Index

Acceleration effect 158 Acetylene inhibition technique 76-77 Acoustic flow meters 168 Agricultural activity

off 9 area-specific nitrogen retentiodrun-

nutrient flux effects 1, 2, 30, 54

seasonal run-off patterns 18, 19 see also Anthropogenic influences;

N : P ratios 2,19,20

Fertilizers Algal blooms 94, 101, 126, 127

foodweb structure 127-128 macrobenthic grazing influences 204,

time series data 128 Amazon River 52,66

nutrient loads to North Atlantic

205

Ocean 47

anthropogenic influences 126 Ammonium : nitrate ratios,

Ammonium nitrogen atmospheric deposition rates 6 microphytobenthos utilization 73

species composition effect 112 nitrogen fixation repression 5 1 nutrient loads to estuaries 50,54 phytoplankton utilization 60, 13 1 sediment

intertidal mobilization 72 microbial respiration 76 oxic layer nitrification barrier

sources 69,70,72,76 70-71,72

Anammox reaction 79 Anthropogenic influences

carbon dioxide release 5 eutrophication 94,95, 126,244

macrobenthos 197 sediment feeders 214

nitrogen fixation 50 nitrogen flux 1,2-3,4,30

nutrient fluxes 30-3 1,44 phosphorus flux 30,31

riverine cycling 68 pressures on estuarine ecosystems

primary production 126 scale of activities 242 sea grass habitats 177

dissolved organic matter (DOM) 27 climatic effects 33 underwater UV penetration 33-34

humus 27 organic C-N coupling 28-30

nitrogen fixation 16 nitrogen loadinghetention 15-1 8 primary production nutrient limitation

silicate outputs 23 Arenicola marina 2 16 Atmospheric nitrogen deposition

area-specific retentiodrun-off 9-10

245-247

Aquatic ecosystems

58

animal emissions 1, 6 area-specific retentiodrun-off 10, 11

nitrate levels 11-12 combustion emissions 1,3,6 estuarine loading 1,2, 6,7,45

Atrina zelandica 212 Auli watershed 10

Balgzand area 2 1 1 Bay of Fundy 201 Bed roughness, suspension feeder-

related alteration 212

296 INDEX

Bed shear strength (z,) 171 Bed shear stress (tJ 162, 163, 171

boundary layer 163, 165,168,207 extracellular polymeric substance

(EPS) effects 173 measurement 167-168

instrumentation 168 nutrient particle flux 207 sediment erosion (critical bed shear

stress) 168, 170, 171 sediment transport modelling 180 velocity gradients 163, 165

Bell jar (benthic chamber) technique 100

Benthic biofilms 73 sediment stabilization 172-173 sediment-water exchange reactions

species composition 94 94-95

Benthic community dynamics 196, 226-230

229 predator-prey interactions 226, 227,

trophic structure 196,226-227 Benthic denitrification 73-81 Benthic heterotrophic nitrogen fixation

Benthic organic matter breakdown 68 50

microbial sulfate reduction 68 nitrate respiration 68.69 nitrification 7 1

Benthic primary production 68 microphytobenthos 95,98

measurement 100-10 1 nutrient load interactions 61-62

nutrient uptake estimates 62,63 Bicarbonate carbon source 114 Biodiversity 243,244,255,256,259 Bioturbation 72-73,203,220

deposit feeders 230 influence on mineralization at depth

organic enrichment response 22 1,223 221-226

Bioturbation coefficient (0,) 220 Bivalve grazing activity 175-176,212 Bjerkreim watershed 10 Boundarv laver 163

bed shear stress (zd, 163, 165, 168,

food particle flux 205-207,213-214 water flow 163,205-207

207

Brundtland Report 252

“C fixation measurement microphytobenthos slurry

measurements 101 phytoplankton 99-100

Callianassa 2 17 Carbon dioxide limitation,

Carbon, organic microphytobenthos 114-1 15

anthropogenic effects 30 flux in soil 25-28 humus 26 nitrogen flux coupling 1-2,4,5,

