Advantage Cps Rbdd Gds 2011

8/14/2019 Advantage Cps Rbdd Gds 2011

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Georgetown 2011-12[Advantage/Internal Link CPs] [Rebecca !oa" !ate and !at"aniel]

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%e)t* %"e +nited $tates ,ederal governent s"o.ld "arden its ilitar saceassets wit" s"eets o, carbon nanot.bes

!anot.be coatings s.ccess,.ll de,end satellites ,ro A$A%sBerger, 06(Michael Berger is an editor at nanowerk.com, Shields Up! How Nanotechnology canProtect Satellites fro nergy "eapons#, $$%$&%06, referencing 't )ol H*ntingtion of the US+ in thereport- .pro/ing Satellite Protection with Nanotechnology#, Nanower Spotlight,http1%%wwwnanowerco%spotlight%spotid23403php

+ccording to the a*thor of the paper, 't )ol 5oseph H*ntington of the US+, nanotechnology aypro/ide se/eral sol*tions to itigate the threat fro directed energy weapons1Coatings to harden the spacecraft's surface areas to better withstand a weapon's thermal or electromagnetic effects .

Nanostructured surface coating would either reflect, absorb, or transmit the incident energy or would perform some

combination of the three. One-hundred percent reflection would be the ultimate protection because all the energy

would be rejected; less than complete reflection would result in some absorption which would show as heat build-

up, material degradation, or burn through. While completely reflecting thermal and electrical energy would be

preferred, dispersing it across the surface would also provide protection . According to Huntington, the Air Force

Research Laboratory (AFRL) is managing a research program that uses carbon nanotube membranes, orbuckypaper, for electromagnetic shielding and to enhance lateral thermal conductivity . Buckypaper membranes are

being investigated by the AFRL for aircraft lightning strike protection, but could have application to help satellites

from electromagnetic events. Vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays are being researched as heat sinks for the

computer industry (see: Nanotechnology to the rescue of overheating computer chips) but it could be feasible to also

apply them beneath a reflective coating on the satellite's surface for improved thermal dissipation . Huntington writes

that a much more futuristic use of these carbon nanotube 'forests' would be possible, in theory at least. And that's

where we are getting close to the "shield" that is so popular and ubiquitous in science fiction space battles: "When

energized with a small voltage at low pressure, carbon nanotube forests will emit electrons, which is the basis for

their use as field emitters for plasma screen televisions. The emitted electrons ionize the atmosphere, generating a

plasma shield around the structure. If the incident electromagnetic energy is short duration, the plasma should

dampen most of the energy." Huntington also mentions that, In conjunction with the AFRL, the University of

Dayton has developed a method to tailor the electrical conductivity of polymer materials used to build commercial

and military aerospace components. This project transforms almost any polymer into a multifunctional material

capable of carrying or dissipating significant electrical charge. Specifically designed carbon nanotubes with the

current carrying capability of copper but at a much lower density, on the order of 50 to 150 nm in diameter, were

carefully dispersed into a polymer matrix resulting in an electrically conductive polymer composite.

'e,ensive actions dont trigger t"reat ercetions or ca.se sace debrisP*tan, 0(M+578 )H8.S97PH8 PU9M+N, US+, Marine )orps )oand and Staff college,)7UN98.N: 9H )H.NS 9H8+9 97 '7" +89H 78B.9 S+9''.9S1 BU.';.N: +;NS.?in%:et98;oc@

+;2+;+A$03CD'ocation2UCDdoc2:et98;ocpdf.n response to the credi?le and eEpanding )hinese anti>satellite threat, the United States *st adopt a

defensi/e space strategy that can deter )hinese actions and then also reco/er fro an attac Soewithin the United States go/ernent, nota?ly Senator 5on Fyl, ha/e ad/ocated an offensi/e deterrencestrategy to co*nter the )hinese anti>satellite threat, creating weapons that wo*ld not only attac )hinesesatellites ?*t also anti>satellite systes 9his policy, howe/er, wo*ld in effect start a space ars race , acostly proposition with any high dollar systes copeting for the defense ?*dget 7ffensi/e inetic anti>satellite weapons, whether direct ascent or co>or?ital, can create a significant de?ris field that co*ldindiscriinately daage friendly satellites and *ltiately h*rt the United States ore than )hina 9heUnited States a?andoned its )old "ar inetic anti>satellite progra after a test where an >$A>la*nchedissile destroyed a satellite and created a '7 de?ris field that too o/er C0 years to decay Howe/er,the United States deonstrated its a?ility to rapidly reconstit*te its direct ascent anti>satellite capa?ilitywhen it la*nched a odified Standard Missile>4 fro the USS 'ae rie and destroyed a alf*nctioning

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http://www.wpafb.af.mil/AFRL/http://www.wpafb.af.mil/AFRL/http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=1762.phphttp://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=1762.phphttp://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=1762.phphttp://www.wpafb.af.mil/AFRL/http://www.wpafb.af.mil/AFRL/


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satellite ?efore it co*ld reenter and possi?ly ipact a pop*lated areaC& +ltho*gh the United Statesengaged the satellite at the lower portion ofthe '7 regie to iniiGe or?ital de?ris and pro/ided tielynotification to the international co*nity, )hina criticiGed the operation as threatening to spacesec*rityC3 9his reaction s*pports the idea that p*rs*ing an offensi/e anti>satellite progra co*ld dri/e aspace ars race inally, in an anti>satellite eEchange, )hina c*rrently has *ch less to lose )hinawo*ld ?e *ch less reliant on space systes to operate in a conflict

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Cost o, rotection and liited intercetors eans sace weaons ,ailB*tt, 03(=o*saf B*tt is a physicist in the High-Energy Astrophysics Division at the Harvard-SmithsonianCenter for Astrophysics )an Space "eapons Harden US Satellites@#, &%CC%03, B*lletin of the +toicScientists, http1%%wwwthe?*lletinorg%we?>edition%feat*res%can>space>weapons>protect>*s>satellites9he pro?le is that a single ?odyg*ard satellite wo*ld ?e ins*fficient to g*ard its ?oss /en if the?odyg*ard s*ccessf*lly intercepted an incoing +S+9, the ad/ersary co*ld siply try again on as*ccessi/e or?it>> the so>called liited agaGine pro?le 7f co*rse, a satellite co*ld possess *ltiple?odyg*ard satellites, ?*t the la*nch costs alone (a?o*t I$A,000 per ilogra of payloadJ K*icly ?ecoeprohi?iti/e for *ltiple ?odyg*ards weighing a?o*t $,000 ilogras each in or?it +t soe point, the costof ha/ing any ?odyg*ard satellites eEceeds that of the satellite ?eing protected .t then aes oresense to siply ha/e a ?ac*p red*ndant satellite ready to la*nch rather than *ltiple defensi/e spaceweapons

'irected energ weaons ,ail7bot" gro.nd-based and sace-basedB*tt, 03(=o*saf B*tt is a physicist in the High-Energy Astrophysics Division at the Harvard-Smithsonian

Center for Astrophysics )an Space "eapons Harden US Satellites@#, &%CC%03, B*lletin of the +toicScientists, http1%%wwwthe?*lletinorg%we?>edition%feat*res%can>space>weapons>protect>*s>satellites;irected>energy weapons s*ch as lasers ay ?e a/aila?le in the f*t*re, ?*t they r*n on cheicals as theso*rce of the laser energy, which also are s*?Lect to the liited agaGine pro?le if the laser is in or?it

+nd if the laser is gro*nd>?ased, its range of lethality is liited to a sall fraction of the glo?e in thegro*nd>stations /icinity *rtherore, gro*nd>?ased systes *st *se coplicated and eEpensi/eadapti/e optics to copensate for the nat*ral ?roadening and diing of the laser light as it tra/erses theatosphere, soething that has not yet ?een p*?licly deonstrated o/er h*ndreds of iloeters for ahigh>power laser 7f co*rse, the laser gro*nd stations are hostage to con/entional gro*nd attac, and ,ore prosaically, clo*d co/er

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http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/can-space-weapons-protect-us-satelliteshttp://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/can-space-weapons-protect-us-satellites


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&,,ective against radiationBerger, 06(Michael Berger is an editor at nanowerk.com, Nanotechnology in Space1 )ar?onNanot*?es Harden lectronics for Use in +erospace#, $$%$&%06, Nanowe4r Spotlight,

http1%%wwwnanowerco%spotlight%spotid2$00php"Having a research background in nanoelectronics devices, I asked myself what will happen if actualnanoelectronics devices are exposed to high energy radiation " Lee says. "Then, I formed a group of experts,

including Prof.Kwanwoo Shinat Sogang University, who has been working on material properties under high

energy radiation. Initially, we were looking for a method to modifying the physical and chemical properties of

carbon nanotubes by introducing structural defects with high energetic proton radiation. Surprisingly, we found out

that our CNT network transistors were quite robust under the radiation. Even when we increased the energy and

radiation time, the results showed consistent radiation-hardness."

%"e rotect ,ro &9I:en*th and resco>)ohen, 06(.ddo :en*th D '*cille resco>)ohen are staff writers at The Futureof Things .nter/iew with ran +llen, +ssistant ;irector of +))9 B*cy PaperNanot*?es onsteroids#, http1%%thef*t*reofthingsco%[email protected]%6$%

O1 "hat do yo* predict will ?e the ain applications of ?*cypaper@+1 Based *pon o*r a?ility to scale *pprod*ction and the cost of K*ality single>walled nanot*?es, we wo*ld eEpect the ilitary to first taead/antage of the technology , since they c*rrently sponsor o*r nanot*?e proLects B*cypaper fils can?e added to aircraft to offer M. (lectroagnetic .nterferenceJ shielding and lightning strie protection9hey will also ae the aircraft stronger and lighter, allowing for larger payloads and greater f*elefficiency .n tie, as prod*ction increases and nanot*?e costs go down, ?*cypaper fil ay ?e *sed incoercial aircraft and in note?oo cop*ters to draw away ore generated heat witho*t addingadditional weight /ent*ally, ?*cypaper nanot*?e fils ay ?e *sed ?y the a*too?ile ind*stry toae cars and tr*cs stronger yet lighter, and therefore, ore f*el efficient

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http://www.nano-bio.com/http://www.nano-bio.com/http://www.nano-bio.com/http://thefutureofthings.com/articles.php?itemId=24/61/http://www.nano-bio.com/http://thefutureofthings.com/articles.php?itemId=24/61/


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%e)t* %"e +nited $tates ,ederal governent s"o.ld increase t"e radar tieArecibo is .sed as a !&6 detection satellite and andate all incoing data isgiven to !A$A

