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7/31/2019 Advanced Vehicle Technologies Final
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Advanced Vehicle
Technologies
Prof.Ravi Kumar Puli
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Advanced Vehicle Technologies
Battery Electric
Vehicles
Range Extended
Electric VehiclesPlug-in Hybrids
Fuel Cell Vehicles
Other Fuel EconomyImprovements
Idle Reduction
Hydrogen Internal
Combustion EngineAdvanced ICEs
Other technologies
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Technology Adoption Roadmap
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
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Evolution of Plug in Electric Vehicles
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Plug-In Hybrid Technology (PHEVs) Combines the propulsion capabilities of traditional
combustion engine with an electric motor
Can be charged with electricity and run under engine power
like traditional hybrid electric vehicles
PHEVs are powered by two energy sources
An energy conversion unit (such as an internal
combustion engine or fuel cell) and
A motor driven by an energy storage device (usually
batteries)
Energy conversion unit can be powered by gasoline, diesel,
compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or other fuels
Batteries are charged by plugging into a standard 110-volt
electrical outlet Ability to be charged by the energy conversion unit when
needed
PHEVs have larger battery packs than conventional hybrid
During daily driving, most of a PHEVs power comes from the
stored electricity
The engine kicks on when longer trips are required
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Plug-In Hybrid Technology (PHEVs)
PROS
Ability to plug into a standard 110-volt
electric outlet (capability conventional
hybrid vehicles dont have)
Eliminates range anxiety associatedwith all electric vehicles
Qualifies for purchase incentives
CONS
Not considered as Zero Emission vehicle
Additional cost, weight and size of the
battery pack
Still dependent on fossil fuels
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Range Extended Electric Vehicle Technology
A plug-in hybrid with a small internal combustion engine or other secondary sourceconnected to a generator to recharge the batteries and allow for extended distancedriving
The onboard generator is present onlyto recharge the batteries i.e. does not drive thevehicles
The onboard generator kicks ON when battery charge depletes and extend the rangeof the electric vehicle.
The onboard generator can be anything that produces power: gasoline engine, diesel,ethanol, or even a hydrogen fuel cell
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Range Extended Electric Vehicles
PROS Efficiency of an electric drive-train
Zero emission operation for the mostpart (~40 miles)
Long driving range possible
Does not depend on recharging
infrastructure
CONS Are not considered true zero emissions
vehicles (except for fuel cells)
Complex engineering integration of thesoftware and hardware required tomake things run smoothly
High initial costs compared toconventional ICE vehicles due to addedparts and complexity
Chevy Volt Fisker Karma
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Benefits of EVs
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Lower CO2 footprint; can be zero with renewable fuel source
3-5 x more efficient, regardless of electricity source
Important enabler for energy security
Zero emission important for cities
Cleaner
No visits to the dealership! (oil changes, etc. first
maintenance at 50,000 km) 2 cents per mile operating cost
Far fewer wearing parts than gasoline car
Cheaper toDrive
Instant torque
Unparalled driveability in all conditions
Ability to adapt to driver preferences
Faster
Enables new benefits and features (pre-heat, pre-cool)
Charge me now, charge me later, charge me free
Earn money from Li-ion battery during use and 2nd
life
Connected
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Battery Electric Vehicle TechnologyPROS
No tailpipe emissions (its doesnt have atailpipe!)
Operating cost is less than conventionalvehicles
Batteries can be recharged
Recaptures braking energy throughregenerative braking
Reduces toxic materials sent to landfills Cost pennies to charge vs. dollars at the gas
pump
Offers a quiet, smooth, and high-performancedriving experience
Faster acceleration
Eligible for purchase incentives
CONS BEVs initial cost is significantly more than
gasoline vehicles
Electrical transmission and distribution reduces
overall efficiency and energy source is a
concern
High battery cost: Large battery packs are
expensive and battery life is a concern for
customers
Driving range: Range limitations of 100-200
miles per charge depending on battery type and
size and driving conditions
Recharge time: Fully recharging the battery pack
can take 8 to 10 hours
Mitsubishi MiEV Nissan Leaf
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Fuel Cell Vehicle Technology
Uses a completely different
propulsion system than
conventional vehicles
The fuel cell stack combines the
Hydrogen gas stored onboard
with oxygen from the air toproduce electricity that drives
the electric motor
Batteries are also used to store
regenerated energy from braking
Needs refueling infrastructure
Honda FCX Clarity
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Fuel Cell Vehicle Technology
Energy efficient up to 3 times more energy
efficient than gas engines
Quick recharging capabilities
Driving range comparable to conventional vehicles
Produces no harmful exhaust emissions
Combustion leads to byproducts Water vapor
that does not damage the environment
Qualifies for alternative fuel vehicle tax credit
Simplicity of design, with no moving parts, offers
the benefits of quiet operation and reliability Hydrogen can be produced a number of ways
domestically, relieving the stress of overseas
petrochemical dependence
Benefits
Honda FCX Clarity
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Fuel Cell Vehicle Technology
PROS Emission byproducts are environmental
friendly (water vapor)
Range comparable to conventionalvehicles
Qualifies for alternative fuel vehicle taxcredit
Generates electrical power quietly andefficiently, without pollution
CONS Component pieces of a fuel cell are
costly
Durability issues
Fuel cell ability to operate in extreme
temperatures and humidity a concern Need to develop refueling
infrastructure
Safety concerns with hydrogen tankonboard
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Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine
An alternative fuel vehicle that uses hydrogen
fuel for motive power
An internal combustion engine is modified to
use Hydrogen as fuel
Sometimes considered as an interim
technology that will bridge the gap betweentoday's gasoline-powered internal combustion
