Advance to next slide1 Interactive Introduction to SPSS Statistical Software Elizabeth Bigham, Ph.D. California State University San Marcos May 2007 -

Advance to next slide 1

Interactive Introduction to SPSS Statistical Software

Elizabeth Bigham, Ph.D.California State University San Marcos May 2007 -

Funded by SSRIC

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Set-Up Instructions - 1

• Follow the set-up instructions (first 6 slides) before you begin the module.

• Shrink this window to approximately 20% of the size of your screen and move it to the bottom right hand corner of your screen. – This will allow you to carry out the exercises in

SPSS while viewing the instructions.


• This module requires the use of SPSS and DeskPins software. DeskPins keeps the instructional window on top so you can see it while you complete the SPSS exercises.

• If you have DeskPins on your computer (you would see a red push-pin in the bottom left blue area of your screen), advance to Set-Up Instructions – 6.

• If you do not have DeskPins already, print out the instructions on the next 4 slides (slides 3, 4, 5, 6) and follow the directions to download this free program.




• Open an internet window.

• Go to http://users.forthnet.gr/pat/efotinis/programs/deskpins.html

• Scroll down and Select: DeskPins v1.30

• Select: Save > Save > Open

http://users.forthnet.gr/pat/efotinis/programs/deskpins.html

http://users.forthnet.gr/pat/efotinis/programs/deskpins.html

http://users.forthnet.gr/pat/efotinis/programs/files/DeskPins130.zip

http://users.forthnet.gr/pat/efotinis/programs/files/DeskPins130.zip


Set-Up Instructions - 4 Your screen should look like this.


• Double left click on: DeskPins 1.30 setup• Select: Extract all > Next > Next > Next >

Finish• Select: DeskPins 1.30 setup installer > Run >

Next > Install• When “Completed” appears in the upper left

corner of the window, select: Close• Close the DeskPins window• Restart you computer to activate the DeskPins

program and then return here and continue with Set-Up Instructions – 6.




• DeskPins should now be installed (you should see a red push-pin at the bottom right corner of your screen).

• Left click on the red push-pin in the bottom blue area of your screen (picks up a pin)

• Left click on this screen (you should see a red push-pin appear in the blue area above)

• Now you are set-up and ready to begin the module!


Interactive Introduction to SPSS Statistical Software

Welcome,

This module was designed to introduce you to SPSS statistical software. It is an interactive presentation for students who have successfully completed a lower division statistics course and are ready to begin conducting computerized statistical analysis.


Learning Objectives

You will learn to:– set-up a data entry page– work with variables, such as add, move, and

recode them– perform descriptive analysis– conduct simple correlations


Directions

• Remember to use the double-down arrows to “Advance to next slide” (or go back and review slides) at your own pace.

• Words in italics refer to a location.

• Words in “quotes” are words you type.

• Bold indicates a selection (to click on).

• The symbol > indicates that you move to the next step.


Getting Started

• Data collection methods vary and the capabilities of SPSS are tremendous.

• For this introductory module, we will use a simple survey (on the next slide) as part of a hypothetical study.

• Take a look at the Sample Survey and note the information that is collected with each item.


Sample Survey

Participant #: __

Gender: M F Age: __ Year:__

Current GPA: ___ High School GPA: ___

On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you that you will learn statistics?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Not at All Very

How many years of computer experience have you had? __


Open SPSS

• Open SPSS: Start > All Programs > SPSS for Windows > SPSS 14.0 for Windows

• Your Version number may be different.

• A medium size window will open.

• Select: Type in Data > OK


– This first screen (Data View) is where you enter data - one participant per row, one variable per column.

– If it is not full screen with this window on top (example on next slide), hit the full screen button at the top right hand corner of your screen.


Your screen should look like this.


• For the rest of the module, the small instructional window will not be in the pictures that show what your screen should currently look like.

• See the next slide for an example.




Set Up Columns

• Switch to Variable View. At the bottom left of your screen there are two tabs (Data View and Variable View). Select: Variable View. (This screen is where you enter information about your variables - one variable per row.)




• The first column is Name. This is where you enter the name of your first variable (do not use spaces). Type: “Case” and move down one line. – You will notice that across the first row the cells fill

with information when you move down a line. These are the default settings. We will start by changing only a couple in this exercise.

