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A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
An International Cryogenic Materials Conference Publication
Advances in Cryogenic Engineering
Materials VOLUME 46, PART A
Edited by
U. Balu Balachandran Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne, Illinois
K. Ted Hartwig Texas A&M University College Station, Texas
Donald U. Gubser Naval Research Laboratory
Washington, D.C.
Victoria A. Bardos Synchrony
Bordentown, New Jersey
KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBLISHERS New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow
The Library of Congress cataloged the first volume of this title as follows:
Advances in cryogenic engineering, v. 1-New York, Cryogenic Engineering Conference; distributed by Plenum Press, 1960-
v. illus., diagrs. 26 cm. Vols. 1- are reprints of the Proceedings of the Cryogenic Engineering
Conference, 1954-Editor: 1960- K. D. Timmerhaus
1. Low temperature engineering-Congresses. ed. II. Cryogenic Engineering Conference
I. Timmerhaus, K. D.,
TP490.A3 660.29368 57-35598
Proceedings of the International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC), held July 12-15, 1999, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
ISBN 0-306-46398-9
©2000 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York 233 Spring Street, New York, N.V. 10013
http://www.wkap.nl
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without
written permission from the Publisher
CONTENTS
Preface .................................................................................................................................... xvii
Editorial. ................................................................................................................................... xix
Best Paper Awards ................................................................................................................... xxi
1999 International Cryogenics Materials Conference Board of Directors ............................. xxiii
A - STRUCTURAL AND CRYOCOOLER MATERIALS
High Voltage in Superconducting Power Equipment-Prospects and Limits ........................ 1 1. Gerhold
Mechanical Properties: Austenitic Alloys and Steels
Conditions for Increasing Low Temperatrure Plasticity of Fe-Cr-Ni Alloys during Martensite Transformation ........................................................................................... 21
L. V. Skibina, V. V. Eremenko, and M. M. Chemik
Dependence of the Temperature of the Martensitic Transformation Onset upon the Yield Strength of Austenite ......................................................................................... 29
M. M. Chernik
Local Fracture Toughness Evaluation of316LN Plate at Cryogenic Temperature ................................................................................................................. 33
A. Nishimura, T. Ogata, Y. Shindo, K. Shibata, A. Nyilas, R. P. Walsh, 1. W. Chan, and H. Mitterbacher
Finite Element Analysis and Notch Tensile Testing for Determining the Cryogenic Fracture Toughness of Structural Alloys ................................................... .41
Y. Shindo, Y. Mano, K. Horiguchi, and T. Sugo
Fatigue Properties of Weld Joints of Stainless Steels and Aluminum Alloy at Cryogenic Temperatures ............................................................................................. .49
T. Ogata, T. Yuri, M. Saito, and Y. Hirayama
Hydrogen Effects on 22-13-5 Austenitic Steel at Low Temperatures ..................................... 57 L. M. Ma, G. J. Liang, L. 1. Rong, S. H. He, and Y. Y. Li
v
Mechanical Properties: Non-Ferrous Alloys
Prestressing Concepts and Related Materials Qualifications for the ATLAS Barrel Toroid Coil ................................................................................................................... 65
J. M. Rey, B. Gallet, M. Reytier, and A. Dael
Mechanical Properties of a Boron Added Superalloy at 4 K and Magnetic Effect ............................................................................................................................ 73
K. Shibata, T. Kadota, Y.Kohno, A. Nyilas, and T. Ogata
Fracture and Tensile Properties of Boron Added Ni-Base Superalloy at 7 and 4.2 K, and the Effect of 13 Tesla Field .............................................................................. 81
A. Nyilas, K. Shibata, W. Specking, and H. Kiesel
New Cryogenic Processing for the Development of High Strength Copper Wire for Magnet Applications .............................................................................................. 89
L. Brandao, R. P. Walsh, K. Han, J. D. Embury, and S. Van Sciver
Temperature Dependence of Unstable Plastic Flow and Multi-Necking in ELI Ti-5AI-2.5Sn Alloy ....................................................................................................... 97
Z. Zhang
Superlight Alloy Al-Cu-Li - Low Temperature (293-20K) Mechanical Properties and Fracture Mechanisms ............................................................................................ 1 05
Yu. A. Pokhil, M. M. Chemic, L. V. Skibina, V. A. Lototskaya, S. V. Sokolskiy, and N. I. Kolobnev
Super Light Alloy Al-Cu-Li - Fatigue Crack Growth Resistance at Temperatures 293 and 77 K ................................................................................................................ 113
V. V. Eremenko, Yu. A. Pokhil, L. F. Yakovenko, E. N. Aleksenko, and 1. N. Fridlyander
