Advanced Manufacturing Technology - CIM 1112.pdf

7/23/2019 Advanced Manufacturing Technology - CIM 1112.pdf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/advanced-manufacturing-technology-cim-1112pdf 1/32

IKPIHEBK LIHR@IE[RQFHC [BEMHGJGCV/ (ITU/EFL-9991)

QITFK TQG[G[VTFHC & IQ[F@FEFIJ FH[BJJFCBHEB

L.[BEM/EGLTR[BQ FH[BCQI[BK LIHR@IE[RQFHC/F UBL

UILIQI[ IUMGO [BEMHGJGCFEIJ FHU[F[R[B, PFKFUMI (L.T)

Ubssfgh ― 149;-92



RHF[ ; QITFK TQG[G[VTFHC

Qipfk prgtgtypfhc (QT) fs i ìlfjy g` ìarfeitfgh lbtmgks tg liob bhcfhbbrfhc prgtgtypbs fh

lfhflul pgssfajb jbik tflbs aisbk gh i eglputbr-ifkbk kbsfch (EIK) lgkbj g` tmb ftbl.[mb mfstgrfeij kbvbjgplbht g` QT ihk rbjitbk tbemhgjgcfbs fs prbsbhtbk fh tiajb ;.9.

Vbir g` Fhebptfgh [bemhgjgcy

9334 Lbemihfzitfgh96;0 @frst eglputbr

9621 @frst Hulbrfeij Eghtrgj (HE) liemfhb tggj

9604 @frst egllbrefij jisbr

9609 @frst egllbrefij Qgagt

9605 @frst fhtbrietfvb cripmfes systbl (birjy vbrsfgh g` Eglputbr Ifkbk Kbsfch)

96== @frst egllbrefij Qipfk Trgtgtypfhc systbl

[iajb ;.9 Mfstgrfeij kbvbjgplbhts g` Qipfk Trgtgtypfhc ihk rbjitbk tbemhgjgcfbs

Hbbk g` Qipfk Trgtgtypfhc> [mb spbefij hbbk tmit lgtfvitbs tmb virfbty g` ripfk prgtgtypfhctbemhgjgcfbs irfsbs abeiusb prgkuet kbsfchbrs wgujk jfob tg mivb i pmysfeij lgkbj g` i hbw pirtgr prgkuet kbsfch ritmbr tmih i eglputbr lgkbj gr jfhb kriwfhc.

I vfrtuij prgtgtypb, wmfem fs i eglputbr lgkbj g` tmb pirt kbsfch gh i EIK systbl, liy hgt ab

ikbquitb `gr tmb kbsfchbr tg vfsuijfzb tmb pirt. Ft ebrtifhjy fs hgt su``fefbht tg eghkuet rbij pmysfeij tbsts gh tmb pirt, ijtmgucm ft fs pgssfajb tg pbr`grl sflujitbk tbsts ay `fhftb bjblbht

ihijysfs gr gtmbr lbtmgks. Rsfhc ghb g` tmb ivifjiajb QT tbemhgjgcfbs, i sgjfk pmysfeij pirt eih

ab erbitbk fh i rbjitfvbjy smgrt tflb. [mb kbsfchbr eih tmbrb`grb vfsuijjy bxilfhb ihk pmysfeijjy

`bbj tmb pirt ihk abcfh tg pbr`grl tbsts ihk bxpbrflbhts tg issbss fts lbrfts ihk smgrteglfhcs.

@uhkilbhtijs g` Qipfk Trgtgtypfhc> Qipfk prgtgtypfhc tbemhgjgcfbs eih ab kfvfkbk fhtg

twg aisfe eitbcgrfbs?9. Litbrfij rblgvij prgebssbs 1. Litbrfij ikkftfgh prgebssbs

[mb litbrfij rblgvij QT tbemhfqubs fhvgjvbs liemfhfhc, prflirfjy lfjjfhc ihk krfjjfhc, usfhc i

kbkfeitbk EHE liemfhb. [g usb EHE, i pirt prgcril lust ab prbpirbk `rgl tmb EIK lgkbj.[mb stirtfhc litbrfij fs g`tbh i sgjfk ajgeo g` wix, wmfem fs vbry bisy tg liemfhb, ihk tmb pirt

ihk emfps eih ab lbjtbk ihk rbsgjfkf`fbk `gr rbusb wmbh tmb eurrbht prgtgtypb fs hg jghcbrhbbkbk. Gtmbr stirtfhc litbrfijs eih ijsg ab usbk, suem is wggk, pjistfes, gr lbtijs (b.c., i

liemfhiajb crikb g` ijulfhul gr ariss). [mb EHE liemfhbs usbk `gr ripfk prgtgtypfhc irbg`tbh slijj, ihk tmb tbrls kbsotgp lfjjfhc gr kbsotgp liemfhfhc irb sglbtflbs usbk `gr tmfs

tbemhgjgcy. Lixflul stirtfhc ajgeo sfzbs fh kbsotgp liemfhfhc irb typfeijjy 9=4 ll (3 fh) fh

tmb x-kfrbetfgh, 924 ll (0 fh) fh tmb y-kfrbetfgh, ihk 924 ll (0 fh) fh tmb z-kfrbetfgh.

Litbrfij-ikkftfgh QT tbemhgjgcfbs, ijj g` wmfem wgro ay ikkfhc jiybrs g` litbrfij ghb it i tflbtg aufjk tmb sgjfk pirt `rgl agttgl tg tgp. Utirtfhc litbrfijs fhejukb?

9. Jfqufk lghglbrs tmit irb eurbk jiybr ay jiybr fhtg sgjfk pgjylbrs

1. Tgwkbrs tmit irb iccrbcitbk ihk aghkbk jiybr ay jiybr, ihk5. Ugjfk smbbts tmit irb jilfhitbk tg erbitb tmb sgjfk pirt.

[mb egllgh ipprgiem tg prbpirb tmb eghtrgj fhstruetfghs (pirt prgcril) fh ijj g` tmb eurrbht

litbrfij ikkftfgh QT tbemhfqubs fhvgjvbs tmb `gjjgwfhc stbps?



9. Cbglbtrfe Lgkbjfhc> [mfs eghsfsts g` lgkbjfhc tmb eglpghbht gh i EIK systbl tg kb`fhb fts

bhejgsbk vgjulb. Ugjfk lgkbjfhc fs tmb prb`brrbk tbemhfqub abeiusb ft prgvfkbs i eglpjbtb ihkuhilafcugus litmblitfeij rbprbsbhtitfgh g` tmb cbglbtry. @gr ripfk prgtgtypfhc, tmb flpgrtiht

fssub fs tg kfstfhcufsm tmb fhtbrfgr (liss) g` tmb pirt `rgl fts bxtbrfgr, ihk sgjfk lgkbjfhc

prgvfkbs `gr tmfs kfstfhetfgh.

1. [bssbjjitfgh g` tmb Cbglbtrfe Lgkbj> Fh tmfs stbp, tmb EIK lgkbj fs eghvbrtbk fhtg i `grlit

tmit ipprgxflitbs fts surìebs ay trfihcjbs gr pgjycghs, wftm tmbfr vbrtfebs irrihcbk tg kfstfhcufsm

tmb ganbet‗s fhtbrfgr `rgl fts bxtbrfgr. [mb egllgh tbssbjjitfgh `grlit usbk fh ripfk prgtgtypfhc

fs U[J, wmfem mis abeglb tmb kb ìetg stihkirk fhput `grlit `gr hbirjy ijj QT systbls.5. Ujfefhc g` tmb Lgkbj fhtg Jiybrs> Fh tmfs stbp, tmb lgkbj fh U[J `fjb `grlit fs sjfebk fhtg

ejgsbjy spiebk pirijjbj mgrfzghtij jiybrs. Eghvbrsfgh g` i sgjfk lgkbj fhtg jiybrs fs fjjustritbk fh

@fc. ;.9. [mbsb jiybrs irb suasbqubhtjy usbk ay tmb QT systbl tg eghstruet tmb pmysfeij lgkbj.

Ay eghvbhtfgh, tmb jiybrs irb `grlbk fh tmb x-y pjihb grfbhtitfgh, ihk tmb jiybrfhc prgebkurbgeeurs fh tmb z-ixfs kfrbetfgh. @gr biem jiybr, i eurfhc pitm fs cbhbritbk, eijjbk tmb U[F `fjb,

wmfem fs tmb pitm tmit wfjj ab `gjjgwbk ay tmb QT systbl tg eurb (gr gtmbrwfsb sgjfkf`y) tmb jiybr.

@fc. ;.9> Eghvbrsfgh g` i sgjfk lgkbj g` ih ganbet fhtg jiybrs (ghjy ghb jiybr fs smgwh)

@fc. ;.1> QT prgebss emifh smgwfhc ùhkilbhtij prgebss stbps



Is iagvb arfb` gvbrvfbw fhkfeitbs, tmbrb irb sbvbrij kf``brbht tbemhgjgcfbs usbk `gr litbrfijikkftfgh ripfk prgtgtypfhc. [mfs mbtbrgcbhbfty mis spiwhbk sbvbrij ijtbrhitfvb hilbs `gr ripfk

prgtgtypfhc, fhejukfhc jiybr lihuìeturfhc? kfrbet EIK lihuìeturfhc, ihk sgjfk `rbb`grl

ìarfeitfgh. [mb tbrl ripfk prgtgtypfhc ihk lihuìeturfhc (QTL) fs ijsg abfhc usbk lgrb

`rbqubhtjy tg fhkfeitb tmit tmb QT tbemhgjgcfbs eih ab ippjfbk tg liob prgkuetfgh pirts ihk prgkuetfgh tggjfhc, hgt nust prgtgtypbs.

@fc. ;.5> Cbhbrijfzbk fjjustritfgh g` kiti `jgw fh QT

Ejissf`feitfgh g` QT Trgebss> [mb prg`bssfghij jftbriturb fh QT eghtifhs kf``brbht wiys g`

ejissf`yfhc QT prgebssbs. Mgwbvbr, ghb rbprbsbhtitfgh aisbk gh Cbrlih stihkirk g` prgkuetfgh

prgebssbs ejissf`fbs QT prgebssbs ieegrkfhc tg stitb g` iccrbcitfgh g` tmbfr grfcfhij litbrfij (@fc.

;.;).

9. Utbrbgjftmgcripmy> [mfs wis tmb `frst litbrfij ikkftfgh QT tbemhgjgcy, kitfhc `rgl iagut

96==. Utbrbgjftmgcripmy (U[J) fs i prgebss `gr ìarfeitfhc i sgjfk pjistfe pirt gut g` i pmgtgsbhsftfvb jfqufk pgjylbr usfhc i kfrbetbk jisbr abil tg sgjfkf`y tmb pgjylbr. Tirt

ìarfeitfgh fs ieeglpjfsmbk is i sbrfbs g` jiybrs, fh wmfem ghb jiybr fs ikkbk ghtg tmb prbvfgus

jiybr tg crikuijjy aufjk tmb kbsfrbk tmrbb kflbhsfghij cbglbtry. [mb Utbrbgjftmgcripmy ippiritus

eghsfsts g`?9. I pjit`grl tmit eih ab lgvbk vbrtfeijjy fhsfkb i vbssbj eghtifhfhc tmb pmgtgsbhsftfvb pgjylbr

1. I jisbr wmgsb abil eih ab eghtrgjjbk fh tmb x-y kfrbetfgh.

It tmb stirt g` tmb prgebss, tmb pjit`grl fs pgsftfghbk vbrtfeijjy hbir tmb surìeb g` tmb jfqufk pmgtgpgjylbr, ihk i jisbr abil fs kfrbetbk tmrgucm i eurfhc pitm tmit eglprfsbs ih irbi

egrrbspghkfhc tg tmb aisb g` tmb pirt. [mfs ihk suasbqubht eurfhc pitms irb kb`fhbk ay tmb U[F

`fjb. [mb ietfgh g` tmb jisbr fs tg mirkbh (eurb) tmb pmgtgsbhsftfvb pgjylbr wmbrb tmb abil strfobstmb jfqufk, `grlfhc i sgjfk jiybr g` pjistfe tmit ikmbrbs tg tmb pjit`grl. Smbh tmb fhftfij jiybr fs



eglpjbtbk, tmb pjit`grl fs jgwbrbk ay i kfstiheb bquij tg tmb jiybr tmfeohbss, ihk i sbeghk jiybrfs `grlbk gh tgp g` tmb `frst ay tmb jisbr, ihk sg gh. Ab`grb biem hbw jiybr fs eurbk, i wfpbr ajikb

fs pissbk gvbr tmb vfsegus jfqufk rbsfh tg bhsurb tmit fts jbvbj fs tmb silb tmrgucmgut tmb surìeb.

Biem jiybr eghsfsts g` fts gwh irbi smipb, sg tmit tmb sueebssfgh g` jiybrs, ghb gh tgp g` tmb

prbvfgus, erbitbs tmb sgjfk pirt smipb. Biem jiybr fs 4.430 tg 4.24ll (4.445 tg 4.414 fh) tmfeo.[mfhhbr jiybrs prgvfkb abttbr rbsgjutfgh ihk ijjgw lgrb fhtrfeitb pirt smipbs? aut prgebssfhc tflb

fs crbitbr. Tmgtgpgjylbrs irb typfeijjy ieryjfe, ijtmgucm usb g` bpgxy `gr U[J mis ijsg abbh

stirtbk. [mb stirtfhc litbrfijs irb jfqufk lghglbrs. Ueih spbbks g` U[J jisbrs typfeijjy rihcb abtwbbh 244 ihk 1244 ll/s.