engine (ICE) vehicles and fuel cell vehicles
Vehicle uses a tank to store hydrogen that
needs to be refueled externally
Ford Model U Hydrogen ICE Concept
Ford Hydrogen Powered Shuttle Bus
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Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine
PROS Requires a slight modification of
conventional engine
Range comparable to conventional
vehicles
Generates electrical power quietly andefficiently, without pollution
Extremely low tailpipe emissions
CONS Driving range is not comparable to a
conventional vehicle
Hydrogen tanks require more spacethan gasoline tanks
Need to develop refueling
infrastructure Safety concerns with hydrogen tank
onboard
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hydrogen_vehicle.jpg7/31/2019 Advanced Vehicle Technologies Final
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Techniques to Reduce Emissions
Source: PWC report on Climate change
Fuel economy
improvement
techniques
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Advanced Internal Combustion Engines
Improvements in energy efficiency and
emissions reduction continue
Because of their relatively low cost, high
performance, and ability to use renewable
fuels (e.g. ethanol and biodiesel)
conventional vehicles with combustion
engines will dominate
Through the commercialization of advanced
engines, the US can cut its transportation
fuel use by 20-40%, resulting in greater
economic, environmental and energy
security
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Five Fuel Saving Technologies
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1. Clean DieselDiesel engines are 25-35% moreefficient than conventional (sparkignited) gasoline engines. Despitetheir far superior fuel economy,diesel cars have never been apopular choice in the U.S. Thats
because the first time diesel carscame to our shores in any realnumbers, they rightfully earned areputation as loud, stinky, slow
machines. Since then, dieseltechnology has progressed greatly.The latest diesel catalysts
Mercedes-Benz E320 BlueTec 3.0-literturbocharged V-6 diesel engine
successfully reduce NOx levels, making new diesels some of the cleanest carson the road. A second device, known as a particulate trap, takes care of theairborne dust.
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Five Fuel Saving technologies
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2. Direct InjectionIt differs from standard fuel injection,a.k.a. port injection, by injecting fueldirectly into each of the already air-filled cylinders. Direct injection
improves fuel efficiency and willgenerally yield more power whencompared with a port-injectedengine of similar displacement anddesign.
Ford EcoBoost direct-injection system
Fuel efficiency is improved because
the system can more preciselyregulate how much fuel is neededat any given time and can accountfor the minute differences amongthe individual cylinders.
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Five Fuel Saving Technologies
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3. Variable Displacement/CylinderDeactivationAn engine capable of variabledisplacement changes the number ofcylinders it runs on, in turn changingthe effective displacement. Fuel flow
to the inactive cylinders is cut, and thevalves are deactivated. With fewercylinders to fill, fuel economyimproves.
Engines with variable displacement
include Chryslers Hemi V-8s, GMs V-6s and V-8s, and Hondas 3.5-liter V-6
2008 Honda Accord 3.5-liter VTEC V-6 engine
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Five Fuel Saving Technologies
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5. Variable Valve Timing and Lift
Variable Valve Timing and Liftcontrols the timing, duration andthe height of the opening andclosing valves used to let air andfuel into an engine and exhaustfumes out. This provides better
regulation and control of anengines fuel efficiency andpower. Certain valve timingproduces better fuel efficiency,and different timing producesmore power. An engine equipped
with variable valve timing canoperate at an efficient level while
Variable Valve Timing mechanism cutaway
at low rpm and really turn the power up when needed. Like a turbocharger,this technology does not directly save gas but rather adds power to enginesthat are already efficient.
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Fuel Economy Improvements
In addition to choosing fuel-efficient vehicles, there are other strategies
drivers and fleets can employ to improve fuel economy. Some of these
strategies include:
Installing low rolling resistance tires to improve the fuel economy of
light-duty vehicles
Tracking your fleet's fuel consumption through automated vehicle
data collection devices that track fuel economy, maintenance
schedules, and fleet performance
Web-based monitoring tools that control, track, and manage fuel and
vehicle maintenance costs based on fleet card transactions
Synthetic oils designed to improve fuel economy in light-duty vehicles
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Idle Reduction
Idling vehicles use up to several billion gallons offuel and emit large quantities of air pollution and
greenhouse gases each year
Reducing idle time saves fuel, engine wear, and
money while reducing emissions and noise
Idle reduction is typically used to describe
technologies and practices that reduce the amountof time heavy duty trucks idle their engines.
However, light- and medium-duty vehicles can
benefit from idle reduction strategies as well
A variety of technologies are employed to reduce
this fuel use
Onboard equipment such as automatic engine stop-start controls and auxiliary power units can be used
wherever the vehicle might be
Truck stop electrification enables trucks to hook up to
stations that provide power and other amenities
Truck Stop Electrification
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Other Technologies
Merging of Alternative Fuel Technologies
Development of natural gas-powered hybrid-drivetrucks and busesHybrid drive systems both electric- and hydraulic-powered, appear to have promise in the heavy-dutysector. Applications include buses, trash trucks and othervocational work trucks
H/CNG engine development workHydrogen blending with CNG shows promise as anemissions reduction strategy. We may see H/CNG carveout a more significant role in the future.
New applications for existing technologies Electric and Hybrid drives are being developed for other
applications e.g. Fork Lifts
Supporting technology development
New storage materials for CNG (low pressure)There are a variety of different techniques beinginvestigated to store CNG at lower pressures in molecularcapture technologies (non-cylinder type storagemediums) Hybrid Lift Truck
Prius Natural Gas Hybrid
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THANK YOU