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Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
Jacob Leachman, Associate ProfessorSchool of Mechanical & Materials Engineering
[email protected] (509)335-7711http://hydrogen.wsu.edu
HYPER
drogenroperties fornergyesearch
H
Advancing the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of cryogenic hydrogen systems
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
HYPER lab: Advancing H2-TRLs
• Only cryo-H2 university lab in US
• Risk, expense, and development timeline are challenging.
• Goal is to progress hydrogen technology from TRL 1-6 as efficiently as possible.
• Necessitates a lean-production philosophy with a continuous design-build-test progression.
2
TRL Definition
7-9 Actual System Testing (Industry)
6System/sub-system model or
prototype demonstration in a
relevant environment.
5Component and/or brassboard
validation in relevant environment.
4Component and/or breadboard
validation in laboratory
environment.
3Analytical and experimental critical
function and/or characteristic proof
of concept.
2Technology concept and/or
application formulated.
1Basic principles observed and
reported.
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
HYPER Lab: Design-Build Facilities
3
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
HYPER Lab: Testing Facility
4
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
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Engineering Applications
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
Significance of ortho-para manipulation
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“Because of the entropy difference between ortho- and parahydrogen, it is tempting to think of some external force which could change the equilibrium concentration at some
temperature. Practical levels of electric field gradients or magnetic fields would have only a minor effect on the equilibrium concentration, though further studies may be useful.” ~ Ray
Radebaugh 1982
“Partial ortho-para conversion.. Offers the greatest opportunity for reduced liquefaction power consumption.” ~C. Baker 1979
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
Applications: Catalytic pressurization of liquid hydrogen fuel tanks
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0 100 200 300 4000
1
2
3
4
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
Time in Flight [hr]
Mass
Flo
w R
ate
[k
g/h
r]
mreq[i]
mout[i]
Mole
Fracti
on
Orth
oh
yd
rogen
, y[i
] [
-]
y[i]Additional fuel required
Excess fuel vented
Addition of catalyst
Fuel supplemented by catalyst
Orthohydrogen depleted
Leachman et al., Advances in Cryogenics (2011)
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
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Total energy absorbed (per mole H2)
A theoretical increase of 50% in
cooling capacity is possible
Applications: Vapor-cooled shielding of Centaur LOx
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
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Applications: Cryocatalysis Hydrogen Experiment Facility (CHEF)
10 20 30 40 50 600
10
20
30
40
50
60
Vspace [1/min]
Co
oli
ng
Ca
pa
cit
y G
ain
[%
] Activated CatalystActivated Catalyst
Non-Activated CatalystNon-Activated Catalyst
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Bliesner et al., AIAA Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (2012)
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
Applications: Liquid Hydrogen Fueled UAS
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• Funded $20,000 on June 30th 2012
• Mission From Dean: Be the first university team to design, build, and fly an LH2 fueled UAV.
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
Applications: Design - Build - Test
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Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
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Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
Applications: World’s 1st 3-D Printed Cryogenic Tank
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inner duct
inner insulation
outer duct
outer insulation
pressure load
distribution pins
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
Applications: World’s 1st 3D printed cryogen tank
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• 74% reduction in heat load compared to no-flow condition
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
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• Low cost – current H2 stations are $2- 4 million each• Hydrogen delivered for $7/kg• Fuel 2 vehicles simultaneously, 25 vehicles per day• 5 minute fill time for 700 bar, 5 kg fuel tank• Transportable• Low maintenance• Operated and monitored remotely• Hydrogen storage should withstand 48 hr shutdown
DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN FOR A DROP-IN HYDROGEN FUELING STATION TO SUPPORT THE EARLY MARKET BUILD-OUT OF HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE
Key Rules and Guidelines:
Applications:
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
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Compare to 120 kW “fast” EV superchargers
2-4 MW charge rate
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
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Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
Applications: Low-cost liquefaction
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1) Technology Transition Corporation (TTC), H2 & Fuel Cells Market Report (2010)2) Elgowainy, A., Tecnoeconomic Analysis of H2 Transmission & Distribution, DOE Workshop (2014)
• 80-90% of non-pipeline H2 delivered via liquid tanker truck.1
• LH2 will propel the early H2 economy.2
• Only 8 LH2 plants in North America-Only 1 is carbon free (Niagara)
-Smallest is 30 tonne/day (>50 MW)
-Can only ramp 30%/day
• Production cost: $5-5.60/kgLH2
• Delivery cost: $4-12/kgLH2
Efficient, small (<1 MW), modular H2 liquefiers will increase
renewable value and enable H2 economy.