[mb tflb tg eglpjbtb i sfhcjb jiybr fs cfvbh ay tmb `gjjgwfhc bquitfgh?

[f < (If/vK) + [r Smbrb,

[f < tflb tg eglpjbtb jiybr f (sbe)

If < irbi g` jiybr f (ll1)

v < ivbricb seihhfhc spbbk g` tmb jisbr abil it tmb surìeb (ll/sbe)K < kfilbtbr g` tmb jisbr abil it tmb surìeb fh ll (eijjbk tmb ‘‘spgt sfzb,‗‗ issulbk efreujir)

[r < rbpgsftfghfhc tflb abtwbbh jiybrs (sbe)

Gheb tmb [f vijubs mivb abbh kbtbrlfhbk `gr ijj jiybrs, tmbh tmb aufjk eyejb tflb eih ab

kbtbrlfhbk?[e < Υ [f

I`tbr ijj g` tmb jiybrs mivb abbh `grlbk, tmb pmgtgpgjylbr fs iagut 62% eurbk. [mb pfbeb fstmbrb`grb ‘‘aiobk‗‗ fh i `jugrbsebht gvbh tg eglpjbtbjy sgjfkf`y tmb pgjylbr. Bxebss pgjylbr fsrblgvbk wftm ijegmgj, ihk jfcmt sihkfhc fs sglbtflbs usbk tg flprgvb slggtmhbss ihk

ippbiriheb.

@fc. ;.;> Ejissf`feitfgh g` QT Trgebssbs



@fc. ;.2> Utbrbgjftmgcripmy> (9) it tmb stirt g` tmb prgebss, fh wmfem tmb fhftfij jiybr fs ikkbk tgtmb pjit`grl? ihk (1) i`tbr sbvbrij jiybrs mivb abbh ikkbk sg tmit tmb pirt cbglbtry crikuijjy

tiobs `grl.

1. Ugjfk Crguhk Eurfhc> Jfob Utbrbgjftmgcripmy, sgjfk crguhk eurfhc (UCE) wgros ay eurfhc i

pmgtgsbhsftfvb pgjylbr jiybr ay jiybr tg erbitb i sgjfk lgkbj aisbk gh EIK cbglbtrfe kiti.

Fhstbik g` usfhc i seihhfhc jisbr abil tg ieeglpjfsm tmb eurfhc g` i cfvbh jiybr, tmb bhtfrb jiybr

fs bxpgsbk tg ih ujtrivfgjbt jfcmt sgureb tmrgucm i liso tmit fs pgsftfghbk iagvb tmb surìeb g`tmb jfqufk pgjylbr. [mb mirkbhfhc prgebss tiobs 1 tg 5 sbeghks `gr biem jiybr. UCE systbls irb

sgjk uhkbr tmb hilb Ugjfkbr systbl ay Euaftij Jtk.

[mb stbp ay stbp prgebkurb fh UCE fs kbserfabk is `gjjgws?9.

I liso fs erbitbk gh i cjiss pjitb ay bjbetrgstitfeijjy emircfhc i hbcitfvb flicb g` tmb jiybr

ghtg tmb surìeb. [mb flicfhc tbemhgjgcy fs aisfeijjy tmb silb is tmit usbk fh pmgtgegpfbrs.1. I tmfh `jit jiybr g` jfqufk pmgtgpgjylbr fs kfstrfautbk gvbr tmb surìeb g` tmb wgro pjit`grl.

5. [mb liso fs pgsftfghbk iagvb tmb jfqufk pgjylbr surìeb ihk bxpgsbk ay i mfcm pgwbrbk(b.c., 1444 S) ujtrivfgjbt jilp. [mb pgrtfghs g` tmb jfqufk pgjylbr jiybr tmit irb uhprgtbetbk

ay tmb liso irb sgjfkf`fbk fh iagut 1 sbeghks. [mb smikbk irbis g` tmb jiybr rblifh fh tmb

jfqufk stitb.

;. [mb liso fs rblgvbk? tmb cjiss pjitb fs ejbihbk ihk likb rbiky `gr i suasbqubht jiybr fhstbp 9. Lbihwmfjb, tmb jfqufk pgjylbr rblifhfhc gh tmb surìeb fs rblgvbk fh i wfpfhc ihk

vieuulfhc prgebkurb.

2. [mb hgw-gpbh irbis g` tmb jiybr irb `fjjbk fh wftm mgt wix. Smbh mirkbhbk, tmb wix iets tgsuppgrt gvbrmihcfhc sbetfghs g` tmb pirt.

0.

Smbh tmb wix mis eggjbk ihk sgjfkf`fbk, tmb pgjylbr-wix surìeb fs lfjjbk tg `grl i `jitjiybr g` spbef`fbk tmfeohbss, rbiky tg rbebfvb tmb hbxt ippjfeitfgh g` jfqufk pmgtgpgjylbr fhstbp 1.

[mb liso prbpiritfgh stbp 9 `gr tmb hbxt jiybr fs pbr`grlbk sflujtihbgusjy wftm tmb jiybr

ìarfeitfgh stbps 1 tmrgucm 0, usfhc twg cjiss pjitbs kurfhc ijtbrhitfhc jiybrs.

[mb sbqubheb `gr biem jiybr tiobs iagut 64 sbeghks. [mrgucmput tflb tg prgkueb i pirt ay UCEfs ejiflbk tg ab iagut bfcmt tflbs ìstbr tmih eglpbtfhc QT systbls. [mb sgjfk euafe `grl

erbitbk fh UCE eghsfsts g` sgjfk pgjylbr ihk wix. [mb wix prgvfkbs suppgrt `gr `ricfjb ihk



gvbrmihcfhc `biturbs g` tmb pirt kurfhc ìarfeitfgh, aut eih ab lbjtbk iwiy jitbr tg jbivb tmb`rbb-stihkfhc pirt. Hg pgst eurfhc g` tmb eglpjbtbk prgtgtypb lgkbj fs rbqufrbk, is fh

stbrbgjftmgcripmy.

@fc. ;.0> Ugjfk crguhk eurfhc prgebss `gr biem jiybr> (9) liso prbpiritfgh, (1) ippjyfhc jfqufk

pmgtgpgjylbr jiybr, (5) liso pgsftfghfhc ihk bxpgsurb g` jiybr, (;) uheurbk pgjylbr rblgvbk

`rgl surìeb, (2) wix `fjjfhc, (0) lfjjfhc `gr `jithbss ihk tmfeohbss.

5. Krgpjbt Kbpgsftfgh Lihuìeturfhc> [mbsb systbls gpbritb ay lbjtfhc tmb stirtfhc litbrfij

ihk smggtfhc slijj krgpjbts ghtg i prbvfgusjy `grlbk jiybr. [mb jfqufk krgpjbts egjk wbjk tg tmb

surìeb tg `grl i hbw jiybr. [mb kbpgsftfgh g` krgpjbts `gr biem hbw jiybr fs eghtrgjjbk ay ilgvfhc x-y spriy hgzzjb wgro mbik wmgsb pitm fs aisbk gh i ergss sbetfgh g` i EIK cbglbtrfe

lgkbj tmit mis abbh sjfebk fhtg jiybrs. I`tbr biem jiybr mis abbh ippjfbk, tmb pjit`grl suppgrtfhc

tmb pirt fs jgwbrbk i ebrtifh kfstiheb egrrbspghkfhc tg tmb jiybr tmfeohbss, fh prbpiritfgh `gr tmb

hbxt jiybr. [mb tbrl krgpjbt kbpgsftfgh lihuìeturfhc (KKL) rb`brs tg tmb ìet tmit slijj pirtfejbs g` wgro litbrfij irb kbpgsftbk is prgnbetfjb krgpjbts ̀ rgl tmb wgro mbik hgzzjb.

Ih flpgrtiht erftbrfgh tmit lust ab sitfs`fbk ay tmb stirtfhc litbrfij fs tmit ft ab rbikfjy lbjtbk

ihk sgjfkf`fbk. Sgro litbrfijs usbk fh KKL fhejukb wix ihk tmbrlgpjistfes. Lbtijs wftm jgwlbjtfhc pgfht, suem is tfh, zfhe, jbik, ihk ijulfhul, mivb ijsg abbh tbstbk.

;. Jilfhitbk Ganbet Lihuìeturfhc> Jilfhitbk ganbet lihuìeturfhc prgkuebs i sgjfk

pmysfeij lgkbj ay stieofhc jiybrs g` smbbt stgeo tmit irb biem eut tg ih gutjfhb egrrbspghkfhc tg

tmb ergss-sbetfghij smipb g` i EIK lgkbj tmit mis abbh sjfebk fhtg jiybrs. [mb jiybrs irb aghkbk

ghb gh tgp g` tmb prbvfgus ghb ab`grb euttfhc. I`tbr euttfhc, tmb bxebss litbrfij fh tmb jiybr

rblifhs fh pjieb tg suppgrt tmb pirt kurfhc aufjkfhc. Utirtfhc litbrfij fh JGL eih ab vfrtuijjyihy litbrfij fh smbbt stgeo `grl, suem is pipbr, pjistfe, ebjjujgsb, lbtijs, gr `fabr-rbfh`grebk



litbrfijs. Utgeo tmfeohbss fs 4.42 tg 4.24 ll (4.441 tg 4.414 fh). Fh JGL, tmb smbbt litbrfij fsusuijjy suppjfbk wftm ikmbsfvb aieofhc is rgjjs tmit irb spggjbk abtwbbh twg rbbjs, is fh @fc. ;.3.

Gtmbrwfsb, tmb JGL prgebss lust fhejukb ih ikmbsfvb egitfhc stbp `gr biem jiybr.

@fc. ;.3 Jilfhitbk ganbet lihuìeturfhc

[mb kiti prbpiritfgh pmisb fh JGL eghsfsts g` sjfefhc tmb cbglbtrfe lgkbj usfhc tmb U[J `fjb

`gr tmb cfvbh pirt. [mb sjfefhc ùhetfgh fs ieeglpjfsmbk ay JGLUjfeb[L

, tmb spbefij sg`twirb

usbk fh jilfhitbk-ganbet lihuìeturfhc. Ujfefhc tmb U[J lgkbj fh JGL fs pbr`grlbk i`tbr biemjiybr mis abbh pmysfeijjy eglpjbtbk ihk tmb vbrtfeij mbfcmt g` tmb pirt mis abbh lbisurbk.

[mb JGL prgebss `gr biem jiybr eih ab kbserfabk is `gjjgws?

9. JGLUjfeb[L

eglputbs tmb ergss-sbetfghij pbrflbtbr g` tmb U[J lgkbj aisbk gh tmblbisurbk mbfcmt g` tmb pmysfeij pirt it tmb eurrbht jiybr g` eglpjbtfgh.

1. I jisbr abil fs usbk tg eut ijghc tmb pbrflbtbr, is wbjj is tg ergssmitem tmb bxtbrfgr pgrtfghs

g` tmb smbbt `gr suasbqubht rblgvij. [mb jisbr fs typfeijjy i 12 gr 24 S EG1 jisbr. [mb

euttfhc trinbetgry fs eghtrgjjbk ay lbihs g` ih x-y pgsftfghfhc systbl. [mb euttfhc kbptm fseghtrgjjbk sg tmit ghjy tmb tgp jiybr fs eut.

5. [mb pjit`grl mgjkfhc tmb stieo fs jgwbrbk, ihk tmb smbbt stgeo fs ikvihebk abtwbbh suppjy

rgjj ihk tiob-up spggj `gr tmb hbxt jiybr. [mb pjit`grl fs tmbh rifsbk tg i mbfcmt eghsfstbhtwftm tmb stgeo tmfeohbss ihk i mbitbk rgjjbr lgvbs iergss tmb hbw jiybr tg aghk ft tg tmb

prbvfgus jiybr. [mb mbfcmt g` tmb pmysfeij stieo fs lbisurbk fh prbpiritfgh `gr tmb hbxt

sjfefhc eglputitfgh ay JGLUjfeb[L

.

Smbh ijj g` tmb jiybrs irb eglpjbtbk, tmb hbw pirt fs sbpiritbk `rgl tmb bxebss bxtbrhij litbrfijusfhc i millbr, putty ohf`b, ihk wggk eirvfhc tggjs. [mb pirt eih tmbh ab sihkbk tg slggtm ihk

ajbhk tmb jiybr bkcbs. I sbijfhc ippjfeitfgh fs rbegllbhkbk, usfhc i urbtmihb, bpgxy, gr gtmbr

pgjylbr spriy tg prbvbht lgfsturb iasgrptfgh ihk kilicb. JGL pirt sfzbs eih ab rbjitfvbjy

jircb ilghc QT prgebssbs, wftm wgro vgjulbs up tg =44 ll Ó 244 ll ay 224 ll (51 fh Ó 14fh Ó 11 fh). Lgrb egllgh wgro vgjulbs irb 5=4 ll Ó 124 ll Ó 524 ll (92 fh Ó 94 fh Ó 9;

fh).

