ADVANCED LEC

03ORNITHOLOGYUniversity of Rio Grande

Donald P. Althoff, Ph.D.

Archaeopteryx

Bird Origins

Reference Chapters 1-2

LIVING

EUKARYOTIC

VISIBLE TO NAKED EYE

MULTICELLULAR

Plantae

Animalia

Fungi

INVERTEBRATES

CHORDATES(vertebrates & tunicates

& cephalocordates)

EUKARYA

Kingdom: ANIMALIA

Phylum: CHORDATA

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Domain:

SubphylumsCephalochordata

Urochodata

Craniata(Vertebrata)

MAMMALIA

AVES

REPTILIA

AMPHIBIA

OSTEICHTHYES

CHONDRICHTHYES

AGNATHA

Urochordata

Cephalochordata

no jaws

vertebrae

novertebrae

jaws

lungs

limbs

amnioticegg

PR

IMIT

IVE

A

DV

AN

CE

D

7 classesof

Vertebrates+

the “outgroups”

Cladistic Systematics

• Make _________________• “clad” is Greek (klados) for branch, stem

“gramma” Greek for picture• Traces evolutionary history• Base of tree: primitive traits/characteristics

Top of tree: derived or _____________ traits/characteristics

Common ancestorPRIMITIVE

CHARACTERISTICS

DERIVED (______________)CHARACTERISTICS

Common ancestor

1

2

A CBD

Characteristics

“most”

____________

characte

ristic

s

“most”

__________

characte

ristic

s

MAMMALIA

AVES

REPTILIA

AMPHIBIA

OSTEICHTHYES

CHONDRICHTHYES

AGNATHA

Urochordata

Cephalochordata

no jaws

vertebrae

novertebrae

jaws

lungs

limbs

amnioticegg

7 classesof

Vertebrates+

the “outgroups”

vertebrae

Lungs, 3-chambered heart

__________________________________

Create a CLADOGRAM

VERTEBRATES: Two Groups

• NON-AMNIOTESHagfishes & LampreysSharks, Rays & RatfishesBony fishesSalamanders, Frogs, & Caecilians

• _________________TurtlesTuatara, Lizards, & SnakesAlligators & CrocodilesBirdsMammals

Diversity ofVERTEBRATES

Fig. 1-1 p4 PJH

AVES~9-10,000

species

*__________ diversity among vertebrates

Archaeopteryx

• First “KNOWN” bird• Know this name & how to

spell it: Archaeopteryx

• Translates to “__________”• 1st fossil found in _________

(i.e., modern day Germany in Europe), in 1860. One of six early on discovered

• Tell-tale feathers in _______ ___________

ArchaeopteryxLate Jurassic (155-150 MYA) Germany

A

R

R

R

reptilian

reptilian

reptilianavian

• Feathers had much more differentiated feathers than either Caudipteryx and Protoarchaeopteryx—two species which appeared “after” Archaeopteryx

• Wing feathers differentiated into ___________ and secondaries—nearly identical to extant birds

• ____________________ flight feathers—which enhances aerodynamics forces on the wing

• After finding the 7th specimen, revealed a rectangular sternum which would add surface area for flight muscle attachment…further evidence it probably could fly. Probably took off by running and flapping wings. Modern day “__________” equivalent would be roadrunner…a ground dwelling, cursorial predator that takes to the air to escape a predator

Archaeopteryx …. features

Fig. 16-25, p427 PJH

Archaeopteryx Neornithes

TERRESTRIAL ARBOREAL

12

34

56

.Grasping arms, swivel wrist joint, _________ directed pubis

.____________ vane feathers on wings and tail, down-like feathers on body, long tail

._____________ wing and tail feathers, longer arms, reduced tail

Evolution of Derived Characters (Fig. 16-25)