Mechanical Properties: Structural Composites
Influence of Sliding Directions on Frictional Properties of GFRPs and DFRPs ..................... 119 T. Takao, T. Kashima, and A. Yamanaka
Frictional Properties on Surfaces of High Strength Polymer Fiber Reinforced Plastics ......................................................................................................................... 127
T. Takao, T. Kashima, and A. Yamanaka
Mechanical Strength, Swelling and Weight Loss ofInorganic Fusion Magnet Insulation Systems Following Reactor Irradiation ...................................................... 135
K. Humer, P. Rosenkranz, H. W. Weber, J. A. Rice, and C. S. Hazelton
Insulation Systems for Nb3Sn Accelerator Magnet Coils Fabricated by the "Wind and React" Technique ...................................................................................... 143
A. Devred, P. Bredy, M. Durante, C. Gourdin, J. M. Rey, and M. Reytier
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Unrein forced and Reinforced Polyphenylenes at Cryogenic Temperatures ................................................................ 151
V. J. Toplosky, R. P. Walsh, S. W. Tozer, and F. Motamedi
Fracture of Fiber-Metal Laminate Glare 2 ............................................................................... 159 A. Bussiba, M. Kupiec, and S. Ifergane
Cryomechanics and Short-Beam Interlaminar Shear Strength ofG-IOCR Glass-Cloth/Epoxy Laminates ............................................................................................... 167
Y. Shindo, K. Horiguchi, and R. Wang
VI
Reactor Irradiation Effects on the Fatigue Behavior of CTD-112P at 77 K in Tension and Interlaminar Shear ................................................................................... 175
P. Rosenkranz, K. Humer, and H. W. Weber
Influence of the Test Geometry on the Fatigue Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Plastics in Tension and Interlaminar Shear at RT and 77 K ........................................ 181
P. Rosenkranz, K. Humer, and H. W. Weber
Viscoelastic Behaviour of Unidirectional Fibre Composites at Low Temperatures ................................................................................................................ 189
Z. Zhang and G. Hartwig
Mechanical Properties: Polymers
Radiation Resistant Epoxy for Resin Transfer Molding Fabrication of Cryogenic Electrical Insulation ..................................................................................................... 197
J. B. Schutz, R. P. Reed, and D. Evans
Study of Bisphenol-F Epoxy Resin System for Impregnation of Super conducting Magnets ........................................................................................................................ 205
C. A. Baldan, C. Y. Shigue, U. M. C. Maciel, and E. Ruppert Filho
Swelling and Elastic Moduli ofIrradiated Resin Systems ....................................................... 211 D. Evans and R. P. Reed
Tribological Properties of Resins at Cryogenic Temperatures ................................................ 219 E. De Lamotte, P. Delobel, and H. Abou Messaoud
Development of a New Resin System for the U.S. ITER Central Solenoid Model Coil. .............................................................................................................................. 227
R. P. Reed, D. Evans, and P. E. Fabian
The Work of Fracture of Epoxide Resins at Temperatures to 4 K ........................................... 235 D. Evans and Z. Zhang
Low Temperature Adhesive Bond Strength of Electrical Insulation Films ............................. 243 D. Evans and R. P. Reed
Low-Temperature Deformation and Fracture Behaviour of Epoxide Resins .......................... 251 Z. Zhang and D. Evans
Mechanical Properties: Ceramics
Microstructure and Toughening of Ce-TZP Ceramics at Low Temperatures ......................... 259 L. F. Li, K. Yang, and Y. Y. Li
Wrappable Ceramic Insulation for Superconducting Magnets ................................................ 267 1. A. Rice, C. S. Hazelton, and P. E. Fabian
Cryogenic Behavior of Piezoelectric Bimorph Actuators ........................................................ 275 R. Vaccarone and F. Moller
Physical Properties: Metals, Polymers, Ceramics, and Composites
Heat Flow Measurements on LHC Components ..................................................................... 283 D. Camacho, S. Chevassus, G. Ferlin, M. Pangallo, C. Policella,
J.-M. Rieubland, L. Simon, and G. Vandoni
vii
MgO-Zr02 Insulation Coatings on Ag/AgMg Sheathed Bi-2212 Superconducting Tapes by Sol-Gel Technique ....................................................................................... .291
E. Celik, E. Avci, and Y. S. Hascicek
Surface Flashover of Fiberglass Reinforced Epoxy Composite Insulation in Vacuum at Liquid Nitrogen and Room Temperatures using Power Frequency AC and Lighting Impulse Waveforms ....................................................... 297
1. Sauers, D. R. James, H. Rodrigo, M. O. Pace, B. W. McConnell, V. P. Patania, and A. R. Ellis
Development of High Performance Composite for Cryogenic Use ........................................ 305 S. Nishijima, T. Okubo, and T. Okada
Thermal Conductivity of34-700 Carbon Fiber Composites at Cryogenic Temperatures ................................................................................................................ 313
K. M. Amm, R. A. Ackermann, P. S. Thompson, A. Mogro-Campero, and J. M. van Oort
