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Advanced Digital WirelessCommunications

MSEE 18 &19

Instructor: Dr. Adnan A. Khan

adnankhan@mcs.edu.pk

Fall 2013

Week-1

Instructor Graduated as a Telecommunications Engineer in 1993 from

Military College of Signals, University of Engineering and

Technology Lahore

Received MS in Computer Engineering from the Centre of

Advanced Studies in Engineering (CASE) Islamabad, University of

Engineering and Technology (UET), Taxila in 2005

Completed PhD from CASE in 2009 and became first PhD from

CASE and became an HEC approved Supervisor 2010.

Several years experience in planning and optimization of wireless

systems

Conducted several trainings on 3G Systems around the country.

These trainings under PEC CPD program were attended by

several hundred participants

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Instructor

Research interests include Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO)wireless communications systems, MIMO-Code Division Multiple

Access (CDMA), CDMA-MUD, Software Defined Radios (SDR),

MIMO-SDR development, Satellite Communication systems, etc

Developed a state of art satellite communications lab and

completed two funded projects for MIMO-SDR test-bed

development and Micro-Satellite space program

He has recently received funding on an Android base Home

Automation System.

34 Research publications at his credit in MIMO systems including

eight in Impact factor Journals and one Book on Advancements inWireless Communications published in Germany.

Introduction to the students

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Text1 : Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice,

2/e, Theodore S. Rappaport, Publisher: Prentice Hall PTR,

Copyright: 2002, 736 pp., ISBN: 0-13-042232-0

Course Details

Chapter 3 available at:

http://vig.pearsoned.com/samplechapter/0130422320.pdf

Text2 : Wireless Communications by Andrea Goldsmith ,

Cambridge University press 2005

e erence ex :

1) Fundamentals of Wireless Communications by David Tse

and Viswanath, Cambridge University press

2) Notes for advanced topics

OHT-1 15%

OHT-2 15%

Tentative Grading Policy

Homework/Matlab 10%

Research Paper 20%

Final Exam: 40%

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Course Details Class Timings Tue 5:00 to 8:05 PM

Pre-Requist Digital Communications Please adhere to class timings, no late submission of assignments

Matlab Simulation will be a must

Get Research paper/ project approved between fourth week from

now

Course project write up submission and presentations in last few

weeks

Course Overview

This course is an introduction to the design, analysis,

and fundamental concepts of wireless

communications. To ics to be covered include:

cellular system design, wireless channel modeling;

fading and diversity, equalization, multiple-antenna

and MIMO systems; space-time codes and decoding

algorithms; multiple-access techniques and multiuser

communications. A thorough understanding and

practice to simulate advanced wireless systems for

performance analysis will be covered in this course

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Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems

The Cellular Concept: System Design Fundamentals

Mobile Radio Propagation: Large-Scale Path LossMobile Radio Propagation: Small-Scale Fading and

Course Outline

u t pat

Statistical channel models

Multipath fading: Rayleigh fading, Rician Fading and

their simulation in MATLAB

Spread Spectrum Systems, Spreading and Modulation,

Multiple Access Techniques, Channels and their capacities

Antenna Diversity (Receive and Transmit Diversity) Introduction to Multiple Antenna Systems, OFDM ,

Cooperative communications and Cognitive Spectrum

Sensing

This Weeks Course

Introduction to Wireless Communication

An Overview of A lications and Exam les of Wireless

Communication

Historical Evolution and Trends in Wireless

Communications

A survey of 3G and WiMAX

Terminology and Definitions of Wireless

Communication Systems

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Introduction to Wireless

Communication

Cut the WIRE

Digital Communication: Transmitter

1 0 1 0 0 1 0

Analog to

1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

From Other

Channels

Analog

input

Digital

Converter Bits Encoded

Bits

EncodeEncrypt

Encrypted

Data

Bit t o S m.

