352
307
TABLE 4
Dimensional changes ridge heights and U 0 0 s tack movement
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1 068
1003
0877
1 077
1 054
0912
Length
oo
-
+ 79
+ 78
+ 87
+ 94
+ 76
Diamete Max |im
- 15
+ 7
+ 9
+ 6
+ 18
- 2
r Min (j m
+ 5
+ 19
+ 11
+ 11
+ 1 3
+ 3
bullc
Ridge height | j m
5
5
10
5
3
13
UO s tack movement deg oo
1 5
1 2
1 1
9
14
4
T A B L E 5
H y d r i d e f o r m a t i o n
Rod E
S p a c e r No ( f rom bo t tom) 3
Height over b o t t o m ( c m ) 88
Outs ide can t e m p e r a t u r e ( C) 245
H y d r i d e con ten t of the c a n ( p p m )
j u s t be low s p a c e r 65
con t ac t po in t 1 80
R e f e r e n c e (n o n - i r r a d i a t e d ) 35
T A B L E 6
T e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( C) r o d A ( t h e r m o c o u p l e )
Rad ius
( m m )
0 00
0 50
1 00
1 50
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 50
5 00
5 50
6 0 0
6 23
E l e m e n t
275
1082
1077
1060
1033
995
947
891
826
755
6 79
598
515
431
391
p o w e r (kW)
340
1 379
1371
1 347
1 308
1255
1187
1107
101 7
91 7
811
700
589
477
426
348
1 416
140 7
1 383
1 343
1287
1217
1 1 34
1040
937
827
71 3
59 7
483
430
TABLE 7
Tempera tu re distr ibution ( C) rod D
Radius Element power (kW)
(mm) 275 340
0 00
0 5 0
1 00
150
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 5 0
5 00
5 50
6 00
6 2 3
1255
1248
1227
1193
1146
1087
1017
937
850
756
658
558
459
412
1618
1609
1580
1532
1466
1383
1 284
1171
1048
91 7
781
646
51 3
452
TABLE 8
Integrated volumes for rod D
Tempera tu re 275 kW 3
interval cm
300 - 500 60 0
500 - 600 40 5
600 - 700 32 0
700 - 800 24 5
800 - 900 ] 8 8
900 - 1000 14 4
1000 - 11 00 10 5
1 100 - 1200 6 8
1200 - 1300 1 9
1 300 - 1400 0 0
1400 - 1500
1500 - 1600
1600 - 1700
1 700 - 1800
340 kW
c m 3
2 8 7
19 4
1 5 3
1 1 7
9 0
6 9
5 0
3 3
8 9
0 0
3 7 0
32 8
29 8
24 5
19 8
16 3
13 4
11 0
9 0
7 1
5 3
3 2
0 2
0 0
17 7
15 7
1 4 3
1 1 7
9 5
7 8
6 4
5 3
4 3
3 4
2 5
15
0 1
0 0
Crud measuremen t s
The positions of the samples a re given in the sketch below
Top F6 F4 F 5 F3 Bottom Fuel element
FZ outside
Fl inside Shroud
TABLE 9
Crud deposition (ngcm )
F e Ni C r Z r
F l
F2
F 3
F 4
F 5
F6
32
4
8
8
8
12
8
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
5
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
gt 2
gt 2
15
15
gt 2
gt 2
TABLE 10
The crud activit ies 22 9 65 (dps cm )
C o - 5 i Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
Fl
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
8 5-
34-
56-
7 5-
5 2-
4 7-
10^ 1 2 - 1 0 ^ 3 8 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 9 7 1 0
10^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 - 1 0 ^ 3 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 0 - 1 0
l O 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 6 9 - 10^
l O 2 0 - l 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 9 0 - 1 0
l O 2 0 - 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 ^ 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 - 1 0 ^ 1 3 0 - 1 0
l O 7 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 - 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 6 4 - 1 0 1 7 - 1 0
TABLE 1 1
Specific activit ies (dpsmg Fe)
C o - 5 8 Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
F6
F4
F5
F3
Fl
F2
6
TABLE 1 2
F i ss ion gas re lease ()
Rod B D
Kr
Xe
-
-
002
002
003
003
0 02
0 03
0 02
002
0 02
0 02
3 9 2 - 1 0 ^ 6 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 5 3 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 4 2 1 0
9 3 7 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 3 7 - 1 0 ^
6 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 1 0 ^ 1 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 9 5 - 1 0 1 6 3 - 1 0
7 0 - 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 0 1 8 8 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 6 3 - 1 0 ^
2 6 6 - 1 0 ^ 3 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 9 1 0 7 1 9 1 0 ^ 7 5 - 1 0 3 0 3 - 1 0 ^
8 5 lt 1 0 5 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 4 5 - 1 0
F i g 1 Top plug with gauge plug
F ig 2 Spacer
Fig 3 Upper end of the bundle F ig 4 Upper end of the bundle
F ig 5 Lower end of the bundle
t
Fig 6
F- -
4 5x
bull
bullaumlW^
Fig 7
Wr-
4 5x
amp
K bull i- m
Fig 8 4 5x Fig 9 4 5x
F i g 1 O 4 5x F i g 11 4 5x
8Epoundli2amp
F i e 12 14x F i g 1 3 500 x
Fig 1 4 Through cell window
ml
8hfegt- laquo IgUtMIKflr i l - V T - rv
s-
jpj^EacuteASfe-laquobullbull bullilPfff
laquo -bull
Fig 1 5 Through cell window
i
bull i
T~-~
bull- l
bull bull bull - bull - - bull
bull bull bull bull i mdash
bull - - bull bull
L~Hr^
- j
) bull bull
bull bull bull
i i i i i i
i
bull mdash - bull - -
-
T
-bull
bull bull bull - bull mdash mdash
j - bull bull bull
bull bull
- 1 - bull
i bull bull
- r
bull - i i
i
jjU
bdquo _
bull bull
3e
-----
bull - -
bull - mdash -
- bull mdash i
Tii iampr
iiili
bullT-
i
i t -
i i
v
bull i bull
bull -
_-
d c
T I
| bull
bull
gt
I r r a d i a t i o n h i s t o r y
- C h a n n e l p o w e r in kW as a funct ion of i n - c o r e t i m e
^ ~ - -
bdquo
---
_ _
r
i r bull
m-v Hi i i ^ i i iH
iEK i i
- i i
~Fi
bull _
bull bull
m - bull bull bull bull
i iii
iYil
T
bullrill--l-
bull bull
j bull - _
bull bull
1
bull i -
bull
7H 7
bull
ui-i
jllUlIiL
- - bull
rn __
ji 1
bull -
bull i i
bull U
i|
i L
viii
r
bull T
LiLi
bull i i i
j -
| - bull bull bull bull
L _ 1 i
i bull
bull bull
bull
bull
---[[
i 1-
i ^
---
-
i
_ _
r f i i i
- - - - - bull mdash - bull - - J - mdash r
bull bull bull bull bull | bull 1
bull
bull bull i bull bull bull i
f
I bull 1
-
1
bull
bull bull bull
bull
1
bulli
r
bull-v-
j
bull bull
iiiii
bull
bull
bull
bull i - i bull -
i bull 1
--mdash
i
___mdash|
i
i
bull i -
mdash t i
- i ir
i
c
bull 1
bull bull
1
----
bull bull bull bull bull
Mh i
bull bull bull bull
bull
i
1 bull
i
bull bull bull
bull -Iii i T i
- bull bull bull
i i i i
mdash i mdash mdash i
_
J i i i - bull bull bull bull
ii i
bull
mdashti i - i bull
ii^
-
m i -
i
- iii-iiiii
i]i-i
|
i - - - -I
F i g 16
Bpl i i bull
bull _
iii
_
ii
ii
ii
t
o
o iw
bull i
i bull
i bull i 1 bull
i ^ bull bull bull
J L i
i-
1
-i
i
bull bull
- bull bull
bull
i
i
I
i
i bull
iLij i
bull bull bull bull
i i i i y
gt
i
r-iI 1
r bullbull--bull
iii
i i
i i
1
i
bull bull - J
i i bull
bull bull
mdash V
- mdash - mdash bull bull
i - _
mdashmdash
bull j
|
i -
i i i - i
o
o o CM
O
H
O O r-i
LPl
X K CM
Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
-LLL
f
bull bull
- - t bull bull
bull bull
St---bull bull L _
- i bull bull bull
i
bull[-bull
r--
bdquo
r_ t
t t
i
- i
i
LLi
I bullbull
bull-
(
[ bull bull
) bull
i i
bull bullbullbullbull- ) -
i i bull
it bull j |
j bullbull t -
bull bull
-tr-f --bull
r-rrr-T
bulliir
i - j bull bull bull
t
1 bull i -
I i t
i
mdash-vr
- 1 - - -
-
~zzLY
iaE^f ^ T p f
- - ( mdash bull laquo mdash
iblL
-bullbull
~L]-
-7T 1TJ FT
_ui
iiLilLLL
mdash i bull 1
1C
L-mdash-L-
LzzY
LLL1--
zj
LLi-L
-mdash
H-
i-i
^rTTTL
i l ~ i
i H W OU_
i
bull bull
bull bull r
LLii][ -
EriJpi
Sni i T IT
HTTI
LL-L-
bull[
i -t - i -r
] bull
m - bull -
i
LI T o p i i
if i
fcN-ii]jjiFrii
bull pound - 1 T - i bullbull
~ f bull bull bull bull [ bull bull bull bull -
bull | - i -M
1 i
bull - i f f bullbull f --T i
i pound 1 bull S
bull M - i -i j bull
-nkpound-I J ^ bull
bull bull i
H--- U-
bull i 1
mdash
|
t bull bull bull
bull -
j r - i bull 5 1
^ r r
--Trii ^
F gt
- 4 j
r r r r l r t
- r _ i l ^
-i i f
HTrpiP
bull bull
laquo
bull
rf1-r i
~rr
LLLLL1
T-Y~l
] i
i
T~~ t i r r
i r i i r i i i i
LYr-lL
H P
bull bull [
bull
L-----
LllLL
7 - p n f
bull - bull f r - - -
-
mdash i -
- -bullL bull - bull bull
TrHiii i i
bull
I
T
ipi
MP C
bull bull
I
bullLTLi-
L1LL
L-1L1
--bull ~ -
bull
I
-- -
i i t i i i r ril_
ri-j-T i i i i
~L i i t i
i
i ^ H
bull
bulli r~-
LLL
LL- i - i - -
y
r i i - |
r raquo i
-
- i r
bull h bull bull
_
bull I bullbull
ii
- i
bull -
bull bull i - bull
i
bull
j bull 1
v r K
Li-
bull bull
bull bull
bull
L~-i
bull bull
-r^jir
WL-Li
bull-~ -4- r i
J
i r a
ii^kr rrr
- f i 4 i i i LLH
)
bull - -
^LrL-~
L-SLi
-Mi-L
i i
mdash i mdash
TTTTT^^
^ r t j
Li
xLi m
i qjis
LWTL
bull bull
-
- j r
bull J -H-i-f-
LL
bullrL bull
liLLLi
bull
iLri
ilp mdash gt - bull |
LiLL
z T
i bull ( bull
trrr
bull -H
Jill
10
bull bull r bull
LL
i
gt
bull i i | j
^
