Advanced Nuclear Energy R&D: Needs, Status, · PDF fileOperating Nuclear Plants Most New Construction Today 16 ... Ad hoc Group on the Safety of Advanced Reactors NUCLEAR SCIENCE DIVISION

© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Advanced Nuclear Energy R&D: Needs, Status, Observations

William D. Magwood, IV Director-General

Nuclear Energy Agency

Strategic Working Group on Japan’s Fast Reactor Activities

4 July 2017

資料1

© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development © 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •*

The NEA: 31 Countries Seeking Excellence in Nuclear Safety, Technology, and Policy

•31 member countries + key partners (e.g., China)

•7 standing committees and 75 working parties and expert groups

•The NEA Data Bank - providing nuclear data, code, and verification services

•21 international joint projects (e.g., the Halden Reactor Project in Norway)

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Nuclear Science Committee

NSC

© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 3

NEA Standing Committees

The NEA's committees bring together top governmental officials and technical specialists from NEA member countries and strategic partners to solve difficult problems, establish best practices and to promote international collaboration.


21 Major Joint Projects (Involving countries from within and beyond NEA membership)

• Nuclear safety research and experimental data (e.g., thermal-hydraulics, fuel behaviour, severe accidents).

• Nuclear safety databases (e.g., fire, common-cause failures).

• Nuclear science (e.g., thermodynamics of advanced fuels).

• Radioactive waste management (e.g., thermochemical database).

• Radiological protection (e.g., occupational exposure).

• Halden Reactor Project (fuels and materials, human factors research, etc.)

Major NEA Separately Funded Activities

NEA Serviced Organisations

• Generation IV International Forum (GIF) with the goal to improve sustainability (including effective fuel utilisation and minimisation of waste), economics, safety and reliability, proliferation resistance and physical protection.

• Multinational Design Evaluation Programme (MDEP) initiative by national safety authorities to leverage their resources and knowledge for new reactor design reviews.

• International Framework for Nuclear Energy Cooperation (IFNEC) forum for international discussion on wide array of nuclear topics involving both developed and emerging economies.

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IEA 2°C Scenario: Nuclear is Required to Provide the Largest Contribution to Global Electricity in 2050

Source: Energy Technology Perspectives 2014

Source: IEA

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2015 NEA/IEA Technology Roadmap

• Provides an overview of global nuclear energy today.

• Identifies key technological milestones and innovations that can support significant growth in nuclear energy.

• Identifies potential barriers to expanded nuclear development.

• Provides recommendations to policy-makers on how to reach milestones & address barriers.

• Case studies developed with experts to support recommendations.

Contents and Approaches

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• Distortions and failures in electricity markets that impact financial competitiveness of baseload plants

• Persistent questions about long-term operation of current plants and constructability of Gen III/Gen III+ plants

• Unanswered questions about technology, cost, and regulatory issues regarding SMRs, Gen IV reactors, and other advanced technologies

• In some countries, public acceptance concerns about safety in the aftermath of the Fukushima accident

• Continuing international concerns about non-proliferation associated with expanded use of civilian nuclear power

• Ongoing challenges in many countries regarding long-term high level waste storage and disposal

What Are the Barriers to Large Global Expansion?

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• Distortions and failures in electricity markets that impact financial competitiveness of baseload plants

• Persistent questions about long-term operation of current plants and constructability of Gen III/Gen III+ plants

• Unanswered questions about technology, cost, and regulatory issues regarding SMRs, Gen IV reactors, and other advanced technologies

• In some countries, public acceptance concerns about safety in the aftermath of the Fukushima accident

• Continuing international concerns about non-proliferation associated with expanded use of civilian nuclear power

• Ongoing challenges in many countries regarding long-term high level waste storage and disposal

What Are the Major Barriers?

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Nuclear Waste and Nonproliferation: A Review of the Facts

• When civilian nuclear power was developed in the 1950s, recycling of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) was an integral aspect of the vison.

• While not ideal, plutonium from civilian SNF can be extracted for weapons purposes.

• The increased use of civilian plants does not necessarily increase proliferation risks.

• Disposal of SNF in geologic repositories is practical and technically implementable.

• But direct disposal of SNF does not eliminate all potential proliferation concerns.

• Closure of the fuel cycle with advance technologies would burn nearly all fissile material in SNF – assuring it is not misused and not able to enter the environment.

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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development •*

Direct Disposal of Spent Fuel: Benefits and Barriers

Potential Benefits

•Strong science and

technology base.

•Clearly able to isolate

radiological materials for

many thousands of years.

