Advan ced C ompu ter Arc hitecture 10CS7 4 Questio n Paper ...€¦ · Advan ced C ompu ter Arc hitecture 10CS7 4 D ep t o f CSE, S JBIT,Bangalo re Pa ge 1 Questio n Paper s Solution

erutcetihcrA retupmoC decnavdA 47SC01

D o tpe olagnaB,TIBJS,ESC f er egaP 1

repaP noitseuQ s noituloS s

UN TI 1

1 a. etupmoC enifeD r Ar utcetihc re. tsullI r 01(?ASI na fo snoisnemid neves eht eta ma kr s) (M /ya J nu e 102 0) (J nu e )2102 (Dec ()2102 J nu e 102 1)(J nu e 3102 )

ehT retupmoc rengised sah to recsa t nia t eh ta t ubir t se t tah era pmi orta tn rof a wen co upm t re and ised gn t eh sys t me to ma zimix e t eh rep f ecnamro w lih e

gniyats iw t nih cost, po rew dna ilibaliava ty stniartsnoc . ehT t ksa sah wef pmi ort na t as ep cts hcus sa noitcurtsnI teS ised g ,n Fu cn tio lan o azinagr t ,noi L go ci ised gn na d

emelpmi n tat ion.

utcetihcrA teS noitcurtsnI r )ASI( e ASI srefer ot t eh ca t lau rp o remmarg elbisiv snI t cur tion es t. ehT ASI sevres as

radnuob y os eht neewteb f a erawt n d h erawdra . isnemid neves e hT o :era ASI eht fo sn

ssalC)i fo ASI : ylraeN lla sASI yadot e ra alc deifiss sa lareneG - pruP o es - serutcetihcra retsigeR . e era sdnarepo ehT i eM ro sretsigeR reht m ro y l taco i sno .

upop owt ehT l srev ra i o sno f ht i :era ssalc s retsigeR - yromeM sASI : ASI fo ,68x08 nac ssecca omem ry sa rap t of nam y

i tcurtsn ions. Lo da - erotS ASI E .g ASI fo ,SPIM nac ssecca omem ry ylno iw th daoL ro

erotS ni tcurts ions. ii) meM o yr erdda s gnis : etyB gnisserdda emehcs si tsom ylediw desu ni lla

potksed dna revres sretupmoc . htoB 68x08 dna SPIM esu etyb gnisserdda . esacnI SPIM fo eht cejbo t eb tsum ila g den . ot ssecca nA b s fo tcejbo na ta ety

etyb sserdda A si dengila fi A s dom 0= . 68x08 seod ton eriuqer tnemngila . era sesseccA f i retsa f arepo n a era sd il gn de .

ii i ) gnisserddA sedom sserdda eht yficepS: of M a o cejb t rapa t rf o er m g si t re a c dn o sn tant

arepo nds. gnisserddA SPIM m :sedo

edom retsigeR• gnisserdda etaidemmI• m gnisserdda edo

tnemecalpsiD• m isserdda edo n g gnisserdda evoba eht ot noitidda ni 68x08 m dda eht stroppus sedo i lanoit

m o sedo f :gnisserdda i. tceridnI retsigeR ii. ednI x de i w desaB,ii i xedni delacS ht

fo sezis dna sepyT)vi :sdnarepo

PIM S an d x 68 support: b 8• it (A ICS I ch ara cter) 1 , 6 bi U(t ni c edoc h ara cte )r

• b 23 it (In get e /r w ro d ) b 46• i ( t lon g ni eget r / D buo l row e d ) b 23• i t ( EEEI -7 45 float ni g point)



b 46• i ( t D uo bl erp e cision fl tao in op g in )t 08• x a 68 l pus os por 8 st 0 bi f t loatin op g int po e ar n .d (ex et n ded d buo l e cerP isi no

v) epO r ta i no s:Th eg e n are l etac g ro y o f repo ations era : Do a at T ar nsfe r

oAri ht m te i repo c ation s oL go i repo c ation s oCon ort l po eration s oM PI S SI A s : imple & sae y ot implemen t ox86 SI A r : ich re & l s regra e o t f po eration s

)iv snoitcurtsni wolf lortnoC A: ll SI As s pu port:

dnoC iti ano l ocnU & nditional arB nch se snruteR & slla C erudecorP SPIM 8 x0 86

• sehcnarB lanoitidnoC stset retsigeR fo tnetnoc doc noitidnoC stib e • lla C erudecorP JAL CA LL F • sserddA nruteR R a ni M ni kcatS

)iiv ASI na gnidocnE Fix de L gne th I AS aV r bai l neL e gth ISA

PIM S 32 Bi t long 08 x 68 (1-18 by et s) S mi plifies doced ni g ekaT s l se s sp ca e

rebmuN fo sretsigeR dna rebmun fo gnisserddA m sedo e vah tnacifingis

tcapmi no eht htgnel fo noitcurtsni sa eht retsiger dleif dna gnisserdda dleif edom ac n raeppa m na y t mi se in s a ni gl e i tsn ruction.