Tirrrir-
i ^ - ^ bull bull
LrlzL-
O T
- -f i -
f j
bull - gt bull bull bull bull bull bull mdash
fy
i
-bullbullbull P bullbull
bull bull
-mdash ---
_ i i
- ^ j - 1 1
bull - bull r - f -
gt
bull _
F i g 21
L-mdashZ--
_ bdquo
bull bull
- x
^ T -
i i j -
i i i
j bull
i i 1 |
bull i
bull bull 1 1
bull - ] -
il~L
- i i ~ t - bull bull bull
1 bull bull
gt 1 bull
- r-iri mdash -Vfmdash
i B
i
- i i ~
I-ILL
r
0
- | f c r
_ rlj jt
l l fs
ii
- i i -
--ZLT
i - _
t
J_ _
=j 4 -
poundJ-
ri-
It v
mdash
^J
i1-
-mdash r
illLiz
bull bull - - T r -
n
- bull -
bullH^iri mdash i
d
bull t
bull - bull | T
bull ^ - L 1 -i bull bull bull bull 1
bull bull |
1 i
| i bull i
| T- i
- jv -j bull
r-rH bull bull bull bull ] - |
bull -
1 -I L j
bull
-i
i
j
i
i
i
bull bull bull bull
bull i
___ _J_ i l i bull
i i 1 i
( bull | |
| bull bull bull i - bull bull |
1 bull
bull i i p i 1 t L
bull bull J bull bull bull bull
-rrH---i
-1-~~
-L
rr-
- _ U bull =
IS-
bull
bullLL
bullLL
-----i
Z--1-L
bullmdash-bullbull
bull r---
rmdashr~ 7|
j i
bull bull i
j
I
bull bull i
i |
mdash
T Gamma-scanning
Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
- 13 -
10 LIST OF FIGURES
1 Top plug with gauge plug
2 Spacer
3 Upper end of the bundle
4 Upper end of the bundle
5 Lower end of the bundle
6 Fre t t ing m a r k on spacer
7 Fret t ing m a r k on rod E
8 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
9 Posit ion of samples for hydride measu remen t
1 0 T ransve r sa l cut rod A in axial maximum
1 1 T r a n s v e r s a l cut rod D in axial maximum
1 2 Detail of fig 11 1 4 x magnification
1 3 Detail of fig 1 1 500 x magnification
14 Fuel bundle bottom after i r radia t ion
1 5 Fuel bundle top after i r radia t ion
1 6 I r radiat ion his tory
1 7 Diagram over cer ta in heat data as a function of channel power
1 8 Goliath gauges
19- Y s c a n n ^ n g curves 24
25 The samples for the hydride measu remen t
T A B L E 1
I r r a d i a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s
E l e m e n t T i m e B u r n - u p
P o w e r P
kW Days MWd
P = 0 43 2 19 5
0 lt P lt 100 16 7 7 6 0 9 2 1
100 pound P lt 200 9 6 4 3 15 3 3
200 ^ P lt 300 1 1 0 7 50 1 29 1 6 4 2
300 pound P 40 8 18 5 1 3 8 30 4
T o t a l 2 2 1 0 100 0 4 5 3 1 0 0 0
T A B L E 2
B u r n - u p by m e a n s of c h e m i c a l - m a s s p e c t r o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s
Rod F IMA F I M A M W d t U 0 2 Ton UO- MWd
Max A v e r a g e A v e r a g e
A 5 50 bull 1 0 3 4 08 bull 10
B 5 16 4 0 6
C 4 52 3 56
D 5 55 4 3 6
E 5 4 3 4 2 7
F 4 74 3 73
To ta l
3420 2 164 bull 10 7 40
3400 2 1 70 7 38
2980 2171 6 4 7
3660 2 1 7 4 7 96
3580 2 1 7 4 7 78
3130 2 1 7 3 6 8 0
43 79
TABLE 3
Radial form factors FRAP l inear heat output Q(2 75) and Q(340)
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1068
1 003
0 877
1 077
1 054
0920
Q(275)
Wcm
-
271
237
291
285
248
Q(340)
Wcm
-
335
293
360
352
307
TABLE 4
Dimensional changes ridge heights and U 0 0 s tack movement
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1 068
1003
0877
1 077
1 054
0912
Length
oo
-
+ 79
+ 78
+ 87
+ 94
+ 76
Diamete Max |im
- 15
+ 7
+ 9
+ 6
+ 18
- 2
r Min (j m
+ 5
+ 19
+ 11
+ 11
+ 1 3
+ 3
bullc
Ridge height | j m
5
5
10
5
3
13
UO s tack movement deg oo
1 5
1 2
1 1
9
14
4
T A B L E 5
H y d r i d e f o r m a t i o n
Rod E
S p a c e r No ( f rom bo t tom) 3
Height over b o t t o m ( c m ) 88
Outs ide can t e m p e r a t u r e ( C) 245
H y d r i d e con ten t of the c a n ( p p m )
j u s t be low s p a c e r 65
con t ac t po in t 1 80
R e f e r e n c e (n o n - i r r a d i a t e d ) 35
T A B L E 6
T e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( C) r o d A ( t h e r m o c o u p l e )
Rad ius
( m m )
0 00
0 50
1 00
1 50
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 50
5 00
5 50
6 0 0
6 23
E l e m e n t
275
1082
1077
1060
1033
995
947
891
826
755
6 79
598
515
431
391
p o w e r (kW)
340
1 379
1371
1 347
1 308
1255
1187
1107
101 7
91 7
811
700
589
477
426
348
1 416
140 7
1 383
1 343
1287
1217
1 1 34
1040
937
827
71 3
59 7
483
430
TABLE 7
Tempera tu re distr ibution ( C) rod D
Radius Element power (kW)
(mm) 275 340
0 00
0 5 0
1 00
150
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 5 0
5 00
5 50
6 00
6 2 3
1255
1248
1227
1193
1146
1087
1017
937
850
756
658
558
459
412
1618
1609
1580
1532
1466
1383
1 284
1171
1048
91 7
781
646
51 3
452
TABLE 8
Integrated volumes for rod D
Tempera tu re 275 kW 3
interval cm
300 - 500 60 0
500 - 600 40 5
600 - 700 32 0
700 - 800 24 5
800 - 900 ] 8 8
900 - 1000 14 4
1000 - 11 00 10 5
1 100 - 1200 6 8
1200 - 1300 1 9
1 300 - 1400 0 0
1400 - 1500
1500 - 1600
1600 - 1700
1 700 - 1800
340 kW
c m 3
2 8 7
19 4
1 5 3
1 1 7
9 0
6 9
5 0
3 3
8 9
0 0
3 7 0
32 8
29 8
24 5
19 8
16 3
13 4
11 0
9 0
7 1
5 3
3 2
0 2
0 0
17 7
15 7
1 4 3
1 1 7
9 5
7 8
6 4
5 3
4 3
3 4
2 5
15
0 1
0 0
Crud measuremen t s
The positions of the samples a re given in the sketch below
Top F6 F4 F 5 F3 Bottom Fuel element
FZ outside
Fl inside Shroud
TABLE 9
Crud deposition (ngcm )
F e Ni C r Z r
F l
F2
F 3
F 4
F 5
F6
32
4
8
8
8
12
8
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
5
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
gt 2
gt 2
15
15
gt 2
gt 2
TABLE 10
The crud activit ies 22 9 65 (dps cm )
C o - 5 i Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
Fl
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
8 5-
34-
56-
7 5-
5 2-
4 7-
10^ 1 2 - 1 0 ^ 3 8 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 9 7 1 0
10^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 - 1 0 ^ 3 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 0 - 1 0
l O 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 6 9 - 10^
l O 2 0 - l 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 9 0 - 1 0
l O 2 0 - 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 ^ 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 - 1 0 ^ 1 3 0 - 1 0
l O 7 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 - 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 6 4 - 1 0 1 7 - 1 0
TABLE 1 1
Specific activit ies (dpsmg Fe)
C o - 5 8 Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
F6
F4
F5
F3
Fl
F2
6
TABLE 1 2
F i ss ion gas re lease ()
Rod B D
Kr
Xe
-
-
002
002
003
003
0 02
0 03
0 02
002
0 02
0 02
3 9 2 - 1 0 ^ 6 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 5 3 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 4 2 1 0
9 3 7 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 3 7 - 1 0 ^
6 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 1 0 ^ 1 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 9 5 - 1 0 1 6 3 - 1 0
7 0 - 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 0 1 8 8 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 6 3 - 1 0 ^
2 6 6 - 1 0 ^ 3 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 9 1 0 7 1 9 1 0 ^ 7 5 - 1 0 3 0 3 - 1 0 ^
8 5 lt 1 0 5 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 4 5 - 1 0
F i g 1 Top plug with gauge plug
F ig 2 Spacer
Fig 3 Upper end of the bundle F ig 4 Upper end of the bundle
F ig 5 Lower end of the bundle
t
Fig 6
F- -
4 5x
bull
bullaumlW^
Fig 7
Wr-
4 5x
amp
K bull i- m
Fig 8 4 5x Fig 9 4 5x
F i g 1 O 4 5x F i g 11 4 5x
8Epoundli2amp
F i e 12 14x F i g 1 3 500 x
Fig 1 4 Through cell window
ml
8hfegt- laquo IgUtMIKflr i l - V T - rv
s-
jpj^EacuteASfe-laquobullbull bullilPfff
laquo -bull
Fig 1 5 Through cell window
i
bull i
T~-~
bull- l
bull bull bull - bull - - bull
bull bull bull bull i mdash
bull - - bull bull
L~Hr^
- j
) bull bull
bull bull bull
i i i i i i
i
bull mdash - bull - -
-
T
-bull
bull bull bull - bull mdash mdash
j - bull bull bull
bull bull
- 1 - bull
i bull bull
- r
bull - i i
i
jjU
bdquo _
bull bull
3e
-----
bull - -
bull - mdash -
- bull mdash i
Tii iampr
iiili
bullT-
i
i t -
i i
v
bull i bull
bull -
_-
d c
T I
| bull
bull
gt
I r r a d i a t i o n h i s t o r y
- C h a n n e l p o w e r in kW as a funct ion of i n - c o r e t i m e
^ ~ - -
bdquo
---
_ _
r
i r bull
m-v Hi i i ^ i i iH
iEK i i
- i i
~Fi
bull _
bull bull
m - bull bull bull bull
i iii
iYil
T
bullrill--l-
bull bull
j bull - _
bull bull
1
bull i -
bull
7H 7
bull
ui-i
jllUlIiL
- - bull
rn __
ji 1
bull -
bull i i
bull U
i|
i L
viii
r
bull T
LiLi
bull i i i
j -
| - bull bull bull bull
L _ 1 i
i bull
bull bull