Pulse

modulated

waveform

Digital Bandpass

waveformBandpass

u t p ex

0 1 1 0 1

0 1 0 1 0

1 0 1 0 1

Multiplexed

Data

Channel

Channel

Encoded

Data

Scrambled

data

modulate

Encode

1 0 0 1 1 0 1

Scrambler

1 0 0 0 1

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Bits

Digital Communication: Receiver

Digital

Baseband

Digital

BandpassChannel

Decoded

Equalizer,

Timing and

Sym. to Bits

De-modulatewave ormwave orm

Channel

Decode

Data

0 1 1 0 1

Digital -

Descrambled

Bits 1 0 0 0 1

De-scramble

Bits

1 0 1 1 0Decrypt

Analogoutput

D/A

Baseband

waveform

1 0 1 0 0 1 0

Source

Decode

De-

Multiplex

To other

Channels

multiplexed

Bits

Wireless History

Radio invented in the 1880s by Marconi

z Ancient Systems: Smoke Signals, Carrier Pigeons,

z Many sophisticated military radio systems weredeveloped during and after WW2

z Cellular has enjoyed exponential growth since1988, with almost 3 billion users worldwide todayz Ignited the wireless revolution

z Voice, data, and multimedia becoming ubiquitousz Use in third world countries growing rapidly

z WiFi also enjoying tremendous success and growthz Wide area networks (e.g. Wimax) and short-range

systems other than Bluetooth

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Historical Background

Evolution of Voice Oriented Wireless Networks

Marconis demonstration in 1897 Radios communication ability to provide

continuous contact with ships sailing the English channel.

Mobile telephone service was first offered by AT&T in 1946. This service was

mobile, but not cellular. The base station had a coverage of about 100 km.

Early systems, based on FM, required 120 KHz of spectrum for an information

bandwidth of 3 kHz.

Large equipment (mounted in cars)

Low capacity: 50 users or more cause overloading

High call blocking probability.

Multiple Access method used was FDMA.

Next step was the introduction of trunking - relaxing theconstraint of using a channel for each user. Frequency-agile radio

to search for free channels.

Cellular concept emerges in early 1970s. Replication of the

wide-area network concept. Cellular concept leads to frequency-

reuse concept. By late 60's there were 70,000 users throughout

US

Digital control link emerged, regulatory obstacles were cleared

and 1 st generation (1 G) systems were deployed in 1983.

Early 1990s digital voice was developed - 2n generation (2G)systems. Smaller and longer-life batteries. Miniaturization of the

handset.

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Mobile telephone penetration

History and Growth

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Mobile Companies

The current status of Wireless Communication

Modern era has seen extremely rapid growth in Wireless

Communication, especially in Cellular communication.

re ess ommun ca on s en oy ng e as es grow

period in history.

It is also the fastest growing field, by any measure, of

todays world.

Wireless mobile services grew from 11 million subscribers

Income of wireless industry surpasses that of wired

telephone industry.

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Subscriber growth

Examples and Applications of

Mobile Radio S stems

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Examples of Wireless Communication Systems

Paging

Amateur Radio

itizen Band B Radio

Cordless Phones

Mobile Cellular System

Satellite Communication Systems

Global Positioning System (GPS) Wireless Networks (both LANs and WANs)

Mobile devices

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Multiple Access

Multiple users to share a finite spectrum

To achieve high capacity (to accommodate more users)

Without severe performance degradation

Types of multiple access

FDMA: frequency division multiple access

TDMA: time division multiple access CDMA: code division multiple access

Multiple Access and Duplexing

Multiple access: cell-wide frequency sharing

Duplexing: system-wide frequency sharing

Duplexing techniques

FDD: fre uenc division du lexin

TDD: time division duplexing

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Multiple Access Overview - A Party !

Consider a number of students at a party.The goal of the

.

which the party is being held is the resource available.

FDMA : Each pair of students has a separate room to talk

TDMA : Everyone is in the same room and each pair has a

limited time slot to converse

,

time,but each pair talks in a different language.