•Can accept any nuclear

waste materials in many

forms.

•Can be implemented in

many locations.

•Pro

Barriers and Issues

•Siting is a significant political

challenge in most countries

•Loses about 95 percent of

the energy value of fuel

•Must assure isolation of

long-lived species up about 1

million years

•Leaves Pu-239 intact and

increasingly accessible as

fission products decay

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Current Reprocessing Technology: Benefits and Barriers

Potential Benefits

•Reduces HLW Volume

•Reduces actinide content of

HLW

•Waste is easily stored and

managed (vitrified logs)

•Enables use of 25 to 30%

more energy than once-

through fuel cycle

•Enhances energy security

•Pro

Barriers and Issues

•Concerns about separated

plutonium

•Could encourage global

expansion of reprocessing

•Concerns about

environmental impacts

•Does not significantly reduce

repository requirements

•Cost

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Advanced Recycling Technology: Partitioning and Transmutation

•In contrast to current reprocessing technology, advanced P&T can:

– dramatically alter long-term HLW disposition by reducing radiotoxicity and heat load in addition to volume

– reduce the monitoring period of final repositories to timescales within human experience

– simplify long-term safety issues associated with final disposition (elimination of most actinides and potentially some long-lived fission products)

– create pathways for secure and easily monitored use of nuclear materials

– Multi-recycle of transuranics can lead to very high utilization of energy content of uranium fuel – providing for an estimated 1000 year energy resource.

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Advanced Recycling Technology: Benefits and Barriers

Enhanced Benefits

•Reduces HLW Volume and

toxicity—complete change in

disposal requirements

•Enables use of 90% or more

of energy contained in fuel

resources

•Potentially more proliferation

resistant than direct disposal

•Pro

Issues to be Addressed

•Still requires further R&D

and commercial-scale

demonstration

•Non-proliferation community

remains largely opposed to

any recycling

•Cost, commercialization,

implementation – all

unproven

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© 2017 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 14

NEA joint projects

in the nuclear

science area

under development:

Thermodynamic

Characterization Of Fuel

debris and Fission

products based on

scenario analysis of

severe accident

progression at Fukushima

Daiichi NPP (TCOFF)

NEA Education and Skills

& Technology (NEST)

Framework

NEA Nuclear Science Activities


NEA Nuclear Science Committee: Continuing to Explore Advanced Fuel Cycles

NEA Expert Groups:

The Scientific Aspects of

Advanced Fuel Cycles

•Minor Actinide Separation

•Fuel fabrication

•Minor Actinide burning in LWRs and

advanced reactors

•Different options for transmutation:

homogeneous, heterogeneous

•Recycling

•Waste management

•Transition scenarios

•Pro

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Reactor Technology: Generations I to IV

Nearly All of Today’s

Operating Nuclear Plants

Most New Construction Today

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Canada

(2001)

China

(2006)

France

(2001)

Japan

(2001)

Korea

(2001)

Russia

(2006)

RSA

(2001)

Swiss

(2002)

USA

(2001)

EU

(2003)

SFR ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

VHTR ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

LFR* ● ● ● ●

SCWR ● ● ● ● ●

GFR ● ● ●

MSR* ● ● ● ● ●

(date indicates signature of GIF Charter)

Australia (2016)

Australia signed the Charter on 22 June 2016, and plans

to sign the GIF Framework Agreement and become active

in VHTR and MSR. Argentina (2001)

Brazil (2001)

UK (2001)

Currently inactive

GIF members

*All

activities,

except LFR

and MSR

(under a

MoU), are

carried out

under a

system

arrange-

ment.

GIF Member Activities

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Advanced Fast Reactor Development Activities

Program Description Country Status Comments

Advanced Lead Fast

REactor Demonstrator

(ALFRED)

Small lead-cooled fast

reactor with closed fuel

cycle.

Italy, Romania, Czech

Republic

Approved for construction in

Romania. Planned

construction by 2030

BREST-300 OD Small lead-cooled fast

reactor with closed fuel

cycle.

Russia Construction planned to

begin by early 2018,

operation by 2024

Nitride fuel

BN-1200 Commercial SFR Russia Design underway,

construction decision

pending; operation possible

in mid-to-late 2020s

MOX fuel reactor, following

on successful deployment

of BN-800 reactor, which is

currently operating.