2. @usbk Kbpgsftfgh Lgkbjfhc> @usbk-kbpgsftfgh lgkbjfhc (@KL) fs ih QT prgebss fh wmfem i

`fjilbht g` wix gr pgjylbr fs bxtrukbk ghtg tmb bxfstfhc pirt surìeb `rgl i wgro mbik tg

eglpjbtb biem hbw jiybr. [mb wgro mbik fs eghtrgjjbk fh tmb x-y pjihb kurfhc biem jiybr ihk tmbhlgvbs up ay i kfstiheb bquij tg ghb jiybr fh tmb z-kfrbetfgh. [mb stirtfhc litbrfij fs i sgjfk

`fjilbht wftm typfeij kfilbtbr < 9.12 ll (4.424 fh) `bk `rgl i spggj fhtg tmb wgro mbik tmit



mbits tmb litbrfij tg iagut 4.24E (9

4@) iagvb fts lbjtfhc pgfht ab`grb bxtrukfhc ft ghtg tmb pirt

surìeb. [mb bxtrukitb fs sgjfkf`fbk ihk egjk wbjkbk tg tmb eggjbr pirt surìeb fh iagut 4.9

sbeghk.

@KL wis kbvbjgpbk ay Utritisys Fhe., wmfem sgjk fts `frst liemfhb fh 9664. [mb stirtfhc kiti fs i

EIK cbglbtrfe lgkbj tmit fs prgebssbk ay Utritisys‗s sg`twirb lgkujbs YufeoUjfeb? ihkUuppgrtSgro

[L. YufeoUjfeb? fs usbk tg sjfeb tmb lgkbj fhtg jiybrs, ihk UuppgrtSgro

[L fs usbk

tg cbhbritb ihy suppgrt strueturbs tmit irb rbqufrbk kurfhc tmb aufjk prgebss. F` suppgrts irb

hbbkbk, i kuij bxtrusfgh mbik ihk i kf``brbht litbrfij fs usbk tg erbitb tmb suppgrts. [mb sbeghklitbrfij fs kbsfchbk tg rbikfjy ab sbpiritbk `rgl tmb prfliry lgkbjfhc litbrfij. [mb sjfeb (jiybr)

tmfeohbss eih ab sbt ihywmbrb `rgl 4.42 tg 4.32ll (4.441 tg 4.454 fh). Iagut ;44llg`

`fjilbht litbrfij eih ab kbpgsftbk pbr sbeghk ay tmb bxtrusfgh wgro mbik fh wfktms (eijjbk tmbrgik wfktm) tmit eih ab sbt abtwbbh 4.12 ihk 1.2 ll (4.494 tg 4.944 fh). Utirtfhc litbrfijs irb

wix ihk sbvbrij pgjylbrs, fhejukfhc IAU, pgjyilfkb, pgjybtmyjbhb, ihk pgjyprgpyjbhb. [mbsb

litbrfijs irb hghtgxfe, ijjgwfhc tmb @KL liemfhb tg ab sbt up fh ih g``feb bhvfrghlbht.

@fc. ;.= @usbk Kbpgsftfgh Lgkbjfhc

0. Ubjbetfvb Jisbr Ufhtbrfhc> Ubjbetfvb jisbr sfhtbrfhc (UJU) usbs i lgvfhc jisbr abil tg sfhtbr

mbit-ùsfajb pgwkbrs fh irbis egrrbspghkfhc tg tmb EIK cbglbtrfe lgkbj ghb jiybr it i tflb tg

aufjk tmb sgjfk pirt. I`tbr biem jiybr fs eglpjbtbk, i hbw jiybr g` jggsb pgwkbrs fs sprbik iergss

tmb surìeb usfhc i eguhtbr-rgtitfhc rgjjbr. [mb pgwkbrs irb prbmbitbk tg nust abjgw tmbfr lbjtfhc pgfht tg ìefjftitb aghkfhc ihk rbkueb kfstgrtfgh. Jiybr ay jiybr, tmb pgwkbrs irb crikuijjy aghkbk fhtg i sgjfk liss tmit `grls tmb tmrbb-kflbhsfghij pirt cbglbtry. Fh irbis hgt sfhtbrbk ay

tmb jisbr abil, tmb pgwkbrs rblifh jggsb sg tmby eih ab pgurbk gut g` tmb eglpjbtbk pirt.

Lbihwmfjb, tmby sbrvb tg suppgrt tmb sgjfk rbcfghs g` tmb pirt is ìarfeitfgh prgebbks. Jiybrtmfeohbss fs 4.432 tg 4.24 ll (4.445 tg 4.414 fh).

Ft fs i lgrb vbrsitfjb prgebss tmih stbrbgjftmgcripmy fh tbrls g` pgssfajb wgro litbrfijs. Eurrbht

litbrfijs usbk fh sbjbetfvb jisbr sfhtbrfhc fhejukb pgjyvfhyjemjgrfkb, pgjyeiraghitb, pgjybstbr,

pgjyurbtmihb, IAU, hyjgh, ihk fhvbstlbht eistfhc wix. [mbsb litbrfijs irb jbss bxpbhsfvb tmihtmb pmgtgsbhsftfvb rbsfhs usbk fh stbrbgjftmgcripmy. [mby irb ijsg hghtgxfe ihk eih ab sfhtbrbk

usfhc jgw pgwbr (12 tg 24S) EG1 jisbrs. Lbtij ihk ebrilfe pgwkbrs irb ijsg abfhc usbk fh

UJU.

3. 5-K Trfhtfhc> [mrbb-kflbhsfghij prfhtfhc (5KT) aufjks tmb pirt fh tmb usuij jiybr-ay-jiybr

ìsmfgh usfhc ih fho-nbt prfhtbr tg bnbet ih ikmbsfvb aghkfhc litbrfij ghtg sueebssfvb jiybrs g` pgwkbrs. [mb afhkbr fs kbpgsftbk fh irbis egrrbspghkfhc tg tmb ergss sbetfghs g` tmb sgjfk pirt, is

kbtbrlfhbk ay sjfefhc tmb EIK cbglbtrfe lgkbj fhtg jiybrs. [mb afhkbr mgjks tmb pgwkbrs



tgcbtmbr tg `grl tmb sgjfk pirt, wmfjb tmb uhaguhkbk pgwkbrs rblifh jggsb tg ab rblgvbk jitbr.Smfjb tmb jggsb pgwkbrs irb fh pjieb kurfhc tmb aufjk prgebss, tmby prgvfkb suppgrt `gr

gvbrmihcfhc ihk `ricfjb `biturbs g` tmb pirt. Smbh tmb aufjk prgebss fs eglpjbtbk, tmb pirt fs mbit

trbitbk tg strbhctmbh tmb aghkfhc, `gjjgwbk ay rblgvij g` tmb jggsb pgwkbrs. [g ùrtmbr

strbhctmbh tmb pirt, i sfhtbrfhc stbp eih ab ippjfbk tg aghk tmb fhkfvfkuij pgwkbrs.

[mb pirt fs aufjt gh i pjit`grl wmgsb jbvbj fs eghtrgjjbk ay i pfstgh. Jbt us kbserfab tmb prgebss

`gr ghb ergss sbetfgh wftm rb`brbheb tg @fc. ;.94?

@fc. ;.6 Ubjbetfvb Jisbr Ufhtbrfhc systbls

@fc. ;.94 [mrbb-kflbhsfghij prfhtfhc> (9) pgwkbr jiybr fs kbpgsftbk, (1) fho-nbt prfhtfhc g` irbis

tmit wfjj abeglb tmb pirt, ihk (5) pfstgh fs jgwbrbk `gr hbxt jiybr (oby> v < lgtfgh)

9. I jiybr g` pgwkbr fs sprbik gh tmb bxfstfhc pirt-fh-prgebss.1. Ih fho-nbt prfhtfhc mbik lgvbs iergss tmb surìeb, bnbetfhc krgpjbts g` afhkbr gh tmgsb

rbcfghs tmit irb tg abeglb tmb sgjfk pirt.

5. Smbh tmb prfhtfhc g` tmb eurrbht jiybr fs eglpjbtbk, tmb pfstgh jgwbrs tmb pjit`grl `gr tmb

hbxt jiybr.Utirtfhc litbrfijs fh 5KT irb pgwkbrs g` ebrilfe, lbtij, gr ebrlbt, ihk afhkbrs tmit irb

pgjylbrfe gr egjjgfkij sfjfei gr sfjfegh eirafkb. [ypfeij jiybr tmfeohbss rihcbs `rgl 4.94 tg 4.9=

ll (4.44; tg 4.443 fh). [mb fho-nbt prfhtfhc mbik lgvbs iergss tmb jiybr it i spbbk g` iagut 9.2l/s (26 fh/sbe), wftm bnbetfgh g` jfqufk afhkbr kbtbrlfhbk kurfhc tmb swbbp ay ristbr seihhfhc.

[mb swbbp tflb, tgcbtmbr wftm tmb sprbikfhc g` tmb pgwkbrs, pbrlfts i eyejb tflb pbr jiybr g`

iagut 1 sbeghks.



=. Pieuul Eistfhc> Fh tmfs prgebss, i lfxturb g` `fhb sihk ihk urbtmihb fs lgjkbk gvbr lbtij

kfbs ihk eurbk wftm ilfhg vipgr. [mb lgjtbk lbtij fs kriwh fhtg tmb lgjk eivfty tmrgucm icitfhc systbl `rgl tmb agttgl g` tmb lgjk wftm tmb mbjp g` i vieuul pulp. [mb prbssurb fhsfkb

tmb lgjk fs usuijjy ghb-tmfrk g` tmb itlgspmbrfe prbssurb. Fh tmfs prgebss, tmb lgjk fh ih fhvbrtbk

pgsftfgh `rgl tmb usuij eistfhc prgebss fs jgwbrbk fhtg tmb `jiso wftm tmb lgjtbh lbtij. Abeiusb

tmb lgjk eivfty fs `fjjbk uhkbr vieuul, tmb vieuul eistfhc prgebss fs vbry suftiajb `gr tmfhwijjbk, eglpjbx smipbs wftm uhf`grl prgpbrtfbs.

@fc. ;.99 Pieuul eistfhc (i) Ab`grb ihk (a) i`tbr fllbrsfgh g` tmb lgjk fhtg tmb lgjtbh lbtij.

Ghb ikvihticb g` vieuul eistfhc fs tmit ay rbjbisfhc tmb prbssurb i smgrt tflb i`tbr tmb lgjk fs`fjjbk, wb eih rbjbisb tmb uh-sgjfkf`fbk lbtij aieo fhtg tmb `jiso. [mfs ijjgws us tg erbitb mgjjgw

eistfhcs. Ufheb lgst g` tmb mbit fs eghkuetbk iwiy `rgl tmb surìeb abtwbbh tmb lgjk ihk tmb

lbtij, tmbrb`grb tmb pgrtfgh g` tmb lbtij ejgsbst tg tmb lgjk surìeb ijwiys sgjfkf`fbs `frst? tmb

sgjfk `rght trivbjs fhwirks fhtg tmb eivfty. [mus, f` tmb jfqufk fs krifhbk i vbry smgrt tflb i`tbr tmb`fjjfhc, tmbh wb cbt i vbry tmfh wijjbk mgjjgw ganbet. (Ubb @fc. ;.91)

@fc. ;.91

6. Qbsfh Fhnbetfgh Lgujkfhc> Qbsfh fhnbetfgh lgujkfhc fs i ejgsbk-lgjk, vieuul-issfstbk

prgebss tmit blpjgys i `jbxfajb sgjfk eguhtbr tggj usbk `gr tmb A-sfkb surìeb eglprbssfgh. [mfs prgebss yfbjks bxebjjbht strbhctm-tg-wbfcmt emirietbrfstfes, mfcm cjiss-tg-rbsfh ritfg ihk fherbisbk

jilfhitb eglprbssfgh.

Fh tmfs prgebss, `fabr prb`grl gr kry `fabr rbfh`greblbht fs pieobk fhtg i lgjk eivfty tmit mis tmbsmipb g` tmb kbsfrbk pirt. [mb lgjk fs tmbh ejgsbk ihk ejilpbk.



Eitijyzbk, jgw vfsegsfty rbsfh fs tmbh pulpbk fhtg tmb lgjk uhkbr prbssurb, kfspjiefhc tmb ifr ittmb bkcbs, uhtfj tmb lgjk fs `fjjbk.

I`tbr tmb `fjj eyejb, tmb eurb eyejb stirts kurfhc wmfem tmb lgjk fs mbitbk, ihk tmb rbsfh

pgjylbrfzbs tg abeglb rfcfk pjistfe. Cbj egits liy ab usbk tg prgvfkb i mfcm-quijfty, kuriajb

`fhfsmbk prgkuet.Ft fs prflirfjy usbk tg lgjk eglpghbhts wftm jircb surìeb irbis, eglpjbx smipbs ihk slggtm

`fhfsmbs. [mfs prgebss fs wbjj-suftbk `gr liss prgkuetfgh g` 944 tg 94,444 uhfts/ybir g` mfcm-

quijfty eglpgsftb `fabrcjiss gr `fabr-rbfh`grebk pjistfe pirts. Ft fs rbegllbhkbk `gr prgkuets tmitrbqufrb mfcm strbhctm-tg-wbfcmt rbqufrblbhts. [ggjfhc usbk fh tmfs prgebss eih ab likb `rgl

virfgus litbrfijs fhejukfhc ijulfhul, hfeobj smbjj, lfjk stbbj ihk pgjybstbr.

Ippjfeitfghs g` Qipfk Trgtgtypfhc> Ippjfeitfghs g` ripfk prgtgtypfhc eih ab ejissf`fbk fhtg

tmrbb eitbcgrfbs?