E ?ytilibadneped si tahW.2 xpl usaem owt eht nia r ibadnepeD fo se l ?yti ram 60( k )s

(M /ya J nu e 102 0) (D ce e bm er 102 2) ( eD ce bm re 9002 )

vorp erutcurtsarfnI ehT i eveL ecivreS reffo sred l eergA m ecivreS ro )ALS( tne uow secivres rewop ro gnikrowten rieht taht eetnaraug ot )OLS( sevitcejbO leveL l eb d

eped n bad le. S • y a smets l w ecivres fo setats 2 neewteb etanret i :ALS na ot tcepser ht

1. eS r occa eciv mpl tnemhsi w , h t ere h deificeps sa dereviled si ecivres e in ALS 2. eS r retni eciv r noitpu ecivres dereviled eht erehw , i orf tnereffid s m ALS eht

tisnart = eruliaF • i orf no m 2 etats ot 1 etats snart = noitarotseR • i oit orf n m 1 etats ot 2 etats

owt ehT m libadnepeD fo serusaem nia i udoM era yt l libaileR e ity udoM dna l e

iavA l liba ity. ytilibailer eludoM i a s m o erusae f occa ecivres suounitnoc m ro( tnemhsilp ni ecnerefer a morf )eruliaf ot emit i ait l tnatsni .

1. aeM n T emiT o eruliaF (MTTF libaileR serusaem ) i yt 2. F ulia res emiT nI (F TI tar eht ,FTTM/1 = ) e of f ia l seru

llanoitidarT • y llib rep seruliaf sa detroper i tarepo fo sruoh no i no • riapeR oT emiT naeM ( TM TR ) m tpurretnI ecivreS serusae i no



– teB emiT naeM w seruliaF nee ( TM BF) TTM = F TTM+ R

• eludoM ytilibaliava m a sa ecivres serusae l ts 2 eht neewteb etanret a o set f ,1 dna 0 neewteb rebmun( noitpurretni dna tnemhsilpmocca g.e . .0 9)

• tilibaliava eludoM y FTTM = / )RTTM + FTTM ( 3. viG e usaem gniwollof eht r stneme ( 60 kram s) (M /ya J nu e 02 10) D( ce 2102 )

Fr epo PF fo ycneuqe r %52=snoita ehto fo IPC egarevA r tsni r 33.1=snoitcu

evA r epo PF fo IPC ega r 0.4=snoita Fr %2=RQSPF fo ycneuqe

o IPC f FP RQS = 02 etla ngised owt eht taht emussA r a evitan r ot RQSPF fo IPC eht esaerced ot e

o 2 r ced ot r eva eht esae r t snoitarepo PF lla fo IPC ega o apmoc 5.2 r ngised owt eht e etla r p eht gnisu sevitan r osseco r snoitauqe ecnamrofrep .

4 . Ex b ni nialp r usaem fei r ,gni r ope r ammus dna gnit riz ofrep gni r fo ecnam com etup r.(8 ram ks) (D ce e bm er )2102 (J nu e 02 11) P re formance: Th e emit noitucexE o r eR s emit esnop t sa denifed si h emit e b t neewte h a trats e n d oc m tneve na fo noitelp . atot ehT l am eht sa denifed si emit nevig a ni enod krow fo tnuo hT r tuphguo .

retnec atad a fo rotartsinimdA ehT m ya eht gnisaercni ni detseretni eb

hT r tuphguo . oc ehT m resu retup m i eb ya n cuder ni detseret i t gn h e eR s nop s emit e .

oC m as resu retup y oc taht s m si retup f argorp a nehw retsa m emit ssel ni snur .