Measurement of the Thermal Properties of Epoxied Titanium Contacts at Cryogenic Temperatures .............................................................................................. 321
L. De Bellis, P. E. Phelan, P. Drake, and W. Kroebig
Thermal Expansion of Ultra High Strength Fiber and Its Fiber Reinforced Plastics ......................................................................................................................... 329
T. Kashima, A. Yamanaka, T. Takasugi, and Y. Nishihara
Measurements of Thermal Expansion of Nonmetallic Materials at Low Temperature using ESPI .............................................................................................. 337
S. Nakahara, J. Nishimori, S. Hisada, and T. Fujita
The Effect of Nanostructure on the Thermal Behavior of Aerogels ........................................ 345 R. F. Reidy, M. A. Quevedo-Lopez, R. L. Howard, R. A. Orozco-Teran,
A. Hernadez-Luna, R. Upadhyay, O. Mendoza-Gonzalez, and H. Dong
Change ofThermal Conductivity ofTi-20V and Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al Alloys Below Room Temperature with Isochronal Aging ...................................................... 353
M. Ikeda, S. Komatsu, and T. Sugimoto
Radiation Stable, Low Viscosity Impregnating Resin Systems for Cryogenic Applications ................................................................................................................. 361
D. Evans and S. 1. Canfer
Heat Treatment Effects on the Surface ofInsulation Material ................................................ 369 M. Wake, H. Nakai, S. Nakayama, and A. Kajita
Expected Lifetime of By-Pass Diodes for the LHC Magnet Protection Subjected to Liquid Helium Temperatures and Irradiation .......................................................... 375
R. Denz and D. Hagedorn
Magnetic Materials
Magnetostriction of Poly crystalline Tb-Dy Alloys at Cryogenic Temperatures ..................... 383 J. Dooley, N. Good, 1. Graetz, R. Chave, and B. Fultz
Adiabatic Processes in Magnetic Materials ............................................................................. 391 A. M. Tishin
viii
Magnetocaloric Effect in GdAl2 and Nd2Fe17 ........................................................................ 397 S. Yu. Dan'kov, V. V. Ivtchenko, A. M. Tishin, K. A. Gschneidner, Jr., and
V. K. Pecharsky
Magnetothermal Properties of DY5(SixGel-x)4 Alloys ........................................................... .405 V. V. Ivtchenko, V. K. Pecharsky, and K. A. Gschneidner, Jr.
The Order-to-Order Magnetic Phase Transitions in Concentrated Alloys Gd-Y: The Curious Irreversibility .......................................................................................... .413
V. V. Eremenko, A. B. Beznosov, E. L. Fertman, P. P. Pal-Val, and V. P. Popov
Magnetic Regenerator Materials for Sub-2 K Refrigeration .................................................... 421 T. Numazawa, M. Okamura, O. Arai, and A. Sato
Testing Methods
Results of V AMAS Activities on Pre-standardization of Mechanical Properties Evaluation at 4K ......................................................................................................... .427
T. Ogata and Participants of V AMAS TWA 17
Determination of the Refractive Index and Thickness of a Transparent Film on Opaque Substrate via Cryogenic Spectrometric Ellipsometry .................................... .435
A. 1. Belyaeva, A. A. Galuza, T. G. Grebennik, and V. P. Yuriev
Status of European Material Testing Program for ITER Model Coils and Full Size Mockups ....................................................................................................................... 443
A. Nyilas, D. R. Harries, and G. Bevilacqua
Cryogenic and Aero-Space Structure Materials: Certification Methods, Low Temperature Physical and Mechanical Properties, Criterions of Choice: SR and DB ILTPE Nas Ukraine Experience .............................................................. .451
Y. A. Pokhil
B-SUPERCONDUCTORS
High Temperature Superconductors: Processing
Control of Anistropy in Bi1.8Pbo.33SrI.87Ca2CU30y Tapes by Means of Surface Columnar Defects ....................................................................................................... .459
E. Mezzetti, G. Castagno, A. Chiodoni, R. Gerbaldo, G. Ghigo, L. Gozzelino, B. Minetti, L. Martini, G. Cuttone, and A. Rovelli
A New Method to Fabricate Bi-2223 Current Leads .............................................................. .467 X. K. Fu, V. Rouessac, Y. C. Guo, P. Yao, H. K. Liu, and S. X. Dou
Influence ofBi, Pb Content on Formation and Microstructure of the (Bi,Pb)-2223 Phase after Partial-Melting ......................................................................................... .473
X. Y. Lu, A. Nagata, T. Endo, K. Sugawara, and S. Kamada
Phase Formation in Melt-Textured Bi-2212 in the Presence of Uranium Oxide .................... .481 M. Ionescu, S. Gong, J. Boldeman, and S. X. Dou
Rare Earth Element Complexes as a Liquid Precursor for (RE) Ba2CU30y Thin Film by MOCVD ........................................................................................................ .489
S. Yoshizawa, Y. Tasaki, K. Koyama, and Y. Fujino
IX
Voltage Tunable YBa2Cu307 -BaTi03 - Metal Capacitors for Use at Cryogenic Temperatures and High Frequencies-Processing and Characterization ................... .497
Yu. Vlasov, A. Lacambra, D. Dixon, F. Leon, and G. 1. Larkins, Ir.
