Advance Fire Safety

8/12/2019 Advance Fire Safety

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Advance Fire Safety Training

Concepts Safety Services Pvt. Ltd.L-47, Street No.-7, 2nd Floor, Near Bagga Link, a!ipalp"r #$tn, Ne% &el!i -''(()7

www.cssnig.com


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&efinition of Fire

Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion,

releasing heat, light, and various reaction products.

Fire in its most common form can result in conflagration, which has the potential to cause

physical damage through burning. Fire is an important process that affects ecological

systems across the globe. The positive effects of fire include stimulating growth andmaintaining various ecological systems. Fire has been used by humans for cooking,

generating heat, signaling, and propulsion purposes. The negative effects of fire include

water contamination, soil erosion, atmospheric pollution and hazard to life and property.

C!e*istry of fire

Fires start when a flammable and/or a combustible material, in combination with a sufficient

quantity of an oxidizer such as oxygen gas or another oxygenrich compound !though non

oxygen oxidizers exist that can replace oxygen", is exposed to a source of heat or

ambient temperature above the flash point for the fuel/oxidizer mix, and is

able to sustain a rate of rapid oxidation that produces a chainreaction. This is commonly called the fire tetrahedron. Fire cannot

exist without all of these elements in place and in the right

proportions. For example, a flammable liquid will start burning

only if the fuel and oxygen are in the right proportions. #ome

fueloxygen mixes may require a catalyst, a substance that is

not directly involved in any chemical reaction during combustion,

but which enables the reactants to combust more readily.

$nce ignited, a chain reaction must take place whereby fires can sustain their

own heat by the further release of heat energy in the process of combustion and may

propagate, provided there is a continuous supply of an oxidizer and fuel.Classes of Fire - +, B, C, &, and

Fires are classified by the types of fuel they burn.

Class +

%lass & Fires consist of ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, trash or anything else

that leaves an ash. 'ater works best to extinguish a %lass & fire.

Class B

%lass ( Fires are fueled by flammable or combustible liquids, which include oil, gasoline,

and other similar materials. #mothering effects which deplete the oxygen supply work best to

extinguish %lass ( fires.

Class C

%lass % Fires. )nergized )lectrical Fires are known as %lass % fires. &lways deenergize the

circuit then use a nonconductive extinguishing agent. #uch as %arbon dioxide.

Class &

%lass * Fires are combustible metal fires. +agnesium and Titanium are the most common

types of metal fires. $nce a metal ignites do not use water in an attempt to extinguish it.

$nly use a *ry owder extinguishing agent. *ry powder agents work by smothering and

heat absorption.

Class

%lass - Fires are fires that involve cooking oils, grease or animal fat and can be

extinguished using urple -, the typical agent found in kitchen or galley extinguishers.

ec!anis* of Fire and #$plosion

Concepts Safety Services Pvt. Ltd.

L-47, Street No.-7, 2nd Floor, Near 2 all, a!ipalp"r #$tn, Ne% &el!i Pin code-''(()7

%%%.cssnig.co* '-'' 42/04747 info1cssnig.co*


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et!od of Fire Spread

. *irect burning the simplest method of fire spread where a flame front moves

along or through the burning material. For example, set fire to the corner of a piece

of paper and then watch the flame front spread across the paper.

0. %onvection the principle that hot air rises and cold air sinks. 1ot gases

generated by the fire rise straight up from the fire2

3nside a building these hot gases will hit the ceiling

and then spread out to form a layer underneath the

ceiling. 'hen these hot gases touch any combustible

material !such as a wooden curtain pole" they may heat

that material up sufficiently so that it bursts into flame.

$utdoors these convection currents will contain

burning embers that are carried on the currents until theair cools and the embers are dropped to the ground.

This is a common way for forest fires to travel and 4ump over obstacles !such as

roads".

5. %onduction the principle that heat can be transmitted

through solid materials. #ome metals, in particular, conduct

heat very efficiently !e.g. copper". &ny pipes, wires, ducts or

services running from room to room can act as conduits for

heat and spread the fire.

6. 7adiation heat energy

can be radiated through air in the form of infrared heat waves

which travel in straight lines !4ust like light" and can pass

through transparent surfaces !such as glass". 7adiant heat

generated by a fire shines onto nearby surfaces and is

absorbed. 3f the material heats up sufficiently it can burst into

flames.

