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Advances in Biological Carbon Capture and Use:A Path to Economically Viable CO2 Mitigation
for Fossil Power?
2016 NASEO Energy Policy Outlook ConferenceFebruary 11, 2016
Matt CarrExecutive Director
Algae Biomass Organization | www.algaebiomass.org
The Challenge
Reduce GHG emissions from fossil power generation and other industrial sources…
Economically
Future solutions…
Algae Biomass Organization www.algaebiomass.org
drawn from the past
Algae Biomass Organization | www.algaebiomass.org
What are Algae?
Algae
Some of earliest life on Earth
Highly diverse set of organisms
• Estimated 50,000+ species
Size: microscopic (microalgae) to large seaweeds (macroalgae)e.g. giant kelp
Microalgae include:
• Cyanobacteria (blue-green)
• Green, brown and red algae
Algae Biomass Organization | www.algaebiomass.org
What are Algae?
Algae
Mostly photosynthetic
• Sunlight + CO2 (autotrophic)
Some feed on sugars…
• Heterotrophic
…or do both
• Mixotrophic
Algae Biomass Organization | www.algaebiomass.org
What are Algae?
Algae
Exceptionally fast-growing• Mature in days vs. months/years
Exceptionally productive
Why Algae: Yield
Comparison of Feedstock Crops
Plant
AverageBiomass
Yields
(MT / ha / yr)
Oil Content
(% dry mass)
Sugar / Starch
Content
(% dry mass)
Energy Content of Oil / Sugar /
Starch
(boe / 1000ha / day)
Protein Content
(% dry mass)
Soy/Soy oil 1 - 2.5 20% 18% 3 - 8 37%
Rapeseed 3 40% NA 22 23%
Palm/Palm oil 19 20% NA 63 15%
Jatropha 7.5 - 10 30 - 50% NA 40 - 100 24 - 28%
Corn 10 - 12 4% 75% 240 - 300 4 - 14%
Sugarcane 60 - 70 NA 12 - 16% 230 - 370 3 - 4%
Microalgae 40 - 100+ 25 - 50%+ 15 - 25% 330 - 785+ 25 - 60%+
ALGAE
<500
1kg
WaterFootprint(Liters)
Emissions(kg CO2e)
LandUse(m2)
Grain forFeed(kg)
Sources: Water www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/productgallery; emissions and land use UK DEFRA (2006), http://goo.gl/T12.ho; grain National Geographic, http://goo.gl/4CgFB; Algae, Cellana estimates
<0.25Negative
Why Algae: SustainabilityLowest Carbon, Water, & Arable Land Footprints of Any Crop
Algae Biomass Organization | www.algaebiomass.org
The Biological Capture and Utilization Opportunity
Algae
CO2 eating machines…
2,000 acres of algae consume as much CO2 as 40,000,000 trees• 1.2 tonnes of CO2 per acre-year consumed by average US forest vs. 75 tonnes/ac-yr for direct-to-ethanol• Equivalent to 125,000 acres of average US forest• Based on EPA Estimates
Algae Biomass Organization | www.algaebiomass.org
The Algae CO2 Utilization Opportunity
Algae
Factory for production of:
o oils
o proteins
o other high-value products
Can produce …100 gallons biofuel per ton CO2
Algae Biomass Organization | www.algaebiomass.org
The Algae CO2 Utilization Opportunity
Product value from algae conversion:> $200 / ton CO2
Today: Algae developers buy CO2 (at $40+ / ton) as a feedstock
Industrial CO2 Challenge + Algae = Opportunity
Platinum Members
Gold Members
Diamond Members
Corporate Members
• Pilot project at Duke’s East Bend Coal-powered Generating Station
• Recently awarded $1 million DOE Fossil Energy Grant
Beneficial Re-use of Carbon Using Microalgae University of Kentucky / Duke Energy
Algal Biomass Organization | www.algalbiomass.org
Co-located with naptha / fuel oil-powered steam-injected combustion turbine power plant
Confidential
Gas Feed Stream
Gas Reception Compression Fermentation Recovery ProductTank
Gas fermentation technology
converts
C-rich gases to fuels and
chemicals
Proprietary
Microbe
• Multiple demonstration plants at various scales
• First commercial facility under construction in Belgium
40,000 combined hours on streamMultiple runs exceeding 2000 hours