Advanced Sodium

Technological Reactor for

Industrial Demonstration

(ASTRID)

600 MW SFR demonstrator France Construction decision

expected in 2019; operation

possible around 2030

TerraPower Traveling Wave

Reactor (TWR)

600 MWe demonstration

reactor

US company planning

construction in cooperation

with Chinese organizations

Construction decision

pending; operation possible

in mid-2020s

Applying advanced fuel

scheme to provide once-

through fuel cycle.

ALLEGRO 2400 MWth helium cooled

fast reactor, Rankine cycle

electric generation

Slovakia, Czech Republic,

Hungary, Poland

France’s CEA has provided

support.

Various research and

design activities underway.

Operation has been

generally planned for mid

2020s

U/Pu fuel. Plans include

operation with both MOX

and ceramic fuel cores.

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NEA Advanced Reactor/Fuel Cycle Activities

NUCLEAR

DEVELOPMENT

DIVISION

Generation IV International Forum*

Expert Group on Advanced Reactor

Systems and Future Market Needs

NUCLEAR

SAFETY TECHNOLOGY

AND REGULATION

DIVISION

Ad hoc Group on the Safety of Advanced

Reactors

NUCLEAR

SCIENCE

DIVISION

Expert Group on Improvement of Integral Experiments Data for

Minor Actinide Management

Thermodynamics of Advanced Fuels

International Data Base*

Working Party on Scientific Issues of Reactor Systems

Working Party on Scientific Issues of the

Fuel Cycle

* Separately funded activities.

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Nuclear Innovation 2050: Identifying Key Nuclear R&D Needs

and Innovation Pathways

• What technologies will be needed in 10 years? 30 years? 50 years?

• What R&D is needed to make these technologies available?

• How do we regain the ability to push innovation into application?

• Is multilateral cooperation part of the solution?

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Nuclear Innovation 2050: Identifying Key Nuclear R&D Needs

and Innovation Pathways

Basic Goals

• Develop a broad, common agenda for nuclear technology innovation to contribute to the sustainability of nuclear energy in the short/medium (2030) and long term (2050)

• Identify and find solutions to barriers or delays to innovation

• Identify infrastructure requirements and share global R&D assets

• Establish plans of action to enable deployment of technology innovations

• Consider multilateral approaches to obtain early regulatory insights without compromising regulatory independence

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SHORT TERM MEDIUM TERM LONG TERM

Ageing Management and Long Term Operation

Decommissioning Technologies

Advanced Manufacturing and Construction

Waste Management & Disposal

Nuclear Process Heat/Cogeneration (550/1000 C)

(Gen IV) Adv Mat /Fuels /Components

Hybrid Systems

Advanced Recycling

Severe Accident Knowledge and Management

ATF

R&D Infrastructures and Demos

NI2050 Targets for Innovation

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Passive Safety

ENABLERS: Life Cycle Management/Modelling and Simulation/Robotics and I&C


NI2050 Work Currently Underway Target Area Leaders Groups Engaged

Accident Tolerant Fuels K. Pasamehmetoglu, INL NSC (EGATFL, others),

CSNI (WGFS)

Severe Accident Knowledge

and Management

G. Bruna/D Jacquemain, IRSN CSNI (SAREF, WGAMA)

ETSON, NUGENIA

Passive Safety Systems G. Bruna/JM Evrard, IRSN CSNI (WGAMA)

ETSON

LTO Gen II 80 Years: Ageing

Management

A. Al Mazouzi, EDF CSNI (WIAGE)

NUGENIA

Advanced Fuels and

Materials

N. Chauvin (Fuels), CEA

L. Malerba (Materials),

SCKCEN

NSC (WPFC - WPMM), EERA

JPNM, GIF

Advanced Components H. Kamide, JAEA GIF, CSNI/CNRA (GSAR)

Fuel Cycle

Chemistry/Recycling

H. Ait Abderrahim, SCKCEN NSC (WPFC)

Heat Production and

Cogeneration

D. Hittner, NC2I NGNP, JAEA

Modelling and Simulation T. Valentine, ORNL NSC (WPMM)

Measurements and I&C TBD ANIMMA

Infrastructures and

Demonstrations

All NSC, CSNI

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NI2050 Advisory Panel Participants

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Belgium

Eric VAN WALLE, SCK-CEN

Hamid AIT ABDERRAHIM, SCK-CEN

Jean-paul MINON, ONDRAF

Canada

Kathryn MCCARTHY, CNL

Gina STRATI, CNL

People’s Republic of China

Huidong XU, Embassy of China in France

Spain

Enrique Miguel GONZALEZ-ROMERO, CIEMAT

Finland

Harri TUOMISTO, FORTUM

France

Franck CARRE, CEA (VICE CHAIR)