• On the second line under Name. Type: “Gender” • Move down one line and type: “Age”




• Continue - • Move down one line and type: “GPA”• Move down one line and type: “HSGPA”• Move down one line and type: “Confidence”

(This will be the name for the question about confidence.)

• Move down one line and type: “CompExp” (This will be the name for the question about how much computer experience they have.)



Coding

– In response to the survey item Gender, your participant will circle M or F. SPSS will need a number that indicates Male and a number that indicates Female.

• Go to Line 2 (Gender) and move over to the Values column, click on the cell and then on the 3 dots shaded in grey. A Value Labels window will appear. Enter “1” in the Value box and “Male” in the Label box. Select: Add. Then type “2” and “Female.” Select: Add > OK.



– You can write in information that explains the variable in the Label column.

• Go to line 6 (Confidence) and move over to the Label column and type: “On a scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being the most, how confident are you that you will learn statistics?”

• Move down to the Label column of line 7 (CompExp) and type: “How many years of computer experience have you had?”


• Adjust the column width by putting your cursor over the gray area on the dividing line between Label and Values. Hold the left click button (to grab the line) and move your mouse to the left.


– The Measure column is where you indicate the Level of Measurement of the variable. Choices are Nominal, Ordinal, or Scale (Interval or Ratio).

• Go to line 1 (Case) and click on the Measure column. Click on the down arrow and select: Nominal.

• Go to line 2 (Gender) and click on the Measure column. Click on the down arrow and select: Nominal.

• Leave the remaining lines at the default value (Scale).



Enter Data

• Switch to Data View. At the bottom left of your screen select: Data View.

• In the upper left portion of your screen, select View and, if Value Labels is not checked, select Value Labels



• Type “1” in the first line of the Case column. • Move over to the Gender column and click on

the down arrow in the cell. Select Male• Move over to Age and type 23• Move over to GPA and type 3.2• Move over to HSGPA and type 3.11• Move over to Confidence and type 6• Move over to CompExp and type 5



You have just finished entering the data from this survey (Participant #1).

Participant #: _1_

Gender: M F Age: _23_ Year: F

Current GPA: _3.2_ High School GPA: _3.11_


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Not at All Very

How many years of computer experience have you had? _5_


Now enter the data from the next 9 surveys.

Participant #: _2_

Gender: M F Age: _25_ Year: So



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Not at All Very



Participant #: _3_

Gender: M F Age: _31_ Year: Sn



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Not at All Very



Participant #: _4_

Gender: M F Age: _27_ Year: J



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Not at All Very



Participant #: _5_




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Not at All Very



Participant #: _6_

Gender: M F Age: _22_ Year: F



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Not at All Very



Participant #: _7_




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Not at All Very



Participant #: _8_

Gender: M F Age: _28_ Year: J



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Not at All Very



Participant #: _9_




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Not at All Very



Participant #: 10_




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Not at All Very



Save your file

• Whenever you work with data, you should be sure to save your file often.

• Go to File > Save As > (choose a location)

• Type your last name in the File Name box.

• Select: Save



Add a variable

Click on the top grey portion of the GPA column to highlight the column. At the top left of your screen, select Edit > Insert variable.



At the bottom left of your screen, select: Variable View. Double click on VAR00001 (it will turn blue) and type “Year” to give the new variable (Year Level) a name. – Move over to the Values column, click on the cell and

then on the 3 dots shaded in grey. Type “1” in the Value box and “Freshman” in the Label box. Select: Add. Type “2” and “Sophomore.” Select: Add. Type “3” and “Junior.” Select: Add. Type “4” and “Senior.” Select: Add > OK.



• At the bottom left of your screen, select: Data View.

• Click in the Year column of line 1, select the down arrow then select Freshman.


You have just finished entering the Year Level for your first participant.

Participant #: _1_

Gender: M F Age: _23_ Year: Fr



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Not at All Very



Now enter the Year Level for the other 9 participants (these are the same surveys).