Development ofBi-2223 Multifilamentary Tape .................................................................... 505 A. Takagi, K. Kosugi, M. Sugimoto, M. Mimura, T. Maeda, N. Uno,
M. Ikeda,S. Honjo, T. Mimura, and Y. Iwata
The Effect of Middle Heat Treatment on Critical Current Density of Bi-2223/Ag Tapes ............................................................................................................................ 513
H. 1. Zheng, Z. Z. Duan, C. S. Li, P. X. Zhang, Y. Feng, and 1. Zhou
Angular Distribution of Crystal Grains in Polycrystal Bi-2223/ Ag Tape ............................... 519 W. M. Chen, F. Wang, F. Lin, S. S. Jiang, Y. C. Guo, H. K. Liu, and S. X. Dou
Effects of Microstructure and Secondary Phases on the Superconducting Properties of AgAu Sheathed Bi-2223 Tapes .............................................................. 527
W. Zhu, D. R. Watson, and 1. R. Cave
Modelling of Current Transfer and Self Field Effects in Composite HTS Conductors ................................................................................................................... 535
D. R. Watson, F. Sirois, W. Zhu, and 1. R. Cave
Critical Current Densities and Normal State Resistivities in Hot Pressed Silver Sheathed Bi-2223 System Tapes ................................................................................. 543
1. Chikaba and K. Yoshida
High Temperature Bi2223/Ag Superconducting Tapes Doped with Ultra-Fine SiC Particles ........................................................................................................................ 551
Y. C. Guo, H. K. Liu, S. X. Dou, Y. Tanaka, and T. Kuroda
Ie Enhancement ofBi-2212/Ag Multilayer Tapes by Pre-Annealing and Intermediate Rolling Process ....................................................................................... 559
H. Miao, H. Kitaguchi, H. Kumakura, K. Togano, T. Hasegawa, and T. Koizumi
Effects ofBa Additions on Bulk Bi-2212 and Ag-Clad Bi-2212 Tape .................................. .567 U. P. Trociewitz, P. R. Sahm, and 1. Schwartz
Controlled Intermediate Quenching and Its Effect on Microstructure and Critical Current Density ............................................................................................................ 575
R. Zeng, P. Yao, 1. Horvat, H. K. Liu, T. P. Beales, and S. X. Dou
Development of 100m-Class Bi-2212 Multilayer Superconducting Tapes by PAIR Processing .................................................................................................................... 583
T. Koizumi, T. Hasegawa, N. Ohtani, H. Kitaguchi, H. Kumakura, H. Miao, and K. Togano
Preparation of Filamentary (Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd)123 Superconductors by OCMG Method ......................................................................................................................... 591
T. Goto, T. Kimura, and T. Kasuya
High Pressure-High Temperature Treatment of Melt Textured Material ................................ 599
x
T. A. Prikhna, W. Gawalek, 1. K. Kovalev, V. E. Moshchil, F. Sandiumenge, P. Shaetzle, V. S. Melnikov, P. A. Nagomy, S. N. Dub, Ch. Wende, A. B. Surzhenko, V. V. Kovylyaev, N. V. Sergienko
High Temperature Superconductors: Properties
The Anomalous Resistivity Peak ofIntrinsic Layered High-T c Superconductors .................. 607 C. Buzea, T. Tachiki, S. 1. Kim, H. Wang, Y. Uematsu, K. Nakajima,
T. Yamashita, H. Sato, and M. Naito
Heuristic Model for the Anomalous Resistivity Peak of Low- and High-Temperature Superconductors Based on Materials Anisotropy .................................. 615
C. Buzea T. Tachiki, and T. Yamashita
Coupling Losses in HTS Prototype Multistrand Conductors as a Function of Frequency and Magnitude of Extemal AC Magnetic Field ......................................... 623
1. O. Willis, D. E. Daney, M. P. Maley, H. 1. Boenig, R. Mele, G. Coletta, and M. Nassi
FEM Analysis of AC Losses in Multifilamentary HTS Tapes with Various Twist Pi tch and Matrix Conducti vi ty ..................................................................................... 631
N. Amemiya and N. Banno
Mechanical Properties of Ag/Bi2223 Composite Superconductors ........................................ 639 K. Osamura, M. Sugano, T. Wada, and S. Ochiai
Mechanical Properties of Ag- and AgMg-Sheathed Bi2Sr2CaCu20x Tapes for High Field Insert Magnets ........................................................................................... 647
Y. Viouchkov, H. W. Weijers, Q. Y. Hu, Y. Hascicek, and 1. Schwartz
Improvement of the Irreversible Properties b'y Neutron Induced Defects in Melt Textured RE-123 Superconductors .............................................................................. 655
M. Eisterer, H. W. Weber, P. Schatzle, G. Krabbes, N. Chikumoto, M. Muralidhar, M. Murakami, R. Weinstein, R. Sawh, and Y. Ren
The Effect of Magnetic Field Distribution on the Levitation Force of Single-Domain YBCO Bulk Superconductor ......................................................................... 663
W. M. Yang, L. Zhou, F. Yong, P. X. Zhang, 1. R. Wang, C. P. Zhang, X. D. Tang, Z. M. Yu, and X. Z. Wu
Transport Properties Affected by Praseodymium Diffusion in Two-Phase Composite YBaCuO-PrBaCuO ................................................................................... 669
K. Yoshida, E. Kojima, and T. Harada