F3# #5N6S8#3SThree things must be present at the same time to produce fire2

. )nough $xygen to sustain combustion





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0. )nough 1eat to reach ignition temperature5. #ome Fuel or combustible material

Together, they produce the chemical reaction that is fire.

Take away any of these things and the fire will be extinguished.

F#L CL+SSFC+59NSFires are classified according to the type of fuel that is burning. 3f you use the wrong type of

extinguisher on the wrong class of fire, you might make matters worse. 3t is very important

to understand the four different fire !fuel" classifications2

%lass &2 'ood, paper, cloth, trash, plastics8solids that are not metals.

%lass (2 Flammable liquids8gasoline, oil, grease, acetone. 3ncludes

flammable gases.

%lass %2 )lectrical8energized electrical equipment. &s long as it is

9plugged in.:

%lass *2 +etals8potassium, sodium, aluminum, magnesium. 7equires

special extinguishing agents.

+ost fire extinguishers will have a pictograph label telling you which types of fire the

extinguisher is designed to fight.

For example, a simple water extinguisher might have a

label like this, which means it should only be used on %lass

& fires.

5:P#S 9F F3# #5N6S8#3S

*ifferent types of fire extinguishers are designed to fight different classes of fire. The three

most common types of fire extinguishers are2

'. ;ater


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The pressure in a %$0

extinguisher is so great, bits

of dry ice might shoot out of

the horn?

%$0cylinders are red. They range in size from < pounds to @@ pounds or larger.

$n larger sizes, the horn will be at the end of a long, flexible hose.

%$0=s are designed for %lass ( and % !flammable

liquids and electrical sources" fires only?

%$0=s will frequently be found in laboratories, mechanical rooms, kitchens, and

flammable liquid storage areas.

3n accordance with AF& regulations !and manufacturers= recommendations" all %$ 0

extinguishers at $#> undergo hydrostatic testing and recharge every five years.

%arbon dioxide is a nonflammable gas that takes away the oxygen element of the

Fire Triangle. %$0is very cold as it comes out of the extinguisher, so it cools the fuel

as well. & %$0may not be very effective in extinguishing a %lass & fire because it

may not be able to displace enough oxygen to successfully put the fire out. %lass &

materials may also smolder and reignite.

). &ry C!e*ical campus, &(% extinguishers are filled with a fine, yellow powder. This

powder is mostly composed of monoammonium phosphate. The extinguishers are

pressurized with nitrogen.

*ry chemical extinguishers put out fire by coating the fuel with a thin layer of dust.

This separates the fuel from the oxygen in the air. The powder also works to

interrupt the chemical reaction of fire. These extinguishers are very effective at

putting out fire.

*ry chemical extinguishers come in a variety of types. Bou may see them labeled2

*% !for dry chemical"

&(% !can be used on %lass &, (, or % fires"

(% !designed for use on %lass ( and % fires"

3t is extremely important to identify which types of dry chemical fire extinguishers are

located in your area?

&n 9&(%: extinguisher will have a label like this,

indicating it may be used on %lass &, (, and % fires.

Bou don=t want to mistakenly use a 9(%: extinguisher on a %lass & fire thinking that it

was an 9&(%: extinguisher.Concepts Safety Services Pvt. Ltd.




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*ry chemical extinguishers with powder designed for %lass ( and % fires !9(%:

extinguishers" may be located in places such as commercial kitchens and areas with

flammable liquids.

$n campus you will find &(%=s in public hallways of new buildings, in laboratories,

break rooms, offices, chemical storage areas, mechanical rooms, >niversity vehicles,

etc.

89; 59 S# + F3# #5N6S8#3

3t is easy to remember how to use a fire extinguisher if you remember the acronym, 9#.:

PP"ll t!e pin5!is %ill allo% yo" to disc!arge t!e e$ting"is!er.

++i* at t!e >ase of t!e fire8it t!e f"el?if yo" ai* at t!e fla*es, t!e

e$ting"is!ing agent %ill pass rig!t t!ro"g! and do no

good.