Participant #: _2_




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Not at All Very



Participant #: _3_




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Not at All Very



Participant #: _4_

Gender: M F Age: _27_ Year: Ju



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Not at All Very



Participant #: _5_




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Not at All Very



Participant #: _6_

Gender: M F Age: _22_ Year: Fr



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Not at All Very



Participant #: _7_




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Not at All Very



Participant #: _8_

Gender: M F Age: _28_ Year: Ju



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Not at All Very



Participant #: _9_




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Not at All Very



Participant #: 10_




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Not at All Very



Your Data View file should look like this -


Move a variable

• Click on the top grey portion of the Year column to highlight the column.

• Press and hold a Left click then use your mouse to move the cursor to in between the Gender and Age columns.

• Drop (stop pressing the Left click) the Year column.



Recode Variables

The Confidence variable indicates students' responses to the question: On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you that you will learn statistics? Their responses are currently Scale data (1 – 10). To make a comparison of the participants who answered with a low, medium, or high response, you can create groups (Nominal data).


Select: Transform > Recode > Into Different Variables.

Highlight the Confidence question on the list and click on the arrow to move Confidence into the Input Variable box.

Type: “ConfLoHi” in Output Variable: Name. Click on the Change button.



Select: Old and New Values. Under Old Value, select: Range.

Type: “1” in the top box and “3” in the box under through.Type: “1” in the Value box under New Value. Click: Add.Type: “3” in the top Range box under Old Value and “6” in

the lower box.Type: “2” in the Value box under New Value. Click: Add.Type: “7” in the top Range box under Old Value and “10” in

the lower box.Type: “3” in the Value box under New Value. Click: Add.



• Click on Continue > OK

• The new variable will appear at the right hand side of your current variables.



• At the bottom left of your screen, select: Variable View

• Go to line 9 (ConfLoHi) and move over to the Values column. Click on the cell and then on the 3 dots shaded in grey. Type “1” in the Value box and “Low” in the Label box. Select: Add. Type “2” and “Medium.” Select: Add. Type “3” and “High.” Select: Add



• Select: OK


Descriptive Statistics

• Descriptive statistics describe the status of variables. How you describe the status of variables depends on the level of measurement of the variable. Recall that SPSS uses Nominal, Ordinal, and Scale (Interval or Ratio).– Nominal and Ordinal variables, such as Gender, could

be reported as Frequency (% or number of Males and Females).

– Scale variables, such as Age, could be reported by stating the Minimum, Maximum, Mean, and Standard Deviation (Ages ranged from 18 to 64 years old with an average age of 27 (SD=9.81)).


Calculate Frequency

• Select: Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies

• Highlight Gender on the list and click on the arrow to move Gender to the Variable(s) box.

• Highlight ConfLoHi on the list and click on the arrow to move ConfLoHi to the Variable(s) box

• Be sure that Display Frequency Tables is checked

• Select Charts• On the Frequencies: Charts box, select: Bar

charts and Percentages > Continue > OK.



• Notice that a 2nd file is now open. • Each time you perform an analysis, the output

will be added to the output file. • When you save, you will need to save both your

data file (.sav) and your output file (.spo).• Go to File > Save As > (choose a location)• Type your last name in the File Name box.• Select: Save


Review the Output

• Frequencies: the number of valid and missing data entries for Gender and ConfLoHi

• Frequency Table: the number of data entries for each level of Gender (how many Males and Females) and ConfLoHi (how many Low, Medium, and High) followed by Bar Charts


Calculate Minimum, Maximum, Mean, & Standard Deviation

• Select: Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies to open Frequencies.

• Select: Reset • Highlight Age, GPA, HPGPA, and the 2 questions

(Confidence and CompExp) on the list and click on the arrow to move them to the Variable(s) box.

• Be sure that Display Frequency Tables is checked• Select: Statistics. Check Mean, Standard

Deviation, Minimum and Maximum• Select: Continue > OK



Review the Output

• Frequencies: the number of valid and missing data entries for these variables now includes Mean, Standard Deviation, Minimum, Maximum.

• Frequency Tables: the number of data entries for each level of these variables (one table for each variable). If there are many levels of a variable, the Frequency Table provides information that is very detailed. Instead, the variable’s Mean, Standard Deviation, Minimum, and Maximum are typically reported.


Calculate for Multiple Variables

• Determine the frequency of a combination of variables, such as how many of each Gender are at each level of ConfLoHi:

• Select: Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Crosstabs • Highlight Gender and click on the upper arrow to move

Gender to the Row(s) box.• Highlight ConfLoHi and click on the lower arrow to move

ConfLoHi to the Column(s) box.• Check Display clustered bar charts • Select: Cells. Check Percentages for Row, Column,

and Total• Select: Continue > OK.