25-30 Carbonic anhydrase 114 Carlingford Lough 202 Cascade effect 178, 179 Catchment area nutrient fluxes 1-34

anthropogenic effects 30-31,35,46 climatic effects 32-34 elemental ratios 19-25

N-organic carbon coupling 1-2,4,5,

nitrogen 1-2.6-19

N : P 19-23

25-30

large-scale patterns 6-9 regional fluxes 9-1 2 “saturation” concept 13-15 seasonal run-off patterns 18-19

organic carbon 1-2,25-28

silicates 2, 4, 5 , 23, 52 phosphorus 2,4,5,20,31,51-52

Cerastoderma edule 175,211,213 Chesapeake Bay 109, 118, 128-129 Chrysochromulina 120, 126, 128 Clean Water Act 274 Climate change 242-243

impact on coastal areas 246 nutrient flux effects 2,5,32-34 underwater UV penetration 33-34

Coastal areas # , area-specific nitrogen retention 9

INDEX 297 integrated management 256,257-259

habitat protectionhestoration 272 mitigation actions 275,276 mitigation banking 276-277 multi-criteria analysis 270-27 1 no-net-loss policies 273-277

land-use changes 249, 250 management objectives 256,270

functional diversity 252, 253 P-S-I-R (pressure-state-impact-

resource benefits valuation 262, 263-265

seawater nutrient concentrations 46-47

spatial distribution of socioeconomic activities 250,251-252

sustainable development 252-256

response) framework 250,251

Coastal realignment 243,244 Colne 58,59, 74,77, 78, 79, 81 Columbia River 128,201 Commamonas 114 Corophium 73 Corophium volutator 179 Cost valuation 264 Cost-benefit analysis 270 Critical bed shear stress ( T ~ , J 168, 170,

171 Current meters 168 Cyanobacteria

bicarbonate carbon source 114 extracellular polymeric substance

mobility in euphotic zone 104 nitrogen fixation 16,50 photosynthesis 106, 11 1

Cylindrotheca closterium 174 Cymatosira 123

(EPS) 172-173

positioning within light field 106

Danube 52 Delaware 51,61, 109, 118, 128, 134 DELFT3D-Sed model 179, 182 Denitrification 1

anammox reaction 79 benthic 73-81

algal biofilm effects 73

macrobenthic deposit feeder influences 203

definition 75 nitrogen load attenuation 79-80 nitrogen retention 8.9

nitrous oxide (N,O) production 80-81 property : salinity plots 57-58 sediments 44

lakes 18

measurement methods 76-79 microbial respiration end-products

Deposit feeders 195, 197,214,221-226 75,76

biomass 201-202 bioturbation 230

influence on mineralization at depth 221-226

food sources 226,227-229 omnivory 226-227,229,230 response to organic enrichment 22 1,

sediment habitat 215-220 sediment particle transport 203

223

Diadinoxanthin : diatoxanthin ratios 122 Diatoms

assemblage species composition 1 12

bicarbonate carbon source 114 extracellular polymeric substance

inter-annual variability 126 lower shore sediments 123 mobility in euphotic zone 104 photosynthesis 106, 108, 11 1

phytoplankton 118, 119

(EPS) 172-173

positioning within light field 106, 107

seasonal biomass variation 124 silicate fluxes 23, 52,60

Diffusion coefficients 160 Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN)

benthic uptake 62,63 denitrification losses 79 phytoplankton uptake 60, 132 primary production relationship 109

Dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) 44,46,5 1,52,66-67

bacterial uptake 61

298 INDEX

nutrient loads to estuaries 50 phytoplankton biological cycling 60,

property : salinity plots 57-58 sediment fluxes 83

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) 26 climatic variations 26-27,33 fate in marine environment 27, 65 seasonality in export 27 underwater UV penetration 33-34 yield 27

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) 50 Dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP)

