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Advance Cue Utilisation in Open Play Soccer
Patrick Clark
Perceptual Anticipation
• In sport, anticipation and perception are fundamental, related skills - Williams et al. (2002)
Anticipation is contingent on the perception of advance visual information from motion
- Farrow & Abernethy (2002)
• Advance Cue Utilisation Using advance information from an opponent’s movement to predict
outcomes - Williams (2000)
Expert-Novice Comparisons
• Useful for understanding nature of experts’ advantage - Abernethy et al. (2012)
Expert players demonstrate superior anticipatory and perceptual skill - Jackson & Mogan, (2007); Temporal Occlusion
• Film clips edited to display variable amounts of information
Experienced players better anticipate outcomes of penalties when clips cut before contact
- Williams & Burwitz (1993)
Standard Methodologies
• A means of identifying the location of beneficial advance cues -Diaz, Fajen & Phillips (2012).
Savelsbergh et al. (2002)
• Expert goalkeepers fixate longer on the kicking leg, non-kicking leg and ball
Novices fixate longer on the trunk, arms and hips
• Successful expert goalkeepers fixate longer on non-kicking leg - Savelsbergh et al. (2005)
Eye Tracking
Present Study
• Expanded investigation to open play
Incorporated procedures with demonstrable utility
Hypotheses
H1: Experienced soccer players would demonstrate superior anticipation
H2: Experts, intermediates and novices would differ in the areas of the display they fixated
Method
• Participants were 24 males differing in soccer experience (8 in each group)
Materials
• 48 film clips of two different football skills
32 Passes (16 high, 16 low) and 16 dribbles
Clips cut either:
o 120ms prior foot-ball contacto 40ms prior o At contact o 40ms post-contact
Anticipation Task
At occlusion, participants stated:
1) The skill executed by the display player (Pass or Dribble)
2) Ball Direction
3) (Passes only) Ball height
The SMI iView X™ Remote Eyetracking Device (RED)
ResultsAnticipation Performance
Novice
Intermediate
Experienced
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Direction
Height
Skill
Fig. 1Mean percentage accuracy for each anticipatory response for each soccer experience group.
Anticipation Performance cont.
N.S. difference between experience groups across the anticipatory responses in combination (V = 0.34, F (6, 40) = 1.34, p = 0.26)
Sig. difference between experience groups in accuracy of anticipations of skill executed (F (2, 21) = 5, MSe = 36.24, p < .05)
Experienced players were sig. > accurate than novices (p <.05)
Experience groups sig. differed in accuracy across occlusions in combination (V = 0.66, F (8, 38) = 2.36, p <0.05)
Discriminant analysis suggested experienced & intermediate players > accurate on clips occluded pre-contact
Fixation Location
• N.S. difference between experience groups in display regions fixated (Λ = .275, F (20, 22) = 1, p = 0.5).
• Novices fixated the head (p<.05) and the shoulders (p<.05) significantly longer than experienced players
Kicking Leg Left Arm
Support for H1
Experienced players more often correctly anticipated skill executed
No difference across the required anticipatory responses combined Nor in ball direction and ball height considered separately
Contradictions of H1
Support for H2
Novices fixated the head and the shoulders longer relative to experienced players
No difference between groups in fixation duration at the ten display regions combined
No difference at the eight remaining display region considered separately
Contradictions of H2
Discussion
Discussion cont.
Limitations
• Skill of: 1) Display ‘players’ and 2) Participants
Improvements
• Alternative/additional response measures
• Incorporation of spatial occlusion trials as an adjunct procedure
Future Research
• ‘Shooting’ for goal in open play (from long and/or close range)
Conclusion
• Superiority of ‘experts’ extends to anticipating what opponent is going to do
• Experts* are better able to use cues occurring earlier during opponent’s movement
• Location of these cues also remains to be seen Unlikely to be the head or the shoulders
Extended investigation beyond the penalty
Presenting multiple skills interchanged tested ability to anticipate intentions
References
Abernethy, B., Farrow, F., Gorman, A.D., & Mann, D.L., (2012). Anticipatory
behaviour and expert performance. In Hodges N., Williams M. A. (Eds.), Skill
acquisition in sport : Research, theory and practice (2nd edition., pp. 287-306)
London ; New York; Routledge.
Farrow, D., & Abernethy, B. (2002). Can anticipatory skills be learned through implicit
video based perceptual training? Journal of Sports Sciences, 20(6), 471-485.
Jackson, R. C., & Mogan, P. (2007). Advance visual information, awareness, and
anticipation skill. Journal of Motor Behavior, 39(5), 341-351.
Savelsbergh, G. J., Williams, A. M., Kamp, J. V. D., & Ward, P. (2002). Visual search,
anticipation and expertise in soccer goalkeepers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20(3),
279-287.
Savelsbergh, G. J., Van der Kamp, J., Williams, A. M., & Ward, P. (2005).
Anticipation and visual search behaviour in expert soccer
goalkeepers. Ergonomics, 48(11-14), 1686-1697.
Williams, A. M. (2000). Perceptual skill in soccer: Implications for talent
identification and development. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18(9), 737-750.
Williams, A., & Burwitz, L. (1993). Advance cue utilization in soccer. Science
and Football II, , 239-244.
Williams, A. M., Ward, P., Knowles, J. M., & Smeeton, N. J. (2002). Anticipation
skill in a real-world task: Measurement, training, and transfer in
tennis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8(4), 259.