bull
bull
---[[
i 1-
i ^
---
-
i
_ _
r f i i i
- - - - - bull mdash - bull - - J - mdash r
bull bull bull bull bull | bull 1
bull
bull bull i bull bull bull i
f
I bull 1
-
1
bull
bull bull bull
bull
1
bulli
r
bull-v-
j
bull bull
iiiii
bull
bull
bull
bull i - i bull -
i bull 1
--mdash
i
___mdash|
i
i
bull i -
mdash t i
- i ir
i
c
bull 1
bull bull
1
----
bull bull bull bull bull
Mh i
bull bull bull bull
bull
i
1 bull
i
bull bull bull
bull -Iii i T i
- bull bull bull
i i i i
mdash i mdash mdash i
_
J i i i - bull bull bull bull
ii i
bull
mdashti i - i bull
ii^
-
m i -
i
- iii-iiiii
i]i-i
|
i - - - -I
F i g 16
Bpl i i bull
bull _
iii
_
ii
ii
ii
t
o
o iw
bull i
i bull
i bull i 1 bull
i ^ bull bull bull
J L i
i-
1
-i
i
bull bull
- bull bull
bull
i
i
I
i
i bull
iLij i
bull bull bull bull
i i i i y
gt
i
r-iI 1
r bullbull--bull
iii
i i
i i
1
i
bull bull - J
i i bull
bull bull
mdash V
- mdash - mdash bull bull
i - _
mdashmdash
bull j
|
i -
i i i - i
o
o o CM
O
H
O O r-i
LPl
X K CM
Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
-LLL
f
bull bull
- - t bull bull
bull bull
St---bull bull L _
- i bull bull bull
i
bull[-bull
r--
bdquo
r_ t
t t
i
- i
i
LLi
I bullbull
bull-
(
[ bull bull
) bull
i i
bull bullbullbullbull- ) -
i i bull
it bull j |
j bullbull t -
bull bull
-tr-f --bull
r-rrr-T
bulliir
i - j bull bull bull
t
1 bull i -
I i t
i
mdash-vr
- 1 - - -
-
~zzLY
iaE^f ^ T p f
- - ( mdash bull laquo mdash
iblL
-bullbull
~L]-
-7T 1TJ FT
_ui
iiLilLLL
mdash i bull 1
1C
L-mdash-L-
LzzY
LLL1--
zj
LLi-L
-mdash
H-
i-i
^rTTTL
i l ~ i
i H W OU_
i
bull bull
bull bull r
LLii][ -
EriJpi
Sni i T IT
HTTI
LL-L-
bull[
i -t - i -r
] bull
m - bull -
i
LI T o p i i
if i
fcN-ii]jjiFrii
bull pound - 1 T - i bullbull
~ f bull bull bull bull [ bull bull bull bull -
bull | - i -M
1 i
bull - i f f bullbull f --T i
i pound 1 bull S
bull M - i -i j bull
-nkpound-I J ^ bull
bull bull i
H--- U-
bull i 1
mdash
|
t bull bull bull
bull -
j r - i bull 5 1
^ r r
--Trii ^
F gt
- 4 j
r r r r l r t
- r _ i l ^
-i i f
HTrpiP
bull bull
laquo
bull
rf1-r i
~rr
LLLLL1
T-Y~l
] i
i
T~~ t i r r
i r i i r i i i i
LYr-lL
H P
bull bull [
bull
L-----
LllLL
7 - p n f
bull - bull f r - - -
-
mdash i -
- -bullL bull - bull bull
TrHiii i i
bull
I
T
ipi
MP C
bull bull
I
bullLTLi-
L1LL
L-1L1
--bull ~ -
bull
I
-- -
i i t i i i r ril_
ri-j-T i i i i
~L i i t i
i
i ^ H
bull
bulli r~-
LLL
LL- i - i - -
y
r i i - |
r raquo i
-
- i r
bull h bull bull
_
bull I bullbull
ii
- i
bull -
bull bull i - bull
i
bull
j bull 1
v r K
Li-
bull bull
bull bull
bull
L~-i
bull bull
-r^jir
WL-Li
bull-~ -4- r i
J
i r a
ii^kr rrr
- f i 4 i i i LLH
)
bull - -
^LrL-~
L-SLi
-Mi-L
i i
mdash i mdash
TTTTT^^
^ r t j
Li
xLi m
i qjis
LWTL
bull bull
-
- j r
bull J -H-i-f-
LL
bullrL bull
liLLLi
bull
iLri
ilp mdash gt - bull |
LiLL
z T
i bull ( bull
trrr
bull -H
Jill
10
bull bull r bull
LL
i
gt
bull i i | j
^
Tirrrir-
i ^ - ^ bull bull
LrlzL-
O T
- -f i -
f j
bull - gt bull bull bull bull bull bull mdash
fy
i
-bullbullbull P bullbull
bull bull
-mdash ---
_ i i
- ^ j - 1 1
bull - bull r - f -
gt
bull _
F i g 21
L-mdashZ--
_ bdquo
bull bull
- x
^ T -
i i j -
i i i
j bull
i i 1 |
bull i
bull bull 1 1
bull - ] -
il~L
- i i ~ t - bull bull bull
1 bull bull
gt 1 bull
- r-iri mdash -Vfmdash
i B
i
- i i ~
I-ILL
r
0
- | f c r
_ rlj jt
l l fs
ii
- i i -
--ZLT
i - _
t
J_ _
=j 4 -
poundJ-
ri-
It v
mdash
^J
i1-
-mdash r
illLiz
bull bull - - T r -
n
- bull -
bullH^iri mdash i
d
bull t
bull - bull | T
bull ^ - L 1 -i bull bull bull bull 1
bull bull |
1 i
| i bull i
| T- i
- jv -j bull
r-rH bull bull bull bull ] - |
bull -
1 -I L j
bull
-i
i
j
i
i
i
bull bull bull bull
bull i
___ _J_ i l i bull
i i 1 i
( bull | |
| bull bull bull i - bull bull |
1 bull
bull i i p i 1 t L
bull bull J bull bull bull bull
-rrH---i
-1-~~
-L
rr-
- _ U bull =
IS-
bull
bullLL
bullLL
-----i
Z--1-L
bullmdash-bullbull
bull r---
rmdashr~ 7|
j i
bull bull i
j
I
bull bull i
i |
mdash
T Gamma-scanning
Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
T A B L E 1
I r r a d i a t i o n s t a t i s t i c s
E l e m e n t T i m e B u r n - u p
P o w e r P
kW Days MWd
P = 0 43 2 19 5
0 lt P lt 100 16 7 7 6 0 9 2 1
100 pound P lt 200 9 6 4 3 15 3 3
200 ^ P lt 300 1 1 0 7 50 1 29 1 6 4 2
300 pound P 40 8 18 5 1 3 8 30 4
T o t a l 2 2 1 0 100 0 4 5 3 1 0 0 0
T A B L E 2
B u r n - u p by m e a n s of c h e m i c a l - m a s s p e c t r o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s
Rod F IMA F I M A M W d t U 0 2 Ton UO- MWd
Max A v e r a g e A v e r a g e
A 5 50 bull 1 0 3 4 08 bull 10
B 5 16 4 0 6
C 4 52 3 56
D 5 55 4 3 6
E 5 4 3 4 2 7
F 4 74 3 73
To ta l
3420 2 164 bull 10 7 40
3400 2 1 70 7 38
2980 2171 6 4 7
3660 2 1 7 4 7 96
3580 2 1 7 4 7 78
3130 2 1 7 3 6 8 0
43 79
TABLE 3
Radial form factors FRAP l inear heat output Q(2 75) and Q(340)
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1068
1 003
0 877
1 077
1 054
0920
Q(275)
Wcm
-
271
237
291
285
248
Q(340)
Wcm
-
335
293
360
352
307
TABLE 4
Dimensional changes ridge heights and U 0 0 s tack movement
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1 068
1003
0877
1 077
1 054
0912
Length
oo
-
+ 79
+ 78
+ 87
+ 94
+ 76
Diamete Max |im
- 15
+ 7
+ 9
+ 6
+ 18
- 2
r Min (j m
+ 5
+ 19
+ 11
+ 11
+ 1 3
+ 3
bullc
Ridge height | j m
5
5
10
5
3
13
UO s tack movement deg oo
1 5
1 2
1 1
9
14
4
T A B L E 5
H y d r i d e f o r m a t i o n
Rod E
S p a c e r No ( f rom bo t tom) 3
Height over b o t t o m ( c m ) 88
Outs ide can t e m p e r a t u r e ( C) 245
H y d r i d e con ten t of the c a n ( p p m )
j u s t be low s p a c e r 65
con t ac t po in t 1 80
R e f e r e n c e (n o n - i r r a d i a t e d ) 35
T A B L E 6
T e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( C) r o d A ( t h e r m o c o u p l e )
Rad ius
( m m )
0 00
0 50
1 00
1 50
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 50
5 00
5 50
6 0 0
6 23
E l e m e n t
275
1082
1077
1060
1033
995
947
891
826
755
6 79
598
515
431
391
p o w e r (kW)
340
1 379
1371
1 347
1 308
1255
1187
1107
101 7
91 7
811
700
589
477
426
348
1 416
140 7
1 383
1 343
1287
1217
1 1 34
1040
937
827
71 3
59 7
483
430
TABLE 7
Tempera tu re distr ibution ( C) rod D
Radius Element power (kW)
(mm) 275 340
0 00
0 5 0
1 00
150
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 5 0
5 00
5 50
6 00
6 2 3
1255
1248
1227
1193
1146
1087
1017
937
850
756
658
558
459
412
1618
1609
1580
1532
1466
1383
1 284
1171
1048
91 7
781
646
51 3
452
TABLE 8
Integrated volumes for rod D
Tempera tu re 275 kW 3
interval cm
300 - 500 60 0
500 - 600 40 5
600 - 700 32 0
700 - 800 24 5
800 - 900 ] 8 8
900 - 1000 14 4
1000 - 11 00 10 5
1 100 - 1200 6 8
1200 - 1300 1 9
1 300 - 1400 0 0
1400 - 1500
1500 - 1600
1600 - 1700
1 700 - 1800
340 kW
c m 3
2 8 7
19 4
1 5 3
1 1 7
9 0
6 9
5 0
3 3
8 9
0 0
3 7 0
32 8
29 8
24 5
19 8
16 3
13 4
11 0
9 0
7 1
5 3
3 2
0 2
0 0
17 7
15 7
1 4 3
1 1 7
9 5
7 8
6 4
5 3
4 3
3 4
2 5
15
0 1
0 0
Crud measuremen t s
The positions of the samples a re given in the sketch below
Top F6 F4 F 5 F3 Bottom Fuel element
FZ outside
Fl inside Shroud
TABLE 9
Crud deposition (ngcm )
F e Ni C r Z r
F l
F2
F 3
F 4
F 5
F6
32
4
8
8
8
12
8
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
5
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
gt 2
gt 2
15
15
gt 2
gt 2
TABLE 10
The crud activit ies 22 9 65 (dps cm )
C o - 5 i Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
Fl
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
8 5-
34-
56-
7 5-
5 2-
4 7-
10^ 1 2 - 1 0 ^ 3 8 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 9 7 1 0
10^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 - 1 0 ^ 3 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 0 - 1 0
l O 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 6 9 - 10^
l O 2 0 - l 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 9 0 - 1 0
l O 2 0 - 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 ^ 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 - 1 0 ^ 1 3 0 - 1 0
l O 7 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 - 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 6 4 - 1 0 1 7 - 1 0
TABLE 1 1
Specific activit ies (dpsmg Fe)
C o - 5 8 Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
F6
F4
F5
F3
Fl
F2
6
TABLE 1 2
F i ss ion gas re lease ()