Effect of Structural Oxygen Disorder on the Microwave Surface Resistance of Single Domain YBCO ..................................................... , ........................................... 677
D. Qu, D. Shi, A. Ferendeci, D. Mast, H. A. Blackstead, and I. Maartense
Critical Current Densities in Bi-2223 Sinter Forgings ............................................................ 685 B. L. Fisher, K. C. Goretta, N. C. Harris, U. Balachandran, and N. Murayama
Mechnical Strength of Fiber Added HTS Bulk ....................................................................... 691 K. Matsunaga, A. Nishimura, S. Satoh, and O. Motojima
Irreversibility Field and Apparent Pinning Potential in Superconducting Bi-2212 Single Crystal ............................................................................................................... 699
T. Matsushita, E. S. Otabe, T. Hirano, H. Mori, Y. Nakayama, J. Shimoyama, and K. Kishio
Effect of MgO Ultrafine Particles on Flux Pinning and Its Mechanism in Bi-2212 Bulk .............................................................................................................................. 707
B. Ni and Y. Tomishige
xi
Effect of Silver Interface on the Fonnation and Stability of HgPb 1223 Superconductors ........................................................................................................... 715
P. V. P. S. S. Sastry, Y. Li, 1. Su, K. W. Hamill, M. Chatard, and 1. Schwartz
AC Loss in Bi-2223 Superconducting Tapes in Alternating Magnetic Field .......................... 723 M. P. Oomen,1. Rieger, M. Leghissa, J. J. Rabbers, and B. ten Haken
AC Transport Current Loss of HTS Tape in a Multi-Tape Arrangement.. .............................. 731 S. Ishii, I. Okazaki, and O. Tsukamoto
Power Loss in AglBi-2223 Tape Due to AC Transport Current and AC External Magnetic Field ............................................................................................................. 739
M. Ciszek, O. Tsukamoto, N, Amemiya, D. Miyagi, J. Ogawa, M. Ueyama, and K. Hayashi
Effect of Critical Current Density Distribution on AC Transport Current ofHTS Wire .............................................................................................................................. 747
D. Miyagi, J. Ogawa, O. Tsukamoto, N. Amemiya, O. Kasuu, H. Ii, K. Takeda, and M. Shibuya
Influence ofIrradiation on the Superconducting Properties of Uranium Doped Bi2SQCa2Cu30x Tapes ............................................................................................... 755
S. Tonies, C. Klein, H. W. Weber, B. Zeimetz, Y. C. Gou, S. X. Dou, R. Sawh, Y. Ren, and R. Weinstein
Effect ofU-Doping Level on Flux Pinning and Radioactivity in Silver-Clad Bi-2223 Tapes Using Thennal Neutron Irradiation ..................................................... 761
S. X. Dou, Y. C. Guo, D. Marinaro, 1. W. Boldeman, 1. Horvat, P. Yao, R. Wei stein, A. Gandni, R. Sawh, and Y. Ren,
Current Distribution and Enhancement of the Engineering Critical Current Density in Multifilament Bi-2223 Tapes ..................................................................... 769
W. G. Wang, M. B. Jensen, B. Kindl, Y.-L. Liu, and P. Vase
Microstructure Dependence of Transport Characteristics of AgIBi2223 Tapes under Applying DC and AC Currents .......................................................................... 777
T. Horita, K. Osamura, N. Takeda, K. Ogawa, H. Tsurumaru, and A. Sakai
Properties of Low Thennal Loss Multifilamentary BSCCO(2223) Tapes with AgMgI AgAu Sheath for Current Leads ....................................................................... 785
W. Goldacker, R. Nast, J. Krelaus, R. Heller, and M. Tasca
Inhomogeneous Transport Critical Current Reduction in Bi-22l2/ Ag Monocore Tapes Due to Room Temperature Bending .................................................................. 793
M. Polak, A. A. Polyanskii, W. Zhang, E. E. Hellstrom, and D. C. Larbalestier
Comparison of AglBi-2223 Tapes Processed With and Without Hot-Pressing and Post-Annealing ............................................................................................................. 80 1
H. K. Liu, A. Polyanskii, R. Zeng, P. Yao, V. Rouessac, and S. X. Dou
Sweep Rate Dependence of Magnetic Hysteresis Curves in High-Te Superconductors with Peak Effect ............................................................................... 809
T. Sueyoshi, T. Fujiyoshi, K. Miyahara, and S. Awaji
The "Fishtail" Feature after Well Defined Changes in the Defect Structure of 123-Superconductors ................................................................................................... 817
F. M. Sauerzopf, M. Werner, H. Forster, and H. W. Weber
xii
High Temperature Superconductors: Applications
AC Losses in Advanced HTS Prototype Conductors for Superconducting Power Transmission Lines ...................................................................................................... 825
D. E. Daney, J. O. Willis, M. P. Maley, H. J. Boenig, R. Mele, G. Coletta, and M. Nassi
Decrease of AC Losses in High Tc Superconducting Tapes by Application of a DC Current ................................................................................................................... 831
B. des Ligneris, M. Aubin, J. Cave, W. Zhu, and P. Dolez
AC Losses in Magnets Wound from HTS Tape Conductors ................................................... 839 J. R. T. Lehtonen, J. A. J. Paasi, A. K. Korpela, J. Pitel, and P. Kovac