agnaB,TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD l ero 3



lenituor ehT y cexe ave rof setadidnac tseb eht era smargorp detu l rofrep eht gnitau m ecna of oc wen eht m .sretup ave oT l uow resu eht metsys wen etau l lpmis d y eht erapmoc

tucexe i o emit no f eht i krow r l sdao . Benc amh rks

aer ehT l tacilppa i ohc tseb eht era sno i o ec f t skramhcneb ave o l eht etau rep f ro m ecna . rof ,revewoH m na y of krow eht ,sesac eht l liw sdao l eht ta nwonk eb ton

o emit f taulave i no . aer eht elbmeser hcihw margorp kramhcneb eht ,ecneH l tacilppa i sno c era hosen. t eerht ehT y :era skramhcneb fo sep

era hcihw ,SLENREK • ek ,llams y o seceip f aer l tacilppa i ;sno oT • y gnimmargorp gninnigeb morf smargorp enil 001 era hcihw :smargorP

emngissa n cus ,st h uQ i troskc e ,.ct tehtnyS • i argorp ekaF :skramhcneB c m rt ot detnevni s y ot m dna eliforp eht hcta

vaheb i o ro f aer l tacilppa io enotsyrhD sa hcus sn . oT m a noitaulave fo ssecorp eht eka f ria j lof eht ,ecitsu l eb ot era stniop gniwo f lo l dewo .

edoc ecruoS • m tacifido i la ton era sno l .dewo edoc ecruoS • m tacifido i la era sno l tnesse era tub ,dewo i lla y elbissopmi . edoc ecruoS • m cifido ta i sa ,dewolla era sno l eht sa gno m srev deifido i secudorp no

as eht m tuptuo e . derp esaercni oT • i libatc ity tacilppa kramhcneb fo snoitcelloc , i dellac ,sno

benc amh kr s tiu es p era , o alup r b nevig etius kramhcneb potksed ralupop :UPCCEPS • y mrofreP dradnatS ecna

taulavE i mmoc no i )CEPS( eett – f dna regetni neewteb tilps ,ylno UPC l argorp tniop gnitao m s – CEPS ,regetni 21 sah 0002tniCEPS f smargorp regetni 41 sah 0002p – a 6002UPCCEPS nn uo n dec ni rpS in 6002 g .

SFSCEPS SFN( lif e es r )rev a dn EPS CWeb W( e revreSb ) a dedd as evres r skramhcneb

tcasnarT • i icnuoC gnissecorP no l rep revres serusaem f ro m dna ecna rofreptsoc m ecna f sesabatad ro

– CPT - oC C m reuq xelp y tcasnarT enilnO rof i gnissecorP no – CPT - H m siced coh da sledo i troppus no – CPT - tcasnart a W i ano l hcneb bew kram – CPT - tacilppa ppA i kramhcneb secivres bew dna revres no



CEPS aR t oi : ezilamroN noitucexe t semi ot ecnerefer upmoc t ,re leiy d gni a ar tio troporp i rofrep ot lano m er no emit = ecna f oc ecnere m oc no emit/retup m detar gnieb retup

taRCEPS margorp fI • io oC naht reggib semit 52.1 si A retupmoC no m neht ,B retup

etupmoC fo selpicnirP evitatitnauQ r ngiseD

o egatnavda eht ,retupmoc eht gningised elihW f lof eht l eb nac stniop gniwo pxe loi rep eht ecnahne ot det f ro m ecna .

* :msilellaraP o eno si f m i tso m rep gnivorpmi rof sdohtem tnatrop f ro m ecna . - ht od ot syaw tselpmis eht fo enO i p hguorht si s i gninilep i revo ot ,e l eht pa

tcurtsni ion ucexE t noi ot ecuder t eh ot t la t emi to comp el te na sni t cur tio n es euq nce.

- olpxe eb osla nac msilellaraP i ta det eht l eve l of gid deliated i at l sed i ng . - teS - esu sehcac evitaicossa lum t elpi fo sknab mem or y t ah t era typ yllaci ehcraes d n lellarap . raC ry l oo k daeha hcihw su es llarap e msil to deeps t eh rp o ssec of oc m itup ng.

* Pr picni l fo e l aco l :yti argorp m ot sdnet tcurtsni dna atad esuer i eht sno y desu evah

ecer ntly . ur ehT l argorp taht si bmuht fo e m fo % 09 sdneps i tucexe st i ylno ni emit no edoc eht fo %01 . Wi carucca doog elbanosaer ht y derp , i tc i tahw dnif ot edam eb nac no

argorp eht atad dna noitcurtsni m liw l su no desab erutuf raen eht ni e i eht ni sessecca st necer t tsap .