Co.nterlan solves t"e case Arecibo is better t"an an !A$A tec" at detecting!&6s!ational Acadeies 2010;efending Planet arth1 Near>arth 7?Lect S*r/eys and HaGardMitigation Strategies

Beca*se it is f*lly steera?le, :oldstone can trac o?Lects significantly farther north and so*th than can+reci?o, and for *p to se/eral ties longer per day 'iits on :oldstoneQs co/erage are also iposed ?ythe reK*ireent that targets ?e C0R a?o/e the horiGon 7pport*nities nown well in ad/ance aresched*led onths or e/en years ahead Howe/er, the :oldstone radar copetes for telescope tie withn*ero*s N+S+ spacecraft issions that ha/e higher priority and often liit the tie a/aila?le for radaro?ser/ations 9he antenna is also a/aila?le for short>notice target>of>opport*nity o?ser/ations if the flightproLects ha/e s*fficient sched*ling fleEi?ility to accoodate changes, and if radiation clearance can ?e

o?tained in tie fro the n*ero*s ilitary and other go/ernent organiGations whose airspaces*rro*nds :oldstone N7 radar o?ser/ations ha/e ?een sched*led in as few as C days after a reK*est,?*t recent *rgent reK*ests ha/e ?een at least two wees in ad/ance .n general, +reci?o has significantlygreater fleEi?ility for responding to short>notice target>of>opport*nity o?ser/ing reK*ests than :oldstone8adar iages o?tained at +reci?o and :oldstone can, respecti/ely, now achie/e resol*tions as fine as&A eters and $ eters per piEel ;*e to its greater sensiti/ity and finer range resol*tion, +reci?opro/ides significantly ore high>resol*tion N7 iaging opport*nities than does :oldstone

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9his ;7; satellite is ey to 'ow +ltit*de +ir?*rst s*r/eillance!ational Acadeies 2010;efending Planet arth1 Near>arth 7?Lect S*r/eys and HaGardMitigation Strategies

9he US ;epartent of ;efense, which operates sensors in arth or?it capa?le of detecting the high>altit*de eEplosion of sall N7s, has in the past shared this inforation with the N7 scienceco*nity 9he coittee concl*ded that this data>sharing was iportant for *nderstanding iss*es s*chas the pop*lation siGe of sall N7s and the haGard that saller N7s pose 9his sharing is alsoiportant to /alidate air?*rst si*lations, characteriGe the physical properties of sall N7s (s*ch astheir strengthJ, and to assist in the reco/ery of eteorites8ecoendation1 ;ata fro N7 air?*rst e/ents o?ser/ed ?y the US ;epartent of ;efense satellitessho*ld ?e ade a/aila?le to the scientific co*nity to allow it to ipro/e *nderstanding of the N7haGards to arth.n C003, )ongress passed a N+S+ appropriations act that called for the 7ffice of Science and 9echnology Policy to deterine ?y7cto?er C0$0 which agency sho*ld ?e responsi?le for cond*cting the N7 s*r/ey and detection and itigation progra Se/eralagencies are possi?le candidates for s*ch a role;*ring its deli?erations the coittee learned of se/eral efforts o*tside the United States to de/elop spacecraft to search forcategories of N7s .n partic*lar, )anadaQs N7SSat and :eranyQs +steroidinder are interesting and capa?le sall scale

issions that will detect a sall percentage of specific types of N7s, those priarily inside arthQs or?it 9hese spacecraft will notaccoplish the goals of the :eorge Brown, 5r Near>arth 7?Lect S*r/ey +ct Howe/er, they highlight the fact that otherco*ntries are ?eginning to serio*sly consider the N7 iss*e

9his satellite assesses ey /aria?les the affirati/e ignores > co*nterplan sol/es ?etter!ational Acadeies 2010;efending Planet arth1 Near>arth 7?Lect S*r/eys and HaGardMitigation Strategies

+reci?o and :oldstone radar o?ser/ations of ore than C0 N7s ha/e re/ealed that s*rface ro*ghnessdepends on coposition and that /ery ro*gh s*rfaces are coon +reci?o and :oldstone radaro?ser/ations ha/e also re/ealed that approEiately fifteen percent of N7s larger than C00 eters indiaeter ha/e satellites or?iting a?o*t the(see ig*re 4J 9his inforation is iportant for planning itigation()hapter AJ 9he first confired N7 triple syste# was disco/ered at +reci?o+reci?o has disco/ered half of all nown

N7s with satellites and o?ser/ed alost all of these systes 8adar, with +reci?o in the lead, has?ecoe the ost effecti/e tool a/aila?le for disco/ering that N7s ha/e satellites, and for estiating the*t*al or?its, asses, siGes, and th*s densities of each coponent+reci?o o?ser/ations of the N7 $A0 ;+ s*ggested a sall pro?a?ility of ipact with arth in C330 and deonstrated that thephysical properties of an N7 are intiately co*pled with long>ter or?it prediction thro*gh the accelerations res*lting fro thea?sorption of s*nlight and asyetric radiation of heat fro the N7 d*e to its rotation (:iorgini et al, C00CJ, as well as the direct

press*re eEerted ?y s*nlight on the N7 9he iportance of these effects depends on the N7 ass, theralproperties, siGe, shape, and rotation period +reci?o and :oldstone radar o?ser/ations led to the firstdetection of s*ch effects for asteroid :ole/a and pro/ided an estiate of its density and ass- this isone of only a handf*l of N7s for which a ass estiate is a/aila?le (see 9a?le 4J

9he co*nterplan only needs to sol/e +ir?*rsts to sol/e the aff!ational Acadeies 2010 ;efending Planet arth1 Near>arth 7?Lect S*r/eys and HaGard

Mitigation Strategies

.nforation fro US ;epartent of ;efenseQs (;7;QsJ arth>o?ser/ing satellites has shown that high>altit*de air?*rsts fro relati/ely sall ($> to A>eter>diaeterJ o?Lects occ*r on a reg*lar ?asis 9his eyinforation shows, for the N7s enco*ntering arth, how the n*?ers of these o?Lects depends on theirsiGe 9o date, none of these air?*rsts has prod*ced apprecia?le daage Howe/er, two well> o?ser/edair?*rsts ha/e res*lted in eteoritic aterial ?eing reco/ered fro the gro*nd 9he recent ipacts of the9agish 'ae eteorite parent ?ody o/er )anada (5an*ary C000J, and asteroid C003 9)4 o/er S*dan(7cto?er C003J, lend e/idence to s*pport the s*ggestion that air?*rsts are relati/ely coon .n addition,these e/ents lend soe insights into the aterial coposition of these N7s 9he eteorites reco/eredfro these two air?*rsts are coposed of car?on>rich aterials, which s*ggest that their parent ?odies

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were o?Lects coposed of physically wea aterials copared to those of other eteorite types (eg,iron>rich aterialsJ 9his inforation, along with the s*?stantial fraction of N7s with satellites, s*ggeststhat any s*?>iloeter>siGed N7s are r*??le piles or coposed of physically wea aterials9herefore, any s*ch N7 fo*nd to ha/e an arth ipacting traLectory, wo*ld liely deli/er its ipactenergy in the for of an air?*rst

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9his specific satellite wo*ld cost L*st 4 illion to do*?le the c*rrent N7 capa?ilities!ational Acadeies 2010;efending Planet arth1 Near>arth 7?Lect S*r/eys and HaGardMitigation Strategies

9he+reci?o and :oldstone radar systes are c*rrently operational (with the ca/eats on transittal power noteda?o/eJ, ?*t neither is f*nded for dedicated o?ser/ations of N7s9he ann*al cost for +reci?o to carry o*t*p to 400 ho*rs of radar o?ser/ations pl*s adeK*ate aintenance is estiated at IC illion(approEiatelyI$ illion for the cost of p*rely radar operationf*el, salaries, and so onand I$ illion for radarQs pro rata shareof aintaining the antenna and facilityJ .n C003 +reci?o de/oted a?o*t C0 ho*rs to N7 o?ser/ations .fthe radar o?ser/ations at +reci?o increased, say, to a?o*t A00 ho*rs, then the associated operationalcost wo*ld rise to a?o*t I4 illion +reci?o co*ld carry o*t radar o?ser/ations at a significantly higher ratethan c*rrently, if additional tie and f*nding were a/aila?le +t :oldstone the sit*ation is different ?eca*se its priaryission is spacecraft co*nication, altho*gh if the ;eep Space Networ decoissions the ;SS>$ antenna, considera?ly oretie co*ld ?e o?tained ?y con/erting :oldstone to a dedicated radar facility, ?*t at a greatly increased cost since the whole facility

wo*ld then ?e charged to the radar ?*dget 9he C00 :oldstone N7 ?*dget reK*est was IC illion, whichwo*ld ha/e s*pported a ro?*st o?ser/ing progra 7nly IC illion was appropriated, and since then the

?*dget has dropped to a?o*t I$ illion ann*ally Since C00C, :oldstone de/oted an ann*al a/erage ofa?o*t C00 ho*rs to o?ser/ing N7s, which constit*tes C4 percent of all tie a/aila?le on this telescope;*ring this inter/al, the n*?er of ho*rs sched*led for N7 radar o?ser/ations declined ?y a?o*t A0percent and the fraction of sched*led tie that was *sed for data acK*isition declined fro a?o*t &3 to 64percent d*e to increasing diffic*lty with aintaining different coponents of the syste

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9he ?enefits of inforation sharing o*tweigh the costs of national sec*rityLive $cience 2010;ece?er, US Military in9als to Share ire?all ;ata, http1%%wwwli/escienceco%$0364>ilitary>tals>share>fire?all>datahtl