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
Applications: Kinetic para-ortho manipulation via vortex tube
• Vortex tubes separate faster (higher T) from slower due to flow geometry
• Enables para-ortho conversion to drive bulk cooling
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A.Hydrogen inlet from precooler
77 K & 50 psi50-50 o-p
E.Hot, ortho-rich H2
recycled
B.As hydrogen flows along tube, faster molecules migrate
to outside
C. Catalyst along tube wall causes endothermic conversion of hot
parahydrogen to orthohydrogen
F.Cold H2 outlet
To 2nd vortex tube or J-T valve
D.Insulation on tube wall
forces endothermic reaction to cause bulk cooling
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
Applications: V-T CFD Performance
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0
1
2
3
4
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Co
ld T
emp
Dro
p [
K]
Cold Fraction
Comparison to Experiment
Experiment
CFD with Normal Hydrogen
CFD with ParaHydrogen
CFD modeled in both COMSOL & Ansys
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
Applications: Heisenberg Vortex Measurements
21
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
Applications: Heisenberg Vortex Measurements
22
38-57%
improvement
with catalyzed
tube.
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
23
Community: The HOW of a Hydrogen Organized Washington
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
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Community: Electricity grid wind woes-BPA
BPA Installed Wind Capacity
Curtailment limit reached in
2012
2http://transmission.bpa.gov/Business/Operations/Wind/WIND_InstalledCapacity_PLOT.pdf
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
Community: BPA Balancing Reserves
25
1http://transmission.bpa.gov/Business/Operations/Wind/reserves.aspx
Curtailment limits exceeded
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
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Community: H2-Flo: Containerized liquifierSupported by:
Paul Laufman
Doug Orr
The Hesterberg’s
Washington Research
Foundation
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
Community: H2-Flo – Container Safing
27
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
Where we are going:
Cryogenic refueling technologies both on this
planet – and off!
28
Kraken Mare on Titan
Cryo Load
Cycling
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
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Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
Thank you!
30
http://hydrogen.wsu.edu
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
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Hydrogen Safety: DOE H2 vs gas car
60 sec
3 sec0 sec
90 sec
0 sec
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
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Hydrogen Safety: AFRL lightning & incendiary tests
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
33
Hydrogen Safety: Hindenburg vs. Graf Zeppelins
http://heshydrogen.com/the-hindenburg-myth/
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
Foundations: World’s 1st <77 K PVT-x measurements
34
Conducted first ever liquid He-H2, He-
Ne, H2-Ne PVT-x measurements.
Developed first mixture EOS.
Rubotherm Isosorp 2000 magnetic suspension microbalance modified for cryogenics.
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
Applications: World’s 1st Diagnostic Twin-Screw Extruder for H2
Validated predictive model for H2, D2, and Ne extrusions.
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Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
2. Storing H2: Geological & Gaseous
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1) Lord et al. Sandia Report SAND2011-6221
• Gaseous at 700 bar (10,000 psi) and 295 K is 39.7 g/L
• $700/kg above ground vs. $7/kg below ground
c
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
1) Making H2: NREL’s Wind-to-H2 Project
• 100 kW turbine direct coupled to 33 kW alkaline & 6 kW PEM stack
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1) K. Harris, NREL to Wind hydrogen project, presentation to DOE (2009)
2) Courtesy of Monterey Gardiner/DOE FCTO (2014)
Proton Exchange
Membrane Electrolyzer
Jacob Leachman • School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering HYPER
2. Adding Value: By the numbers
Cost of Conventional:
Electricity = $0.07265/kW-hr Natural Gas = $0.05/kW-hr
Cost of H2:
LH2 = $5-18/kg Production = $5/kg Delivery = $2-4/mile Dispensing = $2/kg
3.3 kW-hr = Energy in 1 kg H2 = Energy in 1 gal gasoline
H2 = $1.2-4.10/kW-hr
LH2 is worth 20-40 times more as an energy product.
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