Algae Biomass Organization | www.algaebiomass.org
State of Algae Carbon Utilization Technology
Algenol Biofuels
• 2-acre commercial demonstration in Lee County, FL
• Pilot demo at Reliance petroleum refinery in India
• Received EPA approval as advanced biofuel with 69% GHG reduction vs. gasoline
• 5-acre commercial demonstration in Shenandoah, IA, co-located with Green Plains corn ethanol plant
• Continuous operation since 2009 utilizing waste CO2, waste heat, waste nutrients
• Markets: Fuel, fish/animal feed
Algae Biomass Organization | www.algaebiomass.org
State of Algae Carbon Utilization Technology
BioProcess Algae
TerraSync™ Advanced Plant Trials - Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Science
Chongming Qianwei Eco-Farm
YosemiteMelons
Germination 2X
Early Growth 2.5X
Plant Size & Density 3X
Early Melon Maturity 2X
Mature Melon Size 1.4X
Mature Melon Weight 1.5X
Taste (blind panel test) 14:1
200 Acre Algae Biofertilizer Demonstration – Arizona Farm
12 Weeks to harvest and a week sooner to market
WithAlgae
Biofertilizer WithoutAlgae
Biofertilizer
• Algae cultivated in simple PBR’s adjacent to the melon field• Algae distributed through drip irrigation system
Algae Biomass Organization | www.algaebiomass.org
State of Algae Carbon Utilization Technology
Technology Maturation / Demonstration
• DOE-funded integrated algae biorefinery commercial demonstration projects in
o Florida (Algenol Biofuels)
o New Mexico (Sapphire Energy)
• Pilot demonstrations with flue gas from variety of industrial sources
o Coal, other power plants
o Cement, steel
o Ethanol
Algae Biomass Organization | www.algaebiomass.org
State of Algae Carbon Utilization Technology
Technology Maturation / Demonstration• Contracts with major refiners
Algae Biomass Organization | www.algaebiomass.org
State of Algae Carbon Utilization Technology
Product Diversification
Bioplastics• Algix manufacturing plant
opens in Mississippi
Biofertilizers• Accelergy validating
Terrasync terrestrial sequestration platform
Human / Animal Nutrition• Synthetic Genomics , ADM
to produce omega-3s
Algae Biomass Organization | www.algaebiomass.org
State of Algae Carbon Utilization Technology
Strategic Partnerships / Globalization
Sapphire / Sinopec• Validate and deploy
in China
Heliae / Sincere Corp• Build first commercial
facility in Japan
Solazyme / Bunge• Manufacturing plant
online in Brazil
Algae Biomass Organization | www.algaebiomass.org
Algae Facilities in U.S. and Canada
Algae Biomass Organization | www.algaebiomass.org
Clean Power Plan as Economic Opportunity
CPP Final Rules
• Include Carbon Capture and Use (CCU) as a compliance option
• Specifically recognize algae CCU as a potential platform
• Establish procedure to qualify CCU projects
Algae Biomass Organization | www.algaebiomass.org
What Needs to Happen
State(s) include CCU in their compliance plan
• Perhaps as part of an “innovative technologies” bucket?
Establish approved accounting methodology
• Have a key state take the lead?
Increased federal funding forR&D and scale-up
• FY16 U.S. Senate Energy Appropriations includes $10 million for CCU
Algae Biomass Organization | www.algaebiomass.org
Conclusions
Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) via algae and other micro-organisms offers an economically attractive CO2 mitigation option for new and existing sources
Clean Power Plan lays groundwork for commercial deployment
Opportunity for states to substantially reduce, or even offset, portion of compliance cost
Algae Biomass Organization | www.algaebiomass.org
Learn More – RecycleCarbon.org
Algae Biomass Organization | www.algaebiomass.org
2016 Algae Biomass Summit
Phoenix, ArizonaOctober 23 - 27, 2016