Advance Learning and Processing Indonesian Using Role Playing Game

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Advance Learning and Processing Indonesian using Role Playing Game

Jasson Prestiliano [email protected]

Eko [email protected]

Faculty of Information Technology, Satya Wacana Christian University

Jln. Diponegoro 52-60 Salatiga

Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract

This paper discusses a game as a tool to learn

language. In this case we focus on Indonesian

language learning for non Indonesian speakers. This

research is the advanced research about learning and

processing Indonesian using Role Playing Game

(RPG).

In the first research, we implement RPG by using

RPG Maker VX, while in this research we use RPG

Maker XP. This new tool supports Ruby script that

called RGSS. With this facility users can enter the

word with keyboard, so that user can type any word

and then the game will process it. Besides, this engine

supports more editable graphics to provide better

performance.

This paper uses the difference concept from the

preceding paper. The first and second stage in the previous RPG was removed, while the third stage, that

is sentence completion, was used as a first stage in the

current RPG. The second and third stage in the

current RPG is completely new, that is writing a good

simple sentence and command sentence. All of the

stage use natural language processing algorithm to

correct the input sentence.

According to the survey, the current RPG more

reliable and more interesting than before , so it can

be a better tool for learning Indonesian language.

Keywords: RPG, NLP, Robust Syntactic Parsing

1. Introduction

The role of the teacher is important in learning a

language. It is necessary to fasten the transfer of

knowledge, but with just the usual manner, students

still feel hard to understand the language. Teachers

have to try many ways to teach language in order not

to lack of communication and boredom. The teacher

must teach in the class, doing conversation, and

learning by listening the conversation or narration

from the tape-recorder. These conventional methods

need more teachers’ effort, like good quality on

teaching language. These problems make the learnerto try to look for language learning tools that make

them improve their language knowledge. An

alternative learning method is using a computer

technology especially the game technology.

Game technology that tries to combine the

important of education and the fun factor of playing a

game is often called “Serious Game” [9]. In this

serious game, we can simulate or learn something by

playing a game. Examples of this type of game are

Darwars, a game that support the training of United

States Army and Jeux de Mots, French web games in

NLP (Natural Language Processing) to create lexical

resources. This paper also tries to develop a serious

game to learn Indonesian Language by using Robust

Syntactic Parsing algorithm to process inputs from the

player.

An RPG (Role Playing Game) is a good alternative

for language learning like Indonesian. RPG is a game

in which the participants are assumed to be the role of

fictional characters and collaboratively create or

follow stories. Warren Spector [7] define RPG as a

game in which character development and character

interaction take precedence over other factors and

where each player's experience of the story is

determined by individual choice. Without bothcharacter development and genuine choices placed

within a player's control, a game cannot be called a

role-playing game [6]. This kind of game can motivate

the student as a player to always make some progress

in his or her study [5]. Some examples of this type of

game are Final Fantasy series from Squaresoft (now it



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is known as Square Enix) [8], Diablo series from

Blizzard and so on.

This paper is a result of the advanced research in

Indonesian Language Learning using RPG without

ignoring the fun factor of playing it. In the first

research there are some weaknesses and problems.

The weaknesses of the first prototype are lack of natural language processing. The natural language

processing is provided only in third stage. Beside that,

the RPG has less of fun factor in playing RPG itself.

We try to solve those cases by making the advance

natural language processing to recover them using

RPG with all of three stages using natural language

processing and provide better language learning.

2. Language Learning Concept in RPG

When we play a game, we will meet something

called stage or in some other words it called chapter.

Stage in a game usually represents the difficulty of the

game. The stage arrange from the lowest to the

highest.

In the first game that has been made, Stage 1

provides word spelling and Stage 2 provides word

matching that didn’t use the natural language

processing [5]. In the last stage the game use it for

sentence completion. In this paper, the advance RPG

uses natural language processing in every stage. The

first stage is still using the third stage of the first

game, sentence completion. The second and third

stage use improved natural language processingalgorithm to process simple sentence and command

sentence.

