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ALTERNATIVE.EVERY
Advanced Natural Gas Engine Advanced Natural Gas Engine Technology for Heavy Duty VehiclesTechnology for Heavy Duty Vehicles
Dr. Mostafa M KamelDr. Mostafa M Kamel
HD Vehicle Environment Changes•
The economics of HD diesel vehicle operation are changing–
Higher vehicle pricing to meet 2007 emissions requirements
–
Further cost increases related to 2010 emissions technology
–
Higher cost of Ultra Low Sulfur diesel fuel
–
Uncertain crude oil pricing
•
Concern about Green House Gases
•
Advancements in NG engines in HD vehicles
What about Natural Gas?
•
Clean burning, safe vehicle fuel•
Abundant supply in North America
•
Renewable fuel –
Landfill Gas, Bio Gas•
Lower GHG emissions
•
Lower cost, less volatility•
Engine technology advancements
Simpler Cleaner Fuel
Complex Hydrocarbon
Simplest Hydro Carbon
High hydrogen-to-carbon ratio results in GHG advantage
EmissionsEmissionsEmissions
Large & Domestic FuelNatural GasNatural GasNatural Gas
•
Less than .01% used for transportation in U.S.–
10 million NGVs
would use about 3%•
World NG reserves estimated at 3x that of oil•
Huge advances being made in bio-Methane –
landfill gas (LFG), dairy farms, wastewater treatment plants
•
NGVs
offer solution to dependence on foreign oil–
U.S. imports up to 70% of its oil at a cost of $700 billion a year
98%98%
Supplied From
US and Canada
Imported
Energy SecurityEnergy SecurityEnergy Security
Source –
Clean Energy 2009
Lower Fuel CostsEconomicsEconomicsEconomics
Price History for Crude Oil, Diesel Fuel, and Vehicular Compressed Natural Gas
-$20
$-
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
$140
Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09Dai
ly C
rude
Oil
Spo
t Pric
e, C
ushi
ng, O
K W
TI S
pot P
rice
FOB
[Dol
lars
per
B
arre
l]
-$1.00
$-
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
$7.00
Ret
ail D
iese
l and
Nat
ural
Gas
Pric
es [D
olla
rs p
er D
iese
l-equ
ival
ent G
allo
n]Cushing, OK WTI Spot Price FOB (EIA) [Dollars per Barrel]
U.S. No 2 Diesel Retail Sales by All Sellers (EIA) [Dollars per Gallon]
Diesel fuel for vehicles (CCAFPR) [$/DEG]
CNG fuel for vehicles (CCAFPR) [$/DEG]
Diesel-CNG price gap (CCAFPR) [$/DEG]
data source: US DOE
Why Natural Gas Engines?Emissions Leadership
Heavy Duty engines at or lower than legislated limits
Greenhouse gas advantages
Energy Security
Reduced reliance on imported oil
Renewable (Bio-methane)
Economic Benefits
Lower cost fuel
Improved Efficiency
Life Cycle Cost advantage
Natural Gas Engine for HD Applications
• 8.9 litre Stoichiometric Cooled EGR• Ratings from 250 to 320 hp• 1000 ft.lb peak torque
• Low emissions• 0.20 g/bhp-hr NOx• 0.01 g/bhp-hr PM
• Three Way Catalyst Aftertreatment• Maintenance Free
• CNG, LNG, or BioMethane
Stoichiometric• Low NOx with TWC•
Limited power density, efficiency, durability
Natural Gas Engine Technology Evolution
Lean Burn•
Lean combustion improves power density, efficiency, durability• NOx control is in-cylinder•
Capable of EPA07 emissions, but not EPA10
Stoichiometric with Cooled EGR• Combines the attributes of Stoichiometric & Lean Burn combustion
• Oxygen-free exhaust enables TWC for NOx control• Cooled EGR delivers power density & efficiency• Sub-EPA10 emissions with passive aftertreatment
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Air / Fuel Ratio
Per
cent
Max
imum
NO
x
Sto
ichi
omet
ric
LeanRich
Lean BurnEGR
ISLG Schematic
3-WayCatalyst
EGR-Cooler
Cha
rge
Air C
oole
r
Catalyst Inlet
NOX
CO
HC
Catalyst Outlet
N2
CO2
H2
O
ISL G TWC ‐
similar package size to current mufflers
Three Way Catalyst
Reduces three harmful emissions: NOX
, CO, HC
End products are: N2
, CO2
, H2
O
Simple, passive, maintenance-free
Technology Advantages
•
Separation of Combustion and Emissions control functions allows:–
Optimization of the catalyst design to produce the highest conversion efficiencies
Typical 3 Way Catalyst Conversion Efficiency
Technology Advantages
–
Optimization of combustion to produce best performance and efficiency
•
Transient response improved and low end torque increased
•
Fuel economy improvement of 5% achieved and demonstrated in the field compared to Lean Burn product
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
Engine Speed (rpm)
Torq
ue (l
b-ft
)
ISL G 280 C Gas Plus 280 ISL05 280
Higher torque Like Diesel
2010 ISL GCooled EGRCold-Side EGR
Valve
Fully Integrated Electronic Controls Fuel, Ignition, Catalyst, EGR
& Air Handling Controls
Integrated Fuel HousingCompact one piece
designThrottled air mixed
with fuel and EGR
GHG Well to Wheel for Urban Bus -
GH Genius
Post 2010 Results (Vancouver, Canada)
22.6% GHG reductionIncluding vehicle material and assembly -
21.9% GHG
Extraction Processing Transportation and storage
End user Total
Natural Gas
115 g/km 49.5 g/km 53.9 g/km 1,183.9 g/km
1,402.4 g/km
Diesel
268.8g/km 179.5 g/km 9.7 g/km 1,353.7g/km
1,811.7 g/km
Source:http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/es/etb/ctfca/PDFs/GHGenius/gh_genius_pamphlet0405_e.html
In-Use Emissions
•
In-use emissions measured (by Sensors Inc.) in a Sacramento Transit Bus in service
•
Used EPA in-use test procedure•
Emissions were significantly lower than the 2010 EPA Heavy Duty emissions regulations
Reduced Noise
Noise Comparison
70
80
90
100
110
Peak Torque / Full Load Idle / No Load
Engine Test Mode
Dec
ibel
es d
B(A
)
ISL G is 5.5 decibels quieter at peak torque and load
Communities notice the natural gas noise advantage.
ONE
Diesel engine idling is louder than TEN
natural gas engines idling together
ISL G is 9.9 decibels quieter at
Idle/no load
Natural Gas ApplicationsREFUSESPECIALTY BUSTRUCK
Biomethane Profile
•
Hilarides Dairy uses manure produced by 10,000 cows to generate 226,000 cubic feet of biomethane daily —
enough to reduce the Central Valley farm’s diesel fuel consumption by 650 gallons a day
•
Two 18 wheel tractor trailers powered by ISL G 320 operating on compressed Biomethane
•
Project financed with a grant from the California ARB Alternative Fuel Incentive Program
Hilarides
Dairy -
Lindsay, California
Summary•
Natural gas engine technology has evolved to meet the requirements of HD vehicle applications
•
CWI technology can meet the toughest emissions requirements while delivering–
Economics advantage
–
Simple aftertreatment–
Lower GHG emissions
•
Natural Gas engines use an abundant North American fuel and are compatible with Biomethane
as a renewable fuel
ALTERNATIVE.EVERY
Thank YouThank You