Development of Large Current Carrying Bi-2212 Tapes and Wires ....................................... 847 H. Kumakura, H. Kitaguchi, H. Miao, K. Togano, T. Koizumi, T. Hasegawa,
K. Ohata, J. Sato, K. Tanaka, and M. Okada
Evaluation of Super conducting Joint Resistance Between the Silver Sheathed Bi-2212 Multi-Filamentary Round Wires at Elevated Temperatures .......................... 857
R. Ogawa, T. Ohgaki, S. Sairote, N. Goto, T. Hase, S. Hayashi, and M. Shimada
Heat Treatment of AgMg- and Ag-Sheathed Bi2SQCaCu20x Tapes for a 3T Insert Magnet ............................................................................................................... 863
Q. Y. Hu and J. Schwartz
Long Length Manufacturing ofBSCCO-2223 Wire for Motor and Cable Applications ................................................................................................................. 871
L. Masur, E. Podtburg, D. Buczek, W. Carter, D. Daly, U. Kosasih, S-J. Loong, K. Manwiller, D. Parker, P. Miles, M. Tanner, and J. Scudiere
High Temperature Superconductors: Coated Conductors
Demonstration of High Current Density YBCO Coated Conductors on Re203-Buffered Ni Substrates with Two New Alternative Architectures ............................... 879
M. Paranthaman, R. Feenstra, D. F. Lee, D. B. Beach, J. S. Morrell, T. G. Chirayil, A. Goyal, X. Cui, D. T. Verebelyi, J. E. Mathis, P. M. Martin,
D. P. Norton, E. D. Specht, D. K. Christen, and D. M. Kroeger
Application of Melt Texturing to HTS Conductors ................................................................. 887 S. P. Athur, U. Balachandran, and K. Salama
Non-Vacuum, Sol-Gel Buffer Layers for YBCO Surface Coated Conductors ....................... 895 E. Celik, E. Avci, H. 1. Mutlu, and Y. S. Hascicek
YBa2Cu307 on Sputter Deposited Zr02 Buffered (100) Si-Processing and Characterization ........................................................................................................... 901
T. Khan, P. Brown, Yu. Vlasov, A. Lacambra, G. L. Larkins, Jr., P. Stampe, and R. Kennedy
Development of C-Axis Textured YBCO on Unoriented Metallic Substrate ......................... 907 X. Wen, D. Qu, and D. Shi
Low Temperature Superconductors: NbTi
High Field Performance of Conventionally Processed Niobium-Titanium Conductors Containing Artificially-Introduced Niobium Pinning Sites ..................... 915
M. K. Rudziak and T. Wong
xiii
Metallurgy of the Nb-Ti-Ta Ternary Superconducting System ............................................... 923 W. H. Warnes and L. Na
Electric Characteristics of Contact Junctions Between Superconductors ................................ 931 M. Takayasu and J. V. Minervini
Multifilamentary Wires Based on Binary NbTi and Ternary NbTiTa Alloys ......................... 939 L. V. Potanina, G. P. Vedernikov, A. K. Shikov, V. Yu. Korpusov,
S. V. Scherbakov, S. 1. Novikov, and M. S. Novikov
Electrical Resistance Oscillation Provoking by the Plastic Flow Instability in (Ti-Al-Zr-Nb) Alloy at 4.2 K ....................................................................................... 947
M. E. Bosin, F. F. Lavrentev, and V. N. Nikiforenko
Low Temperature Superconductors: A-1S Compounds
Quench Behavior ofNb3Sn Wires in a Cryocooled Superconducting Magnet ....................... 951 K. Watanabe, S. Awaji, M. Motokawa, T. Kaneko, T. Seto, S. Murase,
S. Shimamoto, and T. Saito
Evolutions of Grains during the Heat Treatments ofInternal-Tin Nb3Sn ............................... 959 R. Taillard and A. Ustinov
High-Field Pinning Properties in Ohmically-Heated Nb3Al Tape Superconductors ........................................................................................................... 96 7
N. Harada, H. Taira, K. Osaki, N. Tada, G. Iwaki, and K. Watanabe
Trial to Incorporate Cu Stabilizer in Rapid-Quenching Processed Nb3Al Wires .................... 975 K. Tagawa, T. Takeuchi, T. Kiyoshi, K. Hoh, H. Wada, and K. Nakagawa
High Strength (Nb,TihSn Superconducting Wire Reinforced by Nb/Cu Composite .................................................................................................................... 981
G. Iwaki, M. Kimura, H. Moriai, K. Asano, K. Watanabe, and M. Motokawa
Internal-Tin Nb3Sn Superconductors Designed for Fusion Application ................................. 989 V. I. Pantsymyi, A. D. Nikulin, A. K. Shikov, A. E. Vorobieva, S. V. Soudiev,
G. P. Vedernikov, E. 1. Plashkin, and E. V. Nikulenkov
Fabrication and Processing ofNb3Al Precursor Strands ......................................................... 995 E. Gregory and A. R. Austen
Positive Field and Temperature Dependencies of Critical Current Density in V 3Ga and Nb3AI .......................................................................................................... 1 003
T. Takeuchi, K. Itoh, K. Tagawa, N. Banno, M. Kosuge, M. Yuyama, F. Matsumoto, and H. Wada
Progress in the Pilot-Scale Production of High-Temperature-Processed Nb3Al Strand ......... 1011 F. Buta, M. D. Sumption, M. Tomsic, and E. W. Collings
Magnetisation ofNb3Sn Wires using a Hall Probe and an Inductive Measurement Technique ..................................................................................................................... 1019
M. Foit!, L. Jansak, A. Kaszt!er, H. Kirchmayr, I. Kral, L. Krempasky, J. Kvitkovic, and M. Polak