Rod B D
Kr
Xe
-
-
002
002
003
003
0 02
0 03
0 02
002
0 02
0 02
3 9 2 - 1 0 ^ 6 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 5 3 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 4 2 1 0
9 3 7 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 3 7 - 1 0 ^
6 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 1 0 ^ 1 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 9 5 - 1 0 1 6 3 - 1 0
7 0 - 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 0 1 8 8 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 6 3 - 1 0 ^
2 6 6 - 1 0 ^ 3 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 9 1 0 7 1 9 1 0 ^ 7 5 - 1 0 3 0 3 - 1 0 ^
8 5 lt 1 0 5 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 4 5 - 1 0
F i g 1 Top plug with gauge plug
F ig 2 Spacer
Fig 3 Upper end of the bundle F ig 4 Upper end of the bundle
F ig 5 Lower end of the bundle
t
Fig 6
F- -
4 5x
bull
bullaumlW^
Fig 7
Wr-
4 5x
amp
K bull i- m
Fig 8 4 5x Fig 9 4 5x
F i g 1 O 4 5x F i g 11 4 5x
8Epoundli2amp
F i e 12 14x F i g 1 3 500 x
Fig 1 4 Through cell window
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- C h a n n e l p o w e r in kW as a funct ion of i n - c o r e t i m e
^ ~ - -
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--mdash
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bull i -
mdash t i
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c
bull 1
bull bull
1
----
bull bull bull bull bull
Mh i
bull bull bull bull
bull
i
1 bull
i
bull bull bull
bull -Iii i T i
- bull bull bull
i i i i
mdash i mdash mdash i
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bull
mdashti i - i bull
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-
m i -
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|
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F i g 16
Bpl i i bull
bull _
iii
_
ii
ii
ii
t
o
o iw
bull i
i bull
i bull i 1 bull
i ^ bull bull bull
J L i
i-
1
-i
i
bull bull
- bull bull
bull
i
i
I
i
i bull
iLij i
bull bull bull bull
i i i i y
gt
i
r-iI 1
r bullbull--bull
iii
i i
i i
1
i
bull bull - J
i i bull
bull bull
mdash V
- mdash - mdash bull bull
i - _
mdashmdash
bull j
|
i -
i i i - i
o
o o CM
O
H
O O r-i
LPl
X K CM
Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
-LLL
f
bull bull
- - t bull bull
bull bull
St---bull bull L _
- i bull bull bull
i
bull[-bull
r--
bdquo
r_ t
t t
i
- i
i
LLi
I bullbull
bull-
(
[ bull bull
) bull
i i
bull bullbullbullbull- ) -
i i bull
it bull j |
j bullbull t -
bull bull
-tr-f --bull
r-rrr-T
bulliir
i - j bull bull bull
t
1 bull i -
I i t
i
mdash-vr
- 1 - - -
-
~zzLY
iaE^f ^ T p f
- - ( mdash bull laquo mdash
iblL
-bullbull
~L]-
-7T 1TJ FT
_ui
iiLilLLL
mdash i bull 1
1C
L-mdash-L-
LzzY
LLL1--
zj
LLi-L
-mdash
H-
i-i
^rTTTL
i l ~ i
i H W OU_
i
bull bull
bull bull r
LLii][ -
EriJpi
Sni i T IT
HTTI
LL-L-
bull[
i -t - i -r
] bull
m - bull -
i
LI T o p i i
if i
fcN-ii]jjiFrii
bull pound - 1 T - i bullbull
~ f bull bull bull bull [ bull bull bull bull -
bull | - i -M
1 i
bull - i f f bullbull f --T i
i pound 1 bull S
bull M - i -i j bull
-nkpound-I J ^ bull
bull bull i
H--- U-
bull i 1
mdash
|
t bull bull bull
bull -
j r - i bull 5 1
^ r r
--Trii ^
F gt
- 4 j
r r r r l r t
- r _ i l ^
-i i f
HTrpiP
bull bull
laquo
bull
rf1-r i
~rr
LLLLL1
T-Y~l
] i
i
T~~ t i r r
i r i i r i i i i
LYr-lL
H P
bull bull [
bull
L-----
LllLL
7 - p n f
bull - bull f r - - -
-
mdash i -
- -bullL bull - bull bull
TrHiii i i
bull
I
T
ipi
MP C
bull bull
I
bullLTLi-
L1LL
L-1L1
--bull ~ -
bull
I
-- -
i i t i i i r ril_
ri-j-T i i i i
~L i i t i
i
i ^ H
bull
bulli r~-
LLL
LL- i - i - -
y
r i i - |
r raquo i
-
- i r
bull h bull bull
_
bull I bullbull
ii
- i
bull -
bull bull i - bull
i
bull
j bull 1
v r K
Li-
bull bull
bull bull
bull
L~-i
bull bull
-r^jir
WL-Li
bull-~ -4- r i
J
i r a
ii^kr rrr
- f i 4 i i i LLH
)
bull - -
^LrL-~
L-SLi
-Mi-L
i i
mdash i mdash
TTTTT^^
^ r t j
Li
xLi m
i qjis
LWTL
bull bull
-
- j r
bull J -H-i-f-
LL
bullrL bull
liLLLi
bull
iLri
ilp mdash gt - bull |
LiLL
z T
i bull ( bull
trrr
bull -H
Jill
10
bull bull r bull
LL
i
gt
bull i i | j
^
Tirrrir-
i ^ - ^ bull bull
LrlzL-
O T
- -f i -
f j
bull - gt bull bull bull bull bull bull mdash
fy
i
-bullbullbull P bullbull
bull bull
-mdash ---
_ i i
- ^ j - 1 1
bull - bull r - f -
gt
bull _
F i g 21
L-mdashZ--
_ bdquo
bull bull
- x
^ T -
i i j -
i i i
j bull
i i 1 |
bull i
bull bull 1 1
bull - ] -
il~L
- i i ~ t - bull bull bull
1 bull bull
gt 1 bull
- r-iri mdash -Vfmdash
i B
i
- i i ~
I-ILL
r
0
- | f c r
_ rlj jt
l l fs
ii
- i i -
--ZLT
i - _
t
J_ _
=j 4 -
poundJ-
ri-
It v
mdash
^J
i1-
-mdash r
illLiz
bull bull - - T r -
n
- bull -
bullH^iri mdash i
d
bull t
bull - bull | T
bull ^ - L 1 -i bull bull bull bull 1
bull bull |
1 i
| i bull i
| T- i
- jv -j bull
r-rH bull bull bull bull ] - |
bull -
1 -I L j
bull
-i
i
j
i
i
i
bull bull bull bull
bull i
___ _J_ i l i bull
i i 1 i
( bull | |
| bull bull bull i - bull bull |
1 bull
bull i i p i 1 t L
bull bull J bull bull bull bull
-rrH---i
-1-~~
-L
rr-
- _ U bull =
IS-
bull
bullLL
bullLL
-----i
Z--1-L
bullmdash-bullbull
bull r---
rmdashr~ 7|
j i
bull bull i
j
I
bull bull i
i |
mdash
T Gamma-scanning
Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
TABLE 3
Radial form factors FRAP l inear heat output Q(2 75) and Q(340)
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1068
1 003
0 877
1 077
1 054
0920
Q(275)
Wcm
-
271
237
291
285
248
Q(340)
Wcm
-
335
293
360
352
307
TABLE 4
Dimensional changes ridge heights and U 0 0 s tack movement
Rod
A
B
C
D
E
F
FRAD
1 068
1003
0877
1 077
1 054
0912
Length
oo
-
+ 79
+ 78
+ 87
+ 94
+ 76
Diamete Max |im
- 15
+ 7
+ 9
+ 6
+ 18
- 2
r Min (j m
+ 5
+ 19
+ 11
+ 11
+ 1 3
+ 3
bullc
Ridge height | j m
5
5
10
5
3
13
UO s tack movement deg oo
1 5
1 2
1 1
9
14
4
T A B L E 5
H y d r i d e f o r m a t i o n
Rod E
S p a c e r No ( f rom bo t tom) 3
Height over b o t t o m ( c m ) 88
Outs ide can t e m p e r a t u r e ( C) 245
H y d r i d e con ten t of the c a n ( p p m )
j u s t be low s p a c e r 65
con t ac t po in t 1 80
R e f e r e n c e (n o n - i r r a d i a t e d ) 35
T A B L E 6
T e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( C) r o d A ( t h e r m o c o u p l e )
Rad ius
( m m )
0 00
0 50
1 00
1 50
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 50
5 00
5 50
6 0 0
6 23
E l e m e n t
275
1082
1077
1060
1033
995
947
891
826
755
6 79
598
515
431
391
p o w e r (kW)
340
1 379
1371
1 347
1 308
1255
1187
1107
101 7
91 7
811
700
589
477
426
348
1 416
140 7
1 383
1 343
1287
1217
1 1 34
1040
937
827
71 3
59 7
483
430
TABLE 7
Tempera tu re distr ibution ( C) rod D
Radius Element power (kW)
(mm) 275 340
0 00
0 5 0
1 00
150
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 5 0
5 00
5 50
6 00
6 2 3
1255
1248
1227
1193
1146
1087
1017
937
850
756
658
558
459
412
1618
1609
1580
1532
1466
1383
1 284
1171
1048
91 7
781
646
51 3
452
TABLE 8
Integrated volumes for rod D
Tempera tu re 275 kW 3
interval cm
300 - 500 60 0
500 - 600 40 5
600 - 700 32 0
700 - 800 24 5
800 - 900 ] 8 8
900 - 1000 14 4
1000 - 11 00 10 5
1 100 - 1200 6 8
1200 - 1300 1 9
1 300 - 1400 0 0
1400 - 1500
1500 - 1600
1600 - 1700
1 700 - 1800
340 kW
c m 3
2 8 7
19 4
1 5 3
1 1 7
9 0
6 9
5 0
3 3
8 9
0 0
3 7 0
32 8
29 8
24 5
19 8
16 3
13 4
11 0
9 0
7 1
5 3
3 2
0 2
0 0
17 7
15 7
1 4 3
1 1 7
9 5
7 8
6 4
5 3
4 3
3 4
2 5
15
0 1
0 0
Crud measuremen t s
The positions of the samples a re given in the sketch below
Top F6 F4 F 5 F3 Bottom Fuel element
FZ outside
Fl inside Shroud
TABLE 9
Crud deposition (ngcm )
F e Ni C r Z r
F l
F2
F 3
F 4
F 5
F6
32
4
8
8
8
12
8
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
5
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
gt 2
gt 2
15
15
gt 2
gt 2
TABLE 10
The crud activit ies 22 9 65 (dps cm )
C o - 5 i Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
Fl
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
8 5-
34-
56-
7 5-
5 2-
4 7-
10^ 1 2 - 1 0 ^ 3 8 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 9 7 1 0
10^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 - 1 0 ^ 3 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 0 - 1 0
l O 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 6 9 - 10^
l O 2 0 - l 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 9 0 - 1 0