51,52 DIVAST model 179

61

Economic growth 254 EcoS model 179 Eddy diffusion 161 Electromagnetic flow sensors 168 Emiliania huxleyi 120 Ems-Dollard 1 12,130,20 1 Environmental appraisal 269-270 Environmental economics 259 Environmental indicators 265-267 Euglena deses 106 Euglenids, mobility in euphotic zone

104 Euphotic zone depth 104 Eutrophication 94,95,126,244 Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)

effects on flow 173 facultative phytoplankton 174 sediment stabilization 172

modelling approaches 184

f ratios I5N uptake method 130-131 phytoplankton primary production 60

Fertilizers 3 nitrogen

runoff 30-3 1,44 watershed loading 1,2,6,7, 30,44

nutrient loads to estuaries 44 phosphorus

aquatic systems loading 15 area-swcific losses 20.21

silicate flux effects 23 Flocs 162,164,165 Flood defence 243,244-245 Forested areas

area-specific nitrogen retention 9 area-specific phosphorus losses 20 soil nitrogen “saturation” 13, 14, 15

nitrogen flux effects 30,31 phosphorus flux effects 31

Fossil fuel combustion 1 , 3 4 6 Fraser River 169 Freshwater Flushing Time (FWFT) 54 Fulvic acid 26

Forestry

Global population growth 245 Glutamine synthetase 5 1 Great Ouse 47.50, 51, 54,68,69, 82 Grevelingen 199,201 Gyrosigma balticum 104, 106, 135, 136 Gyrosigma sp. 107

Habitat restoration 274,275,276 Habitats Directive 274,278 Heathland, soil nitrogen “saturation” 13,

Heterocapsa rotunda 1 18 Heteromastus fllliformis 216 High performance liquid

chromatography 122 Hot wire/film anemometry 168 Humber 61,66,67,81, 175, 183 Humus 26

14, 15

dissolved organic matter (DOM) 26

fate of organic nitrogen 28-29, 30 organic C-N coupling 28-30 solar radiation oxidation products 30

climatic effects 33

Infauna 174-176

Integrated coastal management 24 1, recruitment processes 213

256,257-259 analysis/planning 257, 258 benefits 258-259 decision-making process 269-27 1 design 257-258

INDEX 299 implementation 257 problem identification 257

Integrated ecological-economic

Intertidal regions modelling 267-269

fish productivity association 244 habitat restoration 275 land use-associated loss 243,246-247 modelling approaches 182-183 remote sensing 178-179 saltmarsh development simulation

model 247-249 sediment exposure time variability

180-181, 182 sediment organic matter dynamics

220 spatial heterogeneity 181-182 synoptic mapping 178

bioturbation 72-73 particulate organic matter deposition

urea production 7 1 Iron(III) reduction 44 Isotope pairing technique 77-78

Invertebrates, benthic sediment

68

Kertinge Nor 73

Lakes denitrification 18 nitrogen fiation 16 nitrogen limitation 16, 17 nitrogen retention 17, 18 nutrient export to estuaries 2,7, 13 phosphorus limitation 15, 16 phosphorus retention 17 seasonal run-off influences 18-19 silicate flux 23, 24

Laminarflow 158,159 Laser flow meters 168 Leptocylindrus minimus 118 Lift forces 158 Light limitation 60 LISP project 183, 184 Livestock emissions 6 Lob-Volterra equation 203 Lynher 61

Macom balthica 175, 183, 184,213 Macrobenthos 195.19fj-197

biomass 197,201-202,216 primary production relationship

199-20 1,202 carbon mineralization 198-199 deposit feeders see Deposit feeders feeding group classifications 197 food particle flux 205-207 spatial distribution 204,205 suspension feeders see Suspension

feeders system dynamics 198-205 see also Infauna

Macrophytes 176-177, 220 Marennes-OlBron 202 Market-oriented benefit valuation 263 Marsdiep 126, 130 Meiofauna 196

biomass 216 Membrane inlet mass spectrometry 117 Microbenthos 196

biomass 216 see also Microbiota;