New High-Field Nb3Sn Superconductors with Ta Substitution for Nb ................................... 1027 K. Tachikawa, T. Yokoyama, T. Kato, and H. Matsumoto
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Low Temperature Superconductors: AC Losses, Stability, and Current Distribution
Applicability of a "Simple Electromagnetic Method" to AC Loss Measurements in More General Electromagnetic Configurations ....................................................... 1035
K. Kajikawa, H. Shiraishi, A. Takenaka, M. Iwakuma, and K. Funaki
Low Temperature Superconducting Cables
Coupling Current Control in Stabrite-Coated NbTi Rutherford Cables by Varying the Width of a Stainless Steel Core .............................................................................. 1 043
M. D. Sumption, E. W. Collings, A. Nijhuis, and R. M. Scanlan
Effect of Actual Cabling Pattern on the Critical Current of Multistage CIC .......................... .1051 T. Schild, D. Ciazynski, and S. Court
Modeling of the Induced Loop Current in CICC (Cable-In-Conduit Conductor) Superconducting Magnet ............................................................................................. 1059
S. Jeong, S. Kim, and T. K. Ko
Influence of Multistrand Superconducting Cable's Design on Its Stability ........................... .1067 V. S. Vysotsky, K. Funaki, Yu. A. Ilyin, K. Kajikawa, M. Iwakuma,
M. Takeo, and T. Kumano
AC Loss and Current Distribution Characteristics of Co-Axial Multi-Layer Cable Conductor ..................................................................................................................... 1 075
S. Fukui, T. Hirasawa, M. Yamaguchi, T. Satoh, and T. Takao
Surface Oxidation and Interstrand Contact Resistance ofCr-Coated Nb3Sn and Bare NbTi Strands in CCIC's ...................................................................................... 1083
A. Nijhuis and H. H. J. ten Kate
Study of Strand Critical Current Degradation in a Rutherford Type Nb3Sn Cable ................ .l091 E. Barzi, C. Boffo, D. R. Chichili, J. P. Ozelis, R. M. Scanlan, H. C. Higley
and A. V. Zlobin
Indexes
Author Index ............................................................................................................................ 1099
Materials Index ........................................................................................................................ 11 03
Subject Index ........................................................................................................................... 1105
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PREFACE
The 1999 Joint Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC) and International Cryogenic Materials Conference (ICMC) were held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada from July 12th to July 16th. The joint conference theme was "Cryogenics into the Next Millennium". The total conference attendance was 797 with participation from 28 countries.
As with previous joint CEC and ICMC Conferences, the participants were able to benefit from the joint conference's coverage of cryogenic applications and materials and their interactions. The conference format of plenary, oral and poster presentations, and an extensive commercial exhibit, the largest in CEC-ICMC history, aimed to promote this synergy. The addition of short courses, workshops, and a discussion meeting enabled participants to focus on some of their specialties. The technical tour, organized by Suzanne Gendron, was of Hydro-Quebec's research institute laboratories near Montreal. In keeping with the conference venue the entertainment theme was Jazz, culminating in .the performance of Vic Vogel and his Jazz Big Band at the conference banquet.
This 1999 ICMC Conference was chaired by Julian Cave of IREQ - Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Quebec, and the Program Chair and Vice-Chair were Michael Green of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Balu Balachandran of the Argonne National Laboratory respectively. We especially appreciate the contributions of both the CEC and ICMC Boards and the conference managers, Centennial Conferences, under the supervision of Paula Pair and Kim Bass, in making this conference a success.
The ICMC plenary sessions were on Superconductivity - the first, on the Fundamental Factors that Determine the Specifications of Superconductors for Power Engineering Applications was presented by Professor Jan Evetts of the University of Cambridge, UK. The second, on High Voltage in Superconducting Power Equipment -Prospects and Limits was given by Professor Juergen Gerhold of the Technical University of Graz, Austria. Addressing these topics was timely in view of the increasing effort that is being made worldwide to advance the uses of superconductivity in power engineering and utility applications. Many of the technical papers - on materials, applications and economics, also reflected this tendency in addition to an extensive coverage of both low and high temperature superconductivity and cryogenic materials and testing.
The joint CEC-ICMC Conferences are held biennially, the next conference will be held in 2001 in Madison, Wisconsin with Eric Hellstrom of the University of Wisconsin as ICMC Chairman. In June 2000 the ICMC Conference, chaired by Roberto Nicolsky of the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, will be dedicated to the special topic of Superconductors for Applications, Materials Properties and Devices.
