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Advanced Coal Generation Technology
National Conference of State Legislatures Coal WorkshopNovember 20, 2008
Dr. Jeffrey N. PhillipsSenior Program ManagerAdvanced Generation Options
2© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Kaya Identity
• Japanese energy economist Yoichi Kaya has shown that human-based CO2 emissions from a country is directly proportional to:– The total number of humans in that country– The standard of living (per capita GDP)– The energy intensity of that economy (how much GDP
per kilowatt of energy consumed)– And the “carbon intensity” of the energy used in that
economy (CO2 produced per kilowatt of energy consumed)
In theory, you could decrease CO2 emission by decreasing any of these four items – which would you choose?
3© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Options from Decreasing Human-Based CO2Emissions
• Decrease population (P): doubtful• Decrease standard of living (GDP/P): NO!• Decrease energy intensity (E/GDP): possible via higher
efficiency processes• Decrease carbon intensity: use low CO2 emission power
sources (e.g., renewables, nuclear and coal with CO2capture and storage)
Let’s focus on the last two bullet points!!!
4© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Conventional Coal Plant
100 MW
12 MW
88 MW
41.5 MW
46.5 MW
39 % Efficiency (HHV basis)
2.5 MW own use
39 MW
5© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
History of Steam Conditions forFossil Fired Power Plants
45 Years of No Progress!!!
6© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
A Different Story for Gas Turbines!(Note: Pentagon has funded R&D for jet engines for many years)
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Max
. Tur
bine
Inle
t Tem
p. (D
eg F
)Gas Turbines Steam Turbines
7© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
• Previously in the USA, the cost benefits of increased generatingefficiency did not justify the increased capital cost
– Increasing fuel costs changing this view– Over 7,300 MW of SC PC capacity under construction in
USA; some use ferritic steels for main steam up to 593°C (1100°F)
• The loss of net power and increased cost of electricity associated with CO2 capture also favors higher efficiency
– Reducing CO2/MWh reduces cost of capture and storage• High-nickel alloys for ultra-supercritical (USC) steam conditions
being developed– AD700 in Europe for 700°C (1290°F) and U.S. Dept. of
Energy (DOE) for 760°C (1400°F)
Increased Efficiency Lowers Cost of CO2 Capture
8© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
When CO2 Capture Included, Higher PC Efficiency Lowers Levelized Cost-of-Electricity
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
30 35 40 45 50
Efficiency of PC plant without CO2 capture, % (HHV)
Rel
ativ
e C
OE,
-
Pittsburg #8 PRB
Based on KS-1 solvent, but oxy-combustion consider similar
Potential range of COE increase with improvements in CCS technology either post-combustion capture or oxycombustion
Capture only. No allowance for transportation and storage.
9© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Relative $/kW Total Plant Cost (2005 = 100%) Plant Net Efficiency (HHV Basis)
USC PC RD&D Augmentation Plan—Expected Benefits Case:Pittsburgh #8 coal, 90% availability, 90% CO2 capture
110
100
90
80
70
602005 2010 2015 2020 2025
40
38
36
34
32
30
Near Mid-Term:• Upgrade steam
conditions to 4200/1110/1150
Mid-Term:• Upgrade steam
conditions to 5000/1300/1300, and then to 5000/1400/1400/1400
Near-Term:• Upgrade solvent from MEA
to MHI KS-1 (or equivalent)• Upgrade steam conditions
from 3500/1050/1050 to 3615/1100/1100
Long-Term:• Upgrade solvent
to ammonium bicarbonate (or equivalent)
10© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gas Turbine “simple cycle”
100 MW
35 MW
65 MW
35% Efficiency (HHV basis)
11© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Combined Cycle
100 MW
Fuel
35 MW17 MW
65 MW
27 MW
21 MW to condenser
38 MW
17 + 35 = 52 MW 52% Efficiency! (burning natural gas)
12© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
15MW 79MW
28MW51MW
47MW20MW
9MW
Net Coal to Power: 28 + 20 – 9 = 39% (HHV basis)
19MW
100MW
IGCC schematic from US DOE27 MW
13© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Dakota Gasification Pre-Combustion Capture in Commercial-Scale Operation
CO2 to Enhanced Oil
Recovery
SNG to pipeline
Gasification & Heat Recovery
CO2Production &
RemovalMethanation
“Syngas”
H2-rich syngas
CO2 Pipeline
Supplies natural gas power plants (approx 1000 MW)
connected to NG pipeline gridOwned by Dakota
Gasification
Lignite
14© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
IGCC Long-Term RD&D Plan—Expected BenefitsCase: Slurry-fed gasifier, U.S. bituminous coal, 90% availability, 90% CO2 capture
60
70
80
90
100
110
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Long-Term• Membrane
separation• Warm gas
cleanup• CO2-coal slurry
Rel
ativ
e Pl
ant C
ost (
$/kW
, 200
5 =
100%
)
30
32
34
36
38
40
Plan
t Net
Effi
cien
cy (H
HV
Bas
is)Mid-Term
• Ion transfer membrane oxygen• G-class to H-class gas turbines• Supercritical HRSG• Dry ultra-low-NOX combustors
Longest-Term• Fuel cell
hybrids
Near-Term • Add SCR• Eliminate spare gasifier • F-class to G-class gas
turbines• Improved Hg detection
15© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Conclusions
• CO2 emissions caused by humans could be decreased by increasing the efficiency of coal-based power plants as well as by capturing CO2 from those plants
• EPRI and others have identified R&D pathways that could lead to significant improvements in coal power plant thermal efficiency– This is true for both combustion-based and
gasification-based coal power plants
16© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Background info
17© 2008 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
+45%
Both Scenarios meet the same economy-wide CO2 Cap*Both Scenarios meet the same economy-wide CO2 Cap*
*Economy-wide CO2 emissions capped at 2010 levels until 2020 and then reduced at 3%/yr
Increase in Real Electricity Prices…2000 to 2050
+260%