Mar Boslo*gh, a physicist at Sandia National 'a?oratories in +l?*K*erK*e, N M, ser/ed on the itigation panel of a National8esearch )o*ncil coittee that re/iewed N7 s*r/eys and haGard itigation strategies 9he N8) report, called ;efendingPlanet arth1 Near>arth 7?Lect S*r/eys and HaGard Mitigation Strategies, was iss*ed last 5an*ary .t o*tlined options N+S+ co*ldfollow to detect ore N7s, asteroids and coets that co*ld pose a haGard if they cross arths or?it 9hat N8) assessent ade

a n*?er of high>le/el recoendations ;ata fro N7 air?*rst e/ents o?ser/ed ?y the US ;epartent of;efense satellites sho*ld ?e ade a/aila?le to the scientific co*nity to allow it to ipro/e*nderstanding of the N7 haGards to arth, the report stated Boslo*gh said that ?eing a e?er of the scientific andnational sec*rity co*nities, he felt he co*ld offer ?oth perspecti/es, as he /iews the .pact ris to arth 9here arelegitiate national sec*rity reasons for soe restrictions on data release, ?*t these data are eEtreely/al*a?le to the scientific co*nity in o*r effort to *nderstand and K*antify the ipact ris and to de/elopthe ost effecti/e itigation plan against air?*rsts, Boslo*gh told SP+)co Boslo*gh said that another air?*rst liethe $03 9*ng*sa e/ent is, ?y far, the ost liely threat fro asteroids in o*r li feties Satellite>?ased o?ser/ations allow*s to ?etter *nderstand the physics and daage potential of dangero*s air?*rsts, and to ?etter estiatetheir lielihood and ris,Boslo*gh said /en if the raw data reain classified at a higher le/el than scientists want, . hopethat there will ?e a echanis that will allow *s to release other inforation ?ased on the classified data 'onger o?ser/ationties will pro/ide ore statistics, Boslo*gh added, allowing researchers to refine the power>law siGedistri?*tion which ?y itself is iensely *sef*l for ?oth ris assessent and ?asic science, he said, ?*tdoesnt necessarily reK*ire open release of the raw data for e/ery ?olide detection.t is always ?etter forscience when data are openly a/aila?le for independent scr*tiny, ?*t soeties a ?alance *st ?e str*c ?etween openness andsec*rity . wo*ld lie to see the ?alance acco*nt for the scientific /al*e of the data, Boslo*gh concl*ded

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http://www.livescience.com/10863-military-talks-share-fireball-data.htmlhttp://www.livescience.com/10863-military-talks-share-fireball-data.htmlhttp://www.livescience.com/10863-military-talks-share-fireball-data.htmlhttp://www.livescience.com/10863-military-talks-share-fireball-data.html


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A((* AR&CIF6 FA'

Arecibo cant er,or at otial caabilities!ational Acadeies 2010 ;efending Planet arth1 Near>arth 7?Lect S*r/eys and HaGardMitigation Strategies

Until recently, +reci?o has pro/en a ore dependa?le radar facility than :oldstone ?eca*se fewer eK*ipent pro?les interfered

with sched*led o?ser/ations 9hat sit*ation has recently changed, largely ?eca*se of aging on>site priary power t*r?inegenerators at +reci?o (coercial power for the operation of eEtreely high>power transitters there is not practicalJBeca*se of t*r?ine degradation, +reci?o has ?een *na?le to g*arantee its f*ll noinal power o*tp*t of00 " for se/eral years- ?y the fall of C003 the t*r?ine generator had ?ecoe progressi/ely lessrelia?le, forcing a red*ction of power to TA00 to 600 ", and ?y the spring of C00 to only T60 ", which ca*sedthe cancellation of any N7 radar o?ser/ations9he go/ernent of P*erto 8ico has appropriated oney for a new,ore relia?le generating so*rce *sing diesel engines, ?*t installation of this syste is not eEpected *ntil spring C0$0

:oldstone has also eEperienced significant eK*ipent pro?les, ost nota?ly with its transitter, whichred*ced operations to half power for se/eral onths in late C003, ?*t has recently res*ed operating atits noinal power of 40 "Feeping the TA year>old ;SS>$ antenna operating is an increasingly iportant iss*e-:oldstone is sched*led to go offline# for & onths of aintenance starting in March C0$0

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%e)t* %"e +nited $tates ,ederal governent s"o.ld ,.nd an ,.sion e)ternallasa .lse ro.lsion rocket to be assebles in low &art" orbit and .se it togo to the Moon and%or MarsV

%"e Co.nterlan is ine)ensive sa,e H.ick and allows .s to colonie t"e solarssteRag"eb 11 (A%A%C0$$, Magdi 8aghe?, +ssociate Professor of n*clear, plasa, and radiologicalengineering, Ph; N*clear ngineering, N*clear +nd Plasa Space Prop*lsion,#https1%%netfiles*i*ced*%raghe?%www%NP8WC00CWC0MWC00AWC0N*clearWC0PowerWC0ngineering%N*clearWC0andWC0PlasaWC0SpaceWC0Prop*lsionpdf, ngoetGJ

+s initially considered in the 7rion proLect, the /ehicle wo*ld ?e la*nched fro the arthQs s*rface 9he release ofradioacti/ity in the atosphere was an *naccepta?le alternati/e at the tie, and still reains soHowe/er, if the coponents can ?e la*nchedwith a transport /ehicle to low arth or?it and asse?led there,these o?Lections disappear9he space en/ironent is already eEtreely harsh in ters of radiation .t has ore ?acgro*ndradiation in the for of gaa rays than the sall p*lse *nits wo*ld prod*ce .n a atter of C arth ho*rs, the res*lting

ioniGed ass wo*ld dissipate in the ?acgro*nd space plasa density 9he eEha*st particles /elocitieswo*ld eEceed the arthQs escape /elocity and e/en the solar escape /elocity, res*lting in no resid*e orperanent containation a?o/e the le/el ca*sed ?y the nat*ral radiation fro the s*n 9his technology is iediately a/aila?le for space issions9here is no g*arantee that other technologies s*ch asf*sion prop*lsion, atter%antiatter and ?eaed>energy sails that are *nder st*dy will ?e a/aila?le d*ring the first half of the twenty>first cent*ry *sion *st await the deonstration of a syste possessing s*fficient energy gains for coercial and spaceapplications Matter%antiatter has low prop*lsion efficiency and a prohi?iti/e cost of the possi?le prod*ction and storage ethodsBeaed energy wo*ld reK*ire treendo*s in/estents in gro*nd and space ?ased infrastr*ct*re

9he need for high power densities for space issions fa/ors n*clear energy so*rces Solid core n*cleartheral, gas core, and electrical n*clear prop*lsion systes ha/e pro?les with the constraint of the need of containent of a

heated gas, which restricts its specific ip*lse /al*es Eternal p*lse systes possess higher teperat*re liits andlower inert asses and circ*/ent that liitationSe/eral ethods of eEternal oent* co*pling ha/e ?een in/estigated other than the standard p*sher plate 9hese incl*de aco?ined agnetic field and p*sher plate, a rotating ca?le p*sher, and a large lightweight sailBeca*se the reaction is eEternal to the aterial walls of the /ehicle, the systeQs operation is independent of the reaction rate,

press*re teperat*re and the f*el characteristics 9he physics of fission in a /ac** are siple where a shell of ioniGed gas witheEtreely large radial /elocities is prod*ced .t is also recogniGed that coon aterials can withstand an intensen*clear daage en/ironent o/er short inter/als of tie in the nanoseconds range 9he acceleration ofthe ship is only liited ?y h*an and eK*ipent tolerances .parting high thr*st for short periods of tie res*lts infast and efficient traLectories 8esearch ephasiGeslow a?lation p*sher plate designs, low energy p*lse *nit yields, anddedicated space operation o*t of the arthQs atosphere9he o/erall ad/antage is that this approach can yield space /ehicle for a Mars ission of d*ration of L*st$>4 onths9his sho*ld ?e copared to the ission tie of a?o*t CA onths withcheical or otherprop*lsion technologies 9he latter technologies fa/or Hohann type transfers into /ery slow heliocentric or?ital traLectories-which narrows the a/aila?le traLectories for ret*rn and necessitates long stays on the Mars s*rface waiting for the occ*rrence offa/ora?le ret*rn windows 9his stay wo*ld ?e in an eEtreely hostile en/ironent with A60 days s*rface stays and $&0>C00 daystransit ties .t wo*ld also pro/ide ore f leEi?le ret*rn windows and eliinate the need for long stay ties in the /icinity of Mars,where the astrona*tsQ ?odies wo*ld ?e ra/aged ?y the effects of a long period of weightlessness and high space radiation, inaddition to the l*ring deadly danger of *nforecast solar flares

Short d*ration issions on Mars pro/ide ?y Eternal Plasa P*lse Prop*lsion wo*ld also ?e associatedwith lower o/erall ission costs 'onger issions translate into a need for larger payloads andeEpanda?les that need to ?e la*nched into space at high cost 9he specific ip*lse of n*clear theral systes is inthe range of 00 sec, which is a?o*t twice those of cheical prop*lsion systes in the range of A0 sec 9he ain ad/antage hereis the red*ction of the /ehicle ass in low arth or?it, th*s red*cing the n*?er of hea/y lift /ehicle la*nches

Eternal P*lse Plasa Prop*lsionis disting*ished ?y specific ip*lses in the range of A,000>$0,000 secs /en higherspecific ip*lses of $00,000 secs can ?e achie/ed withlarger /ehicles, and ore energetic detonations *sing fission%f*sionand f*sion so*rces 9hese can open *p the whole solar syste for h*an eEploration and coloniGation

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https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Nuclear%20and%20Plasma%20Space%20Propulsion.pdfhttps://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Nuclear%20and%20Plasma%20Space%20Propulsion.pdfhttps://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Nuclear%20and%20Plasma%20Space%20Propulsion.pdfhttps://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20402%20ME%20405%20Nuclear%20Power%20Engineering/Nuclear%20and%20Plasma%20Space%20Propulsion.pdf


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(.sion rockets are ke to bring eno.g" s.lies to colonie and ine t"e oon5interberg researc" ro, B (+*g*st &, C00, riedwardt "inter?erg, 8esearch Professor at the Uni/ersity ofNe/ada, 8eno, Ph; in physics, winner of the $& Herann 7?erth :old Medal of the "ernher /on Bra*n .nternational Spacelight o*ndation, )oloniGing Space "ith *sion Prop*lsion,# )oloniGing Space "ith *sion Prop*lsion, ngoetGJ

Ne/ertheless, for the last $A years, there has ?een a *ch ore eEciting possi?ilitythat of re/i/ing the proLect *sing inertial>confineent f*sionini H>?o?s which is a *ch ore effecti/e ethod8ecall that the hydrogen or f*sion ?o? is always ignited *sing an atoic or fission ?o? as a trigger, which then sets off the *chlarger theron*clear eEplosion arth or?it, carrying the aterials needed to constr*ct a Until the id>$60s, this was the onlynown ethod of f*sion>propelled s*perrocet S*ch a spaceship will ?e a?le to carry a large crew as well as hea/y eK*ipent s*ch

as earth>o/ing achines 9his spaceship co*ld tra/el to Mars .t co*ld also?e *sed as a t*g?oat to tra/el to andcoloniGe the Moon9o date, we ha/e only landed on the Moon and inspected a few acres B*t with o*rf*sion>propelled s*perrocet, we wo*ld ?e a?le to go into l*nar or?it, descend to the s*rface of the Moonwith cheical rocets, *nload necessary aterials, and ?*ild a l*nar colony (See ig*re 4J"hat wo*ld ?e the point of esta?lishing a l*nar colony@ +ltho*gh the Moon has no water, it has a corewhere /ery /al*a?le etals are concentrated, etals that ay e/ent*ally r*n o*t on arth 8etrie/ingthese etals is essential f*sion research,?elie/es that this application of f*sion for the f*t*re of ci/iliGation

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2!C $6L@&$ 9AR$ C6L6!IJA%I6!