Current Wireless Systems Cellular Systems

Wireless LANs

WIMAX

Satellite Systems

Paging Systems

Bluetooth

Ultrawideband radios

Zigbee radios

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Paging Systems

Broad coverage for short messaging

Message broadcast from all base stations

Simple terminals

Optimized for 1-way transmission

Answer-back hard

Overtaken by cellular

A Wide Area Paging System

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Cellular Systems:Reuse channels to maximize capacity

Geographic region divided into cells Fre uenc /timeslots/codes/ reused at s atiall -se arated locations. Co-channel interference between same color cells.

Base stations/MTSOs coordinate handoff and control functions

Shrinking cell size increases capacity, as well as networking burden

BASE

STATION

Cellular Phone NetworksSan Francisco

BSBS

New YorkInternet

PSTN

BS

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UNIVERSAL FREQUENCY REUSE

Why 3G? Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications!!

For the consumer

,

Video calls, video clips news, music, sports

Enhanced gaming, chat, location services

For business

High speed teleworking

Video conferencing

Real-time financial information

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Evolution of Mobile Systems to 3G- drivers are capacity, data speeds, lower cost of delivery

for r evenue growth

market share

GSMGSM

PDCPDC

GPRSGPRS 90%

EDGEEDGE

WCDMAWCDMA

CDMA2000CDMA2000

3GPP Core

Network

HSDPAHSDPA

EvolutionEvolution

cdmaOnecdmaOne

2G

CDMA2000

1x

CDMA2000

1x

First Step into 3G

10%

1x EV/DV

1x EV/DV

3G phase 1 Evolved 3G

CDMA2000

1x EV/DO

CDMA2000

1x EV/DO

Improved performance, decreasing cost of delivery

3G-specific services takeadvantage of higher bandwidth

and/or real-time QoS

Broadbandin wid e area

Video sharing

Services roadmap

WEB browsing

Corporate data accessStreaming audio/video

Voice & SMS

xHTML brows ingApplic ation download ing

E-mail

MMS picture / video

Multitasking

eo e ep on yReal-time IPmultimedia and gamesMulticasting

Typical peakdara rates HSDPA

1-10Mbps

WCDMA2

Mbps

EGPRS473.6kbps

GPRS171kbps

GSM9.6

kbps

CDMA

2000-

EVDO

CDMA

2000-

EVDV

CDMA

20001x

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GSM evolution to 3GHigh Speed Circuit Switched DataMaximum data rate per timeslot=14.4

Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection ~(4x14.4)=57.6 kbps (maximum rate)

Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS

Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when nothing sent

GSM9.6kbps (one timeslot)

GSM Data

Also called CSD

GSM GPRS

HSCSD

o as popuar as many s ppn

Enhanced Data Rates for Global EvolutionUses 8PSK modulation

3x improvement in data rate on short distances

Can fall back to GMSK for greater distances

Maximum data rate for one TS= 59.2Kbps

For 8 TSs data rate upto 8 x 59.2=473.6 kbps

WCDMAGeneral Packet Radio ServicesTypical Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps (average)

Max data rates= 160 Kbps (Theoretical)

Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time

Packet switched; resources not tied up all the time

Contention based. Efficient, but variable delays

EDGEWCDMA

Integrating GPRSMobile Station

Base Station

SubsystemNetwork Subsystem

Other Networks

SD

BTS

MSC/

VLRBSCGMSC

AUCEIR HLR

GGSNSGSN

SIMME

PSTN

PLMN

Internet

Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.

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EDGE

EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolut ion EDGE is add-on to GPRS

Uses 8-PSK modulation in good conditions

Increase throughput by 3x (8-PSK 3 bits/symbol vs GMSK 1 bit/symbol)

Offer data rates of 384kbps, theoretically up to 473.6kbps

Modulation Bit rate 810kbps

Uses 9 Modulation coding schemes (MCS1-9)

MCS(1-4) uses GMSK, while MCS(5-9) uses 8PSK modulation.