9. Kbsfch1. Bhcfhbbrfhc ihijysfs ihk pjihhfhc

5. [ggjfhc ihk lihuìeturfhc

9. Kbsfch> Abhb`fts tg kbsfch ittrfautbk tg ripfk prgtgtypfhc fhejukb?

f. Qbkuebk jbik tflbs tg prgkueb prgtgtypb eglpghbhts

ff. Flprgvbk iafjfty tg vfsuijfzb tmb pirt cbglbtry abeiusb g` fts pmysfeij bxfstbheb

fff. Birjfbr kbtbetfgh ihk rbkuetfgh g` kbsfch brrgrs

fv.

Fherbisbk eipiafjfty tg eglputb liss prgpbrtfbs g` eglpghbhts ihk issblajfbs1. Bhcfhbbrfhc Ihijysfs ihk Tjihhfhc> @bw flpgrtiht ippjfeitfghs fh tmfs ittrfautb irb is

`gjjgws?

f. Eglpirfsgh g` kf``brbht smipbs ihk styjbs tg gptflfzb ibstmbtfe ippbij g` tmb pirt

ff. Ihijysfs g` `jufk `jgw tmrgucm kf``brbht grf`feb kbsfchs fh vijvbs ìarfeitbk ay QTfff. Sfhk tuhhbj tbstfhc g` kf``brbht strbiljfhbs smipbs usfhc pmysfeij lgkbjs erbitbk ay QT

fv. Utrbss ihijysfs g` i pmysfeij lgkbj

v. @iarfeitfgh g` prbprgkuetfgh pirts ay QT is ih ifk fh prgebss pjihhfhc ihk tggj kbsfch

vf. Eglafhfhc lbkfeij flicfhc tbemhgjgcfbs, suem is lichbtfe rbsghiheb flicfhc (LQF),wftm QT tg erbitb lgkbjs `gr kgetgrs fh pjihhfhc surcfeij prgebkurbs gr ìarfeitfhc

prgstmbsbs gr flpjihts.

5. [ggjfhc ihk Lihuìeturfhc> [mb trbhk fh QT ippjfeitfghs fs tgwirk fts crbitbr usb fh tmb

ìarfeitfgh g` prgkuetfgh tggjfhc ihk `gr ietuij lihuìeturb g` pirts. Smbh QT fs ikgptbk tg

ìarfeitb prgkuetfgh tggjfhc, tmb tbrl ripfk tggj liofhc (Q[L) fs g`tbh usbk.Q[L ippjfeitfghs kfvfkb fhtg twg ipprgiembs? Fhkfrbet Q[L lbtmgk , fh wmfem i pittbrh fs

erbitbk ay QT ihk tmb pittbrh fs usbk tg ìarfeitb tmb tggj, ihk Kfrbet Q[L lbtmgk , fh wmfem QT

fs usbk tg liob tmb tggj ftsbj`.

Bxilpjbs g` fhkfrbet Q[L fhejukbs?f. Rsb g` ih QT ìarfeitbk pirt is tmb listbr fh liofhc i sfjfegh ruaabr lgjk tmit fs

suasbqubhtjy usbk is i prgkuetfgh lgjk

ff. QT pittbrhs tg liob tmb sihk lgjks fh sihk eistfhcfff. @iarfeitfgh g` pittbrhs g` jgw-lbjtfhc pgfht litbrfijs (b.c., wix) fh jflftbk quihtftfbs `gr

fhvbstlbht eistfhc

fv. Liofhc bjbetrgkbs `gr BKLBxilpjbs g` kfrbet Q[L fhejukbs?

f. QT-ìarfeitbk lgjk eivfty fhsbrts tmit eih ab spriybk wftm lbtij tg prgkueb fhnbetfgh

lgjks `gr i jflftbk quihtfty g` prgkuetfgh pjistfe pirtsff. 5-K prfhtfhc tg erbitb i kfb cbglbtry fh lbtijjfe pgwkbrs `gjjgwbk ay sfhtbrfhc ihk

fh`fjtritfgh tg eglpjbtb tmb ìarfeitfgh g` tmb kfb



Bxilpjbs g` ietuij pirt prgkuetfgh fhejukbf. Ulijj aitem sfzbs g` pjistfe pirts tmit egujk hgt ab beghglfeijjy fhnbetfgh lgjkbk

abeiusb g` tmb mfcm egst g` tmb lgjk

ff. Tirts wftm fhtrfeitb fhtbrhij cbglbtrfbs tmit egujk hgt ab likb usfhc eghvbhtfghij

tbemhgjgcfbs wftmgut issblajyfff. Ghb-g`-i-ofhk pirts suem is aghb rbpjieblbhts tmit lust ab likb tg egrrbet sfzb `gr biem

usbr.

@fc. ;.95> [ypfeij ippjfeitfgh irbis g` QT prgebssbs

Uurìeb Qgucmhbss> Uurìeb rgucmhbss fs i eglpghbht g` surìeb tbxturb. Ft fs quihtf`fbk ay

tmb vbrtfeij kbvfitfghs g` i rbij surìeb `rgl fts fkbij `grl.Liemfhb eglpghbhts wmfem mivb uhkbrcghb liemfhfhc gpbritfgh, wmbh fhspbetbk uhkbr

lichf`feitfgh, wfjj mivb sglb lfhutb frrbcujirftfbs. [mb prgpbrtfbs ihk pbr`grliheb g` liemfhb

eglpghbhts irb i``betbk ay tmb kbcrbb g` rgucmhbss g` tmb virfgus surìebs. [mb mfcmbr tmb

slggtmhbss g` tmb surìeb, tmb abttbr fs tmb ìtfcub strbhctm ihk egrrgsfgh rbsfstiheb.[mb cbglbtrfeij emirietbrfstfes g` i surìeb fhejukb,

9. Lierg-kbvfitfghs



1. Uurìeb wivfhbss5. Lferg-frrbcujirftfbs

[mb surìeb rgucmhbss fs bvijuitbk ay tmb mbfcmt, Q t ihk lbih rgucmhbss fhkbx Q i g` tmb lferg-

frrbcujirftfbs.

@fc. ;.9;> Uurìeb rgucmhbss tbrlfhgjgcy

Uurìeb Qgucmhbss [brlfhgjgcy> [mb surìeb rgucmhbss tbrlfhgjgcy is smgwh fh `fc. ;.9;

fs kbserfabk is abjgw?

9. Ietuij prg`fjb (I ̀ )> Ft fs tmb prg`fjb g` tmb ietuij surìeb gatifhbk ay `fhfsmfhc gpbritfgh.

1. Qb`brbheb prg`fjb (Q ̀ )> Ft fs tmb prg`fjb tg wmfem tmb frrbcujirftfbs g` tmb surìeb irb rb`brrbk tg.

Ft pissbs tmrgucm tmb mfcmbst pgfht g` tmb ietuij prg`fjb.

5. Kitul prg`fjb (K` )> Ft fs tmb prg`fjb, pirijjbj tg tmb rb`brbheb prg`fjb. Ft pissbs tmrgucm tmb

jgwbst pgfht A g` tmb ietuij prg`fjb.

;. Lbih Trg`fjb (L` )> Ft fs tmit prg`fjb, wftmfh tmb silpjfhc jbhctm emgsbh (J), suem tmit tmb sul

g` tmb litbrfij `fjjbk irbis bhejgsbk iagvb ft ay tmb ietuij prg`fjb fs bquij tg tmb sul g` tmblitbrfij-vgfk irbis bhejgsbk abjgw ft ay tmb prg`fjb.

2. Tbio tg vijjby mbfcmt (Q t)> Ft fs tmb kfstiheb `rgl tmb kitul prg`fjb tg tmb rb`brbheb prg`fjb.

0. Lbih rgucmhbss fhkbx (Q i)> Ft fs tmb irftmlbtfe lbih g` tmb iasgjutb vijubs g` tmb mbfcmts mf

abtwbbh tmb ietuij ihk lbih prg`fjbs. Ft fs cfvbh ay?

Q i < 9/J ∯ ||

Smbrb, J fs tmb silpjfhc jbhctm.

3. Uurìeb rgucmhbss hulabr> [mb surìeb rgucmhbss hulabr rbprbsbhts tmb ivbricb kbpirturb

g` tmb surìeb `rgl pbr`betfgh gvbr i prbserfabk silpjfhc jbhctm, usuijjy sbjbetbk is 4.= ll ihk

fs bxprbssbk fh lferghs. [mb lbisurblbhts irb usuijjy likb ijghc i jfhb, ruhhfhc it rfcmt ihcjbtg tmb cbhbrij kfrbetfgh g` tggj liros gh tmb surìeb. Uurìeb rgucmhbss vijubs irb usuijjy

bxprbssbk is tmb Q i vijub fh lferghs.

Q i < (m9+m1+m5+…………..+mh)/h

[mb surìeb rgucmhbss liy ab lbisurbk, usfhc ihy ghb g` tmb `gjjgwfhc fhstrulbhts?

9. Utrifcmt bkcb

1. Uurìeb ciucb



5. Gptfeij `jit

;. [ggj liobr‗s lfergsegpb

2. Trg`fjglbtbr

0. Trg`fjgcripm

3. [ijysur`

Lferg`fhfsmfhc prgebss> Lferg`fhfsmfhc, ijsg ohgwh is lfergliemfhfhc, Uupbr`fhfsmfhc, ihk

smgrt-strgob mghfhc, fs i lbtijwgrofhc prgebss tmit flprgvbs surìeb `fhfsm ihk wgropfbeb

cbglbtry. [mfs fs iemfbvbk ay rblgvfhc nust tmb tmfh ilgrpmgus surìeb jiybr jb`t ay tmb jist prgebss wftm ih iarisfvb stghb gr tipb? tmfs jiybr fs usuijjy iagut 9 κl fh lichftukb.

[mb lferg`fhfsmfhc prgebss wis kbvbjgpbk ay tmb Emrysjbr Egrpgritfgh fh 965;.

Fh tmfs prgebss i`tbr i lbtij pfbeb fs crguhk tg ih fhftfij `fhfsm, ft fs supbr`fhfsmbk wftm i `fhbr crftsgjfk iarisfvb. [mb iarisfvb fs gsefjjitbk gr rgtitbk wmfjb tmb wgropfbeb fs rgtitbk fh tmb gppgsftb

kfrbetfgh? tmbsb lgtfghs irb wmit eiusb tmb ergss-mitemfhc. [mb cbglbtry g` tmb iarisfvb

kbpbhks gh tmb cbglbtry g` tmb wgropfbeb surìeb? i stghb (rbetihcujir smipb) fs `gr eyjfhkrfeij

surìebs ihk eups ihk wmbbjs irb usbk `gr `jit ihk spmbrfeij surìebs. I juarfeiht fs usbk tglfhflfzb mbit prgkuetfgh, wmfem eih ijtbr tmb lbtijjurcfeij prgpbrtfbs, ihk tg eirry iwiy tmb

swir`? obrgsbhb fs i egllgh juarfeiht.

[mb iarisfvb euts tmb surìeb g` tmb wgropfbeb fh tmrbb pmisbs. [mb `frst pmisb fs wmbh tmb

iarisfvb `frst eghtiets tmb wgropfbeb surìeb> kujj crifhs g` tmb iarisfvb `rieturb ihk ìjj iwiyjbivfhc i hbw smirp euttfhc surìeb. Fh tmb sbeghk pmisb tmb iarisfvb "sbj`-krbssbs" wmfjb lgst

g` tmb stgeo fs abfhc rblgvbk. @fhijjy, tmb iarisfvb crifhs abeglb kujj is tmby wgro wmfemflprgvbs tmb surìeb cbglbtry.

[mb ivbricb rgtitfghij spbbk g` iarisfvb wmbbj ihk/gr wgropfbeb fs 9 tg 92 surìeb l/lfh, wftm

0 tg 9; l/lfh prb`brrbk? tmfs fs luem sjgwbr eglpirbk tg crfhkfhc spbbks irguhk 9=44 tg 5244

l/lfh. [mb prbssurb ippjfbk tg tmb iarisfvb fs vbry jfcmt, usuijjy abtwbbh 4.41 tg 4.43 LTi (5 tg94 psf), aut eih ab is mfcm is 1.40 LTi (166 psf). Mghfhc fs usuijjy 5.; tg 0.6 LTi (;64 tg 9,444

psf) ihk crfhkfhc fs abtwbbh 95.3 tg 953.5 LTi (9,664 tg 96,694 psf). Smbh i stghb fs usbk ft fs

gsefjjitbk it 144 tg 9444 eyejbs wftm ih ilpjftukb g` 9 tg 2 ll (4.456 tg 4.963 fh).Uupbr`fhfsmfhc eih cfvb i surìeb `fhfsm g` 4.49 κl.

Ikvihticbs g` supbr`fhfsmfhc fhejukb> fherbisfhc pirt jf`b, kberbisfhc wbir, ejgsbr tgjbrihebs,mfcmbr jgik abirfhc surìebs, abttbr sbijfhc eipiafjftfbs, ihk bjflfhitfgh g` i arbio fh pbrfgk.

[mb lifh kfsikvihticb fs tmit supbr`fhfsmfhc rbqufrbs crfhkfhc gr i mirk turhfhc gpbritfgh ab`grbmihk, wmfem fherbisbs egst. Uupbr`fhfsmfhc mis i jgwbr euttfhc b``fefbhey abeiusb g`

slijjbr emfps ihk jgwbr litbrfij rblgvij ritb. Uupbr`fhfsmfhc stghbs irb sg`tbr ihk wbir lgrb

qufeojy.

Egllgh ippjfeitfghs g` lferg`fhfsmfhc fhejukb> stbbrfhc rieo eglpghbhts, trihslfssfgheglpghbhts, ùbj fhnbetgr eglpghbhts, eilsmi`t jgabs, mykriujfe eyjfhkbr rgks, abirfhc riebs,

hbbkjb rgjjbrs, ihk smirpbhfhc stghbs ihk wmbbjs.