l O 2 0 - 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 ^ 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 - 1 0 ^ 1 3 0 - 1 0
l O 7 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 - 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 6 4 - 1 0 1 7 - 1 0
TABLE 1 1
Specific activit ies (dpsmg Fe)
C o - 5 8 Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
F6
F4
F5
F3
Fl
F2
6
TABLE 1 2
F i ss ion gas re lease ()
Rod B D
Kr
Xe
-
-
002
002
003
003
0 02
0 03
0 02
002
0 02
0 02
3 9 2 - 1 0 ^ 6 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 5 3 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 4 2 1 0
9 3 7 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 3 7 - 1 0 ^
6 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 1 0 ^ 1 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 9 5 - 1 0 1 6 3 - 1 0
7 0 - 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 0 1 8 8 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 6 3 - 1 0 ^
2 6 6 - 1 0 ^ 3 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 9 1 0 7 1 9 1 0 ^ 7 5 - 1 0 3 0 3 - 1 0 ^
8 5 lt 1 0 5 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 4 5 - 1 0
F i g 1 Top plug with gauge plug
F ig 2 Spacer
Fig 3 Upper end of the bundle F ig 4 Upper end of the bundle
F ig 5 Lower end of the bundle
t
Fig 6
F- -
4 5x
bull
bullaumlW^
Fig 7
Wr-
4 5x
amp
K bull i- m
Fig 8 4 5x Fig 9 4 5x
F i g 1 O 4 5x F i g 11 4 5x
8Epoundli2amp
F i e 12 14x F i g 1 3 500 x
Fig 1 4 Through cell window
ml
8hfegt- laquo IgUtMIKflr i l - V T - rv
s-
jpj^EacuteASfe-laquobullbull bullilPfff
laquo -bull
Fig 1 5 Through cell window
i
bull i
T~-~
bull- l
bull bull bull - bull - - bull
bull bull bull bull i mdash
bull - - bull bull
L~Hr^
- j
) bull bull
bull bull bull
i i i i i i
i
bull mdash - bull - -
-
T
-bull
bull bull bull - bull mdash mdash
j - bull bull bull
bull bull
- 1 - bull
i bull bull
- r
bull - i i
i
jjU
bdquo _
bull bull
3e
-----
bull - -
bull - mdash -
- bull mdash i
Tii iampr
iiili
bullT-
i
i t -
i i
v
bull i bull
bull -
_-
d c
T I
| bull
bull
gt
I r r a d i a t i o n h i s t o r y
- C h a n n e l p o w e r in kW as a funct ion of i n - c o r e t i m e
^ ~ - -
bdquo
---
_ _
r
i r bull
m-v Hi i i ^ i i iH
iEK i i
- i i
~Fi
bull _
bull bull
m - bull bull bull bull
i iii
iYil
T
bullrill--l-
bull bull
j bull - _
bull bull
1
bull i -
bull
7H 7
bull
ui-i
jllUlIiL
- - bull
rn __
ji 1
bull -
bull i i
bull U
i|
i L
viii
r
bull T
LiLi
bull i i i
j -
| - bull bull bull bull
L _ 1 i
i bull
bull bull
bull
bull
---[[
i 1-
i ^
---
-
i
_ _
r f i i i
- - - - - bull mdash - bull - - J - mdash r
bull bull bull bull bull | bull 1
bull
bull bull i bull bull bull i
f
I bull 1
-
1
bull
bull bull bull
bull
1
bulli
r
bull-v-
j
bull bull
iiiii
bull
bull
bull
bull i - i bull -
i bull 1
--mdash
i
___mdash|
i
i
bull i -
mdash t i
- i ir
i
c
bull 1
bull bull
1
----
bull bull bull bull bull
Mh i
bull bull bull bull
bull
i
1 bull
i
bull bull bull
bull -Iii i T i
- bull bull bull
i i i i
mdash i mdash mdash i
_
J i i i - bull bull bull bull
ii i
bull
mdashti i - i bull
ii^
-
m i -
i
- iii-iiiii
i]i-i
|
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F i g 16
Bpl i i bull
bull _
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_
ii
ii
ii
t
o
o iw
bull i
i bull
i bull i 1 bull
i ^ bull bull bull
J L i
i-
1
-i
i
bull bull
- bull bull
bull
i
i
I
i
i bull
iLij i
bull bull bull bull
i i i i y
gt
i
r-iI 1
r bullbull--bull
iii
i i
i i
1
i
bull bull - J
i i bull
bull bull
mdash V
- mdash - mdash bull bull
i - _
mdashmdash
bull j
|
i -
i i i - i
o
o o CM
O
H
O O r-i
LPl
X K CM
Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
-LLL
f
bull bull
- - t bull bull
bull bull
St---bull bull L _
- i bull bull bull
i
bull[-bull
r--
bdquo
r_ t
t t
i
- i
i
LLi
I bullbull
bull-
(
[ bull bull
) bull
i i
bull bullbullbullbull- ) -
i i bull
it bull j |
j bullbull t -
bull bull
-tr-f --bull
r-rrr-T
bulliir
i - j bull bull bull
t
1 bull i -
I i t
i
mdash-vr
- 1 - - -
-
~zzLY
iaE^f ^ T p f
- - ( mdash bull laquo mdash
iblL
-bullbull
~L]-
-7T 1TJ FT
_ui
iiLilLLL
mdash i bull 1
1C
L-mdash-L-
LzzY
LLL1--
zj
LLi-L
-mdash
H-
i-i
^rTTTL
i l ~ i
i H W OU_
i
bull bull
bull bull r
LLii][ -
EriJpi
Sni i T IT
HTTI
LL-L-
bull[
i -t - i -r
] bull
m - bull -
i
LI T o p i i
if i
fcN-ii]jjiFrii
bull pound - 1 T - i bullbull
~ f bull bull bull bull [ bull bull bull bull -
bull | - i -M
1 i
bull - i f f bullbull f --T i
i pound 1 bull S
bull M - i -i j bull
-nkpound-I J ^ bull
bull bull i
H--- U-
bull i 1
mdash
|
t bull bull bull
bull -
j r - i bull 5 1
^ r r
--Trii ^
F gt
- 4 j
r r r r l r t
- r _ i l ^
-i i f
HTrpiP
bull bull
laquo
bull
rf1-r i
~rr
LLLLL1
T-Y~l
] i
i
T~~ t i r r
i r i i r i i i i
LYr-lL
H P
bull bull [
bull
L-----
LllLL
7 - p n f
bull - bull f r - - -
-
mdash i -
- -bullL bull - bull bull
TrHiii i i
bull
I
T
ipi
MP C
bull bull
I
bullLTLi-
L1LL
L-1L1
--bull ~ -
bull
I
-- -
i i t i i i r ril_
ri-j-T i i i i
~L i i t i
i
i ^ H
bull
bulli r~-
LLL
LL- i - i - -
y
r i i - |
r raquo i
-
- i r
bull h bull bull
_
bull I bullbull
ii
- i
bull -
bull bull i - bull
i
bull
j bull 1
v r K
Li-
bull bull
bull bull
bull
L~-i
bull bull
-r^jir
WL-Li
bull-~ -4- r i
J
i r a
ii^kr rrr
- f i 4 i i i LLH
)
bull - -
^LrL-~
L-SLi
-Mi-L
i i
mdash i mdash
TTTTT^^
^ r t j
Li
xLi m
i qjis
LWTL
bull bull
-
- j r
bull J -H-i-f-
LL
bullrL bull
liLLLi
bull
iLri
ilp mdash gt - bull |
LiLL
z T
i bull ( bull
trrr
bull -H
Jill
10
bull bull r bull
LL
i
gt
bull i i | j
^
Tirrrir-
i ^ - ^ bull bull
LrlzL-
O T
- -f i -
f j
bull - gt bull bull bull bull bull bull mdash
fy
i
-bullbullbull P bullbull
bull bull
-mdash ---
_ i i
- ^ j - 1 1
bull - bull r - f -
gt
bull _
F i g 21
L-mdashZ--
_ bdquo
bull bull
- x
^ T -
i i j -
i i i
j bull
i i 1 |
bull i
bull bull 1 1
bull - ] -
il~L
- i i ~ t - bull bull bull
1 bull bull
gt 1 bull
- r-iri mdash -Vfmdash
i B
i
- i i ~
I-ILL
r
0
- | f c r
_ rlj jt
l l fs
ii
- i i -
--ZLT
i - _
t
J_ _
=j 4 -
poundJ-
ri-
It v
mdash
^J
i1-
-mdash r
illLiz
bull bull - - T r -
n
- bull -
bullH^iri mdash i
d
bull t
bull - bull | T
bull ^ - L 1 -i bull bull bull bull 1
bull bull |
1 i
| i bull i
| T- i
- jv -j bull
r-rH bull bull bull bull ] - |
bull -
1 -I L j
bull
-i
i
j
i
i
i
bull bull bull bull
bull i
___ _J_ i l i bull
i i 1 i
( bull | |
| bull bull bull i - bull bull |
1 bull
bull i i p i 1 t L
bull bull J bull bull bull bull
-rrH---i
-1-~~
-L
rr-
- _ U bull =
IS-
bull
bullLL
bullLL
-----i
Z--1-L
bullmdash-bullbull
bull r---
rmdashr~ 7|
j i
bull bull i
j
I
bull bull i
i |
mdash
T Gamma-scanning
Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
T A B L E 5
H y d r i d e f o r m a t i o n
Rod E
S p a c e r No ( f rom bo t tom) 3
Height over b o t t o m ( c m ) 88
Outs ide can t e m p e r a t u r e ( C) 245
H y d r i d e con ten t of the c a n ( p p m )
j u s t be low s p a c e r 65
con t ac t po in t 1 80
R e f e r e n c e (n o n - i r r a d i a t e d ) 35
T A B L E 6
T e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( C) r o d A ( t h e r m o c o u p l e )
Rad ius
( m m )
0 00
0 50
1 00
1 50
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 50
5 00
5 50
6 0 0
6 23
E l e m e n t
275
1082
1077
1060
1033
995
947
891
826
755
6 79
598
515
431
391
p o w e r (kW)
340
1 379
1371
1 347
1 308
1255
1187
1107
101 7
91 7
811
700
589
477
426
348
1 416
140 7
1 383
1 343
1287
1217
1 1 34
1040
937
827
71 3
59 7
483
430
TABLE 7
Tempera tu re distr ibution ( C) rod D
Radius Element power (kW)
(mm) 275 340
0 00
0 5 0
1 00
150
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 5 0
5 00
5 50
6 00
6 2 3
1255
1248
1227
1193
1146
1087
1017
937
850
756
658
558
459
412
1618
1609
1580
1532
1466
1383
1 284
1171
1048
91 7
781
646
51 3
452
TABLE 8
Integrated volumes for rod D
Tempera tu re 275 kW 3
interval cm
300 - 500 60 0
500 - 600 40 5
600 - 700 32 0
700 - 800 24 5
800 - 900 ] 8 8
900 - 1000 14 4
1000 - 11 00 10 5
1 100 - 1200 6 8
1200 - 1300 1 9
1 300 - 1400 0 0
1400 - 1500
1500 - 1600
1600 - 1700
1 700 - 1800
340 kW
c m 3
2 8 7
19 4
1 5 3
1 1 7
9 0
6 9
5 0
3 3
8 9
0 0
3 7 0
32 8
29 8
24 5
19 8
16 3
13 4
11 0
9 0
7 1
5 3
3 2
0 2
0 0
17 7
15 7
1 4 3
1 1 7
9 5
7 8
6 4
5 3
4 3
3 4
2 5
15
0 1
0 0
Crud measuremen t s
The positions of the samples a re given in the sketch below