%"e co.nterlan is cost e,,ective sa,e tec"nologicall ,easible toda and t"eonl wa to get to ars todaRag"eb 11 (A%A%C0$$, Magdi 8aghe?, +ssociate Professor of n*clear, plasa, and radiological

engineering, Ph; N*clear ngineering, N*clear +nd Plasa Space Prop*lsion,#https1%%netfiles*i*ced*%raghe?%www%NP8WC00CWC0MWC00AWC0N*clearWC0PowerWC0ngineering%N*clearWC0andWC0PlasaWC0SpaceWC0Prop*lsionpdf, ngoetGJ

9his is a n*clear prop*lsion concept generating its thr*st with plasa wa/es generated fro a series ofiniat*re s*percritical fission or f*sion p*lses 9he intense plasa wa/e energy transfers its oent* into/ehicle acceleration that can ?e withstood ?y the str*ct*re of the /ehicle and its crew prop*lsion systes thatcan carry large payloads at eEtreely high speeds, there?y aing possi?le anned spaceflight todistant planets9he +pollo progra deonstrated that we are a?le to land an on another planet in the solar syste, ?*t notwith a /ery large payload 9he Moon is relati/ely near to the arth .f we were to attept to go to Mars with cheicalprop*lsion, it wo*ld tae years, and the astrona*ts wo*ld ha/e to tra/el in a spacecraft not *ch ?iggerthan the interior of a ?*s Maing s*re that nothing wo*ld go wrongin s*ch a sall /ehicle tra/eling for yearswo*ld ?e /ery diffic*lt S*ch an en/ironent is clearly not practical for long>ter space tra/el)heical prop*lsion is adeK*ate only for *nanned space pro?es Howe/er, *nanned pro?es for scientific reasons alone are

neither desira?le, nor can they lead to the goals that we *st accoplish "hat will we find on Mars or elsewhere in the solarsyste@ 7nly an, with his /ersatility of ind, is a?le to respond to totally *neEpected eEperiences Pre>prograed ro?ots cannotdo that

.t is only withf*sion prop*lsion fission is also inadeK*atethat anned spaceflight to distant planets will?ecoe practical +nd an not only will ?e a?le to eEplore the solar syste- he will ?e a?le to coloniGe andind*strialiGe it9his is one reason why e/eryone woring with f*sion is so eEcited9he cr*cial pro?le in rocet prop*lsion is to achie/e a /ery large eEha*st /elocity 9he ey perforance paraeter is specificip*lse or the ip*lse per *nit weight of the rocet propellant, eas*red in seconds1a(+t%gJ 2 XY%g9he hotter the gas, the greater the otion of the gas olec*les and hence the eEha*st /elocity of the gas 9herefore, the eEtreelyhigh>teperat*re and high>/elocity prod*cts of a f*sion reaction$06 eters per secondgi/e f*sion prop*lsion systes a /erylarge potential specific ip*lse of $00,000 seconds )heical rocets ha/e aEi* specific ip*lses of less than A0 seconds,and fission systes less than $,000 seconds"hen a cheical f*el is ?*rned, the gas olec*les and hence the eEha*st reach a /elocity on the order of a few iloeters persecond, at ?est 4 iloeters or a?o*t C iles per second S*ch a f*el, coposed of hydrogen iEed with oEygen, is the ostpowerf*l rocet f*el we now and was *sed in the *pper stage of the Sat*rn rocet

+s we now fro rocet theory, rocet /elocity can ?e increased to as *ch as three ties ore than eEha*st /elocity *sing athree>stage rocet syste .n fact, to escape the arths gra/itational p*ll, it is necessary to attain a rocet /elocity of a?o*t $Ciloeters per second, which can ?e accoplished only with a *ltistage rocet ach stage can attain a /elocity of a?o*t 4iloeters per second- and when three stages are p*t on top of each other, the spaceship can escape the arths gra/itational fieldand head for the Moon Howe/er, the aEi* /elocity that can ?e attained with cheical prop*lsion is $0 to C0 iloeters persecond

)heical prop*lsion, adeK*ate for escaping the arths gra/ity, th*s does not perit *s to tra/el to Mars in a tieless than years 9he tric of getting to Mars in a short tie, possi?ly only wees, is to *se a highereEha*st /elocity 9his reK*iresa prop*lsion f*el that has a *ch larger energy density and th*s higher co?*stionteperat*re

9he answer is theron*clear prop*lsion .n a theron*clear reaction, the teperat*res are not a few tho*sand degrees, as incheical co?*stion- they are typically a h*ndred illion degrees Using f*sion prop*lsion, we can get an eEha*st/elocity on the order of not L*st a few iloeters per second, ?*t a few tho*sand iloeters per second

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9he idea is to la*nch a f*sion space rocet that wo*ld ?e asse?led in or?it, where there is no gra/ityand it is therefore possi?le to ?*ild *ch larger str*ct*res +ll of the different parts and aterials for the space rocetwo*ld ?e carried *p into or?it ?y cheically propelled space sh*ttles (to go fro a planetary s*rface to an or?it, cheical prop*lsion

is always the ost con/enient eansJ 9he rocet constr*cted in this fashion co*ld carry a payload of tho*sandsor e/en illions of tons, which it wo*ld tae fro an arth or?it into an or?it aro*nd Mars 9hen anwo*ld descend onto the s*rface of Mars, *sing cheical rocets

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5e can ine "drides ,or t"e ret.rn triRag"eb 11 (A%A%C0$$, Magdi 8aghe?, +ssociate Professor of n*clear, plasa, and radiologicalengineering, Ph; N*clear ngineering, N*clear +nd Plasa Space Prop*lsion,#

https1%%netfiles*i*ced*%raghe?%www%NP8WC00CWC0MWC00AWC0N*clearWC0PowerWC0ngineering%N*clearWC0andWC0PlasaWC0SpaceWC0Prop*lsionpdf, ngoetGJ

Hydrides can also ?e *sed "ater is one of the, ?*t it dissociates into hydrogen and oEygen at high teperat*re eEceedingC,A00 Fel/in .n addition it is highly corrosi/e as high teperat*re stea 7ther hydrocar?ons can ?e *sed gi/ing a dissociatedolec*lar weight aro*nd 3 at high teperat*re and press*re 9he nitrogen hydrides aonia and hydraGine gi/e dissociatedolec*lar weights of a?o*t $0, ?*t present a health haGard

or a trip to Mars, water stored *nder its s*rface as perafrost co*ld ?e ined for the ret*rn trip in an*clear rocet,and its *se needs caref*l in/estigation

%"e rocket can re-,.el on ars5interberg researc" ro, B (+*g*st &, C00, riedwardt "inter?erg, 8esearch Professor at the Uni/ersity ofNe/ada, 8eno, Ph; in physics, winner of the $& Herann 7?erth :old Medal of the "ernher /on Bra*n .nternational Spacelight o*ndation, )oloniGing Space "ith *sion Prop*lsion,# )oloniGing Space "ith *sion Prop*lsion, ngoetGJ

Mars is a *ch ore liely candidate for a large scientific and ind*strial colony than the Moon ?eca*se ithas water, which contains hydrogen, incl*ding the f*sion f*el de*teri* B*t on Mars, water doesnt eEist in thefor of laes or ri/ers, so we *st coe *p with soe other eans of tapping it

N*clear energy is the sol*tion to this pro?le, too "e can sin a shaft, place soe f*sion eEplosi/es init, and ignite a /ery clean eEplosion with a particle ?ea, lea/ing no fission prod*cts .n this way, we canrelease the *ndergro*nd steain a geyser to the s*rface, pro/iding a water so*rce for the colony

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C6L6!IJA%I6! I9PAC%

Coloniation solves e)tinction .ne)ected calaitiesRag"eb 11 (A%A%C0$$, Magdi 8aghe?, +ssociate Professor of n*clear, plasa, and radiologicalengineering, Ph; N*clear ngineering, N*clear +nd Plasa Space Prop*lsion,#https1%%netfiles*i*ced*%raghe?%www%NP8WC00CWC0MWC00AWC0N*clearWC0PowerWC0ngineering%N*clearWC0andWC0PlasaWC0SpaceWC0Prop*lsionpdf, ngoetGJ.n their role as stewards of life on arth and perhaps in the whole nown *ni/erse, h*ans ha/e a d*ty to preser/e andspread life "ith their acK*ired intelligence, science and technology, it is their sacreddestiny to preser/e life with theeK*i/alent of NoahQs +rs on ?oth the oon and Mars'ife can ?e s*?Lect to eEtinction on arth either fro within thro*gh /olcanic er*ptions or /iral epideicsor fro astral assailants as asteroid or coets ipacts fro space, as we now has happened in thepast.t is *rgent to eep ?ac*p copies of life, lie we eep for files on cop*ters, onthe oon and Mars protectedfro the possi?le *neEpected calaities that co*ld eEting*ish life on arth

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1!C %&CD C69P&%I%I@&!&$$ CP

%e)t* %"e +nited $tates ,ederal governent s"o.ld set .ni,or ro,iciencstandards in science tec"nolog engineering and at"eatics career andtec"nical ed.cation .nder %itle I