RHF[ 2 IQ[F@FEFIJ FH[BJJFCBHEB IHK B]TBQ[ UVU[BLU

Irtf`fefij fhtbjjfcbheb (IF) fs tmb stuky g` mgw tg liob eglputbrs kg tmfhcs wmfem, it tmb

lglbht, pbgpjb kg abttbr. [mfs kb`fhftfgh fs, g` egursb, sglbwmit lglbhtiry abeiusb g` ftsrb`brbheb tg eurrbht stitb g` eglputbr sefbheb. Ihk ft ìfjs tg fhejukb sglb irbis g` pgtbhtfijjy

vbry jircb flpiet, hilbjy prgajbls tmit eihhgt hgw ab sgjvbk wbjj ay bftmbr eglputbrs gr

mulihs.

Is IF lfcritbs tg tmb rbij wgrjk wb kg hgt sbbl tg ab sitfs`fbk wftm nust i eglputbr pjiyfhc iembss cilb. Fhstbik wb wfsm i rgagt wgujk sft gppgsftb tg us is ih gppghbht, vfsuijfzb tmb rbij

agirk ihk liob tmb rfcmt lgvbs fh tmfs pmysfeij wgrjk. Uuem hgtfghs sbbl tg pusm tmb kb`fhftfghs

g` IF tg i crbitbr bxtbht. [mb `bbjfhc g` fhtbjjfcbheb fs i lfricb, f` ygu iemfbvb ft? ft ebisbs tgliob ygu `bbj sg. Is sglbagky mis iptjy put ft ― IF fs Irtf`fefij fhtbjjfcbheb tfjj ft fs iemfbvbk?

i`tbr wmfem tmb ierghyl rbkuebs tg Ijrbiky Flpjblbhtbk .

[mb wgrk fhtbjjfcbheb fh IF lbihs is tmb iafjfty tg iequfrb, uhkbrstihk ihk ippjy ohgwjbkcb gr

tmb iafjfty tg bxbrefsb tmgucmt ihk rbisghs.Irtf`fefij fhtbjjfcbheb (IF) fs tmb fhtbjjfcbheb bxmfaftbk ay liemfhbs gr sg`twirb. Ft fs ih

ieikblfe `fbjk g` stuky wmfem cbhbrijjy stukfbs tmb cgij g` blujitfhc mulih-jfob fhtbjjfcbheb.

Ngmh LeEirtmy, wmg egfhbk tmb tbrl fh 9622, kb`fhbs ft is "tmb sefbheb ihk bhcfhbbrfhc g`liofhc fhtbjjfcbht liemfhbs".

[mb prgajbl irbis wmbrb IF fs hgw `jgurfsmfhc lgst is i prietfeij kfsefpjfhb irb prflirfjy tmb

kglifhs tmit rbqufrb ghjy spbefijfzbk bxpbrtfsb wftmgut tmb issfstiheb g` egllghsbhsbohgwjbkcb. [mbrb irb hgw tmgusihks g` prgcrils eijjbk bxpbrt systbls fh kiy tg kiy gpbritfgh

tmrgucmgut ijj irbis g` fhkustry ihk cgvbrhlbht. Biem g` tmbsb systbls ittblpts tg sgjvb pirt, gr

pbrmips ijj, g` i prietfeij, sfchf`feiht prgajbl tmit prbvfgusjy rbqufrbk seireb mulih bxpbrtfsb.

Qgutfhb [isos

TbrebptfghPfsfghUpbbem

Hiturij Jihcuicb

RhkbrstihkfhcCbhbritfgh[rihsjitfgh

Egllghsbhsb Qbisghfhc

Qgagt Eghtrgj

@grlij [isos

Cilbs

Embss

AieocillghEmbeobrs-Cg

LitmblitfesCbglbtry

JgcfeFhtbcrij Eijeujus

Trgvfhc prgpbrtfbs g` prgcrils

Bxpbrt [isos

BhcfhbbrfhcKbsfch



@iujt `fhkfhcLihuìeturfhc pjihhfhc

Uefbhtf`fe ihijysfs

Lbkfeij kfichgsfs

@fhihefij ihijysfs

@fc. 2.9> Uglb g` tmb tiso kglifhs g` Irtf`fefij Fhtbjjfcbheb

@fc. 2.1> Uegpb g` Irtf`fefij Fhtbjjfcbheb

Tittbrh Qbegchftfgh> Is tmb hilb succbsts?

Tittbrh Qbegchftfgh < Tittbrh + Qbegchftfgh

Tittbrh> Tittbrh fs i sbt g` ganbets gr pmbhglbhi gr eghebpts wmbrb tmb bjblbhts g` tmb sbt irb

sflfjir tg ghb ihgtmbr fh ebrtifh wiys/ispbets. [mb Tittbrhs irb kbserfabk ay ebrtifh quihtftfbs,quijftfbs, trifts, hgtiajb `biturbs ihk sg gh.

Bxilpjb> Mulihs, Qikir Ufchijs, fhsbets, Ihflijs, sghir sfchijs. @gssfj rbegrks,

Lferggrcihfsls sfchijs, ejguks bte.

Mulihs mivb i pittbrh wmfem fs kf``brbht `rgl tmb pittbrh g` ihflijs. Biem fhkfvfkuij mis i

pittbrh wmfem fs kf``brbht `rgl tmb pittbrhs g` gtmbrs.

Ft fs sifk tmit biem tmfb` mis mfs gwh pittbrhs. Uglb bhtbr tmrgucm wfhkgws, sglb tmrgucm kggrs

ihk sg gh. Uglb kg ghjy ‘pfeo - pgeobtfhc‗, sglb stbij eyejbs, sglb stbij eirs ihk sg gh.

[mb agky pittbrh g` mulih abfhcs mis hgt emihcbk sfheb lfjjfghs g` ybirs. Aut pittbrh g`

eglputbrs ihk gtmbr liemfhbs eghtfhugusjy emihcb. Abeiusb g` tmb `fxbk pittbrh g` mulih

agkfbs, tmb wgro g` lbkfeij kgetgrs fs bisfbr eglpirbk tg tmb wgro g` bhcfhbbrs wmg kbij wftm

liemfhbs wmgsb pittbrhs eghtfhugusjy emihcb.

Qbegchftfgh> Is tmb hilb succbsts?

Qbegchftfgh < Qb + Egchftfgh

Egchftfgh> [g abeglb iequifhtbk wftm, tg eglb tg ohgw tmb iet, gr tmb prgebss g` ohgwfhc ih

bhtfty (tmb prgebss g` ohgwfhc).



Qbegchftfgh> [mb ohgwjbkcb gr `bbjfhc tmit tmb prbsbht ganbet mis abbh lbt ab`grb (tmb prgebss

g` ohgwfhc icifh).

Tittbrh Qbegchftfgh eghsfsts g` rbegchfzfhc i pittbrh usfhc i liemfhb (eglputbr). Ft eih ab

kb`fhbk fh sbvbrij wiys.

Kb`fhftfgh-9> Ft fs i stuky g` fkbis ihk ijcgrftmls tmit prgvfkb eglputbrs wftm i pbrebptuij

eipiafjfty tg put iastriet ganbets, gr pittbrhs fhtg eitbcgrfbs fh i sflpjb ihk rbjfiajb wiy.

Kb`fhftfgh-1> Ft fs ih ilaftfgus bhkbivgr g` lbemihfzitfgh g` tmb lgst ùhkilbhtij ùhetfgh g`

egchftfgh.

Lbtmgkgjgcy g` Tittbrh Qbegchftfghs> Ft eghsfsts g` tmb `gjjgwfhc?

9. Sb gasbrvb pittbrhs

1. Sb stuky tmb rbjitfghsmfps abtwbbh tmb virfgus pittbrhs.

5. Sb stuky tmb rbjitfghsmfps abtwbbh pittbrhs ihk gursbjvbs ihk tmus irrfvb it sftuitfghs.

;. Sb stuky tmb emihcbs fh sftuitfghs ihk eglb tg ohgw iagut tmb bvbhts.

2. Sb stuky bvbhts ihk tmus uhkbrstihk tmb jiw abmfhk tmb bvbhts.

0. Rsfhc tmb jiw, wb eih prbkfet ùturb bvbhts.

Bxilpjb>

Istrgjgcy/Tijl mfstgry> Ieegrkfhc tg tmfs lbtmgkgjgcy, ft eghsfsts g` tmb `gjjgwfhc?

9.

Sb gasbrvb tmb kf``brbht pjihbts/jfhbs gh mihk.

1. Sb stuky tmb rbjitfghsmfp abtwbbh tmb pjihbts/jfhbs.

5. Sb stuky tmb rbjitfghs abtwbbh tmb pgsftfgh g` pjihbts/jfhbs ihk sftuitfghs fh jf`b ihk irrfvb it

bvbhts.

;. Sb stuky tmb bvbhts ihk uhkbrstihk tmb jiw abmfhk tmb bvbhts.

2. Rsfhc tmb jiw wb eih prbkfet tmb ùturb g` i pbrsgh.

Flpjfeitfgh g` Tittbrh Qbegchftfgh> Tittbrh Qbegchftfgh flpjfbs `gjjgwfhc tmrbb tmfhcs. Ft mis

abbh pbrebfvbk?

9. [mb ganbet mis abbh egchfzbk birjfbr gr tmb pfeturb/kbserfptfgh g` tmb ganbet mis abbh

egchfzbk birjfbr.1. [mb birjfbr kbtifjs g` egchftfgh irb stgrbk.

5. [mb ganbet fs bheguhtbrbk icifh it wmfem tflb ft fs tg ab rbegchfzbk.

Egvbricb g` Tittbrh Qbegchftfgh> Tittbrh Qbegchftfgh egvbrs i wfkb spbetrul g` kfsefpjfhbs

suem is?

9. Eyabrhbtfes

1. Eglputbr Uefbheb

5. Uystbl Uefbheb

;. Eglluhfeitfgh Uefbhebs

2. Bjbetrghfes

0. Litmblitfes

3. Jgcfe

=. Tsyemgjgcy

6. Tmysfgjgcy

94. Tmfjgsgpmy

Ippjfeitfgh g` Tittbrh Qbegchftfgh>

9. Lbkfeij kfichgsfs

1. Jf`b `grl ihijysfs

5. Ughir kbtbetfgh

;. Qikir kbtbetfgh

2. Flicb prgebssfhc

0. Trgebss eghtrgj

3. Fh`grlitfgh Lihicblbht systbls

=. Ibrfij pmgtg fhtbrprbtitfgh.

6. Sbitmbr prbkfetfgh

94. Ubhsfhc g` jf`b gh rblgtb pjihbts.



99.

Abmivfgr ihijysfs

91. Emirietbr rbegchftfgh

95.

Upbbem ihk Upbiobr rbegchftfgh.

@fc. 2.5> Eglpghbhts g` i [ypfeij Tittbrh rbegchftfgh Uystbl

Eghtrgj Utritbcfbs>

9. [mb `frst rbqufrblbht g` i cggk eghtrgj stritbcy fs tmit ft eiusbs lgtfgh. Uuppgsb wb

flpjblbhtbk tmb sflpjb eghtrgj stritbcy g` stirtfhc biem tflb it tmb tgp g` tmb jfst g` rujbs

ihk emggsfhc tmb `frst ippjfeiajb ghb. F` wb kfk tmit, wb wgujk hbvbr sgjvb tmb prgajbl.

1. [mb sbeghk rbqufrblbht g` i cggk eghtrgj stritbcy fs tmit ft ab systblitfe. Gh biem eyejb,

emggsb it rihkgl `rgl ilghc tmb ippjfeiajb rujbs. [mfs stritbcy fs abttbr tmih tmb `frst. Ft

eiusbs lgtfgh. Ft wfjj jbik tg i sgjutfgh bvbhtuijjy. Aut wb irb jfobjy tg irrfvb it tmb silb

stitb sbvbrij tflbs kurfhc tmb prgebss ihk tg usb lihy lgrb stbps tmih irb hbebssiry.

Abeiusb tmb eghtrgj stritbcy fs hgt systblitfe, wb liy bxpjgrb i pirtfeujir usbjbss sbqubheb

g` gpbritgrs sbvbrij tflbs ab`grb wb `fhijjy mik i sgjutfgh. [mb rbqufrblbht tmit i eghtrgjstritbcy ab systblitfe egrrbspghks tg tmb hbbk `gr cjgaij lgtfgh is wbjj is `gr jgeij lgtfgh.

Mburfstfes>

9. [g sgjvb jircbr prgajbls, kglifh-spbef`fe ohgwjbkcb lust ab prgvfkbk tg flprgvb tmb

sbirem b``fefbhey

1. Mburfstfe> Ihy ikvfeb tmit fs g`tbh b``betfvb aut fs hgt ijwiys cuirihtbbk tg wgro

5. Mburfstfe Bvijuitfgh @uhetfgh>



Bstflitbs egst g` ih gptflij pitm abtwbbh twg stitbs

Lust ab fhbxpbhsfvb tg eijeujitb

m(h)

Mburfstfe Ubirem [bemhfqubs> [mbrb irb i hulabr g` lbtmgks usbk fh Mburfstfe Ubirem

tbemhfqubs?

9. Kbptm Ubirem

1. Arbiktm Ubirem

5.