Top F6 F4 F 5 F3 Bottom Fuel element
FZ outside
Fl inside Shroud
TABLE 9
Crud deposition (ngcm )
F e Ni C r Z r
F l
F2
F 3
F 4
F 5
F6
32
4
8
8
8
12
8
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
5
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
gt 2
gt 2
15
15
gt 2
gt 2
TABLE 10
The crud activit ies 22 9 65 (dps cm )
C o - 5 i Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
Fl
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
8 5-
34-
56-
7 5-
5 2-
4 7-
10^ 1 2 - 1 0 ^ 3 8 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 9 7 1 0
10^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 - 1 0 ^ 3 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 0 - 1 0
l O 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 6 9 - 10^
l O 2 0 - l 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 9 0 - 1 0
l O 2 0 - 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 ^ 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 - 1 0 ^ 1 3 0 - 1 0
l O 7 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 - 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 6 4 - 1 0 1 7 - 1 0
TABLE 1 1
Specific activit ies (dpsmg Fe)
C o - 5 8 Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
F6
F4
F5
F3
Fl
F2
6
TABLE 1 2
F i ss ion gas re lease ()
Rod B D
Kr
Xe
-
-
002
002
003
003
0 02
0 03
0 02
002
0 02
0 02
3 9 2 - 1 0 ^ 6 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 5 3 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 4 2 1 0
9 3 7 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 3 7 - 1 0 ^
6 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 1 0 ^ 1 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 9 5 - 1 0 1 6 3 - 1 0
7 0 - 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 0 1 8 8 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 6 3 - 1 0 ^
2 6 6 - 1 0 ^ 3 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 9 1 0 7 1 9 1 0 ^ 7 5 - 1 0 3 0 3 - 1 0 ^
8 5 lt 1 0 5 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 4 5 - 1 0
F i g 1 Top plug with gauge plug
F ig 2 Spacer
Fig 3 Upper end of the bundle F ig 4 Upper end of the bundle
F ig 5 Lower end of the bundle
t
Fig 6
F- -
4 5x
bull
bullaumlW^
Fig 7
Wr-
4 5x
amp
K bull i- m
Fig 8 4 5x Fig 9 4 5x
F i g 1 O 4 5x F i g 11 4 5x
8Epoundli2amp
F i e 12 14x F i g 1 3 500 x
Fig 1 4 Through cell window
ml
8hfegt- laquo IgUtMIKflr i l - V T - rv
s-
jpj^EacuteASfe-laquobullbull bullilPfff
laquo -bull
Fig 1 5 Through cell window
i
bull i
T~-~
bull- l
bull bull bull - bull - - bull
bull bull bull bull i mdash
bull - - bull bull
L~Hr^
- j
) bull bull
bull bull bull
i i i i i i
i
bull mdash - bull - -
-
T
-bull
bull bull bull - bull mdash mdash
j - bull bull bull
bull bull
- 1 - bull
i bull bull
- r
bull - i i
i
jjU
bdquo _
bull bull
3e
-----
bull - -
bull - mdash -
- bull mdash i
Tii iampr
iiili
bullT-
i
i t -
i i
v
bull i bull
bull -
_-
d c
T I
| bull
bull
gt
I r r a d i a t i o n h i s t o r y
- C h a n n e l p o w e r in kW as a funct ion of i n - c o r e t i m e
^ ~ - -
bdquo
---
_ _
r
i r bull
m-v Hi i i ^ i i iH
iEK i i
- i i
~Fi
bull _
bull bull
m - bull bull bull bull
i iii
iYil
T
bullrill--l-
bull bull
j bull - _
bull bull
1
bull i -
bull
7H 7
bull
ui-i
jllUlIiL
- - bull
rn __
ji 1
bull -
bull i i
bull U
i|
i L
viii
r
bull T
LiLi
bull i i i
j -
| - bull bull bull bull
L _ 1 i
i bull
bull bull
bull
bull
---[[
i 1-
i ^
---
-
i
_ _
r f i i i
- - - - - bull mdash - bull - - J - mdash r
bull bull bull bull bull | bull 1
bull
bull bull i bull bull bull i
f
I bull 1
-
1
bull
bull bull bull
bull
1
bulli
r
bull-v-
j
bull bull
iiiii
bull
bull
bull
bull i - i bull -
i bull 1
--mdash
i
___mdash|
i
i
bull i -
mdash t i
- i ir
i
c
bull 1
bull bull
1
----
bull bull bull bull bull
Mh i
bull bull bull bull
bull
i
1 bull
i
bull bull bull
bull -Iii i T i
- bull bull bull
i i i i
mdash i mdash mdash i
_
J i i i - bull bull bull bull
ii i
bull
mdashti i - i bull
ii^
-
m i -
i
- iii-iiiii
i]i-i
|
i - - - -I
F i g 16
Bpl i i bull
bull _
iii
_
ii
ii
ii
t
o
o iw
bull i
i bull
i bull i 1 bull
i ^ bull bull bull
J L i
i-
1
-i
i
bull bull
- bull bull
bull
i
i
I
i
i bull
iLij i
bull bull bull bull
i i i i y
gt
i
r-iI 1
r bullbull--bull
iii
i i
i i
1
i
bull bull - J
i i bull
bull bull
mdash V
- mdash - mdash bull bull
i - _
mdashmdash
bull j
|
i -
i i i - i
o
o o CM
O
H
O O r-i
LPl
X K CM
Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
-LLL
f
bull bull
- - t bull bull
bull bull
St---bull bull L _
- i bull bull bull
i
bull[-bull
r--
bdquo
r_ t
t t
i
- i
i
LLi
I bullbull
bull-
(
[ bull bull
) bull
i i
bull bullbullbullbull- ) -
i i bull
it bull j |
j bullbull t -
bull bull
-tr-f --bull
r-rrr-T
bulliir
i - j bull bull bull
t
1 bull i -
I i t
i
mdash-vr
- 1 - - -
-
~zzLY
iaE^f ^ T p f
- - ( mdash bull laquo mdash
iblL
-bullbull
~L]-
-7T 1TJ FT
_ui
iiLilLLL
mdash i bull 1
1C
L-mdash-L-
LzzY
LLL1--
zj
LLi-L
-mdash
H-
i-i
^rTTTL
i l ~ i
i H W OU_
i
bull bull
bull bull r
LLii][ -
EriJpi
Sni i T IT
HTTI
LL-L-
bull[
i -t - i -r
] bull
m - bull -
i
LI T o p i i
if i
fcN-ii]jjiFrii
bull pound - 1 T - i bullbull
~ f bull bull bull bull [ bull bull bull bull -
bull | - i -M
1 i
bull - i f f bullbull f --T i
i pound 1 bull S
bull M - i -i j bull
-nkpound-I J ^ bull
bull bull i
H--- U-
bull i 1
mdash
|
t bull bull bull
bull -
j r - i bull 5 1
^ r r
--Trii ^
F gt
- 4 j
r r r r l r t
- r _ i l ^
-i i f
HTrpiP
bull bull
laquo
bull
rf1-r i
~rr
LLLLL1
T-Y~l
] i
i
T~~ t i r r
i r i i r i i i i
LYr-lL
H P
bull bull [
bull
L-----
LllLL
7 - p n f
bull - bull f r - - -
-
mdash i -
- -bullL bull - bull bull
TrHiii i i
bull
I
T
ipi
MP C
bull bull
I
bullLTLi-
L1LL
L-1L1
--bull ~ -
bull
I
-- -
i i t i i i r ril_
ri-j-T i i i i
~L i i t i
i
i ^ H
bull
bulli r~-
LLL
LL- i - i - -
y
r i i - |
r raquo i
-
- i r
bull h bull bull
_
bull I bullbull
ii
- i
bull -
bull bull i - bull
i
bull
j bull 1
v r K
Li-
bull bull
bull bull
bull
L~-i
bull bull
-r^jir
WL-Li
bull-~ -4- r i
J
i r a
ii^kr rrr
- f i 4 i i i LLH
)
bull - -
^LrL-~
L-SLi
-Mi-L
i i
mdash i mdash
TTTTT^^
^ r t j
Li
xLi m
i qjis
LWTL
bull bull
-
- j r
bull J -H-i-f-
LL
bullrL bull
liLLLi
bull
iLri
ilp mdash gt - bull |
LiLL
z T
i bull ( bull
trrr
bull -H
Jill
10
bull bull r bull
LL
i
gt
bull i i | j
^
Tirrrir-
i ^ - ^ bull bull
LrlzL-
O T
- -f i -
f j
bull - gt bull bull bull bull bull bull mdash
fy
i
-bullbullbull P bullbull
bull bull
-mdash ---
_ i i
- ^ j - 1 1
bull - bull r - f -
gt
bull _
F i g 21
L-mdashZ--
_ bdquo
bull bull
- x
^ T -
i i j -
i i i
j bull
i i 1 |
bull i
bull bull 1 1
bull - ] -
il~L
- i i ~ t - bull bull bull
1 bull bull
gt 1 bull
- r-iri mdash -Vfmdash
i B
i
- i i ~
I-ILL
r
0
- | f c r
_ rlj jt
l l fs
ii
- i i -
--ZLT
i - _
t
J_ _
=j 4 -
poundJ-
ri-
It v
mdash
^J
i1-
-mdash r
illLiz
bull bull - - T r -
n
- bull -
bullH^iri mdash i
d
bull t
bull - bull | T
bull ^ - L 1 -i bull bull bull bull 1
bull bull |
1 i
| i bull i
| T- i
- jv -j bull
r-rH bull bull bull bull ] - |
bull -
1 -I L j
bull
-i
i
j
i
i
i
bull bull bull bull
bull i
___ _J_ i l i bull
i i 1 i
( bull | |
| bull bull bull i - bull bull |
1 bull
bull i i p i 1 t L
bull bull J bull bull bull bull
-rrH---i
-1-~~
-L
rr-
- _ U bull =
IS-
bull
bullLL
bullLL
-----i
Z--1-L
bullmdash-bullbull
bull r---
rmdashr~ 7|
j i
bull bull i
j
I
bull bull i
i |
mdash
T Gamma-scanning
Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
TABLE 7
Tempera tu re distr ibution ( C) rod D
Radius Element power (kW)
(mm) 275 340
0 00
0 5 0
1 00
150
2 00
2 50
3 00
3 50
4 0 0
4 5 0
5 00
5 50
6 00
6 2 3
1255
1248
1227
1193
1146
1087
1017
937
850
756
658
558
459
412
1618
1609
1580
1532
1466
1383
1 284
1171
1048
91 7
781
646
51 3
452
TABLE 8
Integrated volumes for rod D
Tempera tu re 275 kW 3
interval cm
300 - 500 60 0
500 - 600 40 5
600 - 700 32 0
700 - 800 24 5
800 - 900 ] 8 8
900 - 1000 14 4
1000 - 11 00 10 5
1 100 - 1200 6 8
1200 - 1300 1 9
1 300 - 1400 0 0
1400 - 1500
1500 - 1600
1600 - 1700
1 700 - 1800
340 kW
c m 3
2 8 7
19 4
1 5 3
1 1 7
9 0
6 9
5 0
3 3
8 9
0 0
3 7 0
32 8
29 8
24 5
19 8
16 3
13 4
11 0
9 0
7 1
5 3
3 2
0 2
0 0
17 7
15 7
1 4 3
1 1 7
9 5
7 8
6 4
5 3
4 3
3 4
2 5
15
0 1
0 0
Crud measuremen t s
The positions of the samples a re given in the sketch below
Top F6 F4 F 5 F3 Bottom Fuel element
FZ outside
Fl inside Shroud
TABLE 9