Microphytobenthos Microbiota

extracellular polymeric substance

sediment stabilization 163, 171, 172 turbidity maxima (TM) zone 65,66

assemblage heterogeneity

(EPS) 172-173

Microphytobenthos 93-139,220

large-scale 123 small-scale (patchiness) 12 1-1 22

determinants 121-124, 125 estimation 122 muddy shores 94 temporal variation 124

microspatial 94

biomass

distribution 11 1

long-term changes 95, 130 motility 172

photosynthesis 94 euphoticzone 104

biofilm species composition 108 carbon dioxide limitation 114-1 15

300 INDEX

light availability 103-108 nutrient limitation 94, 11 1-1 13 temperature 114 variable fluorescence measurement

vertical zonation 106-107

measurement 100-101 phytoplankton production

comparison 124126

135

primary production 61,62,94, 95,98

resuspension into water column 121, 122, 173-174,208,209,210

sediment-water exchange reactions 73,9495

vertical migration rhythms 104 variable fluorescence measurement

135-137 MIKE3MT code 179 Mississippi 47 Mitigation banking 276-277 Molenplaat 210, 21 1 Mucilaginous material see Extracellular

Mudflats polymeric substance (EPS)

diatom species composition 112 flow patterns 168 marsh development 248-249 microphytobenthic biomass/species

remote sensing 126 sediment nutrient levels 11 1 see also Intertidal regions

distribution 123

Mussel bed roughness 212 Mya arenaria 211,213

N : P ratios anthropogenic influences 126 biological relevance 2 1-23 catchment area nutrient fluxes 2,5,

nitrogen “saturation” effects 15 seasonal variation 20

anthropogenic influences 126

19-23.44

N : Si ratios 23-25

I5N-uptake primary production measurement 130-132

Navicula jlanatica 1 12 Navicula phyllepta 112 Net photic zone production (NPZ) 102 Neuse 128, 132 Nienhuis 199 Nitrate

ammonification 74 fate in sediments 73-76 microbial respiration 73-75

end-products 75-76 phytoplankton primary production 60 Relative Preference Index 132 sediment fluxes 69-70,72-73

see also Property : salinity plots Nitrate : salinity plots 58, 59

Nitrate reductase 60 Nitrification

benthic algal biofilms 73 macrobenthic deposit feeders 203 sandy sediments 69, 71 turbidity maxima (TM) zone 66

bedrock fluxes 4 benthic primary production 6 1,62 bioavailability 3 cycling in estuaries 44 estuarine inputs to sea 44,47 estuarine nutrient loading 1-2,48-50

anthropogenic activity 1,2,3, 126 catchment expodretention 1, 2, 44 nitrogen fixation 50-5 1 organic carbon turnover coupling

organic nitrogen 50

Nitrogen

1-2,25-30

fossil fuels combustion 1, 3-4 primary production limitation 58, 108 “saturation” concept 4, 9, 13-15

aquatic systems 16

atmospheric deposition rates 6

Nitrogen fixation 1,2-3,50-5 1

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 3 4

Nitrogenase 50 Nitrous oxide (N,O)

estuarine sources 80-81 global sources 81

Nitrous oxide reductase 76 Nitzrchia epithemioides 107

INDEX 30 1 No-net-loss policies 273-277 North Atlantic input loads 6,7,47 North Sea

input loads 6,47 riverine particulate load retention 65

Nutrient cycling 43 Nutrient flux 6-19,43-84

aquatic systems 15-18 benthic biofilms 73 benthic denitrification 73-8 1 benthic invertebrates 68,71,72-73 ecological impact 52,54

estimation methods 55-58 large-scale patterns 6-9 “N saturation” concept 13-15 nitrogen fixation 50-5 1 organic nitrogen 50 particle-water interactions 66-68 particulate load 62, 64-66

primary production interaction 58-62 regional variation 9-1 2 seasonal variation 18-19, 52 sediments 68

silicate 52 tidal effects 72

Nutrient limitation measurement 109 microphytobenthos photosynthesis

phytoplankton photosynthesis

water residence time effect 54-55

phosphorus 51-52,81-83

water interface exchanges 69-73

11 1-1 13

108-1 11 primary production 109-1 10

variable fluorescence measurement 135

Ochlocknee 61 Omnivory 226-227,229,230 Oosterschelde 199,201, 204, 209, 210 Oxygen microelectrode technique 101,