SS@"eeAe t!e top !andle5!is depresses a >"tton t!at releases t!e press"riAed

e$ting"is!ing agent.

SS%eep fro* side-to-side "ntil t!e fire is co*pletelyo"t.

Start "sing t!e e$ting"is!er fro* a safe distance a%ay

and t!en slo%ly *ove for%ard. 9nce t!e fire is o"t,

keep an eye on t!e area in case it re-ignites.

PP"ll

++i*

SS@"eeAe

SS%eep3L#S F93 F685N6 F3#S

Fires can be very dangerous and you should always be certain that you will not endanger

yourself or others when attempting to put out a fire. For this reason, when a fire is

discovered,

. &ssist any person in immediate danger to safety, if it can be accomplished withoutrisk to yourself.





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0. %all C or activate the building fire alarm. The fire alarm will notify the firedepartment as well as other building occupants and shut off the air handling systemto prevent the spread of smoke.

3f the fire is small !and $nly after having done these two things", you may attempt to use an

extinguisher to put it out.

8o%ever, before deciding to fight the fire, keep these things in mind2no% %!at is >"rning. 3f you don=t know what is burning, you won=t know what kind

of extinguisher to use.

)ven if you have an &(% fire extinguisher, there might be something in the fire that is

going to explode or produce toxic fumes.

%hances are you will know what is burning, or at least have a pretty good idea, but if

you don=t, let the fire department handle it.

3s the fire spreading rapidly beyond the point where it startedD The time to use an

extinguisher is at the beginning stages of the fire.

3f the fire is already spreading quickly, it is best to simply evacuate the building.

+s yo" evac"ate a >"ilding, close doors

and %indo%s >e!ind yo" as yo" leave.

5!is %ill !elp to slo% t!e spread of

s*oke and fire.





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&o not fig!t t!e fire ifBou don=t have adequate or appropriate equipment.

3f you don=t have the correct type or large enough extinguisher, it is best not to try

fighting the fire.

Bou might inhale toxic smoke.

'hen synthetic materials such as the nylon in carpeting or foam padding in a sofa

burn, they can produce hydrogen cyanide, acrolein, and ammonia in addition to

carbon monoxide. These gases can be fatal in very small amounts.

Bour instincts tell you not to.

3f you are uncomfortable with the situation for any reason, 4ust let the fire department

do their 4ob.

The final rule is to always position yourself with an exit or means of escape at your back

before you attempt to use an extinguisher to put out a fire.

3n case the extinguisher malfunctions, or something unexpected happens, you need to be

able to get out quickly. Bou don=t want to become trapped.

Control of Fire 3isk at %orkplace

Ca"se of fire in %ork place

Lack of a%areness of t!e properties of t!e s">stance or *aterial

9perator #rror, d"e to lack of training in safe "se, !andling and storage.

8ot %orks, close to fla**a>le s">stances*aterials

nade@"ate design of e@"ip*ent

Fail"re or *alf"nction of e@"ip*ent

#$pos"re of fla**a>le *aterialss">stances to !eat so"rce

is"se of s">stances onfireD=

nade@"ate control of ignition so"rces ove t!eir a"to ignition te*perat"re

Prevention of fire involving Fla**a>lee$plosive *aterial %it!in t!e %orkplace

ini*al @"antities of s">stances to >e kept. 6ood stock control.

3ed"ce a*o"nt of fla**a>les stored inside t!e %orkplace e >"nded, spill and drip control *eas"resin place.

#*pty fla**a>le containersLP6 s!o"ld >e stored separately fro* f"ll ones.Concepts Safety Services Pvt. Ltd.




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Protect containers fro* e$ternal da*age.

3ed"ce risks >y separation of stocks and stacking restrictions.

Fire #afe %hecklist

Start of &ay

&re flammables stored in suitable containers.

&re electrical circuits been overloaded.

&re materials stored away from hot surfaces/works.

&re electrical motors and machines free from flammable substances or deposits.

&re waste bins neat and not overflowing.

3s flammable waste stored in suitable containers.

&re means of escape doors free from waste and obstruction.

&re escape routes clear, with fire equipment free and unobstructed

Close of &ay

&re all flammable substances suitably stored with sealed lids securely closed.