Crud deposition (ngcm )
F e Ni C r Z r
F l
F2
F 3
F 4
F 5
F6
32
4
8
8
8
12
8
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
5
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
gt 2
gt 2
15
15
gt 2
gt 2
TABLE 10
The crud activit ies 22 9 65 (dps cm )
C o - 5 i Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
Fl
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
8 5-
34-
56-
7 5-
5 2-
4 7-
10^ 1 2 - 1 0 ^ 3 8 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 9 7 1 0
10^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 - 1 0 ^ 3 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 0 - 1 0
l O 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 6 9 - 10^
l O 2 0 - l 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 9 0 - 1 0
l O 2 0 - 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 ^ 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 - 1 0 ^ 1 3 0 - 1 0
l O 7 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 - 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 6 4 - 1 0 1 7 - 1 0
TABLE 1 1
Specific activit ies (dpsmg Fe)
C o - 5 8 Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
F6
F4
F5
F3
Fl
F2
6
TABLE 1 2
F i ss ion gas re lease ()
Rod B D
Kr
Xe
-
-
002
002
003
003
0 02
0 03
0 02
002
0 02
0 02
3 9 2 - 1 0 ^ 6 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 5 3 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 4 2 1 0
9 3 7 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 3 7 - 1 0 ^
6 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 1 0 ^ 1 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 9 5 - 1 0 1 6 3 - 1 0
7 0 - 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 0 1 8 8 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 6 3 - 1 0 ^
2 6 6 - 1 0 ^ 3 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 9 1 0 7 1 9 1 0 ^ 7 5 - 1 0 3 0 3 - 1 0 ^
8 5 lt 1 0 5 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 4 5 - 1 0
F i g 1 Top plug with gauge plug
F ig 2 Spacer
Fig 3 Upper end of the bundle F ig 4 Upper end of the bundle
F ig 5 Lower end of the bundle
t
Fig 6
F- -
4 5x
bull
bullaumlW^
Fig 7
Wr-
4 5x
amp
K bull i- m
Fig 8 4 5x Fig 9 4 5x
F i g 1 O 4 5x F i g 11 4 5x
8Epoundli2amp
F i e 12 14x F i g 1 3 500 x
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Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
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Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
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Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
TABLE 8
Integrated volumes for rod D
Tempera tu re 275 kW 3
interval cm
300 - 500 60 0
500 - 600 40 5
600 - 700 32 0
700 - 800 24 5
800 - 900 ] 8 8
900 - 1000 14 4
1000 - 11 00 10 5
1 100 - 1200 6 8
1200 - 1300 1 9
1 300 - 1400 0 0
1400 - 1500
1500 - 1600
1600 - 1700
1 700 - 1800
340 kW
c m 3
2 8 7
19 4
1 5 3
1 1 7
9 0
6 9
5 0
3 3
8 9
0 0
3 7 0
32 8
29 8
24 5
19 8
16 3
13 4
11 0
9 0
7 1
5 3
3 2
0 2
0 0
17 7
15 7
1 4 3
1 1 7
9 5
7 8
6 4
5 3
4 3
3 4
2 5
15
0 1
0 0
Crud measuremen t s
The positions of the samples a re given in the sketch below
Top F6 F4 F 5 F3 Bottom Fuel element
FZ outside
Fl inside Shroud
TABLE 9
Crud deposition (ngcm )
F e Ni C r Z r
F l
F2
F 3
F 4
F 5
F6
32
4
8
8
8
12
8
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
5
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
gt 2
gt 2
15
15
gt 2
gt 2
TABLE 10
The crud activit ies 22 9 65 (dps cm )
C o - 5 i Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
Fl
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
8 5-
34-
56-
7 5-
5 2-
4 7-
10^ 1 2 - 1 0 ^ 3 8 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 9 7 1 0
10^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 - 1 0 ^ 3 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 0 - 1 0
l O 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 6 9 - 10^
l O 2 0 - l 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 9 0 - 1 0
l O 2 0 - 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 ^ 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 - 1 0 ^ 1 3 0 - 1 0
l O 7 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 - 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 6 4 - 1 0 1 7 - 1 0
TABLE 1 1
Specific activit ies (dpsmg Fe)
C o - 5 8 Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
F6
F4
F5
F3
Fl
F2
6
TABLE 1 2
F i ss ion gas re lease ()
Rod B D
Kr
Xe
-
-
002
002
003
003
0 02
0 03
0 02
002
0 02
0 02
3 9 2 - 1 0 ^ 6 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 5 3 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 4 2 1 0
9 3 7 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 3 7 - 1 0 ^
6 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 0 1 0 ^ 1 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 0 - 1 0 ^ 9 5 - 1 0 1 6 3 - 1 0
7 0 - 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 0 1 8 8 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 6 3 - 1 0 ^
2 6 6 - 1 0 ^ 3 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 9 1 0 7 1 9 1 0 ^ 7 5 - 1 0 3 0 3 - 1 0 ^
8 5 lt 1 0 5 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 4 5 - 1 0
F i g 1 Top plug with gauge plug
F ig 2 Spacer
Fig 3 Upper end of the bundle F ig 4 Upper end of the bundle
F ig 5 Lower end of the bundle
t
Fig 6
F- -
4 5x
bull
bullaumlW^
Fig 7
Wr-
4 5x
amp
K bull i- m
Fig 8 4 5x Fig 9 4 5x
F i g 1 O 4 5x F i g 11 4 5x
8Epoundli2amp
F i e 12 14x F i g 1 3 500 x
Fig 1 4 Through cell window
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Fig 1 5 Through cell window
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| bull
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I r r a d i a t i o n h i s t o r y
- C h a n n e l p o w e r in kW as a funct ion of i n - c o r e t i m e
^ ~ - -
bdquo
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_ _
r
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m-v Hi i i ^ i i iH
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7H 7
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F i g 16
Bpl i i bull
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o iw
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|
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o o CM
O
H
O O r-i
LPl
X K CM
Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
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f
bull bull
- - t bull bull
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St---bull bull L _
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-rrH---i
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rr-
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bull
bullLL
bullLL
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bullmdash-bullbull
bull r---
rmdashr~ 7|
j i
bull bull i
j
I
bull bull i
i |
mdash
T Gamma-scanning
Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
Crud measuremen t s
The positions of the samples a re given in the sketch below
Top F6 F4 F 5 F3 Bottom Fuel element
FZ outside
Fl inside Shroud
TABLE 9
Crud deposition (ngcm )
F e Ni C r Z r
F l
F2
F 3
F 4
F 5
F6
32
4
8
8
8
12
8
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
5
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
lt 2
gt 2
gt 2
15
15
gt 2
gt 2
TABLE 10
The crud activit ies 22 9 65 (dps cm )
C o - 5 i Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
Fl
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
8 5-
34-
56-
7 5-
5 2-
4 7-
10^ 1 2 - 1 0 ^ 3 8 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 9 7 1 0
10^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 - 1 0 ^ 3 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 0 - 1 0
l O 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 6 9 - 10^
l O 2 0 - l 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 9 0 - 1 0
l O 2 0 - 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 ^ 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 - 1 0 ^ 1 3 0 - 1 0
l O 7 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 - 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 6 4 - 1 0 1 7 - 1 0
TABLE 1 1
Specific activit ies (dpsmg Fe)
C o - 5 8 Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
F6
F4
F5
F3
Fl
F2
6
TABLE 1 2
F i ss ion gas re lease ()
Rod B D
Kr
Xe