Uses Link adaptation algorithm

User data rate per time slot 59.2kbps (MCS9)

User data rate (8 time slots) 473.6kbps

New handsets / terminal equipment; additional hardware in the BTS, Core

network and the rest remains the same

EDGE access develops to connect to 3G core

IS-95BUses multiple code channels

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO: Evolved Data OptimisedThird phase in CDMA2000 evolution

CDMA2000 Evolution to 3G

IS-95B

Many operators gone direct to 1xRTT

CDMAIS-95A

IS-95A14.4 kbps

1xRTT1xEV-DO

an ar se vers o n o ua c omm g a a a e

Adds TDMA components beneath code components

Good for highly asymmetric high speed data apps

Speeds to 2Mbps +, classed as a 3G system

Use new or existing spectrum

1xEV-DV CDMA20003xRTTCDMA2000 1x Evolved DV

ore ne worre-used in

CDMA2000

CDMA2000 1xRTT: single carrier RTTFirst phase in CDMA2000 evolution

Easy co-existence with IS-95A air interface

Release 0 - max 144 kbps

Release A max 384 kbps

Same core network as IS-95

CDMA2000 1x Evolved DVDevelopment Terminated due to lack ofdemand (source wikipedia)

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3G Cellular Systems

Mobile operators have/are upgrading their networks to 3G/4G

technology.

Mobile operators using GSM are deploying

UMTS (universal mobile telephone system) and

HSDPA (high speed downlink packet access) technologies as part of their 3G

evolution.

HSPA, LTE

CDMA operators are deploying 1x EV-DO (1x evolution data

optimized) as their 3G solution

In China and parts of Asia, several operators look to TD-SCDMA

(time division-synchronous CDMA) as their 3G solution.

All these 3G solutions provide data throughput capabilities on the

order of a few hundred kilobits per second to a few megabits per

second.

HSDPA

HSDPA is a downlink-only air interface defined in the Third-

generation Partnership Project(3GPP) UMTS Release 5

specifications

HSDPA - peak user data rate (layer 2) 14.4Mbps on 5MHz

channel

HSDPA is a downlink-only interface

until an uplink complement the peak data rates on the uplink < 384kbps

averaging 40kbps to 100kbps

An uplink version, HSUPA (high-speed uplink packet access),

supports peak data rates up to 5.8Mbps and is standardized aspart of the 3GPP Release 6 specifications

HSDPA and HSUPA together are referred to as HSPA (high-

speed packet access)

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3GPP is developing the next major revision to the 3G standards.

The long-term evolution (LTE) will support A peak data rate of 100Mbps in the downlink and 50Mbps in the uplink

An avera e s ectral eff that is 3/4 times that of Release 6 HSPA.

In order to achieve these high data rates and spectral efficiency, the

air interface will likely be based on

OFDM/OFDMA

MIMO (multiple input/ multiple output)

with similarities to WiMAX.

1xEV-DO 1x EV-DO is a high-speed data standard defined as an evolution

to second-generation IS-95 CDMA systems by the 3GPP2

standards organization

It su orts a eak downlink data rate of 2.4Mb s in a 1.25MHz

channel.

Typical user-experienced data rates are in the order of 100kbps

to 300kbps.

Revision A of 1x EV-DO supports a peak rate of 3.1Mbps to a

mobile user

. .support uplink data rates of up to 1.8Mbps.

1x EV-DO Rev A enables voice and video telephony over IP

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3GPP2 also has longer-term plans to offer higher

data rates

The objective is to support:

Upto 70Mbps to 200Mbps in the downlink and

Upto 30Mbps to 45Mbps in the uplink in EV-DO

Revision C, using up to 20MHz of bandwidth.