The main concept of learning language with RPG

is that the users will learn the language structure and

meaning while he/she play a game. So, the learning

process will be presented to the user in RPG ways. For

example in the first stage, when the user tries to

complete the sentence, he/she will encounter the

monsters that try to make user’s mission to be failed,

so the user will be encourage to play and learn

language harder. From now on the user will be called

as the player, because they play RPG.

2.1. First Stage: Sentence Completion

Sentence completion is the easiest way to introduce

language for the players. They will be given an

incomplete sentence and then try to complete it with

the word or phrase that the meaning was given in the

brackets. The Robust Syntactic Parsing will search in

the dictionary included in RPG engine, and then it

will collect the meaning of the word or phrase that had

been inputted by player, after that it match the

meaning with the meaning that was reserved for the

question and process the result.

One example that explains about what the game

does in the first stage is the random seed generatorgets the question “Saya … (eat/ am eating/ will eat)

pagi ini”. This kind of sentence can have the meaning

“I eat this morning” or “I’m eating this morning”

even “I will eat this morning”, so the answer “makan”

or “sedang makan” even “mau makan” can be the

correct answers. The variation of answers given by the

user will be processed by the Natural Language

Processing in order to give the result whether the user

enters the right or wrong answers.

Figure 1: The Process of Sentence Completion in

Stage 1

In RPG way it is represented by the storyline that

the player should find a couple in an area full of

monster. He/she can use his sword techniques and

magic to fight against monster. This couple will give

him/her the questions and if they answered correctly,

the couple will give the key to the next stages. Figure

1 is the representation of the sentence completion that

occurs in Stage 1.

2.2. Second Stage: Simple Sentence

In the second stage the player should pass the areawith tougher monsters. So the player should be more

careful to fight in order meet to the NPC (Non

Playable Character) that will give him/her the

question. After passed the area, the player will be

given a question that has the certain meaning and

he/she should type a simple sentence that will be

processed by the game. Figure 2 is the representation



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of the simple sentence processing that occurs in Stage

2.

The RPG engine will randomize the question that

will be sent as a random number to the NPC. Then the

NPC will give the question to the player as the random

number they received before. After that, the player can

input his/her answer that will be processed by theRobust Syntactic Parsing that was included in RPG

engine. This algorithm will parse word by word from

the player input, each word will be parsed from the

dictionary whether it was in the right place or not. If it

was in the right place, the next word will be parsed to

match the meaning given. Finally it will give the

result whether the answer is accepted or isn’t

accepted.

Figure 2: The Process of Simple SentenceProcessing in Stage 2

For example, the question is “You want to go tosomeplace”. With this kind of question, it can be many

variations of answers. The user can input “Saya mau

pergi ke Jakarta”, or “Aku ingin berangkat ke

Singapura” and so on. In this second stage, RPG use

Natural Language Processing to process the sentence

that was inputted by the user. If the typed sentence has

the right meaning, he/she will pass this stage. We can

see the explanations about how the natural language

processing runs in the game in the next part of this

paper.

2.3. Third Stage: Command Sentence

In the last stage the player is given a simple

mission that makes him to think what the series of

commands to solve the mission. The player should

fight the boss of the stage by commanding the NPC to

do something and the NLP will process whether the

command sentence is right or wrong. If the player can

give the right command to the NPC, the NPC will do

the command that player ask and then wait for the

next command. If all of commands are right, the

player solves the mission. Figure 3 is the

representation of the command sentence processing

that occurs in Stage 3.

For example there is a series command that makes

the NPC take a tomato and throw it to the boss. So the player can input the first command “Ambilkan

Tomat” or “Ambil Pisau itu” or some other sentence

that has meaning “Take the tomato” and then the NLP

will process it. If the result is true, then the NPC will

take the tomato and wait for another command. The

player can input the second commands such as

“Lemparkan tomat pada Boss” or “Lempar tomat itu

ke Boss” or some other sentence that has meaning

“Throw the tomato to the Boss”. This command will

be processed with Robust Syntactic Parsing. First, it

will search the command word or phrase, and then it

will parse the adjacent word and match the meaning.

If the result is true, NPC will do it. If the commandinputted gives the false result, the NPC will do

nothing and give the player explanation about the

right command that should be inputted by him/her.