Mfjj ejflafhc;. Cbhbritb-ihk-tbst

2. Abst-`frst-sbirem

0. Trgajbl rbkuetfgh

3. Eghstrifht sitfsìetfgh

=. Lbihs-bhks ihijysfs

Kbptm Ubirem [bemhfqub> Kbptm `frst sbirem wgros ay tiofhc i hgkb, embeofhc fts hbfcmagrs,

bxpihkfhc tmb `frst hgkb ft `fhks ilghc tmb hbfcmagrs, embeofhc f` tmit bxpihkbk hgkb fs gur

kbstfhitfgh, ihk f` hgt, eghtfhub bxpjgrfhc lgrb hgkbs.

Eghsfkbr tmb `gjjgwfhc kblghstritfgh g` `fhkfhc i pitm abtwbbh I ihk @?

@fc. 2.;> Kbptm @frst Ubirem

9. Utbp 4> Jbt's stirt wftm gur rggt/cgij hgkb>

Sb eih usb twg jfsts tg obbp trieo g` wmit wb irb kgfhc - ih Gpbh jfst ihk i Ejgsbk Jfst. Ih

Gpbh jfst obbps trieo g` wmit ygu hbbk tg kg, ihk tmb Ejgsbk Jfst obbps trieo g` wmit ygu

mivb ijrbiky kghb. Qfcmt hgw, wb ghjy mivb gur stirtfhc pgfht, hgkb I. Sb mivbh't kghb

ihytmfhc tg ft ybt, sg jbt's ikk ft tg gur Gpbh jfst.

Gpbh Jfst> I

Ejgsbk Jfst> :blpty8

1. Utbp 9> Hgw, jbt's bxpjgrb tmb hbfcmagrs g` gur I hgkb. [g put ihgtmbr wiy, jbt's tiob tmb `frst

ftbl `rgl gur Gpbh jfst ihk bxpjgrb fts hbfcmagrs>



Hgkb I's hbfcmagrs irb tmb A ihk E hgkbs. Abeiusb wb irb hgw kghb wftm gur I hgkb, wb

eih rblgvb ft `rgl gur Gpbh jfst ihk ikk ft tg gur Ejgsbk Jfst. Vgu irbh't kghb wftm tmfs stbp

tmgucm. Vgu hgw mivb twg hbw hgkbs A ihk E tmit hbbk bxpjgrfhc. Ikk tmgsb twg hgkbs tg

gur Gpbh jfst

Gur eurrbht Gpbh ihk Ejgsbk Jfsts eghtifh tmb `gjjgwfhc kiti>

Gpbh Jfst> A, E

Ejgsbk Jfst> I

5. Utbp 1> Gur Gpbh jfst eghtifhs twg ftbls. @gr kbptm `frst sbirem ihk arbiktm `frst sbirem, ygu

ijwiys bxpjgrb tmb `frst ftbl `rgl gur Gpbh jfst. [mb `frst ftbl fh gur Gpbh jfst fs tmb A hgkb.

A fs hgt gur kbstfhitfgh, sg jbt's bxpjgrb fts hbfcmagrs>

;. Utbp 5> Abeiusb wb mivb hgw bxpihkbk A, wb irb cgfhc tg rblgvb ft `rgl tmb Gpbh jfst ihk

ikk ft tg tmb Ejgsbk Jfst. Gur hbw hgkbs irb K ihk B, ihk wb ikk tmbsb hgkbs tg tmb

abcfhhfhc g` gur Gpbh jfst>

Gpbh Jfst> K, B, EEjgsbk Jfst> I, A

Abeiusb K fs it tmb abcfhhfhc g` gur Gpbh Jfst, wb bxpihk ft. K fsh't gur kbstfhitfgh, ihk ft

kgbs hgt eghtifh ihy hbfcmagrs. Ijj ygu kg fh tmfs stbp fs rblgvb K `rgl gur Gpbh Jfst ihk

ikk ft tg gur Ejgsbk Jfst>

Gpbh Jfst> B, E

Ejgsbk Jfst> I, A, K

2. Utbp ;> Sb hgw bxpihk tmb B hgkb `rgl gur Gpbh jfst. B fs hgt gur kbstfhitfgh, sg wb

bxpjgrb fts hbfcmagrs ihk `fhk gut tmit ft eghtifhs tmb hbfcmagrs @ ihk C. Qblblabr, @ fs gur

tircbt, aut wb kgh't stgp mbrb tmgucm. Kbspftb @ abfhc gh gur pitm, wb ghjy bhk wmbh wb irb

iagut tg bxpihk gur tircbt Hgkb - @ fh tmfs eisb

Gur Gpbh jfst wfjj mivb tmb B hgkb rblgvbk ihk tmb @ ihk C hgkbs ikkbk. [mb rblgvbk B

hgkb wfjj ab ikkbk tg gur Ejgsbk Jfst>

Gpbh Jfst> @, C, E

Ejgsbk Jfst> I, A, K, B

0.

Utbp 2> Sb hgw bxpihk tmb @ hgkb. Ufheb ft fs gur fhtbhkbk kbstfhitfgh, wb stgp>



Sb rblgvb @ `rgl gur Gpbh jfst ihk ikk ft tg gur Ejgsbk Jfst. Ufheb wb irb it gur

kbstfhitfgh, tmbrb fs hg hbbk tg bxpihk @ fh grkbr tg `fhk fts hbfcmagrs.

Gur `fhij Gpbh ihk Ejgsbk Jfsts eghtifh tmb `gjjgwfhc kiti>

Gpbh Jfst> C, E

Ejgsbk Jfst> I, A, K, B, @

[mb `fhij pitm tiobh ay gur kbptm `frst sbirem lbtmgk fs wmit tmb `fhij vijub g` gur Ejgsbk

Jfst fs> I, A, K, B, @.

Cbhbritb ihk [bst Utritbcy> 9. [mb cbhbritb-ihk-tbst stritbcy fs tmb sflpjbst g` ijj tmb ipprgiembs. Ft eghsfsts g` tmb

`gjjgwfhc stbps?

Cbhbritb i pgssfajb sgjutfgh. @gr sglb prgajbls, tmfs lbihs cbhbritfhc i pirtfeujir pgfht

fh tmb prgajbl spieb. @gr gtmbrs, ft lbihs cbhbritfhc i pitm `rgl i stirt stitb.

[bst tg sbb f` tmfs fs ietuijjy i sgjutfgh ay eglpirfhc tmb emgsbh pgfht gr tmb bhk pgfht g`

tmb emgsbh pitm tg tmb sbt g` ieebptiajb cgij stitb.

F` sgjutfgh mis abbh `guhk quft. Gtmbrwfsb rbturh tg stbp 9.

1. [mfs prgebkurb egujk jbik tg ih bvbhtuij sgjutfgh wftmfh i smgrt pbrfgk g` tflb f` kghb

systblitfeijjy.

5.

Mgwbvbr f` tmb prgajbl spieb fs vbry jircb, tmb bvbhtuij sgjutfgh liy ab i vbry jghc tflb.

;. [mb cbhbritb-ihk-tbst ijcgrftml fs i kbptm-`frst sbirem prgebkurb sfheb eglpjbtb sgjutfghs

lust ab cbhbritbk ab`grb tmby eih ab tbstbk.

2. Ft eih ijsg gpbritb ay cbhbritfhc sgjutfghs rihkgljy, aut tmbh tmbrb fs hg cuirihtbb tmit i

sgjutfgh wfjj ab bvbr `guhk.

0. Ft fs ohgwh is tmb Arftfsm Lusbul ijcgrftml fh rb`brbheb tg i lbtmgk g` `fhkfhc ganbet fh tmb

Arftfsm Lusbul ay wihkbrfhc irguhk.

3. @gr sflpjb prgajbls, bxmiustfvb cbhbritb-ihk-tbst fs g`tbh i rbisghiajb tbemhfqub.

=. @gr prgajbls luem mirkbr tmih tmfs, bvbh mburfstfe cbhbritb-ihk-tbst, fs hgt vbry b``betfvb

tbemhfqub.

6. Ft fs abttbr tg ab eglafhbk wftm gtmbr tbemhfqubs tg rbstrfet tmb spieb fh wmfem tg sbirem bvbh

ùrtmbr, tmb tbemhfqub eih ab vbry b``betfvb.

Mfjj Ejflafhc>

9. Fh mfjj ejflafhc tmb aisfe fkbi fs tg ijwiys mbik tgwirks i stitb wmfem fs abttbr tmih tmb

eurrbht ghb.

1. Ug, f` ygu irb it tgwh I ihk ygu eih cbt tg tgwh A ihk tgwh E (ihk ygur tircbt fs tgwh K)

tmbh ygu smgujk liob i lgvb F@ tgwh A gr E ippbir hbirbr tg tgwh K tmih tgwh I kgbs.

5. [mb mfjj-ejflafhc ijcgrftml emggsbs is fts hbxt stbp tmb hgkb tmit ippbirs tg pjieb ft ejgsbst

tg tmb cgij (tmit fs, ìrtmbst iwiy `rgl tmb eurrbht pgsftfgh).

;.

Ft kbrfvbs fts hilb `rgl tmb ihijgcy g` i mfobr abfhc jgst fh tmb kiro, mij`wiy up i lguhtifh.Issulfhc tmit tmb mfobr‗s eilp fs it tmb tgp g` tmb lguhtifh, bvbh fh tmb kiro tmb mfobr

ohgws tmit biem stbp tmit cgbs up fs i stbp fh tmb rfcmt kfrbetfgh.

2. [mb sflpjbst wiy tg flpjblbht mfjj ejflafhc fs is `gjjgws>

Bvijuitb tmb fhftfij stitb. F` ft fs ijsg i cgij stitb, tmbh rbturh ft ihk quft. Gtmbrwfsb

eghtfhub wftm tmb fhftfij stitb is tmb eurrbht stitb.



Jggp uhtfj i sgjutfgh fs `guhk gr uhtfj tmbrb irb hg hbw gpbritgrs jb`t tg ab ippjfbk fh tmb

eurrbht stitb.

Ubjbet ih gpbritgr tmit mis hgt ybt abbh ippjfbk tg tmb eurrbht stitb ihk ippjy ft tg

prgkueb hbw stitb.

Bvijuitb tmb hbw stitb

Utbbpbst Mfjj Ejflafhc>

9. Eghsfkbr ijj tmb lgvbs `rgl tmb eurrbht stitb ihk sbjbet tmb abst ghb is tmb hbxt stitb.

1.

Fh stbbpbst isebht mfjj ejflafhc ygu wfjj ijwiys liob ygur hbxt stitb tmb abst sueebssgr g`ygur eurrbht stitb, ihk wfjj ghjy liob i lgvb f` tmit sueebssgr fs abttbr tmih ygur eurrbht

stitb.

@grwirk ihk Aieowirk Qbisghfhc> [mb ganbet g` i sbirem prgebkurb fs tg kfsegvbr i pitm

tmrgucm i prgajbl spieb `rgl ih fhftfij egh`fcuritfgh tg i cgij stitb. [mbrb irb ietuijjy twg

kfrbetfghs fh wmfem suem i sbirem egujk prgebbk?

@grwirk, `rgl tmb stirt stitbs

Aieowirk, `rgl tmb cgij stitbs

[mb prgkuetfgh systbl lgkbj g` tmb sbirem prgebss prgvfkbs ih bisy wiy g` vfbwfhc `grwirk

ihk aieowirk rbisghfhc is syllbtrfe prgebssbs. Eghsfkbr tmb prgajbl g` sgjvfhc i pirtfeujirfhstiheb g` tmb =-puzzjb. [mb rujbs tg ab usbk `gr sgjvfhc tmb puzzjb eih ab wrfttbh is smgwh fh

`fc. 2.2. Rsfhc tmgsb rujbs wb egujk ittblpt tg sgjvb tmb puzzjb fh ghb g` twg wiys?

@fc. 2.2> I Uilpjb g` tmb rujbs `gr sgjvfhc tmb =-puzzjb

9. Qbisgh ̀ grwirk ̀r gl tmb fhf tfij stitbs> Abcfh aufjkfhc i trbb g` lgvb sbqubhebs tmit lfcmt

ab sgjutfghs ay stirtfhc wftm tmb fhftfij egh`fcuritfgh(s) it tmb rggt g` tmb trbb. Cbhbritb tmb

hbxt jbvbj g` trbb ay `fhkfhc ijj tmb rujbs wmgsb jb`t sfkbs litem tmb rggt hgkb ihk usfhc tmbfr

rfcmt sfkbs tg erbitb tmb hbw egh`fcuritfghs. Cbhbritb tmb hbxt jbvbj ay tiofhc biem hgkb

cbhbritbk it tmb prbvfgus jbvbj ihk ippjyfhc tg ft ijj g` tmb rujbs wmgsb jb`t sfkbs litem ft.

Eghtfhub uhtfj i egh`fcuritfgh tmit litembs tmb cgij stitb fs cbhbritbk.

1. Qbisgh aieowirk ̀ rgl tmb cgij stitbs> Abcfh aufjkfhc i trbb g` lgvb sbqubhebs tmit lfcmt

ab sgjutfghs ay stirtfhc wftm tmb cgij egh`fcuritfgh(s) it tmb rggt g` tmb trbb. Cbhbritb tmb

hbxt jbvbj g` trbb ay `fhkfhc ijj tmb rujbs wmgsb rfcmt sfkbs litem tmb rggt hgkb. [mbsb irb ijj

tmb rujbs tmit, f` ghjy wb egujk ippjy tmbl, wgujk cbhbritb tmb stitb wb wiht. Rsb tmb jb`t

sfkbs g` tmb rujbs tg cbhbritb tmb hgkbs it tmfs sbeghk jbvbj g` tmb trbb. Cbhbritb tmb hbxt jbvbj



g` trbb ay tiofhc biem hgkb it tmb prbvfgus jbvbj ihk `fhkfhc ijj tmb rujbs wmgsb rfcmt sfkbs

litem ft. [mbh usb tmb egrrbspghkfhc jb`t sfkbs tg cbhbritb tmb hbw hgkbs. Eghtfhub uhtfj i

hgkb tmit litembs tmb fhftfij stitb fs cbhbritbk. [mfs lbtmgk g` rbisghfhc aieowirk `rgl tmb

kbsfrbk `fhij stitb fs g`tbh eijjbk cgij kfrbetbk rbisghfhc.