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-
002
002
003
003
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0 03
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002
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7 0 - 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 0 1 8 8 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 6 3 - 1 0 ^
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F i g 1 Top plug with gauge plug
F ig 2 Spacer
Fig 3 Upper end of the bundle F ig 4 Upper end of the bundle
F ig 5 Lower end of the bundle
t
Fig 6
F- -
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Fig 7
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amp
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Fig 8 4 5x Fig 9 4 5x
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F i e 12 14x F i g 1 3 500 x
Fig 1 4 Through cell window
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Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
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7=
100
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Roumld B
Fig 20
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Rod C
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Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
TABLE 10
The crud activit ies 22 9 65 (dps cm )
C o - 5 i Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
Fl
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
8 5-
34-
56-
7 5-
5 2-
4 7-
10^ 1 2 - 1 0 ^ 3 8 - 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 2 4 - 1 0 9 7 1 0
10^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 - 1 0 ^ 3 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 0 - 1 0
l O 1 0 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 1 0 1 2 - 1 0 6 9 - 10^
l O 2 0 - l 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 - 1 0 ^ 1 9 0 - 1 0
l O 2 0 - 1 0 1 4 - 1 0 ^ 1 2 - 1 0 7 6 - 1 0 ^ 1 3 0 - 1 0
l O 7 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 8 - 1 0 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 6 4 - 1 0 1 7 - 1 0
TABLE 1 1
Specific activit ies (dpsmg Fe)
C o - 5 8 Co-60 Zr -95 Fe-59 Cr-51 Mn-54
F6
F4
F5
F3
Fl
F2
6
TABLE 1 2
F i ss ion gas re lease ()
Rod B D
Kr
Xe
-
-
002
002
003
003
0 02
0 03
0 02
002
0 02
0 02
3 9 2 - 1 0 ^ 6 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 0 8 - 1 0 ^ 5 3 3 - 1 0 ^ 1 4 2 1 0
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7 0 - 1 0 1 2 5 - 1 0 1 8 8 - 1 0 ^ 2 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 6 3 - 1 0 ^
2 6 6 - 1 0 ^ 3 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 1 1 9 1 0 7 1 9 1 0 ^ 7 5 - 1 0 3 0 3 - 1 0 ^
8 5 lt 1 0 5 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 8 7 5 - 1 0 ^ 2 5 - 1 0 ^ 4 5 - 1 0
F i g 1 Top plug with gauge plug
F ig 2 Spacer
Fig 3 Upper end of the bundle F ig 4 Upper end of the bundle
F ig 5 Lower end of the bundle
t
Fig 6
F- -
4 5x
bull
bullaumlW^
Fig 7
Wr-
4 5x
amp
K bull i- m
Fig 8 4 5x Fig 9 4 5x
F i g 1 O 4 5x F i g 11 4 5x
8Epoundli2amp
F i e 12 14x F i g 1 3 500 x
Fig 1 4 Through cell window
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8hfegt- laquo IgUtMIKflr i l - V T - rv
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F i g 16
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H
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Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
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f
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Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
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f
bull bull
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100
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R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
F i g 1 O 4 5x F i g 11 4 5x
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H
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Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
-LLL
f
bull bull
- - t bull bull
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St---bull bull L _
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Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
Fig 1 4 Through cell window
ml
8hfegt- laquo IgUtMIKflr i l - V T - rv
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7H 7
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mdash t i
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bull
mdashti i - i bull
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m i -
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|
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F i g 16
Bpl i i bull
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t
o
o iw
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J L i
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1
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gt
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r-iI 1
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1
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i - _
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|
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i i i - i
o
o o CM
O
H
O O r-i
LPl
X K CM
Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
-LLL
f
bull bull
- - t bull bull
bull bull
St---bull bull L _
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bull[-bull
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bull bullbullbullbull- ) -
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r-rrr-T
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Fig 22
100
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Fig 25
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Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
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Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
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Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
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T Gamma-scanning
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Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
Linear heat output (Q) heat conductivity integral (I) heat 6urface flux on the canning (WKAP) and specific power (S) as a function -bullbull-bullbullbullbull _ of channel power in- axial maximum position i 1S _
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
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T Gamma-scanning
Rod D
Fig 22
100
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R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
Golia th gauges F ig 1
+
o o
7=
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
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f
bull bull
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j
I
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T Gamma-scanning
Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
100
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
Rod C
m
bullL^iL
m^ bull |
r
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f
bull bull
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bull bull
St---bull bull L _
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r-rrr-T
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t
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Fig 22
100
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R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
Gamma-scanning
Roumld B
Fig 20
+ i Gamma- s canning
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Fig 22
100
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Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
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Rod C
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Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
T Gamma-scanning
Rod D
Fig 22
100
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
t Gamma -se anning
R o d E F ig 23
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
Fig 25
The samples for the hydride measu remen t
Reference m auml r k see figure 7
top
from spacer contact point
mdash ordinary canning
W waste
The figures in the symbols correspond to the hydride content in ppm