UMTS & CDMA-2000 TIMELINE

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STANDATDS OVERVIEW

280 Kbps , 200 KHz , GMPSK2.5G-GPRS 384 Kb s 200 KHz 8PSK. -

384 Kbps , 5.0 MHz , QPSK

2.0 Mbps , 5.0 MHz , QPSK3 G-HSDPA

5.76 Mbps , 5.0 MHz , Adaptive

14.4 Mbps , 5.0 MHz , Adaptive3.5 G-HSPA

-, . ,- 50 Mbps , 1.25-20 MHz , 16 QAM

100 Mbps , 1.25-20 MHz , 64 QAM4G-LTE

Wireless Local AreaNetworks (WLANs)

01011011 0101 1011

z WLANs connect local computers (100m range)

n erne

Access

Point

z Breaks data into packets

z Channel access is shared (random access)

z Backbone Internet provides best-effort service

z Poor performance in some apps (e.g. video)

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Wireless LAN Standards

802.11b (1990s) Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz) Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) Speeds of 11 Mbps, approx. 500 ft range

802.11a/g (Middle Age mid-late 1990s) Standard for 5GHz NII band (300 MHz) OFDM in 20 MHz with adaptive rate/codes Speeds of 54 Mbps, approx. 100-200 ft range

Many WLAN

cards have

all 3 (a/b/g)

802.11n (Recent) Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHzband Adaptive OFDM /MIMO in 20/40 MHz (2-4 antennas) Speeds up to 600Mbps, approx. 200 ft range Other advances in packetization, antenna use, etc.

Broadband Wireless It is about bringing the broadband experience to a wireless

context, which offers users certain unique benefits and

convenience.

. The first type attempts to provide a set of services similar to that of the traditional

fixed-line broadband but using wireless as the medium of transmission.

This type, calledfixed wireless broadband, can be thought of as a competitive

alternative to DSL or cable modem.

The second type of broadband wireless, calledmobile broadband, offers the

additional functionality of portability, nomadicity, and mobility.

WiMAX (worldwide interoperability for microwave access)

technology, is designed to accommodate both fixed and mobile

Broadband applications.

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What is WiMAX Technology?

WiMAX has two Flavors 802.16d (Not Forward Compatible)

Fixed WiMAX is expected to

deliver

40 Mbps in 3-10 Km cell Last mile broadband connections

Hotspots and Cellular backhaul

Mobile WiMAX is expected to

deliver

15 Mbps in 1.3-3 Km cell

Vehicular speeds > 120

km/hr

. .

OFDM NLOS

OFDMA

802.16j is another Standard for

Multi-hop relay

Fixed/Mobile Scenario

52 of 106

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Wimax (802.16)

Wide area wireless network standard System architecture similar to cellular

opes to compete w t ce u ar

OFDM/MIMO is core link technology

Operates in 2.5 and 3.5 MHz bands

Different for different countries, 5.8 also used.

- .

Fixed (802.16d) vs. Mobile (802.16e) Wimax Fixed: 75 Mbps max, up to 50 mile cell radius

Mobile: 15 Mbps max, up to 1-2 mile cell radius

Bluetooth

Cable replacement RF technology (low cost)

Short ran e (10m, extendable to 100m

2.4 GHz band (crowded)

1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels

Widely supported by telecommunications, PC,

8C32810.61-Cimini-7/98

Few applications beyond cable replacement

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Ultrawideband Radio (UWB)

UWB is an impulse radio: sends pulses of tens ofpicoseconds(10-12) to nanoseconds (10-9)

Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is a technology for transmitting

information spread over a large bandwidth (>500 MHz)

Low emission levels currently allowed by regulatory

agencies

UWB s stems tend to be short-ran e and indoors

applications

However, due to the short duration of the UWB pulses, itis easier to engineer extremely high data rates

IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee Radios

Low-Rate WPAN

Data rates of 20, 40, 250 kbps

Star clusters or peer-to-peer operation

Support for low latency devices

CSMA-CA channel access

ery ow power consumpt on Frequency of operation in ISM bands

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Emerging Technologies

MIMO & STBC

Cooperative Networks

Pico Cells

oc mes w re ess ne wor s

Sensor networks HARQ

Few Topics of Research Interest Cooperative Communications Virtual MIMO

-

Sensor/Adhoc Networks

IEEE 802.16e

Software Defined Radios

STBC / MIMO MIMO in Satellite Comm

Spread Spectrum Systems

etc