Early archosaur

RIGHT LATERAL VIEWS OF PELVIS1

Ornithischia

Saurischia

PUBUSORIENTED

POSTERIORLY

Fig. 16-2, p391 PJH

ARCHOSAURS LEPIDOSAURS

Ornithischia

BIRDS

Archosauromorphs Lepidosauromorphs

Saurischia

Pubis oriented posteriorly

Strut-like coracoid, fused pelvis, pygostyle, reduced foot claws

Increased skeletal fusion, deeper sternum, alula, shorter tail

Shorter back and tail, deeper sternum AND keel, more compact back and hip

Evolution of Derived Characters (Fig. 16-25)

__________ coracoid4

____________(dorsal view)

4

___________ fused caudal vertebrae

(lateral view)

Alula – feathers attached to “thumb”that help with aerodynamics of flight…especially with slowing down without stalling

5

Deeper sternum ___________6

Arctic puffin

Model of Microraptor (Dromaeosaurid)(American Museum of Natural History)

Archaeopteryx - Reptile-like

• ____________ structure (than modern-day birds)

• ______________ in the facial region

• ____________

• ____________ …in sockets

• _________________

• #1 – FEATHERS !!!!

• ___________________with opposite side to form the WISHBONE (__________ is the scientific term)

• _________ digits (3 forward, 1 back)

• ________

• Etc.

Archaeopteryx - Bird-like

Archaeopteryx

• Very much likely it could have flown…

• but, probably could __________ flight

• That lead to this possible scenario…

Evolution “of flight” scenario

• ____________ trees at first only

• Moving from _________________ (needed opposable toes for grasping)…__________

• …then ________

• and finally _______

1

2

3

4

Bird-like reptiles and reptile-like birds co-existed

Archeaopteryx “appeared” ~144 MYA

Birds start to “share” dominance with mammals

Toothless, present day forms of birds appear

Estimated 732 species by fossils aloneCondor-like bird 16-17 ft. wingspan

Fishes appeared 400-500 MYA

Amphibians appeared 360-408 MYA

Mammals appeared 208-245 MYA

Archeaopteryx “appeared” ~144 MYA

Mass extinction of Dinosaurs & Reptiles

AGE OF BIRDS*

*Increase of new species exceeded extinction rate

Later Evolution…based on limited fossil records

• Beginning of ______________(~65 MYA)

a) ____________ birds

b) emergence of ___________ present today

Later Evolution…PLEISTOCENE (~150 MYA)

• Estimated 732 species by fossils alone• Condor-like bird (Teratornis incredibilis)

largest ever (?) to fly..16-17 ft wingspan

Periods of Extinction

• MASS extinction: dinosaurs & reptiles ~60-144 MYA

• Significant extinction: when giant mammals emerged, ________________—probably flightless birds—became extinct, too

Age of Birds

• With speculation, the ‘Age of Birds’ must have been _______________________ (see prior charts)...a span of ________________

• Increase of new species _____________ extinction rate

• TODAY: rate of extinction exceeds the rate of new species…thus, the decline continues

Classification & Diversity of Birds

CLASS Aves

ORDERS 29

187 FAMILIES

> 2,050 GENERA

> ______ SPECIES

• Order with the most:

Families 83 (next most is Charadriiformes… shorebirds…with 19) Genera1,161 (next most is Apodiformes…

swifts and hummingbirds… with 128)

Species5,712 (next most is Apodiformes… with 422)

Passeriformes (songbirds, perching birds, passerines)

Classification & Diversity of Birds

CLASS Aves

SUPERORDERS _____________

“_____ jaw”2 orders,

11 families,63 species

___________“_____ jaw”

includes flightless birds

Paleognathae = old jaw

• Tinamiformes (47 species)

• Ratities (no keel on their sternum) (16 species)A) Casuariiformes (emus & cassowaries)B) Rheiformes (rheas)C) Struthioniformes (ostriches)

GIL

L: F

ig. 2

-15 Model of evolution of MODERN birds

Modern ornithurines