%"e lack o, national standards .nderines s.ccess,.l $%&9 ed.cationO*aid, 0('i??y O*aid is a staff writer at the !ashington Times +cadeic standards /ary ?y state,US st*dy finds,# C%C0%0, http1%%wwwwashingtontiesco%news%C00%fe?%C0%acadeic>standards>/ary>?y>state>*s>st*dy>finds%Soe schools deeed to ?e failing in one state wo*ld get passing grades in another *nder the No )hild'eft Behind law, a national st*dy fo*nd 9he st*dy *nderscores wide /ariation in acadeic standardsfro state to state .t was iss*ed 9h*rsday ?y the 9hoas B ordha .nstit*te , which cond*cted thest*dy with the Fings?*ry )enter at the Northwest /al*ation +ssociation 9he st*dy coes as the 7?aaadinistration indicates it will enco*rage states to adopt coon standards, an often contro/ersial iss*eon which pre/io*s presidents ha/e trod lightly . now that taling a?o*t standards can ae peoplener/o*s ,# d*cation Secretary +rne ;*ncan said recently B*t the notion that we ha/e A0 different goalposts doesnQt ae sense, # he said + high school diploa needs to ean soething, no atter where

itQs fro# /ery state , he said, needs standards that ae children college> and career>ready and are?enchared against international standards 9he ordha st*dy eas*red test scores of 46 eleentaryand iddle schools against acco*nta?ility r*les in C3 states .t fo*nd the schools failed to eet yearlyprogress goals in states with ore rigoro*s standards, s*ch as Massach*setts B*t they et yearlyprogress goals in states with lower standards, s*ch as +riGona and "isconsin Under No )hild 'eftBehind, states ha/e a patchwor of r*les that /ary fro state to state, the st*dy fo*nd No )hild 'eftBehind is isleading, said )hester inn 5r, president of the nonprofit ordha o*ndation .tisleads people into thining that we ha/e a se?lance of a national acco*nta?ility syste for p*?licschools, and we act*ally donQt,# he said +nd itQs prod*ced res*lts . wo*ld call *nfair fro one state to theneEt#

$%&9 ed.cation is critical to overall tec" coetitiveness8e*ters, C%C3(E>B*sh 7fficial 8ayond 7r?ach1 )*tting Science P*ts US +t ;istinct;isad/antage#, C%C3%$$, H*ffington Post B*siness, http1%%wwwh*ffingtonpostco%C0$$%0C%C3%?*sh>official>rayond>or?ZnZ3C4Chtl

"+SH.N:97N1 Proposed ?*dget c*ts to scientific research instit*tions wo*ld p*t theUnited States at an econoic disad/antage with )hina and .ndia , a forer :eorge "B*sh adinistration official says Scientific and en/ironental co*nities are raisingalar o/er proposed red*ctions of f*nding for their progras in a ?ill passed in theHo*se of 8epresentati/es that wo*ld c*t o/erall spending thro*gh Septe?er ?y a?o*tI6$A ?illion fro c*rrent le/els orer nergy ;epartent science chief 8ayond7r?ach said the ?ills c*ts in f*nding for research wo*ld effecti/ely end +ericaslegendary stat*s as the leader of the worldwide scientific co*nity , p*tting the UnitedStates at a distinct disad/antage with other nations in the glo?al aretplace 7ther

co*ntries, s*ch as )hina and .ndia, are increasing their f*nding of scientific research?eca*se they *nderstand its critical role in sp*rring technological ad/ances and otherinno/ations, 7r?ach wrote in an editorial in the Lo*rnal Science 9he Ho*se passed the8ep*?lican>?aced c*ts on e?r*ary $ in what was seen as a /ictory for 9ea Partyconser/ati/es elected in No/e?er who ad/ocate drastic red*ctions in go/ernentspending B*t Senate ;eocrats ha/e said they will not ?ring the spending ?ill *p for a/ote in the Senate, where they ha/e a aLority, and the "hite Ho*se has threatened to/eto the ?ill if it is sent to President Barac 7?aa in its c*rrent for

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http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/28/bush-official-raymond-orb_n_829342.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/28/bush-official-raymond-orb_n_829342.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/28/bush-official-raymond-orb_n_829342.htmlhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/28/bush-official-raymond-orb_n_829342.html


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!ational standards are critical to overall $%&9 e,,ectiveness9he 7pport*nity K*ation, 0 (9he 7pport*nity K*ation, )arnegie )orporation of New =or and .nstit*tefor +d/anced St*dy, 9ransforing Matheatics and Science d*cation for )itiGenship and the :lo?alconoy#, C00, http1%%opport*nityeK*ationorg%*ploads%files%oeZreportpdf

9he tie has coe for the nation to adopt ore acadeically rigoro*s coonstandards defining what atheatics and science ed*cation o*ght to loo lie for all

+ericans 9he )oission ?elie/es that ath and science standards sho*ld ?efewer, clearer, and higher and that they sho*ld artic*late o*r ?est *nderstanding of whatall st*dents need to now and ?e a?le to do in order to s*cceed in college, thri/e in theworforce, and participate in ci/ic life "e endorse the proposition, ad/anced ?y ;a/id )olean and 5ason[i?a in a C00& eorand* to the )oission, that standards *st ?e ade significantly fewer in n*?er, significantly clearerin their eaning and rele/ance for college and wor, and significantly higher in ters of the eEpectations for astery of what isco/ered4A.n testiony to the Ho*se of 8epresentati/es in +pril C00, )oission e?er 5aes H*nt, forer go/ernor of North)arolina, arg*ed that new, coon standards *st ?e ?ased on e/idence of whatQs necessary and s*fficient for st*dents tos*cceed in college and in wor .t sho*ld ?e a tight coon core that teachers can teach and st*dents can *nderstand and

aster

46

*rther, we ?elie/e that,if coon standards are to ser/e their intended p*rposetog*ide stronger ath and science instr*ction for all +erican st*dents and ipro/e theperforance of teachers, schools, and classroosthey *st ?e lined closely withnew, high>K*ality assessents and ore effecti/e systes of acco*nta?ility 9he)oission also *rges the adoption of g*idelines for the periodic re/iew and re/ision ofstandards and assessents to reflect new e/idence a?o*t howst*dents learn and whatthey need to now )oon standards wo*ld ?e a strong platfor *pon which to ?*ilda ore effecti/e instr*ctional infrastr*ct*re for +erican ath and science ed*cation1ed*cators, along with the schools, districts, and states in which they wor, wo*ld ?ea?le to concentrate on how ath and science are ta*ght and on how muchst*dents arelearning rather than on what to teach )oon standards wo*ld pro/ide the fraewor

for a widespread , national con/ersation a?o*t how ed*cators can ?est help st*dents inall gro*psfro str*ggling to ad/ancedto aster acadeically rigoro*s content andacK*ire essential sills 9hey wo*ld pro/ide a siilar fraewor for the preparation off*t*re teachers

$%&9 ed.cation is ke to +$ tec" coetitivenessHoo/er, $0(J. Nicholas Hooveris a senior editor at InformationWeek, Government Finds U.S. SlippingIn Tech Dominance, InformationWeek,

http://www.informationweek.com/news/government/policy/222301424?pgno=1&queryText=&isPrev=

+erican doinance in science and engineering contin*es to decline, a prestigio*s go/ernent ad/isory

?oard said in a ?iennial report card on US science, engineering, and technology released at a "hite

Ho*se e/ent on riday 9he National Science Boards Science and ngineering .ndicators report fo*nd

that the decline of +erican doinance coes largely at the hands of rapidly de/eloping science andtechnology capa?ilities in +sia, especially dri/en ?y the rise of )hina as a world power Science and

technology are no longer the pro/ince of de/eloped nations, the report says 9hey ha/e, in a sense,

?ecoe deocratiGed :o/ernents of any co*ntries ha/e firly ?*ilt SD9 aspects into their

de/elopent policies as they /ie to ae their econoies ore nowledge> and technology>intensi/e and

ens*re their copetiti/eness in a glo?aliGing world 9he report notes that while research and

de/elopent spending as a percentage of the gross doestic prod*ct has reained relati/ely steady in

the United States in recent years,+sian spending has seen a significant *ptic d*ring the last decade in

ters of ?oth percentage of :;P and real spending

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2!C C6LL&G& I!%&R!AL

$%&9 ed.cation creates ore college grad.ates7sarks interest anddeonstrates real-world val.e8o?elen, 6%C, (ri 8o?elen is an assistant editor at Education !eek, Sparing S9M .nterest .s Fey toarning ;egree, St*dy Says#, 6%C%$$, d*cation "ee,http1%%?logsedweeorg%edwee%c*rric*l*%C0$$%06%sparingZsteZinterestZisZeyhtl9he ost proising pathway to generating ore college grad*ates with S9M degrees is not enrollingst*dents in ad/anced ath and science classes in high school or ephasiGing higher achie/eent, anew st*dy s*ggests, ?*t siply doing ore to spar their interest in the s*?Lects oc*sing attention onincreasing st*dent interest in science and atheatics and deonstrating to st*dents the *tility of theses*?Lects in their c*rrent and f*t*re roles ay pay greater di/idends in ?*ilding the S9M worforce ,concl*des the analysis, L*st p*?lished in the Lo*rnal Science d*cation ;rawing on national longit*dinaldata, ed*cation researchers +da


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&conoic rowess is a rereH.isite to Aerican "egeon'ayne, 06()hristopher 'ayne, "o#ert $. %ates Chair in &nte''igence and (ationa' Security at the%eorge )ush Schoo' of %overnment and *u#'ic Service, .potent Power@ 8e>eEaining the nat*re of

+ericaQs Hegeonic Power#, Sept>7ct C006,http1%%findarticlesco%p%articles%iZC&A$%isZ3A%aiZn$634C3%By all accepted eas*res the United States is an eEtraordinarily powerf*l glo?al actor 9he United States

doinates the glo?al econoy with a :ross ;oestic Prod*ct (:;PJ of a?o*t I$$ trillion )hina, *s*allycited as +ericas ost liely f*t*re great power ri/al, has a :;P of approEiately I$ trillion Not only is the US econoy ?ig, itis also at the forefront technologically 9he dollar reains the priary reser/e c*rrency for the international econoic syste>>ah*ge ad/antage for the United States, since other nations eep propping *p the dollar for fear that a aLor drop in its /al*e wo*ldnegati/ely affect their own in/estent portfolios US econoic power is also reflected in "ashingtons doinance of ey

international econoic instit*tions s*ch as the "orld Ban and .nternational Monetary *nd conoic strength andtechnological prowess go a long way toward eEplaining +ericas ilitary doinance 9he sheeragnit*de of the US econoy eans that "ashington is easily a?le to spend o/er IA00 ?illion ann*allyon defense 9his is ore than the rest of the world co?ined spends on defense, ?*t only a?o*t percent of theUS :;P, which eans that e/en at this enoro*s a?sol*te le/el of eEpendit*re, defense spending is far less of a ?*rden on the+erican econoy than was the case d*ring the )old "ar 9he United States, indeed, is a glo?al hegeon and has forida?letools at its disposal, and it can wield its power effecti/ely to attain iportant policy o?Lecti/es or eEaple, the sheer agnit*de of+ericas lead in ilitary power o/er its closest wo*ld>?e ri/als has a potent effect in diss*ading the fro trying to eerge asgreat powers and to challenge the United Statess doinant role in a *nipolar world /ents since %$$ ha/e ill*inated other waysin which the United States has ?een a?le to *tiliGe its hegeonic power 9h*s, +erican ilitary prowess was showcased ?y the