&ll unnecessary electrical equipment closed down.

&ll materials stored away from hot surfaces.

Ao smouldering fires.

'aste bins emptied.

Ao accumulation of waste product or dusts.

Fire doors and windows closed.

)ntry to building or site closed.

#ecurity measures in place are working.

Str"ct"ral eas"res to Prevent Fire Spread

Co*part*entation2

-eeping fire 3A or $>T of area of building

%reating enclosed/sealed boxes

Fireresistant floors and walls

Fireresistant doors!selfclosing"

&utomatic shutters for ventilation shafts

3ntumescent sealants for gaps !EfirestoppingE

Fire &oors +>le to %it!stand fire for a set ti*e





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Fitted %it! self-closing devices

Fitted %it! int"*escent strip

Fitted %it! a cold s*oke seal

8ave vision panels of fire-resistant glass

Clearly la>elled

6ases, apo"rsists

&"st

)xplosive atmosphere present for longperiods

one @ one 0@

)xplosive atmosphere likely to occuroccasionally

one one 0

)xplosive atmosphere not likely to occur one 5 one 05

Fire +lar* and fire fig!ting #@"ip*ents

5!e sop!istication %ill depend on t!e co*ple$ity of %orkplace

#implest system

someone shouts EFireDE

#imple with more noise





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hand bell, whistle or air horn

+anuallyoperated fire alarm

manual call points

&utomatic fire detection and alarm

automatic detectors, manual call points, linked to sounders/lights

#moke detectors *etect small smoke particles

Two main types2 ionising and optical

%an give rise to false alarms

1eat detectors

*etect excess heat generated by a fire

>sually less sensitive and give later warning

Two main types2 rate of rise and fixed temperature

+ay not detect fires that are giving off smoke but not much heat

Fire #$ting"is!ers are disc"ssed a>ove.

9t!er Fire #@"ip*ents

Fire blankets

physically smothers fires, e.g. fat fires in kitchens

1ose reels

used in large buildings for fire teams

#prinkler systems

sited in buildings and warehouses

automatically dowses the fire

eans of #scape

&vailable to every person in the workplace

Ao use of lifts

+ust take staff to a place of safety

Two or more separate routes may be required

5ravel distance

Travel distance should be short

&dequate width

%learly signed

&ppropriately lit

)mergency lighting Ao obstructions





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*epends upon2

Aumber of people occupying a room

Fire risk2

G e.g. low risk, low number exit up to 6ly Point

#afe distance from building

#afe location

Further escape possible if

needed

+ust not impede firefighters

%learly signed

E7efugesE for disabled workers#*ergency Lig!ting

)mergency )xit *oors.





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Aear #tairs !so that each flight is illuminated".

Aear a %hange in level.

+andatory )mergency )xit and )scape #igns.

%hange of *irection.

&t an intersection of corridor.

$utside and near to final exit doors. Aear to each Fire oint.

Aear to %all points.

;ift %ars.

+oving #tair ways.

Toilets lobbies and closets !over Hm0".

+otor generator and control rooms.

#vac"ation Proced"re

'hen devising emergency procedures the responsible person will need to consider2

The characteristics of the occupants, their disposition within the building, their physical

and mental state

The characteristics of the building in terms of its size, use and construction

The physical provisions for means of escape in the building

The circumstances under which it will be necessary to evacuate

'hat the arrangements are for fi ghting the fi re

'hat type of evacuation will be appropriate, e.g. phased or full

1ow the evacuation is to be initiated

'hat arrangements are needed to call the fi re service

'hat special roles are required to support the procedure, e.g. fi re warden and fire

incident controllers

'hat information, instruction and training is necessary to support the procedure.

Fire ars!al role and responsi>ility

%heck if alarm is IrealI

%heck all areas are evacuated

&ssist disabled workers

)nsure fire escape routes are kept clear

)nsure windows and doors are closed

%onduct roll call at assembly point

Fire &rills

)vacuation Times 5 +ins??

7egularity of *rills

Type of *rill, Table top, +arshall &ssembly

>sage of Final )xits !%ontrol"

ersons with sensory impairment

#afety 7efuges **& !*iscouraged by (rigade"

)vacuating the public





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Advance Fire Safety