Review the Output

• Case Processing Summary: the number of valid, missing, and total data entries for Gender and ConfLoHi (participants that answered both questions)

• Crosstabulation: the number (and percentages) of data entries for each level of both variables (rows are levels of one variable and intersect with columns which are levels of the other variable).

• Works best with nominal or ordinal variables


Correlation

– A Pearson correlation analyzes relationships between parametric, linear (interval or ratio which are Scale in SPSS) variables. If ordinal, use Spearman Rho even if not from a normal distribution.

– You can enter several variables and get a matrix of the direction and strength (-1 to 1) of relationships.


• To examine the relationship between GPA and Confidence, start by restating the hypothesis.

• Hypothesis: – It is hypothesized that there will be a significant

positive relationship between GPA and Level of Confidence .

– This is directional so it is one-tailed.

• Variables and Level of Measurement: – Variable1: GPA (Scale)– Variable 2: Level of Confidence (Scale)


• Select: Analyze > Correlate > Bivariate• Highlight GPA and the Confidence

question on the list and click on the arrow to move them to the Variables box.

• Check Pearson, One-tailed, and Flag significant correlations.

• Select: Options. Check Means and standard deviations. Select: Continue > OK



Review Output

• Descriptive Statistics: Here are the Means, Standard Deviations, and N for GPA and Level of Confidence.

• Correlations: The variables are listed across the top and down the side so that they intersect within the grid. Each intersection box has the value of the correlation, then the significance level, then the N.


• Find the numbers in the statement below on the output at the intersection of GPA and Level of Confidence (the question about confidence): – There was a positive correlation [r(10)= .883,

p < .01] between GPA and Level of Confidence.



Scatter plot

• A scatter plot is a common method of displaying the results of a bivariate correlation. You can add a third variable by entering it at set markers by.

• One variable is represented on each axis and the dots represent the intersection of participants’ scores on the two variables.


• Select: Graphs > Scatter/Dot > Simple Scatter > Define

• Highlight GPA. Click the arrow to move it to the Y Axis box.

• Highlight Level of Confidence question. Click the arrow to move it to the X Axis box.


• Select: Titles.

• In the Footnote Line 1 box, type “Figure 1. There was a significant positive relationship between GPA and Level of Confidence.”

• Select: Continue > OK



• SPSS Graphs are easily edited and copy/pasted into your document. You can change the Axis labels, colors, sizes, etc. in the Chart Editor.

• Place your curser over the chart and double-left click. Now double click on the X Axis label (On a scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being the most, how confident are you that you will learn statistics?). A the blue box appears around the text. (Close the Properties box that pops up.)

• You can now change the label by deleting the old label and typing: “Level of Confidence”



• Click outside the box onto the SPSS Viewer to close the Chart Editor and the change will be made to your graph.

• If you wanted to use your graph in a document, you would just right click then Copy / Paste it into your document.


• Good Job!

• You have almost completed the module.

• Just 2 more steps.


• Step 1 -

• Print the output file (SPSS Viewer)

• Select: File > Print > OK


• Step 2 -– Get out a blank sheet of paper and answer

the questions on the next page.– If you find that they are difficult for you to

answer, you should go back through the module, review your statistics text, or consult with your professor.


Post - Test

1. What percentage of the participants were females?

2. What was the average number of years of computer experience?

3. How many males were in the High Confidence group and how many females in that group?

4. Was the relationship between GPA and Confidence significant (<.05)?

5. Did your graph display the difference between variables or the relationship between variables?


Congratulations

• You have now – set-up a data entry page– added, moved, and recoded variables– performed descriptive analysis on nominal

and scale variables– conducted a Pearson correlation and created

a scatter plot for the results


Thank You

• Your comments are appreciated and may be directed to:

• Elizabeth Bigham, Ph.D.• California State University San Marcos• 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Rd.• San Marcos, CA 92096• [email protected]

Documents

Advance to next slide1 Interactive Introduction to SPSS Statistical Software Elizabeth Bigham, Ph.D. California State University San Marcos May 2007 -