Pierre-Yves CORDIER, CEA

Sylvestre PIVET, CEA

Fanny BAZILE, CEA

Giovanni BRUNA, IRSN

Noel CAMARCAT, EDF

Abderrahim AL MAZOUZI, EDF

Italy

Giuseppe ZOLLINO, SOGIN

Japan

Hideki KAMIDE, JAEA (VICE CHAIR)

Shigeaki OKAJIMA, JAEA

Kiyoshi ONO, JAEA

Korea

Ik JEONG, KAERI

Hark Rho KIM, KAERI

Poland

Grzegorz WROCHNA, NCBJ

Russian Federation

Anzhelika KHAPERSKAYA, ROSATOM

Sergey KUZMICHEV, ROSATOM

United Kingdom

Fiona RAYMENT, NNL (CHAIR)

United States

John HERCZEG, DOE

Kemal PASAMEHMETOGLU, INL (VICE CHAIR)

International Organisations

Said ABOUSAHL, EC

Roger GARBIL, EC

Henri PELIN, WNA

King LEE, WNA

Stefano MONTI, IAEA


Current Nuclear Power has Reached a Difficult Juncture:

− Financial challenges caused by dysfunctional electricity markets and historically low fossil fuel prices

− Public concerns about nuclear safety in some countries in the aftermath of 3/11

− Increasing cost and regulatory requirements

− Strains in the industrial supply chain

− Emergence of non-traditional NSSS suppliers with strong government backing

Thoughts and Observations: The Global Situation

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Advanced Research Programs are Struggling in Many Countries:

− Funding levels are shrinking

− Research infrastructure is aging and contracting

− Expert scientists and engineers are retiring and fewer young people are available to replace them

− Political will and interest to fund large nuclear technology activities is difficult to sustain over the life of programs

Thoughts and Observations: The Global Situation

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AEC Chair Glenn Seaborg and NASA

Administrator James Webb – July 1961

The Vision Thing: Our Biggest Technology Challenge

• Early 1950s United States: AEC and NASA started with little; limited infrastructure, limited proven industrial support.

• Over about 15 years – both experienced tremendous growth and both made incredible technological progress.

• 1970s – both initiated bold steps into the future that proved difficult and costly

• 1980s-1990s – public support and interest waned and resources reduced.

• Today – little significant progress being made and direction is unclear.

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In the two decades leading up to 3/11, the Japanese Program was One of the Most Diverse and Ambitious of all Nuclear Technology Programs, with:

− Strong support from national leadership

− Stable planning and funding over many years

− Many highly trained scientists and engineers

− Excellent infrastructure

− Excellent international cooperation

− Excellent non-proliferation and safeguards practices

Thoughts and Observations: The Case of Japan

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This is the Right Time to Reflect on the Next Steps, noting:

− Japan imports about 95% of its primary energy

− Japan relies on oil for 40% of primary energy, 80% of which comes from the Middle East

− Variable renewables are growing (currently about 7% of electric generation today, up from 1% in 2010) and are expected to increase to 20% by the mid-2020s

− Japan plans to reduce CO2 emissions to 26% below 2013 levels (~18% below 1990 levels) by 2030


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Japan must do what is best for Japan, but should:

− Consider the issues and uncertainties regarding the cost, reliability, and stability of electricity generated by non-baseload capacity

− Recognise that once lost, nuclear research capabilities are very difficult to restore

− Recognise that electrification of energy use is very likely to grow considerably

− Consider long-term competitiveness and the large investments in nuclear energy infrastructure and research made by fast-developing economies


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And be Aware of Japan’s Unique Role Internationally:

− As a strong and respected voice in international nuclear technology fora such as the NEA

− As a key partner for many countries and multilateral efforts such as GIF

− As a leading source of many technology and manufactured components for nuclear facilities around the world

− As a uniquely powerful voice in the arena of nuclear weapons non-proliferation


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Regaining public trust after 3/11 will take many years of safe and successful operation, but it can happen – as we saw in the US after the TMI accident

Concerns about energy security and reliability may grow substantially in the coming years

Advanced Nuclear technology is not a goal, it is a possible path to a better future

Japan’s voice and leadership in nuclear technology can help shape the future

Closing Thoughts

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Thank you for your attention

Follow the NEA

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Documents

Advanced Nuclear Energy R&D: Needs, Status, · PDF fileOperating Nuclear Plants Most New Construction Today 16 ... Ad hoc Group on the Safety of Advanced Reactors NUCLEAR SCIENCE DIVISION