Figure 3: The Process of Command Sentence

Processing in Stage 3

3. Robust Syntactic Parsing Algorithm

Before we go further with Robust Syntactic Parsing

Algorithm, we should know that a simple sentence in

Indonesian language has four kinds of patterns, they

are:

1. S-P: the simplest sentence that only consists of

Subject and Predicate.



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2. S-P-O: sentence that consists of Subject,

Predicate and Object.

3. S-P-K: sentence that consists of Subject,

Predicate and Adverb (in Indonesian language

an adverb is called “Keterangan”)

4. S-P-O-K: complete simple sentence that

consists of Subject, Predicate, Object andAdverb.

The RPG engine will process the sentence that was

given by the user with parsing algorithm called Robust

Parsing Algorithm. This algorithm is used to search

the relationship between patterns in a sentence [5].

The steps of this algorithm are:

1. Give index to each word

2. Know the type and category of each word; in this

case we use Indonesian language systems such

as S (Subject), P (Predicate), O (Object), etc.

3. Match with Indonesian language system

patterns.

As it is explained, every word has disjunction andhas word connectors like in the formula (1).

(1)

In formula (1) d is a disjunction, while l and r are

the left or right connector every word has.

In the other hands, some words that have identical

connector are called “linking” (Look at Figure 4).

After that, this disjunction will be grouped into some

groups such as noun, verb, adjective, adverb etc. [5].

((left)(right))((left)(right))((left)(right))

Connector: right left

Left right

Figure 4: Linking for Some Words with Identical

Connector

We will list the map of the Indonesian language

sentence pattern to know how the NLP will work in

Indonesian sentence pattern. Here are the mappings

from the connector to the Indonesian language

pattern.

S S- = subject (it can be person’s or location’s

name or a noun, it can be followed by

pointer such as “ini “ or “itu”)

S+= Nominative pronoun (in Indonesian

language such as: ”aku”, “saya”, “kau”,

“kamu”, “kita”, “kami”, “mereka”, “dia”,

“ia”, “kalian”, it can be followed by

pointer such as “ini “ or “itu”))

P P- = Intransitive predicate (a verb that doesn’t

need any object)

P+ = Transitive predicate (a verb that needs

object)

O O- = object (it can be person’s name location’s name or a noun)

O+= Accusative pronoun (in Indonesian

language a nominative pronoun can be

exchanged to be an accusative pronoun,

because it’s identical)

K KS= Adjective (this is one of adverb, for

example in Indonesian language such as:

”baik”, ”buruk”, ”tinggi”,

”cepat”, etc.)

KW=Adverb of time (in Indonesia such as

“besok”, “kemarin”, “dulu”, etc.)

KT = adverb of place (in Indonesian language

such as “sana”, “sini”, “situ”, etc) @ @D=Conjunction word such as “di”, “ke”,

“dari“ in Indonesian language.

@A=Assisted word for the Subject or Object

such as “si” or “sang” in Indonesian

language.

@M=Modals such as “telah”, “sudah”,

“sedang”, “belum”, “akan”, “mau”,

“ingin” and “hendak”.

@T = Pointer such as “ini” and “itu”.

A predicate in Indonesian structure works like a

verb in English structure. @D, A@, @M and @T can

be given between the Subject and predicate, between

Predicate and Object, between Predicate and Adverb

or between Object and Adverb.

We try to analyze two kinds of simple sentence

disjunction in Indonesian language. The first sentence

is “Setiawan pergi ke Sekolah” that means “Setiawan

goes to school”, and the other one is “Kita akan

berlibur ke Singapura bulan depan” that mean “We

will have a vacation to Singapore next month”.

The disjunction for the first sentence is like this:

Setiawan Pergi ke Sekolah

(S-) (P+) (@D (KT))

S P K

The first sentence has S-P-K patterns and we can

translate it directly into English with direct word

translation like Setiawan (person’s name, is not

included in the dictionary) goes (translation of “pergi”

to accompany third person pronoun) to (a preposition

that has means in Indonesian “ke”) school (a noun



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that become translation of “sekolah”, it will be the

adverb of place).