1 04

measurement 106. 108 sediment photosynthesis

P-S-I-R (pressure-state-impact- response) framework 250,25 1

Particle-water exchange reactions 44, 65,6648

Particulate load 62, 64-66 fate of particles 65

Particulate organic matter 68, 215-216, 217,218

Particulate organic nitrogen (PON) 50 Particulate phosphorus 5 1,66, 67 Pelagic primary production 68 Pelurosigma angulatum 112 Phaeocysris 1 18,120, 126, 127 Phiesteria 126, 128 Phosphorus 2,4,5

anthropogenic loading 3 1,44,46, 126 area-specific retentiodrun-off 12,20,

atmospheric flux 5, 19 bioavailability 21-22 biological cycling 60-61,67 export from estuary 66

31

nutrient loads to Atlantic Ocean 47,

particulate load 65 inputs to estuaries 5 1-52

dissolved forms 5 1 fertilizers 3, 19, 20 particulate forms 5 1,66

effects of short periods 109 fresh water systems 108-109 phytoplankton 128, 129

66

limitation 58

particle-water interaction 44,60,61,

primary production 58 66

benthic 61 turbidity influences 60,61

sediment exchange fluxes 69,70 oxiclanoxic layers 70

sediments 81-83 bacterial availability 82 microphytobenthos utilization 73

silicate flux negative correlations

see also N : P ratios Photosynthesis 102-1 17

gross primary production 99 measurement in sediments 122

23-24

302 INDEX

microphytobenthos 94, 114 carbon dioxide limitation 114-1 15 light availability 103-108 nutrient limitation 11 1-1 13

light availability 102-103 nutrient limitation 108-1 11

phytoplankton 93

salinity 113 stratification 113 temperature 113-1 14 variable fluorescence measurement

vertical mixing 113 Phycotoxins 128 Phytoplankton 4,93-139

biomass 93

133-1 38

determinants 118-121, 125 interacting factors 121

C : N : P ratios 16 cell lysis rates (natural mortality) 120 dissolved organic material (DOM)

facultative 174 foodweb structure 27, 127-128 grazing 119-120, 196 growth parameters 101-102 humic organic nitrogen utilization 29,

nitrogen retention in lakes 17, 18 nutrient limitation 93,94, 108-1 11 phosphorus cycling 60,67 phosphorus limitation 15, 128, 129 photosynthesis 93, 108-1 11, 125

utilization 27

30

light availability 102-103 stratificationhertical mixing 1 13 temperature 113-1 14 variable fluorescence measurement

133- 138 physical environment 93 primary production 95,9697 IT fixation measurement 99-100 15N-uptake measurement 130-132 inter-annual variability 126 macrobenthos biomass relationship

microphytobenthos production 202,203-204

comparison 124-126

net photic zone (NPZ) production

net water column production 115,

nutrient loading interactions 60-61 time series data 126127

Relative Preference Index 132 respiration measurement 115-1 17 species composition 118-1 19 viral infection 120-121 see also Algal blooms