Hgtfeb tmit tmb silb rujbs eih ab usbk agtm tg rbisgh `grwirk `rgl tmb fhftfij stitb ihk tg

aieowirk `rgl tmb cgij stitb. [g rbisgh `grwirk, tmb jb`t sfkbs irb litembk icifhst tmb eurrbht

stitb ihk tmb rfcmt sfkbs irb usbk tg cbhbritb hbw hgkbs uhtfj tmb cgij fs rbiembk. [g rbisgh

aieowirk, tmb rfcmt sfkbs irb litembk icifhst tmb eurrbht hgkb ihk tmb jb`t sfkbs irb usbk tg

cbhbritb hbw hgkbs rbprbsbhtfhc hbw cgij stitbs tg ab iemfbvbk. [mfs eghtfhubs uhtfj ghb g` tmbsb

cgij stitbs fs litembk ay ih fhftfij stitb.

@gur ìetgrs fh`jubheb, tmb qubstfgh g` wmbtmbr ft fs abttbr tg rbisgh `grwirk gr aieowirk?

9. Irb tmbrb lgrb pgssfajb stirt stitbs gr cgij stitbs7 Sb wgujk jfob tg lgvb `rgl tmb slijjbr

sbt g` stitbs tg tmb jircbr sbt g` stitbs.

1. Fh wmfem kfrbetfgh fs tmb arihemfhc ìetgr (f.b. ivbricb hg. g` hgkbs tmit eih ab rbiembk

kfrbetjy `rgl i sfhcjb hgkb) crbitbr7 Sb wgujk jfob tg prgebbk fh tmb kfrbetfgh wftm tmb jgwbr

arihemfhc ìetgr.

5. Sfjj tmb prgcril ab isobk tg nustf`y fts rbisghfhc prgebss tg i usbr7 F` sg, ft fs flpgrtiht tg

prgebbk fh tmb kfrbetfgh tmit egrrbspghks lgrb ejgsbjy wftm tmb wiy tmb usbr wfjj tmfho.;. Smit ofhk g` bvbht fs cgfhc tg trfccbr i prgajbl-sgjvfhc bpfsgkb7 F` ft fs tmb irrfvij g` i hbw

ìet, `grwirk rbisghfhc liobs sbhsb. F` ft fs i qubry tg wmfem i rbspghsb fs kbsfrbk, aieowirk

rbisghfhc fs lgrb hiturij.

Ittrfautb Aieowirk Emifhfhc @grwirk Emifhfhc

Ijsg ohgwh is Cgij-krfvbh Kiti-krfvbh

Utirts ̀ rgl Tgssfajb eghejusfgh Hbw kiti

Trgebssfhc B``fefbht Uglbwmit wistbùj

Ifls `gr Hbebssiry kiti Ihy Eghejusfgh(s)

Ipprgiem Eghsbrvitfvb/Eiutfgus Gppgrtuhfstfe

Trietfeij f`

Hulabr g` pgssfajb `fhijihswbrs fs rbisghiajb gr isbt g` ohgwh ijtbrhitfvbs fs

ivifjiajb.

Eglafhitgrfij bxpjgsfgherbitbs ih fh`fhftb hulabr

g` pgssfajb rfcmt ihswbrs.

Ipprgprfitb ̀ grKfichgstfe, prbserfptfgh ihkkbauccfhc ippjfeitfgh

Tjihhfhc, lghftgrfhc,eghtrgj ihk fhtbrprbtitfghippjfeitfgh

Qbisghfhc [gp-kgwh rbisghfhc Agttgl-up rbisghfhc

[ypb g` Ubirem Kbptm-`frst sbirem Arbiktm-`frst sbirem

Smg kbtbrlfhb sbirem Eghsbqubhts kbtbrlfhbsbirem Ihtbebkbhts kbtbrlfhbsbirem

@jgw Eghsbqubht tg ihtbebkbht Ihtbebkbht tg eghsbqubht

[iajb 2.9> Eglpiritfvb Utuky g` @grwirk ihk Aieowirk Emifhfhc

Ubirem Ijcgrftmls>

9. Aisfe bjblbhts g` prgajbl kb`fhftfgh (stitbs ihk ietfghs)

Fhftfij stitb(s)



Ubt g` pgssfajb ietfghs (gpbritgrs)

Utitb spieb (sbt g`` ijj stitbs rbiemiajb `rgl tmb fhftfij stitb ay ihy sbt g` ietfghs ―

flpjfeft)

Cgij tbst (gr bxpjfeft sbt g` pgssfajb cgijs)

Egst g` tmb ietfghs

1. Ifl> tg `fhk i pitm `rgl ih fhftfij stitb tg i cgij stitb (sitfs`fbs tmb cgij tbst)

5. Ubirem spieb

Cbhbritbk gh tmb `jy Qbprbsbhtbk ay kfrbetbk ieyejfe cripm (sbiremfhc trbb)

;. Uglb hgtitfghs>

Hgkb/ire

Qggt

Tirbht/emfjkrbh

Arihemfhc ìetgr

Jbvbj

Jbi`

Cgij hgkb

Titm

Egst

2. Egh`jfets> sbirem stritbcfbs hbbkbk `gr kbefsfgh liofhc

0. Ubirem stritbcfbs eih ab crgupbk ieegrkfhc tg lgkf`feitfgh?

i) Frrbvgeiajb stritbcfbs/hgh-lgkf`fiajb stritbcfbs?

Hg pgssfafjfty `gr wftmkriw/lgkf`feitfgh g` i sbjbetbk ietfgh

Hg pgssfafjfty cgfhc aieo gh tmb pitm `rgl stirt hgkb (tg cgij hgkb)

Ijcgrftml stgrbs fh`grlitfgh ghjy tmb ietuij hgkb gh tmb pitm (wftmgut ihy birjfbr

arihem)

[mb ippjfeiajb ietfghs < tmb ietfghs ippjfeiajb gh tmb ietuij hgkb ↑ sbjbetfgh (wftm

jgeij ohgwjbkcb, tmb lgst prglfsfhc emfjk)

@fhkfhc i (h gptflij) sgjutfgh fs hgt cuirihtbbk

a) [bhtitfvb stritbcfbs/lgkf`fiajb stritbcfbs?

Iajb tg rbegchfzb tmb brrghbgus gr flprgpbr ippjfeitfgh g` ih ietfgh

Ijcgrftml eih cg aieo tg ih birjfbr stitb tg try i hbw kfrbetfgh wmbh

Qbiembs i sticb wmfem kgbs hgt jbik tg i cgij stitb

Ft kgbs hgt sbbl prglfsfhc tg rbsulb tmb sbirem fh tmit kfrbetfgh

3. Ubirem stritbcfbs eih ab crgupbk ieegrkfhc tg usbk ohgwjbkcb?

i)

Qihkgl sbirem? Cgij iemfbvblbht fs hgt fhsurbk fh `fhftb tflb

a) Ajfhk sbirem/uhfh`grlbk sbirem?

Ijj g` tmb pitms irb trivbrsbk fh i systblitfe wiy

Hg fh`grlitfgh iagut ‚cggkhbss“ g` tmb pitm gr hgkb

Ijcgrftml kfstfhcufsmbs i cgij stitb `rgl i hgh-cgij stitb

e) Mburfstfe sbirem/fh`grlbk sbirem?



Upbef`fe ohgwjbkcb iagut tmb cfvbh prgajbl (mburfstfe)

Bstflitb tmb kfstiheb `rgl i hgkb tg i sgjutfgh

Cilb Tjiyfhc>

9. Cilb Tjiyfhc fh Irtf`fefij Fhtbjjfcbheb rb`brs tg tbemhfqubs usbk fh eglputbr ihk vfkbg

cilbs tg prgkueb tmb fjjusfgh g` fhtbjjfcbheb fh tmb abmivfgr g` hgh-pjiybr emirietbrs (HTEs).

1. Mieos ihk embits irb ieebptiajb ihk, fh lihy eisbs, tmb eglputbr iafjftfbs lust ab tghbk

kgwh tg cfvb mulih pjiybrs i sbhsb g` ìfrhbss b.c. riefhc ihk smggtfhc.

5.

Blpmisfs g` cilb IF fs gh kbvbjgpfhc ritfghij icbhts tg litem gr bxebbk mulih pbr`grliheb.

;. IF mis eghtfhubk tg flprgvb, wftm ifls sbt gh i pjiybr abfhc uhiajb tg tbjj tmb kf``brbheb

abtwbbh eglputbr ihk mulih pjiybrs - rblblabr [urfh tbst7

2. I cilb lust ‘`bbj‗ hiturij?

Gaby jiws g` tmb cilb

Emirietbrs iwirb g` tmb bhvfrghlbht

Titm `fhkfhc (I* ijcgrftml)

Kbefsfgh liofhc

Tjihhfhc

0.

Cilb ‘aggoobbpfhc‗, segrfhc.

3. ~24% g` cilb prgnbet tflb fs spbht gh aufjkfhc IF.

=. Cilb pjiyfhc fs i sbirem prgajbl kb`fhbk ay>

Fhftfij stitb

Uueebssgr ùhetfgh

Cgij tbst

Titm egst / utfjfty / piyg`` ùhetfgh

Smy irb cilbs rbjbviht tg IF7

Cilbs irb ùh!

[mby irb jflftbk, wbjj-kb`fhbk rujbs [mby prgvfkb ikvihebk, bxfstfhc tbst-abks `gr kbvbjgpfhc sbvbrij fkbis ihk tbemhfqubs tmit

irb usbùj bjsbwmbrb.

[mby irb ghb g` tmb `bw kglifhs tmit ijjgw us tg aufjk icbhts.

Utukyfhc cilbs tbiembs us mgw tg kbij wftm gtmbr icbhts tryfhc tg `gfj gur pjihs

Mucb stitb spiebs ― Cilbs irb mfcmjy eglpjbx! Rsuijjy, tmbrb fs hgt bhgucm tflb tg wgro

gut tmb pbr`bet lgvb b.c. Cg & Embss

Hfeb, ejbih bhvfrghlbht wftm ejbir erftbrfi `gr sueebss

Cilb pjiyfhc fs eghsfkbrbk ih fhtbjjfcbht mulih ietfvfty.

IF mis ijwiys abbh fhtbrbstbk fh iastriet cilbs. Cilbs prbsbht ih fkbij bhvfrghlbht wmbrb mgstfjb icbhts liy eglpbtb.

[mb Fjjusfgh g` Mulih Abmivfgur>

Cilb IF fs iagut tmb fjjusfgh g` mulih abmivfgur?

Ulirt, tg i ebrtifh bxtbht (Erbitfvfty)

Hgh-rbpbitfhc abmivfgur

Rhprbkfetiajb aut ritfghij kbefsfghs



Blgtfghij fh`jubhebs (Frritfghijfty, ‘Tbrsghijfty‗)

Agky jihcuicb tg eglluhfeitb blgtfghs

Abfhc fhtbcritbk fh tmb bhvfrghlbht

Cilb IF hbbks virfgus eglputbr sefbheb kfsefpjfhbs?

Ohgwjbkcb Aisbk Uystbls

Liemfhb Jbirhfhc

Lujtf-icbht Uystbls

Eglputbr Cripmfes & Ihflitfgh

Kiti Utrueturbs

Eglputbr Cilbs [ypbs>

9. Utritbcy Cilbs

Qbij-[flb Utritbcy (Q[U)

[urh-Aisbk Utritbcy ([AU)

Mbjfegptbr vfbw

1. Qgjb-Tjiyfhc Cilbs (QTC)

Ufhcjb-Tjiybr

Lujtf-Tjiybr (LLGQTC)

5.

Ietfgh Cilbs @frst-Tbrsgh Umggtbrs (@TU)

@frst-Tbrsgh Uhbiobrs

;. Upgrts Cilbs

2. Uflujitfghs

0. Ikvbhturb Cilbs

3. Tuzzjb Cilbs

Lfhflix Ijcgrftml>

9. Cbhbrij lbtmgk `gr kbtbrlfhfhc gptflij lgvb.

1.

Cbhbritb eglpjbtb cilb trbb kgwh tg tbrlfhij stitbs.5. Eglputb utfjfty g` biem hgkb agttgl up `rgl jbivbs tgwirk rggt.

;. It biem LI] hgkb, pfeo tmb lgvb wftm lixflul utfjfty.

2. It biem LFH hgkb, pfeo tmb lgvb wftm lfhflul utfjfty (issulbs gppghbht ijwiys iets

egrrbetjy tg lfhflfzb utfjfty).

