ADVOCACYHANDBOOK

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GENDER INEQUALITYGLOBALLY

Labor

66%Food

50%Income

10%Property

1%

70%World’sPoorest

PRODUCES

ONLY

RECEIVES

WAGE GAP + CAREWORK

AveragePay Gap

8.4%

76% of unpaidcare work is doneby women = RM75.6 million

62% women do not work outsidedue to household burdens

(Federal Government Survey 2004)

(Jabatan PerangkaanMalaysia)

(Salaries andWages SurveyReport 2013)

INCLUSIONS & PARTICIPATION

95% of countrieshave male head of state

Women make up only 22% Parlimentary seats and 8% of the world’s executives

Cabinet Ministers8.6%

Parliment Members11%

Women ADUN15%

Local Council PenangMBPP 33%MPSP 12.5%

Women’s Leadership in Malaysia (2017)

VIOLENCE

1 in 3women faceviolence in

their lifetime

GloballyNEARLY 40%

of murdersare committedby an intimate

partner

31, 836cases

(2010-2013)(Source PDRM)

Domestic and family violence against women reported

in Malaysia

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What isELECTORAL REFORM

GLOBAL TRENDS IN ELECTORAL REFORM

GLOBALLY

ASIA-PACIFIC

ProportionalSystems(morerepresentative)

MajoritarianSystems

(lessrepresentative)

Safety ofvoters & electoral

workers

ElectionMonitoring

Ballot designand votingequipment

Electoralconstituencies and

election districtborders

Nominationrules and ballot

access

Eligibility tovote

Rules aboutpolitical parties,

changes in electionlaws

Vote-CountingProcedure

Electoral(Voting) System*

PoliticalFinancing

VoterTurnouts

ELECTORAL REFORMchange in electoral system

to improve how public desiresare expressed in election results

* This advocacy handbook focuses

on voting system reform and gender

quotas to increase women’s

descriptive representation

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= greater opportunity for women & girls’ education health and equality through legislation and policies that benefit women, children and families in general

Research on Pachayats (local council) in India

showed 63% rise in number of drinking water projects in

women led concils (UN Women)

In Norway, direct causal relationship between presence

of women in municipal council & child care coverage

established (UN Women)

In Penang, PWDC is mainstreaming gender into government by (i) institutionalizing Gender Responsive Participatory Budgeting in local goverment (ii) running leadership and gender trainings for women (and men) in decision-making and have (iii) managed to advocate for state funding allocated for women’s programmes in every constituency, among many others.

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Types of Barriers

Individual• Psychological • Education• Financial

Systemic

• Family• Gender Stereotypes • Safety• Religion • Politics as male domain• ‘Dirty Politics’ • Draconian laws

Institutional• Electoral System • Political Party Structure• Institutional Structures

Descriptive

Substantive Symbolic

Opt into thepoliticalprocess

SecureNomination

Become aCandidate

WinElection

Individual

Systemic Systemic Systemic

Institutional

Individual Individual

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Common Variables in Electoral System

Seats and Candidates:• Individuals in Single-member Constituencies• Individuals in Multi-member Constituencies• Teams in Multi-member Constituencies

Votes:

• Choosing 1 candidate (Nominal)

BALLOT PAPER

• Ranking candidates (Ordinal/Preferential)

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BALLOT PAPER

Formula:• Plurality – more supported than others, but need not be majority• Majoritarian – must be supported by a majority• Proportional – distributed as proportionally as possible

Electoral Systemas a Potential Institutional Barrier

ELECTION

ELECTEDREPRESENTATIVESVOTERS

ELECTORAL SYSTEM

SEATS

PARTIES

ELECTEDREPRESENTATIVESVOTERS

CANDIDATES

VOTES

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Variables in Electoral System

Seats and Candidates

Single-Member Constituency Multi-member ConstituencyIndividuals Individuals Team

Vote Nominal Preferential Preferential NominalSeat

Allocation Formula

Plural Majoritarian Majoritarian Plurality Proportional Plurality

Electoral System

First-Past-The-Post

Two-Round-System

Alternative Vote

Single Transferable

VoteParty-List PR

“Group Representation Constituencies”

(GRC)

MainCountry

UK, Malaysia France Australia Ireland Netherland, Indonesia Singapore

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15

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20 6 4

10 6 4

20,67%

6,20%

4,13%

FPTP Seat %

50%

30%

20%

Party Vote %

Total 50 Seats

30 12 8

30, 60%12, 24%

8, 16%

Total Seat %

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20 6 4

20,67%

6,20%

4,13%

FPTP Seat %

5 9 6

50%

30%

20%

Party Vote %

25 15 10

25, 50%

15, 30%

10, 20%

Total Seat %

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Gender Quota and Electoral System

ELECTORAL SYSTEM

SEATS

PARTIES

ELECTEDREPRESENTATIVESVOTERS

CANDIDATES

VOTES

RESERVED SEATS: x% of seats reserved bywomen

CANDIDATE QUOTA: x% of candidates mustbe women

Remedy 1: 30% Women Quota in FPTPFIRST-PAST-THE-POST

SEATS

PARTIES

ELECTEDREPRESENTATIVESVOTERS

CANDIDATES

VOTES

CANDIDATE QUOTA: 30% of candidates mustbe women

Minimum women Percentage:

Not guaranteed

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Remedy 2: 1/3 in Party List under MMP

CONSTITUENCYVOTE

CONSTITUENCYCANDIDATES

FPTPSEATS (1-L%)

PARTYVOTE

PARTY LISTCANDIDATES

PARTY LISTSEATS (L%)

MIXED MEMBER PROPORTIONAL

PARTIES

ELECTEDREPRESENTATIVESVOTERS

CANDIDATE QUOTA: 1 out of 3 party list candidatesmust be women

Remedy 3: Women-Only Additional Seats

CONSTITUENCYVOTE

CONSTITUENCYCANDIDATES

FPTPSEATS (85%)

CONSTITUENCYVOTE %

PARTY LISTCANDIDATES

PARTY LISTSEATS (15%)

MIXED MEMBER PROPORTIONAL

LEGISLATURE

PARTIES

ELECTEDMEMBERS

NOMINATEDMEMBERS

VOTERS

CANDIDATE QUOTA: 100% Women

Minimum women Percentage:

15%

20

47.

3%

Vote %

BN PKR DAPP AS

Seat % Relative Value

20.3

9%

13.5

1%

15.7

1%

14.7

7%

9.4

6%

64

.00

%

17.12

%

109

.00

%

66

.00

%

59.9

1%

126

.00

%

GE13 – Vast Imbalance between Votes and Seats

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