K*ic collapse of the 9ali?an and Saddas .raK Moreo/er, the econoic incenti/es the United States co*ld profferwere /itally iportant in pers*ading a rel*ctant Paistan to allow itself to ally with the U nited S tates in the?attle against +l>Oaeda )entral +sian states offered the United States the opport*nity to esta?lish ilitary ?ases>>and P*tins8*ssia acK*iesced to this +nd the /ery fact that the United States co*ld defy the United Nations (and aLor powers s*ch asrance, :erany, 8*ssia and )hinaJ and carry o*t the in/asion of .raK (essentiallyJ *nilaterally pro/ed>>if proof is needed>>that therest of the world co*ld not do *ch to constrain the United States

2>


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2!C P6P+LAR 5I%D P+FLIC

$%&9 ed.cation re,or is o.lar wit" t"e .blicB*siness 8o*ndta?le, 06(B*siness 8o*ndta?le is an association of chief e+ecutive officers of'eading corporations, .NN7


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1!C CP

%"e +nited $tates ,ederal governent s"o.ld e"asie relations between itsel,and t"e &+ rat"er t"an eber states engage in reg.lar dialog.e wit" t"e &+la a ,raework ,or cons.ltation incl.ding reg.lar Gnic"-te eetings and

de-e"asie t"e &+-!A%6 relations"i

%"e co.nterlan solves ,or ragatic &+ relations;askarelis Abassador (or Greece 10("inter C0$0,


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ort*nately, we are slowly o/ing away fro the false dileas that initially plag*ed the U>N+97relationship or L*st as we see the ?ee settling on all ?lossos and sipping what is ?est fro each, so o*ght those who stri/eafter ed*cation ] to collect what is profita?le fro e/ery side, wrote .so>crates +nd ore *p>to>date, in the words of Sion Serfatyand S/en Biscop, there can ?e a distincti/e *ropean way witho*t endangering the cooperati/e *ro>+tlantic design and,con/ersely, there cannot ?e a cohesi/e +tlanticist way *nless it acnowledges specific *ropean preferences and needs, e/en

when these see distinct fro US preferences and needs$ :ood practical cooperation, ?oth in Br*ssels and on the gro*nd,has ?een de/eloped in recent years, thans also to the efforts of the secretaries general and the staffs of the two

organiGations 9he organiGations sho*ld intensify this trend, rather than ai for foral eetings that in theend prod*ce /ery little

31


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2!C $6L@&!C

Co.nter lan solves relations*

A !ot e"asiing t"e &+-!A%6 relations"iL.dlow ,orer ro, o, "istor at t"e &+ Instit.te 1(C00$, Peter '*dlow, forer professorof history at the *ropean Uni/ersity .nstit*te in lorence fo*nding director of the )enter for *ropeanPolicy St*dies, 9he "ashington O*arterly C4, "anted1 + :lo?al Partner,# *se, ngoetGJ

9he other ill*stration concerns the de/elopent of a *ropean ilitary capa?ility 9he proLect is now sowell ad/anced that it is diffic*lt to iagine it ?eing a?andoned, altho*gh it is not yet changing the way inwhich those ost deeply in/ol/ed thin a?o*t N+97 "ords of appro/al for the plan are l ined with warnings that the*ropeans sho*ld not attept to ?*ild a ca*c*s within the alliance str*ct*res .f the process is not a?o*t ?*ilding a ca*c*s capa?le

in certain circ*stances of acting a*tonoo*sly, howe/er, it is diffic*lt to *nderstand what its p*rpose is .t is not, and it need not?e, a threat to N+97, e/en tho*gh it will profo*ndly change N+97 Unless that realiGation isacnowledged, we are indeed headed for tro*?le nd Page $&0

F &"asiing a ragatic relations"i laing a ,raework ,or cons.ltations

and .sing t"e &+ instead o, individ.al states$er,at ro, or ,oreign olic and Fisco ro, o, &.roean sec.rit B(5*ly C00,Sion Serfaty, professor of US foreign policy, and einent scholar, at 7ld ;oinion Uni/ersity in Norfol, +tlantic Partnership of K*als,# ngoetGJ

9his e/ol*tion sho*ld ?e reflected in the way transatlantic relations are organiGed .n a *ltipolar world, the*ropean Union *st ha/e the necessary argin of ane*/er to interact fleEi?ly with all glo?al actors, e/en tho*gh the United

States will reain its closest interloc*tor B*t for this condition to ?e reinforced, the U>US partnership *st ?edeepened and ?ecoe ore coprehensi/e and ore operational 9his political partnership is *chore than the ?analities of s*itry1 rethining the ters of US>U engageent, incl*ding theorganiGation of peranent ?odies, ay now ?e in order- in any case *ropeans *st at the /ery least get *sed tospeaing to the United States as the *ropean Union, and con/ersely the United States *st ?e prepared to hear andlisten to its *ropean allies as a *nion .n addition, and to anage the differences in U and N+97 e?ership, theU>US partnership can also ?e copleented ?y a cons*ltati/e for* coprising all U and N+97e?ers that wo*ld eet with the acti/e participation of the *ropean Union as s*ch(and with N+97 as aproacti/e o?ser/erJ3

C Cons.ltations reg.larl$er,at ro, or ,oreign olic and Fisco ro, o, &.roean sec.rit B(5*ly C00,Sion Serfaty, professor of US foreign policy, and einent scholar, at 7ld ;oinion Uni/ersity in Norfol, +tlantic Partnership of K*als,# ngoetGJ

inally, for the United States to share effecti/ely its leadership /ocation with its allies of choice, a differentattit*de is also reK*ired Bilateral cons*ltations, and ost iportantly cons*ltation withinand ?etween N+97and S;P and ?etween the *ropean Union and the United States, do not pres*ppose consens*s ?*t are designed toshape the needed consens*s and facilitate its eEec*tion 9o assert, as +ericans lie to do, is not to con/ince, and too?Lect, as *ropeans are prone to do, is not to propose or the *ropeans, ?*rden sharing does not iply a*toatic alignent with

the United States on each and e/ery iss*e, ?*t so*nd decisionaing in f*nction of U strategy+ re/italiGed alliance is aore fleEi?le alliance that taes into acco*nt the e/ol*tion of the *ropean Union and its relationship withthe United States

32


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&aing le/el for *ropean States1 if they want toconcert, it is in the U they decide whether or not to actin a gi/en sit*ation#A .f the states of *rope decide toact, it is thro*gh the *ropean Union that they will ?e heard ?est ?y their partners across the +tlanticandelsewhere, andit is also with the *ropean Union that they will ?e ost effecti/e .n late C003, ranceQs hyperacti/e Upresidency *n/eiled *ropeQs potential as a *ch>needed actor rather than a ne/er>ending instit*tional proLect, peaing with thelead role of the *ropean Union o/er the war in :eorgia in late s*er and d*ring the glo?al financial crisis *nleashed early in thefall, ?efore ending with credi?le U decisions on cliate change and energy, a*dacio*s proposals on U sec*rity strategy andn*clear disaraent, and eritorio*s attepts to oderate a ?r*tal .sraeli offensi/e in :aGa ?y the close of C003

33


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Relations solve ,ailed states econ roli, overt and waring;askarelis Abassador (or Greece 10("inter C0$0,


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%e)t* %"e !ational Aerona.tics and $ace Adinistration s"o.ld s.bit itsroKect veri,ication clais to t"e Do.se o, $cience ,or indeendent veri,ication

$ketc" veri,ication ca.ses lack o, credibilit o, !A$A ^ )P sol/es5allsten and Forenstein 03(Peter and Seth, N+S+ acing )redi?ility :ap with 'awaers,# Miai Herald,http1%%?illnelsonsenatego/%news%detailscf@id2CC4DJ 8Han

:ehan later tepered his rears soewhat, ass*ring reporters that the ?oards finalrecoendations wo*ld ?e not s*?itted witho*t independent /erification Still, critics point to the?oards rel*ctance to cond*ct its own independent tests as e/idence that :ehan and 7Feefe ay ?eore concerned with sal/aging the agencys iage than finding facts 9hey K*estion the agencys p*?lichesitancy to foc*s on the foa and the tiles, s*ggesting that 7Feefes stateents to )ongresscoparing the de?ris to a styrofoa cooler was an o/ersiplification 9hey sho*ldnt rely on N+S+tests, said Bo? HotG, a e?er of the independent 8ogers )oission naed ?y President 8eagan toin/estigate the $36 destr*ction of the space sh*ttle )hallenger __"e had a ?*nch of rocet g*ys coe

in fro dwards +ir orce Base, +ir orce g*ys +nd these are tests that N+S+ had ne/er e/en r*n9he 8ogers )oissions tests on solid rocet ?oosters led to the disco/ery of a new property in/ol/ingthe or?iters 7>rings, a property that dooed )hallenger

Avoids link to olitics )ongress deands it5allsten and Forenstein 03(Peter and Seth, N+S+ acing )redi?ility :ap with 'awaers,# Miai Herald,http1%%?illnelsonsenatego/%news%detailscf@id2CC4DJ 8Han

:ehans rel*ctance to consider new tests drew fire fro US 8ep Bart :ordon of 9ennessee, raning;eocrat on the Ho*se s*?coittee that o/ersees the space progra :ordon called N+S+sin/estigati/e process a ,or o, C"inese water tort.re, arg*ing that e/ery day sees to ?ring a newo/e ?y N+S+ to shield itself fro a thoro*gh pro?e "hats aaGing is that N+S+ doesnt see to

*nderstand this, :ordon said riday, noting that the ore the agency loses p*?lic confidence andcredi?ility, the ore tro*?le it will ha/e seeing oney for progras in the f*t*re 9he Ho*se Science)oittee o/ed riday to re/ *p its own eEaination of the )ol*?ia incident and the decisions thatay ha/e led to it 9he coittees spoeswoan, Heidi 9ringe, said the staff is p*lling togethertho*sands of pages of doc*ents regarding agency ?*dget c*ts and other policies that ay ha/econtri?*ted to pro?les with the sh*ttle progra

3:###!A$A CR&'IFILI%
http://billnelson.senate.gov/news/details.cfm?id=244239&http://billnelson.senate.gov/news/details.cfm?id=244239&http://billnelson.senate.gov/news/details.cfm?id=244239&http://billnelson.senate.gov/news/details.cfm?id=244239&


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2!C $6L@&!C* &(Ste/e, 5ohn, N+S+%"


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2!C $6L@&!C* P&RC&P%I6!