Pleurosigma sp. 107 Polychaete bioturbation 73 Port facilities 245-246 Potamocorbula amurensis 130 Pressure drag 158 Primary production 4344,93-139

definition 99 determinants 101- 126

interannual variability 93-94,

measurement methods 130-138

102,116

116

gross 99

126-130

Y! fixation 99-100 I5N uptake 130-132 variable fluorescence 133-138

microphytobenthos 6142,9598 measurement 100-101

net 99- 100 net photic zone (NPZ) production 100 net water column production 100 nitrogen limitation 3,4,58, 109-1 10 nutrient loading effects 58-62, 126 phosphorus limitation 58 photosynthetic rate 102-1 17

benthic biomass relationship

phytoplankton 60-61,95,9697, 199-20 1,202

109-1 10 measurement 99-100

rivers 52 sea water 58 Property : salinity plots 57-58

Quadratic stress law 167

Rapid response CO, microelectrode 114

INDEX 303 Relative Preference Index 132 Remote sensing 178-179

Reservoirs 2

Reynolds number 158, 160 Rhaphoneis 123 Rhine 51 Rhizoselenia fragilissima 1 18 Rhode River 120 Risk analysis 270 Riverine nutrient fluxes

mudflats 126

silicate trapping 23

dissolved organic material (DOM) 26 estimation methods 55-58

combined methodologies 58 moving seawater fluxes 55 property : salinity plots 57-58 residual water fluxes 55 sourcdsink measures 55

fertilizer inputs 3 1 humic matter 26 input loads 4748 N : P ratios 20,21,22,44 nitrogen 6,7,31,4546

area-specific retentiodrun-off 9 effect of upstream lakes 13, 14 fixation 50

phosphorus 5 1 seasonal variation 52

Salinity photosynthesis influence 113 phytoplankton assemblage

composition 118, 119 see also Property : salinity plots

benthic primary production 68 development simulation model

diatom species composition 112 suspended particulate material (SPM)

Saltmarsh

247-249

deposition 62

130 San Francisco Bay 110,113, 115, 129,

Sand flats see Intertidal regions Scheldt 65,94, 102, 103, 109, 110, 115,

116, 117, 118, 121, 130, 135

pre/post-barrier comparisons 129 see also Oosterschelde;

Westerschelde Sea grasses 177,220 Seasonal variation

benthic oxic layer 71 dissolved organic material (DOM)

export 27 microphytobenthic biomass 124 nutrient loading to estuaries 52 phytoplankton

assemblage composition 1 18 blooms 126-127, 128, 129

spring melt I8 run-off patterns 18-1 9

spring silicate removal 60 water residence time 54-55

biofilm assemblages 112-1 13, 156 biogeochemical processes 2 19-220 biological stabilization 179

bivalve activity 175-176, 183 infauna 174-176 macrophyte colonization 176-1 77

macrobenthic deposit feeders 203

Sediment

bioturbation 220

cohesive sediment dynamics

denitrification 75,76 measurement methods 76-79

grain size 123,215, 217 habitat characteristics 215-220 importance for nutrient budgets 68 intertidal ammonium mobilization 72 light climate 103-104

euphotic zone depth 104, 122 microbial nitrate respiration 68,69,

73-75 microphytobenthos vertical

distribution 122 mineralization rates 198, 199 nitrates 73-76 nutrient limitation 1 11 organic matter 65,68, 172-173,

162-163, 166

2 15-2 19 C : N ratios 218 composition 2 17-2 1 8

304 INDEX

mineral interactions 217 particulate organic matter 2 15-2 16,

217,218 quality 217

depth 70,72,73 nitrification 69,7 1,72,73 sediment exchange fluxes 70-71

photosynthesis measurement 104-106 pollutants accumulation 244, 245 pore size 215 surface layer enrichment 216 synoptic maps 178 transport processes modelling

spatial variability 181-182 temporal variability 180-1 8 1

water flow effects 161-172 bed shear stress (z,) 162 boundary layer 163,205-207 viscous (laminar) sublayer

Sediment erosion 162, 168-172 bed characteristics 162-163 biogenic stabilization 163, 171, 172,

modelling approaches 183-1 84

oxic layer

phosphorus 70,81-83

179-185

161-162, 165

173-1 74

classification 169-170 flocs 162, 164, 165 mass (type II; chronic) 169, 170 microbial colonization influences 17 1 shear strength 17 1 surface (type I; benign) 169, 170 threshold conditions 170-171, 173