The disjunction of second sentence is like this:

Kita akan berlibur ke Singapura bulan depan

(S-) (@M) (P+) (@D) (O+) (KW)S+(@M) P (@D)+O K

S P O K

The second sentence has S-P-O-K patterns. Beside

the sentence patterns, it also has one Modal “akan”

that means “will” (future tense) and one preposition

“ke” that’s mean “to”. The subject is a nominative

pronoun “kita” that means “we”. While the predicate

is a verb “berlibur” that means “has a vacation”. The

object of this sentence is a location’s name that is

“Jakarta”, and the last one is an adverb of time “bulan

depan” that means “next month”, this phrase have the

role as adverb of time. So, we can translate it to

English as “We will have a vacation to Singapore next

month”. Figure 5 represents the architecture of the

dictionary database that can help the processing of the

language. The symbol PK is the Primary key of a

table, while the symbol FK is the Foreign Key of a

table in a database.

Figure 5: The Architecture of the DictionaryDatabase

If the user has made a mistake to the structure of

the sentence, then the game will not accept the

sentence as the correct one. It can be done because in

the dictionary database there are some fields that

represent the functions of each word and the suitable

function in the left and in the right side of the word.

Table 1 and 2 shows an example of the contents of thedictionary database from Words table and also from

Disjunction table.

Table 1. Words Table

WordID

(FK)

WordEng WordIndo WordMeaning

… … … …

W0122 will akan used for

expressing the

simple future,

to be willing to

W0123 win menang to be the best or

the first, not

losingW0124 wind angin strongly

moving air

… … … …

Table 2. Disjunction Table (Related to TableWords)

DisjID

(PK)

WordID

(FK)

DisjF

unc

DisjS

truct

Disj

Left

DisjR

ight

… … … … … …

001231 W0122 @M S S- P-

001232 W0122 @M S S- P+

001233 W0122 @M S S+ P-

001234 W0122 @M S S+ P+

001235 W0123 P- P S- O-

… … … … … …

That process of robust parsing algorithm is

represented in a Flowchart. Flowchart of Robust

Parsing Algorithm is shown in Figure 6.

Words

WordID (PK)

WordEng

WordIndo

WordMeaning

Disjunction

DisjID (PK)

WordID (FK)

DisjFunc

DisjStructDisjLeft

DisjRight



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Start

TakeInput

Sentence

Indexing

Words

Take The NextWord

Give the DisjunctionsFunction and

Structure

Examine Leftside Word

Null?

Match?Examine Right

side Word

No

Yes

Yes

Null?

Match?

Go to NextDisjunction

Go to Next

Word

Yes

No

Dictionary

Database

All words isused up?

End

No

Yes

No

No

Yes

All Disjunctions is

used up?

No

Give Result:

True

Give Result:

False

Yes

Figure 6: Steps to Match the Function and

Structure of the Sentence

The process begins with taking the sentence thathas been inputted. Then the word is indexed one by

one by using the dictionary database as the word

catalog. Next, the engine will examine the left side, if

match it proceed to examine the right side of the word.

If the left match with the right side then the result

comes true.

In some cases, there are several words that have no

disjunctions whether at the left side or the right one. If

this condition occurs, the engine will continue the

process to the next disjunction. The false result will

come if all of the disjunctions are not match [6].

4. Implementation and Evaluation of RolePlaying Game

The game was designed and implemented with the

engine called RPG Maker XP version 1.02A [3]. RPG

Maker XP supports Ruby script that called RGSS.

With this facility users can enter the word with

keyboard, so that user can type any word and then the

game will process it. Figure 7 show the user interface

of the game battle scene.

Figure 7: User Interface of Battle Scene of theRPG That Was Developed

The game is evaluated by using survey that

involved about 75 students from different faculties.

They play the game and give responses about the

game. Aspects to be responded are about the

difficulties, fun factor, user interface, and the language

learning. The result of survey shows that the game is

fairly good. It can be seen in Table 3.

Table 3. Survey Result of the Game



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Question Great Good Fair Bad

Difficulty 0% 68% 28% 4%

Fun factor 40% 36% 24% 0%

User friendly 28% 44% 12% 4%

Language learning 20% 56% 24% 0%

The work of Robust Syntactic Parsing in the RPG

engine was evaluated by examining every stage resultwith many types of possible answers.