Percetion ke to credibilitones 03-2?-11(8ichard M, :o/ernent 8elations ;i/ision +erican .nstit*te of Physics, Septical Ho*se Science)oittee 8e/iews = C0$C N+S+ B*dget 8eK*est,# +.P, http1%%wwwaiporg%fyi%C0$$%00htlJ 8Han

9here was disc*ssion thro*gho*t this two>ho*r hearing a?o*t space science progras 7ne e?ereEpressed s*pport for the astrophysics progra and the disco/ery of new planets 9here was alsoconcern a?o*t the adeK*acy of the agencyQs earth science progras Bolden descri?ed pro?lesconfronting soe earth satellite replaceent progras, and starly warned the coittee we are in direstraits as a nation when it coes to weather and cliate prediction# He was ?l*nt in calling, as d*?things# congressional attepts to def*nd a satellite progra that wo*ld eas*re, aong other data,shifting changes in the worldQs cliate . donQt do glo?al waring, . do earth science,# he saidephaticallyBolden also drew the ?*dgetary connection ?etween the h*an eEploration progra and the scienceprogra He told the coittee that he cannot separate h*an space flight fro science# 9oday yscience ?*dget is *nder attac ?eca*se of the rising cost of a la*nch /ehicle .f . can find a way to get acheaper la*nch /ehicle, . can fly ore science# He ?riefly o*tlined the large operational and

infrastr*ct*re costs for flying a N+S+ /ehicle to low earth or?it destinations s*ch as the space station, andcontended it wo*ld cost the taEpayer less oney to ?*y coercial transportation ser/ices9here was also disc*ssion a?o*t the ipacts of f*nding red*ctions to the agencyQs f*t*re ?*dgetsSaying that c*rrent ?*dget proLections are going to ae it diffic*lt to achie/e agreed>*pon goals for thede/elopent of new h*an eEploration systes, Bolden warned the coittee all ?ets are off# if)ongress c*ts the agencyQs ?*dget

3?
http://www.aip.org/fyi/2011/040.htmlhttp://www.aip.org/fyi/2011/040.html


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40/88


.nteraction with the de/elopent tea was only necessary to chec ass*ptions, and to disc*ss theanalysis res*lts /ol/ing Prod*cts1 Sall, partial odels can ?e generated K*icly, and *pdated as thespecification e/ol/es 9he in/estent in each odel is sall eno*gh that they can ?e discarded if thespecification changes significantly +/oiding tri/ial%o?/io*s pro?les1 oral analysis can re/eal s*?tlepro?les that escape the notice of inforal, inspection>?ased ethods .n partic*lar, it is a powerf*l wayof detecting tiing and safety>related $$ pro?les 9he foral analysis also allowed *s to eEplore the

significance of potential errors ?efore reporting the 'ac of /oice1 oral ethods can help the .


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I@N@ ,ails lack o, ,idelit wit" in,oral and ,oral secs and inconsistencies&asterbrook and Calla"an B>(Ste/e, 5ohn, N+S+%"


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2!C* $M (AIL$ OALI&! 'I$C6@&R

Credibilit l.ets i, clais lack veri,ication Ealien discover roves'.ntle 03-10-11(SonLa, the Post>Standard, Beware of Meteoric +lien 'ife )lais and 7ther Unpro/en ScienceQ Stories,#Syrac*se, http1%%wwwsyrac*seco%news%indeEssf%C0$$%04%?ewareZofZeteoricZalienZlifehtlJ 8Han

9he scientific process is long and etic*lo*s Scientific news, howe/er, spreads fast and f*rio*s, thansto the .nternet 7nce researchers anno*nce a disco/ery or ha/e it p*?lished in a scientific Lo*rnal, anyonereading a?o*t it can spread the news lie wildfire 9hat incl*des traditional Lo*rnalists, citiGen Lo*rnalistsand anyone interested in :oogling scientific news fro hoe Us*ally a scientific Lo*rnal has /etted theresearch, lending it credi?ility 7r a news organiGation has ased other scientists not in/ol/ed in theresearch to analyGe it and offer insight B*t not always Soeties news spreads a little faster 8ecently,a scientist with nothing less than N+S+ credentials created a stir with the p*?lication of his clai that heQdfo*nd proof of alien life in eteorites 8ichard Hoo/er, of N+S+Qs Marshall Space light )enter, reportedhe fo*nd fossils that loo lie renants of ?acteria in a handf*l of eteorites He said the ?acteria *stha/e coe fro o*ter space propting the +lien 'ife# headlines spreading across the "e? Hoo/erQswor was p*?lished in the 5o*rnal of )osology 9he Lo*rnalQs editor later acnowledged to the

+ssociated Press that one reason it p*?lished Hoo/erQs clais was to help find a ?*yer to a/oid ha/ing toclose the p*?lication in 5*ne +fter the story whirled aro*nd .nternet we?sites and ?logs a few days, the

+ssociated Press ased eEperts to weigh in and ,o.nd no s.ort for Hoo/erQs clais Biologistssaid L*st ?eca*se it loos as tho*gh the holes were ade ?y ?acteria doesnQt ae the fossils ofeEtraterrestrial icro?es,# the +P reported 9he eteorites co*ld ?e riddled with arthly containation

+nd ?oth astronoers and ?iologists coplained that the st*dy was not tr*ly re/iewed ?y peers#/ent*ally, any we?sites that carried the original story changed their tae on it oE News, for eEaple,which first ran an eEcl*si/e# story a?o*t the alien life disco/ery, later followed *p with eEperts whodisco*nted it + N+S+ spoesan told oE that Hoo/er hadnQt cleared the report with N+S+ 9he New=or 9iesQ ;ot arth ?log first ran a piece called N+S+ scientist sees sign of life in eterorites# whichreported Hoo/erQs clais and incl*ded1 .f Hoo/erQs new analysis and interpretations hold *p to scr*tiny,the wor co*ld powerf*lly infl*ence longstanding de?ates o/er the origins of terrestrial life and rarity of lifeelsewhere in the *ni/erse# 9he ?log was later *pdated to show the interpretations hadnQt K*ite held *p to

that scr*tinity, and that a ?iologist had ?lasted Hoo/erQs credi?ility So the /etting and analysis processwored again .t L*st too a little longer this tie, playing catch>*p to the /iral nat*re of the "e?

42
http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2011/03/beware_of_meteoric_alien_life.htmlhttp://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2011/03/beware_of_meteoric_alien_life.html


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2!C* $M (AIL$ !6 $&RI6+$ @&RI(ICA%I6!

Lack o, an serio.s veri,ication e)aserate lack o, credibilitLeonick 03-0>-11(Michael ;, senior writer at )liate )entral, nonpartisan organiGation to co*nicate cliate science top*?lic, +lien 'ife ;isco/ered . a Meteorite! 7r May?e Not,# 9.M S).N),March 0&, C0$$,http1%%wwwtieco%tie%health%article%0,3A,C0A&6$,00htlJ 8Han

"ell, ay?e B*t ?efore anyone gets too eEcited, a little history lesson is in order Bac in $6, 9.Msco/er tr*peted the astonishing words 'ife on Mars + N+S+ scientist claied hed fo*nd e/idence thatancient ?acteria had once li/ed inside a Martian roc that had ?een piced *p in +ntarctica (the roc had?een ?lasted fro Mars s*rface ?y an asteroid ipact long ago and fallen to earth as a eteoriteJNewspapers, agaGines and 9< ?roadcasts were all o/er the story, ?eca*se while alien /isitations are astaple of the U7 crowd, this disco/ery had a pedigree Not only was the scientist on N+S+s payroll, itwas N+S+ itself that ade the anno*nceent at a aLor press conference 9he paper, eanwhile, had?een p*?lished in Science, one of the worlds top scientific Lo*rnals, which ga/e it e/en ore apparentgra/itas(See reports of the earliest U7 sightingsJ

Before long, tho*gh, the whole thing went away, as other astronoers too a good loo at the e/idenceand rono.nced it coletel .nconvincing9hen there was the clai ?ac in the $60s ?y ordha Uni/ersity cheist Bartholoew Nagy that hedfo*nd e/idence of life in a eteorite the /ery eteorite Hoo/er is taling a?o*t now 9hat went awaytoo +s did clais in the $40s that scientists had not only fo*nd ?*t also re/i/ed dorant ?acteria fro aeteorite +s did clais in the $30s of eteorites with fossils inside

+ll of this ay ?e why any eEperts in the field of astro?iology a perfectly legitiate area of science paid little ind when an e>ail circ*lated a few days ago tr*peting the latest life>in>a>eteorite paper .get e>ails fro the reg*larly, ay?e once e/ery onth or two, says a senior astrophysicist at a aLor*ni/ersity %"e alwas so.nd e)treel n.tt so *ch so that . ha/e ne/er ?een tepted toin/estigate ore closely(See the science of seE in spaceJBlogger and ?iologist P[ Myers p*ts it a little ore pithily1 the Lo*rnal is, he writes, the ginned>*p

we?site of a sall gro*p of cran acadeics Soe of the articles that ha/e appeared do nothing todispel this idea incl*de 9he 7rigin of ternal 'ife in the M*lti/erse and SeE on Mars1 Pregnancy, etal;e/elopent, and SeE in 7*ter SpaceB*t pansperia the notion that life wafts thro*gh interstellar space, seeding worlds as it goes, is one ofthe Lo*rnals ainstays .ndeed, a freK*ent contri?*tor, )handra "icraasinghe, of )ardiff Uni/ersity in"ales, has ?een pro/ing the eEistence of life in o*ter space for years +long with his freK*entcolla?orator, red Hoyle, "icraasinghe has disco/ered /ir*ses and freeGe>dried ?acteria floatingaong the starsSoehow, tho*gh, these re/ol*tionary disco/eries ha/e failed to ?ecoe accepted science 7ne theory,ad/anced ?y soe of pansperias ost a/id s*pporters, is that the scientific esta?lishent siply cantaccept radical new ideas that challenge the con/entional wisdo 9hey la*ghed at +lfred "egener, afterall, when he proposed the notion of continental drift, and at Barry Marshall when he claied that ?acteriaca*se *lcers.t ay *ltiately t*rn o*t that they are wrong to disiss 8ichard Hoo/er as well B*t Myers, for one,doesnt thin so 9his wor is gar?age, he writes . s*rprised anyone is granting it any credi?ility atall +s for the 5o*rnal of )osology, he writes, . looing forward to the p*?lication neEt year of thedisco/ery of an eEtraterrestrial ra??it in a eteor.n that, howe/er, he ay ?e disappointed +ccording to ?logger ;a/id ;o??s, a press release has goneo*t anno*ncing that the 5o*rnal of )osology is soon to ?e no ore 9he headline on the release doesnteEactly add to the Lo*rnals credi?ility1 5o*rnal of )osology to Stop P*?lishing Filled ?y 9hie/es and)roos