Sediment-water exchange reactions 69-73

ammonia 70-7 1 benthic biofilms 73,94-95 benthic invertebrate effects 72-73 nitrate fluxes 69-70 phosphorus 70 solute concentration gradients 70 urea 71

Sedimentation areadsediment

Severn 180 accommodation space 62

Sewage efflux nitrogen 4, 6,44 nutrient loads to estuaries 44,52,54 phosphorus 15-16,20

Shannon 121 Silicon fluxes 2,4,5,23, 52

anthropogenic effects 30,35 estuarine primary production 44 N : Si ratios 23-25 phytoplankton removal 60 seasonal variation 52

phytoplankton limitation 127, 129

sediment sources 69 Skaggerak-Kattegat area 202 Skeletonema costaturn 1 18, 1 19 Skin friction 158 Slurry technique 101

sediment photosynthesis measurement 106

Soil nitrate 13 Soil nitrogen “saturation” 4, 9, 13 Soil organic material 25-26

dissolved organic material (DOM) 26

Spartina anglica 177 Spectral reflectance studies 178 Spring bloom 113, 118

benthic biomass relationship 199 inter-annual variability 128, 129

species composition 126-127 Storm buffering 243 Stratification 113 Surrogate benefit valuation 263-264 Survey-oriented (hypothetical) valuation

Suspended particulate material (SPM)

Suspension feeders 195, 197,2 10

264

62

biomass 201, 202

food particle flux current-dependent upper limit 210

boundary layer 205-207,

vertical flux 207-208 2 13-2 14

phytoplankton equilibrium 203-204, 205

INDEX 305 sediment surface roughness alteration

seston depletion 208-21 1 212

non-linear density-current relations 21 1-214

spatial distribution 210,211,212 Sustainable development 252-256,

constant capital condition 255 habitat protectionhestoration 272 integrated ecological-economic

modelling 267-269 no-net-loss policies 273-277

278

Synexhococcus 114

Tamar 81, 180 Temperature 1 1 3- 1 14 Thalassiosira fallax 1 18 Thalassiosira leptopa 1 18 Thames 52,53,54,64,65 Thiosphaera 7 1 Tidal variation 72

micophytobenthos light availability

nutrient load effects 54 sediment resuspension in water

103, 104

Column 173-174 Tomales Bay 110 Total economic value 261,263 Transitional flow 158, 159, 162 Tube-forming organisms 175 Turbidity 43-44

micophytobenthos migratory rhythms

sediment accommodation space 104

influence 62 Turbidity maxima (TM) 62,64

biological processes 65-66 dissolved organic matter (DOM)

particulate organic matter bottom

primary production limitation 60

mussel bed roughness 212 sediment macrophyte bands 177

flocculation 65

deposition 68

Turbulent flow 158,159

velocity profiles 165

162. 177 Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) 161,

Urban agglomerations 245 Urea, sediment-water interface

exchanges 7 1

Valuation methodologies 260,

Value of coastal ecosystems 243-245 Variable fluorescence primary

261-265

production measurement 133-138

microphytobenthos vertical migration

nutrient limitation assessment 135 principle 133-134 pulse amplitude modulated (PAM)

pump and probe method 133-134 single cell measurements 137, 138

135-137

fluorometry 133-1 34

Veerse Meer 199,201 Vertical migration patterns 104 Viscous (laminar) sublayer 161-162,

Von Karmann-Prandtl “law of the wall” 165

167

Wash 47-48 Water flow 155-172

acceleration effect 158 action on sediments 161-172 hydrodynamic forces 158, 159 lift 158 measuring instruments 168 pressure drag 158 Reynolds number 158, 160 skin friction 158 transport processes 160-161

Water quality 243-244 Water residence time 54-55 Watershed nitrogen retention 7-9 Weibull function 183 Westerschelde 61, 110, 118, 198,

199,201,208,209,211,214, transport processes 161 216

306 INDEX

Wetland conservation failure 249-250 Wind erosion 20

Zoobenthos 1 1 9-120 Zooplankton 119-120 Zostera marina 171