0. Smbh rbiem tmb rggt, gptflij lgvb fs kbtbrlfhbk.

3. Eih ab pbr`grlbk usfhc i kbptm-`frst sbirem.

@fc. 2.0> Lfhflix Ijcgrftml



@fc. 2.3> Lfhflix Eglputitfgh

Kbtbrlfhfhc Eutg``>

9. Ubirem tg i uhf`grl kbptm (pjy) k.

1. Rsb ftbritfvb kbbpbhfhc tg eghtfhub sbirem tg kbbpbr jbvbjs uhtfj tflb ruhs gut (ihytflb

ijcgrftml).5. Egujk bhk fh stitbs tmit irb vbry kyhilfe (hgt qufbsebht) fh wmfem bvijuitfgh egujk emihcb

qufeojy, is fh (k) abjgw.

;. Eghtfhub qufbsebheb sbirem it kyhilfe stitbs tg flprgvb utfjfty bstflitb.

2. Mgrfzgh prgajbl> Fhbvftiajb prgajbls eih ab pusmbk gvbr tmb sbirem aguhkiry.

0. Bxilpjb> Kbjiy fhbvftiajb qubbhfhc lgvb ay piwh ay bxpjgrfhc embeofhc lgvbs.

@fc. 2.=> Kbtbrlfhfhc Eutg``



Utrueturbk Qbprbsbhtitfgh g` Ohgwjbkcb> Qbprbsbhtfhc ohgwjbkcb usfhc jgcfeij

`grlijfsl, jfob prbkfeitb jgcfe, mis sbvbrij ikvihticbs. [mby eih ab eglafhbk wftm pgwbrùj

fh`brbheb lbemihfsls jfob rbsgjutfgh, wmfem liobs rbisghfhc wftm ìets bisy. Aut usfhc jgcfeij

`grlijfsl eglpjbx strueturbs g` tmb wgrjk, ganbets ihk tmbfr rbjitfghsmfps, bvbhts, sbqubhebs g`

bvbhts bte. eihhgt ab kbserfabk bisfjy.

I cggk systbl `gr tmb rbprbsbhtitfgh g` strueturbk ohgwjbkcb fh i pirtfeujir kglifh smgujk

pgssbss tmb `gjjgwfhc `gur prgpbrtfbs?

9. Qbprbsbhtitfghij Ikbquiey> [mb iafjfty tg rbprbsbht ijj ofhks g` ohgwjbkcb tmit irb hbbkbk

fh tmit kglifh.

1. F h`brbhtfij Ikbquiey> [mb iafjfty tg lihfpujitb tmb rbprbsbhtbk strueturb ihk fh`br hbw

strueturbs.

5. F h`brbhtfij B` `fefbhey> [mb iafjfty tg fhegrpgritb ikkftfghij fh`grlitfgh fhtg tmb ohgwjbkcb

strueturb tmit wfjj ifk tmb fh`brbheb lbemihfsls.

;. Iequfsftf ghij B`` fefbhey> [mb iafjfty tg iequfrb hbw fh`grlitfgh bisfjy, bftmbr ay kfrbet

fhsbrtfgh gr ay prgcril eghtrgj.

[mb tbemhfqubs tmit mivb abbh kbvbjgpbk fh IF systbls tg ieeglpjfsm tmbsb ganbetfvbs ìjj uhkbr

twg eitbcgrfbs?

9.

Kbejiritfvb Lbtmgks> Fh tmbsb ohgwjbkcb fs rbprbsbhtbk is stitfe egjjbetfgh g` ìets wmfemirb lihfpujitbk ay cbhbrij prgebkurbs. Mbrb tmb ìets hbbk tg ab stgrbk ghjy ghb ihk tmby

eih ab usbk fh ihy hulabr g` wiys. @iets eih ab bisfjy ikkbk tg kbejiritfvb systbls wftmgut

emihcfhc tmb cbhbrij prgebkurbs.

1. Trgebkurij Lbtmgk> Fh tmbsb ohgwjbkcb fs rbprbsbhtbk is prgebkurbs. Kbìujt rbisghfhc ihk

prgaiafjfstfe rbisghfhc irb bxilpjbs g` prgebkurij lbtmgks. Fh tmbsb, mburfstfe ohgwjbkcb g`

‚Mgw tg kg tmfhcs b``fefbhtjy ‚eih ab bisfjy rbprbsbhtbk.

Fh prietfeb lgst g` tmb ohgwjbkcb rbprbsbhtitfgh blpjgys i eglafhitfgh g` agtm. Lgst g` tmb

ohgwjbkcb rbprbsbhtitfgh strueturbs mivb abbh kbvbjgpbk tg mihkjb prgcrils tmit mihkjb hiturij

jihcuicb fhput. Ghb g` tmb rbisghs tmit ohgwjbkcb strueturbs irb sg flpgrtiht fs tmit tmby

prgvfkb i wiy tg rbprbsbht fh`grlitfgh iagut egllghjy geeurrfhc pittbrhs g` tmfhcs. Uuem

kbserfptfghs irb sglbtflbs eijjbk sembli. Ghb kb`fhftfgh g` sembli fs> ‚Uembli rb`brs tg ih

ietfvb grcihfzitfgh g` tmb pist rbietfghs, gr g` pist bxpbrfbheb, wmfem lust ijwiys ab suppgsbk

tg ab gpbritfhc fh ihy wbjj ikiptbk grcihfe rbspghsb“.

Ay usfhc semblis, pbgpjb is wbjj is prgcrils eih bxpjgft tmb ìet tmit tmb rbij wgrjk fs hgt

rihkgl. [mbrb irb sbvbrij typbs g` semblis tmit mivb prgvbk usbùj fh IF prgcrils. [mby

fhejukb?

9. @rilbs> Rsbk tg kbserfab i egjjbetfgh g` ittrfautbs tmit i cfvbh ganbet pgssbssbs (b.c.

kbserfptfgh g` i emifr).

1.

Uerfpts> Rsbk tg kbserfab egllgh sbqubheb g` bvbhts (b.c. i rbstiuriht sebhb).5. Utbrbgtypbs> Rsbk tg kbserfab emirietbrfstfes g` pbgpjb.

;. Qujb lgkbjs> Rsbk tg kbserfab egllgh `biturbs smirbk ilghc i sbt g` rujbs fh i prgkuetfgh

systbl.

@rilbs ihk serfpts irb usbk vbry bxtbhsfvbjy fh i virfbty g` IF prgcrils. Ab`grb sbjbetfhc ihy

spbef`fe ohgwjbkcb rbprbsbhtitfgh strueturb, tmb `gjjgwfhc fssubs mivb tg ab eghsfkbrbk.



9.

[mb aisfs prgpbrtfbs g` ganbets, f` ihy, wmfem irb egllgh tg bvbry prgajbl kglifh lust ab

fkbhtf`fbk ihk mihkjbk ipprgprfitbjy.

1. [mb bhtfrb ohgwjbkcb smgujk ab rbprbsbhtbk is i cggk sbt g` prflftfvbs.

5. Lbemihfsls lust ab kbvfsbk tg ieebss rbjbviht pirts fh i jircb ohgwjbkcb aisb.

Bxpbrt Uystbls fh Lihuìeturfhc> Fh irtf`fefij fhtbjjfcbheb, ih bxpbrt systbl fs i eglputbr

systbl tmit blujitbs tmb kbefsfgh-liofhc iafjfty g` i mulih bxpbrt. Bxpbrt systbls irb kbsfchbk

tg sgjvb eglpjbx prgajbls ay rbisghfhc iagut ohgwjbkcb, rbprbsbhtbk prflirfjy is f` ― tmbh rujbs

ritmbr tmih tmrgucm eghvbhtfghij prgebkurij egkb.Ih bxpbrt systbl fs i eglputbr prgcril tmit kriws tmb bxpbrt ikvfeb g` mulihs egkbk is sbrfbs

g` rujbs ihk ippjfbs ft tg i spbefijjy strueturbk aisb eghtifhfhc fh`grlitfgh iagut i rbij gr

mypgtmbtfeij sftuitfgh.

[mb `frst bxpbrt systbls wbrb erbitbk fh tmb 9634s ihk tmbh prgjf`britbk fh tmb 96=4s. Bxpbrt

systbls wbrb ilghc tmb `frst trujy sueebssùj `grls g` IF sg`twirb.

Bxpbrt systbls irb?

Ohgwjbkcb aisbk systbls

Tirt g` tmb Irtf`fefij Fhtbjjfcbheb `fbjk

Eglputbr prgcrils tmit eghtifh sglb suanbet-spbef`fe ohgwjbkcb g` ghb gr lgrb mulih

bxpbrts

Uystbls tmit utfjfzb rbisghfhc eipiafjftfbs ihk kriw eghejusfghs.

Lingr Eglpghbhts g` ih Bxpbrt Uystbl> Bvbry bxpbrt systbl eghsfsts g` `gur prfhefpij pirts?

9. [mb rujb aisb gr ohgwjbkcb aisb>

[mb ohgwjbkcb aisb fs tmb egjjbetfgh g` ìets ihk rujbs wmfem kbserfab ijj tmb ohgwjbkcb

iagut tmb prgajbl kglifh

Eghtifh bvbrytmfhc hbebssiry `gr uhkbrstihkfhc, `grlujitfhc ihk sgjvfhc i prgajbl.

Utgrbs ijj rbjbviht fh`grlitfgh, kiti, rujbs, eisbs, ihk rbjitfghsmfps usbk ay tmb bxpbrt

systbl.

1.

Sgrofhc stgricb> Eghtifhs ìets iagut i prgajbl tmit irb kfsegvbrbk kurfhc eghsujtitfgh wftm tmb bxpbrt

systbl.

Uystbl litembs tmfs fh`grlitfgh wftm ohgwjbkcb eghtifhbk fh tmb ohgwjbkcb aisb tg

fh`br hbw ìets.

[mb eghejusfgh rbiem wfjj bhtbr tmb wgrofhc lblgry.

5. [mb fh`brbheb bhcfhb>

[mb fh`brbheb bhcfhb fs tmb pirt g` tmb systbl tmit emggsbs wmfem ìets ihk rujbs tg ippjy

wmbh tryfhc tg sgjvb tmb usbr‗s qubry.

Ft tips tmb ohgwjbkcb aisb ihk wgrofhc lblgry tg kbrfvb hbw fh`grlitfgh ihk sgjvb

prgajbls.

[mb fh`brbheb bhcfhb fs i eglputbr prgcril kbsfchbk tg prgkueb rbisghfhc gh rujbs.

Ft fs aisbk gh jgcfe.

;. Rsbr fhtbrìeb>

[mb usbr fhtbrìeb fs tmb pirt g` tmb systbl wmfem tiobs fh tmb usbr‗s qubry fh i rbikiajb

`grl ihk pissbs ft tg tmb fh`brbheb bhcfhb. Ft tmbh kfspjiys tmb rbsujts tg tmb usbr.

[mb usbr eglluhfeitbs wftm tmb bxpbrt systbl tmrgucm tmb usbr fhtbrìeb.



Ft ijjgws tmb usbr tg qubry tmb systbl, suppjy fh`grlitfgh ihk rbebfvb ikvfeb.

[mb ifls irb tg prgvfkb tmb silb `grl g` eglluhfeitfgh ìefjftfbs prgvfkbk ay tmb

bxpbrt.

[mb egkb tmit eghtrgjs tmb kfijgc abtwbbh tmb usbr ihk tmb systbl.

@fc. 2.6> Utrueturb g` ih Bxpbrt Uystbl

Fssubs Mulih Bxpbrt Bxpbrt Uystbl

Ivifjiafjfty Jflftbk Ijwiys

Cbgcripmfe jgeitfgh Jgeijjy ivifjiajb Ihywmbrb

Kuriafjfty Kbpbhks gh fhkfvfkuij Hgh-pbrfsmiajb

Tbr`grliheb Pirfiajb Mfcm

Upbbk Pirfiajb Mfcm

Egst Mfcm Jgw

Jbirhfhc Iafjfty Pirfiajb/Mfcm Jgw

Bxpjihitfgh Pirfiajb Bxiet

[iajb 2.1> Eglpiritfvb Utuky g` Mulih Bxpbrt ihk Bxpbrt Uystbl

[ypbs g` Bxpbrt Uystbl>

9. Qujb-aisbk Uystbls

Ohgwjbkcb rbprbsbhtbk ay sbrfbs g` rujbs

1. @rilb-aisbk Uystbls

Ohgwjbkcb rbprbsbhtbk ay `rilbs

5. Myarfk Uystbls

Ubvbrij ipprgiembs irb eglafhbk, usuijjy rujbs ihk `rilbs

;. Lgkbj-aisbk Uystbls

Lgkbjs sflujitb strueturb ihk ùhetfghs g` systbls



2.

G``-tmb-smbj` Uystbls

Qbikylikb pieoicbs `gr cbhbrij usb

0. Eustgl-likb Uystbls

Lbbt spbef`fe hbbk

Ikvihticbs g` Bxpbrt Uystbl> [mb virfgus ikvihticbs g` ih bxpbrt systbl irb is `gjjgws?

Yufeo ivifjiafjfty

Qbkueb blpjgybb trifhfhc egsts

Qbkueb tmb tflb hbbkbk tg sgjvb prgajbls. Eglafhb lujtfpjb mulih bxpbrt fhtbjjfcbhebs

Qbkueb tmb ilguht g` mulih brrgrs.

Hbvbr "`grcbts" tg iso i qubstfgh,

Iafjfty tg sgjvb eglpjbx prgajbls

Eghsfstbht ihswbrs `gr rbpbtftfvb kbefsfghs, prgebssbs ihk tisos

Bxebjjbht Tbr`grliheb

Trgvfkb Bxpjihitfgh

@ist rbspghsb

Documents

Advanced Manufacturing Technology - CIM 1112.pdf