43
http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2057461,00.htmlhttp://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2057461,00.html


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Lack o, credibilit "inders abilit to receive adeH.ate ,.nding sketicis overconstellationones 10

(8ichard M, :o/ernent 8elations ;i/ision +erican .nstit*te of Physics, New N+S+ +*thoriGation Bill+waiting PresidentQs Signat*re,# +.P, http1%%wwwaiporg%fyi%C0$0%$0$htlJ 8Han

8eaction to N+S+Qs e?r*ary release of its = C0$$ ?*dget reK*est was et ?y shoc, consternation,and in any cases, o*tright hostility No Me?er of )ongress p*?lically e?raced the +dinistrationQsproposal to terinate the )onstellation Progra and *tiliGe yet>to>?e>de/eloped coercial ser/ices fortransportation to the space station +dinistration witnesses in Ho*se and Senate a*thoriGation andappropriations coittee hearings enco*ntered /ery to*gh K*estioning when eEplaining the

+dinistrationQs proposed policy 7pinion ?egan to shift after President 7?aa re/ised his policyinitiati/e Senator Bill Nelson (;>'J soon signaled his general agreeent with the re/ised policy, whichlater res*lted in the Senate )oittee on )oerce, Science, and 9ransportation passing witho*tdissent S 4&C, the National +erona*tics and Space +dinistration +ct of C0$0 9he f*ll Senate actedliewise, passing the ?ill on +*g*st A with alost no disc*ssion 9he ?ill a*thoriGes > ?*t does notappropriate > a total of IA3 ?illion for N+S+ for iscal =ears C0$$, C0$C, and C0$4

9he Ho*se Science and 9echnology )oittee passed H8 A&3$, its /ersion of an a*thoriGation ?illafter ho*rs of de?ate and /otes on an initial thirty aendents d*ring a ar *p session in 5*ly %"islegislation was never considered b t"e ,.ll Do.se

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Clarit and s"aring o, knowledge ke to credibilit wit"in Congressones 10(8ichard M, :o/ernent 8elations ;i/ision +erican .nstit*te of Physics, New N+S+ +*thoriGation Bill

+waiting PresidentQs Signat*re,# +.P, http1%%wwwaiporg%fyi%C0$0%$0$htlJ 8Han

Ho*rs of eetings ?etween representati/es and senators and their staffs failed to settle the differences?etween the two ?ills 7n Septe?er C4, Ho*se Science and 9echnology )oittee )hairan Bart:ordon (;>9NJ released what he called ?ipartisan coproise lang*age 9he new pro/isions a*thoriGedore oney for ro?otic prec*rsors than the original Ho*se ?ill and a *ch higher a*thoriGation le/el forcoercial cargo and crew de/elopent acti/ities *nding was also a*thoriGed for a 'a*nch on Need#sh*ttle flight in = C0$$ 9he a*thoriGation le/el for Eploration progras was red*ced ?y a?o*t a ?illiondollars :ordon coented19his is Ho*se coproise lang*age, with ?ipartisan s*pport .t reflects onths of disc*ssions and inp*tfro any Me?ers +s a res*lt, we ?elie/e we ha/e a ?ill that ?oth ?*ilds on and ipro/es on H8A&3$, the N+S+ +*thoriGation +ct that was ared *p ?y the Science and 9echnology )oittee earlierthis year Moreo/er, we ?elie/e this coproise helps o/e the disc*ssion a?o*t the f*t*re of N+S+

closer to a final prod*ct#.t was not to ?e o*r days later > on Septe?er C& > :ordon stated1.t has ?ecoe clear that there is not tie reaining to pass a )oproise ?ill thro*gh the Ho*se andthe Senate or the sae of pro/iding certainty, sta?ility, and clarity to the N+S+ worforce and largerspace co*nity, . felt it was ?etter to consider a flawed ?ill than no ?ill at all as the new fiscal year?egins . will contin*e to ad/ocate to the +ppropriators for the pro/isions in the )oproise lang*age#.n this sae release, :ordon criticiGed the Senate ?ill for not clarifying where IA00 illion for theadditional sh*ttle flight wo*ld coe fro, what he characteriGed as o/erly prescripti/e# lang*ageregarding the neEt rocet, and the lac of a tieline for a go/ernent ?ac*p capa?ility for transportationto the sh*ttle9he Septe?er C de?ate in the Ho*se on S 4&C res*lted in se/en pages of spoen and s*?ittedrears in the )ongressional 8ecord :ordon and the coitteeQs senior 8ep*?lican, 8aning Me?er8alph Hall (8>9bJ descri?ed their efforts to reach a coproise with the Senate, with Hall telling his

colleag*es, while the ?ill ?efore *s today is far fro perfect, it offers clear direction to an agency that isflo*ndering and sets *s on the path toward aintaining +ericaQs leadership in space#

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Hall is not philosophically opposed to the *se of corporate flights, saying that he had long hoped thatcopanies wo*ld one day pro/ide s*ch ser/ices Hall and Bolden differ if that tie has arri/ed9he chairanQs concerns were shared ?y 8aning Me?er ddie Bernice 5ohnson (;>9bJ . hadtho*ght that the +dinistration agreed with the coproise that was enacted into law, ?*t . a afraid that. do not see it reflected in the proposed N+S+ ?*dget,# she told Bolden 5ohnson disappro/ed of thereK*ested c*ts to the h*an eEploration ?*dget, charging that it wo*ld delay or reo/e significant

ilestones for the agency in f*t*re years +t the concl*sion of the hearing she told Bolden .tQseEtraordinary that yo* are sitting there defending the presidentQs ?*dget . thin itQs grossly inadeK*ate#

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%e)t* %"e President o, t"e +nites $tates o, Aerica s"o.ld reH.ire t"at t"e 5"iteDo.se 6,,ice o, $cience and %ec"nolog Polic develo and coordinate acore"ensive strateg to reare ,or a solar stor t"at incl.des* e)anding

,.nding and accelerate researc" and develoent o, ne)t-generation owerconversion tec"nologies and investents in sart grid tec"nologies a.toatedrotective ec"aniss and voltage stabiliation sstes

%"e sart grid a.toated resonses and voltage stabiliation solve resonsetie resonse e,,ectiveness and recover ,ro a solar stor$ovacool P"' in $cience and %ec"nolog and Cooer Pro, o, P.blic A,,airs 11 (May C0$$, BenLain F So/acool, prof of P*?lic Policy, Ph; in Science and 9echnology St*dies, and )hristopher )ooper, Prof ofPolitical Science and P*?lic +ffairs, Ph; in Political Science, ;irector of the P*?lic Policy .nstit*te, 9he lectricity 5o*rnal, 6$ Not =o*r athers =CF1 Preparing the North +erican Power :rid for the Perfect Solar Stor,#http1%%wwwsciencedirectco%science%article%pii%S$006$0$$000&Csec000,ngoetGJ

; Use sarter grid technologies to ipro/e sit*ational awareness+s the ?*l transission syste eEpands in siGe and copleEity, syste operators face conditions that are ore diffic*lt to anticipate, odel, and

co*nter "hile any *tilities ha/e spent s*?stantial ao*nts installing phasor eas*reent *nits (PMUJ and collecting real>tie data on syste

stat*s, this torrent of data can o/erwhel any operators +s ore data is prod*ced and disseinated, it creates a challenge foroperators to find the ?its that they need and process the K*icly eno*gh to ae pr*dent decisions3 +nd once they ha/e for*lated a plan of

action, ost operators are liited to *sing con/entional power flow controls eploying echanical switchesthat are slow, infleEi?le, and /*lnera?le to wear.pro/ing sit*ational awareness wo*ld allow syste operators to react ore K*icly to threats fro solarstors and other geoagnetic dist*r?ances 9he ore rapidly syste operators can inter/ene, the ore liely thatthey can a/ert a ?laco*tA0 Under soe eergency sit*ations, e/en the ost seasoned syste operator has liits 8esearchers at)arnegie Mellon Uni/ersity ha/e ?*ilt odels that re/eal that ad/anced a*toatic control systes that co*nicatewith one another independent of the operator can respond ore effecti/elyA$ O*ic response ay ?e critical in pre/enting a inoro*tage fro ?ecoing a aLor ?laco*t+n ipro/ed a?ility to respond ore K*icly *sing ore copleE systeinforation significantly increases syste resiliency and co*ld s*?stantially itigate the ipacts of ase/ere solar storAC Epand a*toatic protecti/e echaniss)*rrently, special operational schees designed to protect the grid lac the a?ility to adapt as a solar e/ent is affecting different parts of the systeA4

+ sarter grid is capa?le of data analysis and near>real>tie coordination of control actions that co*ld pro/ide greater protection d*ring a assi/egeoagnetic dist*r?ance, especially if organiGed on a regional or national scaleor soe tie, grid operators ha/e eployed a triage approach to widespread syste fail*re, incl*ding reo/ing or sacrificing sall portions of thesyste to sa/e the wholeA Soe regional syste operators, for eEaple, ha/e t*rned to eergency load shedding as a echanis to protectnetwors fro syste dist*r?ances Selecti/e load shedding is a *tilitys ethod of red*cing deand on the transission syste ?y teporarilyswitching off the distri?*tion of electricity to specific c*stoers 9he *tility pays c*stoers that are willing to ha/e their ser/ice interr*pted d*ring a grideergency acing rolling ?laco*ts in C00&, 8)79, for eEaple, de/eloped an ergency .nterr*pti?le 'oad Shedding (.'SJ progra that paysK*alified c*stoers to power down d*ring an eergency that threatens the 8)79 gridAAStill, participation in contracted load shedding schees is liited, typically representing less than A percent of a systes pea loadA6 +dditionally,ost eergency load shedding still relies on a relati/ely slow process, with syste operators conferring to decide whether to deploy eergencyinterr*pti?le loads and calling K*alified c*stoers, who then ha/e a set period of tie fro recei/ing the call to contact rele/ant personnel withinstr*ctions to power downA& 9his process is inherently slow, *nrelia?le and depende

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