We thank all those concerned with the publications procedure, and especially Vicky Bardos for her work in preparing this volume for you in a timely fashion.
Julian Cave Conference Chairman
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EDITORIAL
Since 1954 Advances in Cryogenic Engineering has been the archival publication of papers presented at the biennial CECIICMC conferences. The publication includes invited, unsolicited, and government sponsored research papers in the research areas of superconductors and structural materials for cryogenic applications. All of the papers published must (1) be presented at the conference, (2) pass the review process, and (3) report previously unpublished theoretical studies, reviews, or measurements of material properties at low temperatures.
Two or more specialists review each paper and assess its value to the scientific community, and correctness in presentation. Reviewers return their comments to the appropriate technical editor who decides whether to accept, reject or return the manuscript to the author for revision. Only on the positive recommendation of two reviewers is the paper accepted. If one review is positive and one is negative, a third independent review is solicited. Authors must make changes deemed mandatory by the reviewers. To ensure objectivity, the names of the reviewers are withheld from the author, and from each other.
Advances in Cryogenic Engineering resides throughout the world in the libraries of most institutions that conduct research and development in cryogenic engineering and applied superconductivity.
Nearly two hundred contributed and invited talks covering all aspects of cryogenic materials research were presented at the 1999 ICMC; 141 papers are published in this volume. The Technical Editors for this publication are Balu Balachandra: HTS Materials & Conductors, Donald Gubser: LTS Materials & Conductors, and Ted Hartwig: Structural Materials & Composites. I would like to extend my appreciation to Melinda Adams of the University of Wisconsin for her assistance in the conference Publications Office. On behalf of the Technical Editors and myself, I would like to thank Marilyn Stieg for the skillful rewriting of several papers, which for an assortment of reasons could not be corrected by the authors.
The next CECIICMC joint conference (held biennially) will be held in Madison, Wisconsin, on July 16-20, 2001. Eric Hellstrom (University of Wisconsin) will be the ICMC Chairman, and Robert Witt (University of Wisconsin) will be the CEC Chairman.
Victoria A. Bardos Managing Editor
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BEST PAPER A WARDS
Awards for the best papers of the 1997 ICMC Proceedings, Advances in Cryogenic Engineering-Materials, Volume 44, were presented at the 1999 conference. From those
nominated by the editors, the Awards Committee selected one paper from each of three categories: Low Temperature Superconductors, High Temperature Superconductors and
Structural Materials. In addition, the Program Committee selected two meritorious papers from the 1999 Conference representing the work of students. With pleasure we acknowledge these authors for their exemplary contributions.
BEST PAPERS - VOLUME 44
A New Technique to Fabricate Multifilament Nb3Sn
Superconductor using Cabled Monocore Subelements D. Yu, K. DeMoranville, M. Takayasu, and T. Wong
Supercon, Inc. Shrewsbury, MA, USA
Studies of the Bi(2223) Phase Formation Mechanism in Pb Substituted and Pb-Free Bulk Samples and in Ag-Sheathed Tapes
R. FIOkiger, lC. Grivel, G. Grasso, and D. Grindatto University of Geneva Geneve, Switzerland
Optimization Studies on Ag-Cu High Strength Conductors F. Heringhaus, S.O. Prestemon, G. Gottstein, and H-l Schneider-Muntau
National High Magnetic Field Laboratory/Florida State University Tallahassee, FL, USA
STUDENT MERITORIOUS PAPER - VOLUME 46
Magnetothennal Properties of DYS(Six Gel - J4 Alloys V. V. I vtchenko, V. K. Pecharsky, and K. A. Gschneidner, Jr.
Iowa State University/AMES Laboratory Ames, Iowa, USA
Viscoelastic Behaviour of Unidirectional Fiber Composites at Low Temperatures
Z. Zhang and G. Hartwig University oj Sciences and Technology ojChina
Department oj Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering Hejei, Anhu1230026, PRC
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International Cryogenic Materials Conference
1999 BOARD OF DIRECTORS
U. Balu Balachandran Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, Illinois, USA
Julian Cave IREQ Hydro-Quebec Varennes, QUE, Canada
Alan F. Clark National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado, USA
Edward Collings Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio, USA
Lance Cooley University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin, USA
David Evans Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Chilton, Oxon, England
Herbert C. Freyhardt University of Gottingen Gottingen, Germany
Donald Gubser Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC, USA
Gunther Hartwig Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe Karlsrnhe, Germany
K. Theodore Hartwig Texas A&M University College Station, Texas, USA
Michael Green Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California, USA
Eric E. Hellstrom University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Yi-YiLi Institute of Metal Research Shenyang, People's Republic of China
Hiroshi Maeda Tohoku University Katahira, Sendia, Japan
Roberto Nicokky Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Xavier Obradors ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra, Spain
Toichi Okada Osaka University lbaraki, Osaka, Japan
Richard P. Reed Cryogenic Materials, Inc Boulder, Colorado, USA
K. Tachikawa Tokai University Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
Herman 1. H. ten Kate University of Twente Enschede, The Netherlands
xxiii