In first stage we can try many kind of possible word

or phrase. The engine could process all the single

word that inputted by the player, but only can process

phrases that consist of two words.

The Second stage we try many possibilities of

simple sentence and try to vary many kinds of

subjects, predicates, objects and adverbs. The engine

will very strict in parsing predicates and adverbs, but

for the subject or object that usually noun or name, the

engine sometimes could not differentiate whether it

really a subject or not. In example, the sentence “Budi

makan nasi”, that has meaning “Budi eats rice” will

be given same result with “Budi makan kayu”, that

has meaning “Budi eats wood” because nasi and kayu

are nouns and can be placed as object.

Finally, we take an example of Robust Syntactic

Parsing in third stage. The player will be given a

request. For example, the request is “Do you want me

to take something from the table? Please tell it in

Indonesian.” Questions like this example will be

appeared randomly. There are 240 words in the

library. Those words are words frequently used in

Indonesian daily conversation.

In this example, there are three tables withdifferent items on them. Those items are a book, a

crystal and a vase. The player should type a sentence

in the game. For example, the player wants to take a

book on the table. The player should type “Tolong

ambil buku itu” or “Ambilkan sebuah buku” or any

other similar sentences to make the NPC take the

book.

The sentence will be processed by the engine. If the

result is true, then the engine will command the NPC

to do what the player has commanded. This situation

can be seen in Figure 8. Otherwise, if the result is

false, then the engine will give a right sentence. The

example of this situation is shown in Figure 9.

Or

Become

Figure 8: Example of Right Sentence



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Become

Figure 9: Example of Wrong Sentence

5. ConclusionFrom the explanation above we conclude that

language learning can be implemented by using a role

Playing Game (RPG). The usage of RPG here is to

help the user to understand the language concept and

get the fun factor of gaming at once, so the user will

get a new experience when he or she learns

Indonesian language.

The advance RPG used Natural Language

Processing in all three stages. At the first stages, theplayers can learn sentence completion; in the second

one they can make simple sentence in Indonesian that

has certain meaning in English, and the last stage

teaches the user about the using of command sentence

in Indonesian.

The algorithm used in this paper is Robust Parsing

Algorithm, which matches the disjunction between

words in the sentence according to the Indonesian

grammar.In the future, this RPG can be developed to receive

more complex sentence, such as complex sentence

structure, conversation, and many more. So the

process of learning Indonesian language is much more

advance and fun.

6. References

[1] Sleator D. D. K. and D. Temperley. Parsing English

with a link grammar . Technical Report CMU-CS-91-

196, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon

University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburg, PA 15213,

1991.[2] D. Grinberg, J. Lafferty and D. D. K. Sleator. A Robust

Parsing Algorithm for link grammar. Technical Report

CMU-CS-95-125, School of Computer Science,

Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue,

Pittsburg, PA 15213, 1995.

[3] Habgood, Jacob and Marc Overmars. The Game

Maker’s Apprentice. Springer-Verlag New York:

Appress. 2006.

[4] Pedersen, Roger E. Game Design Foundation. Los Rios

Boulevard Texas: Wordware Publishing, Inc. 2003.

[5] Prestiliano, Jasson, Krismiyati and Eko Sediyono.

Learning and Processing Indonesian using Role

Playing Game. Second International Malindo

Workshop (p27-34). 2008

[6] Saltzman, Marc, Ed. Game Design: Secrets of the

Sages. Brady Games, Indianapolis. 2000.

[7] Spector, Warren. "Remodeling RPGs for the New

Millennium". Gamasutra January 15, 1999 Vol.

3: Issue 2, http://www.gamasutra.com. March 15,

2001.

[8] Vestal, Andrew. "Review of Final Fantasy VIII".

ZDNet: GameSpot. July 31, 1999.

http://www.zdnet.com/gamespot/. March 15, 2001

[9] Zyda, Mike. "From visual simulation to virtual

reality to games". IEEE. Vol. 38, Issue 9, (p 25-

32). 2005.

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http://www.zdnet.com/gamespot/

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Advance Learning and Processing Indonesian Using Role Playing Game