* ht no sucoF e oc mm ac no s e ,ffo edart ngised a gnikam elihw sac tneuqerf eht rovaf e

o rev t eh neuqerfni t ca es . sihT pr ni cip el pa p seil when deter ninim g how to neps d apmi eht ecnis ,secruoser o tc f evorpmi eht m tne i si ecnerrucco eht fi rehgih s f .tneuqer

:waL s’lhadmA Am s’lhad l rep eht dnif ot desu si wa f ro m deniatbo eb nac taht niag ecna

nu lanoitcnuf a ro noitrop emos gnivorpmi yb i oc a fo t m A retup m eht senifed wal s’lhad b nac taht pudeeps trap a gnisu yb deniag e i raluc f rutae e.

pudeepS ar eht si t ep fo oi r of r ecnam fo ne r t eri t ksa without gnisu t eh e hn a cn ement nehw elbissop to t eh ep rfor nam ce for ne t eri t ksa without gnisu the e hn a cn ement. ucexE t noi t lacorpicer eht si emi o ep f r ecnamrof . lA et r an t ,ylevi pudeeps sa denifed si th ee

oitar fo ucexe t noi t emi rof ne t eri t ksa without gnisu t eh e hn a mecn ent to t eh xe e uc tio n emit f atne ro i emecnahne eht gnisu ksat r n ehw t n ssop i elb .



orf pudeepS m os m :srotcaf owt na sdneped tnemecnahne e

i. arf ehT ct eb nac taht retupmoc lanigiro eht ni emit noitatupmoc eht fo noi o egatnavda ekat ot detrevnoc f th ahne e n tnemec . tcarF i t ssel syawla si decnahne no han ro

auqe l ot 05 sekat taht margorp a fo emit noitucexe eht fo sdnoces 51 fI :elpmaxE

atot ni sdnoces l eht ,tnemecnahne na esu nac f 3.0 ro 05/51 si noitcar ii. noitucexe decnahne eht yb deniag tnemevorpmi ehT ;edom woh ei hcum

uow ksat eht retsaf l decnahne eht fi nur d m desu erew edo f tne eht ro i argorp er m . udeepS p decnahne emit eht si o f t lanigiro eh mo ed o rev t eh t emi o f t eh hne a decn mo dna ed syawla si

etaerg r then 1.

ecorP ehT s rep ros f noitauqE ecnamro : rossecorP i w detcennoc s i c a ht l .etar tnatsnoc ta gninnur kco tneve emit etercsid esehT s c dellac era l t kco i c ro skc l c kco y elc . emit UPC f ro argorp a m :detaulave eb nac

\



5. Ex ael htiw nialp r uc gnin r p fo tsoc eht woh ev r osseco r av r a emit htiw sei l htiw gno

otcaf r .tsoc eht gnicneulfni s am 6( r uJ/enuJ( )sk l )1102 y

691 0: illiM( semarf niaM egraL o ) $ fo sn tacilppA( i oc cifitneicS egral ,gnissecorp ataD ssenisuB :sno m )g nitup

:0791 ciniM o sretupm neicS( t )stpecnoc gnirahs emiT ,seirotarobal cifi :0891 snoitatskrow dna sretupmoc lanosreP fo mrof eht ni )sPµ( sretupmoC potkseD .

romeM regraL( y erom , etsys g gnirahs emiT decalpeR ,rewop gnitupmoc m )s :0991 ecnegremE o fo ecnegreme ,sADP ,WWW dna tenretnI f ep hgih r latigid ecnamrof

e remusnoc l nortce i sc :0002 senohp lleC

oc ni segnahc esehT m evah esu retup l oc tnereffid eerht ot de m c gnitup l hcae sessa deziretcarahc c dna stnemeriuqer ,snoitacilppa tnereffid yb o upm t nhcet gni o .seigol owth ni

rofrep rossecorp m s0891 ecnis ecna 6.. ebmun eht dniF r ep seid fo r efaw mc 002 r ic fo r aluc r id tuc ot desu si taht epahs e

.1 si taht 5 apmoc dna edis mc r ebmun eht e r p seid fo r efaw emas eht no decudo r if 2.1 si eid 5 cm. (6 ram ks uJ/enuJ( ) l )1102 y

d fo tsoC i o tsoC + e f d gnitset i o tsoC + e f tset lanif dna gnigakcap

o tsoC f = CI aniF l dleiy tset o tsoC f aw f re

o tsoC f di = e Di d x refaw rep se i dleiy eid e π aw( x f d re i )2/retema 2

Di aera eiD = refaw rep se - π d refaw x i retema dx2(trqs i aera e



eD.7 f A eni m had l s' l wa . eD r e n evi x of noisserp r c UPC l fo noitcnuf a sa kco tsni r c ,tnuoc noitcu l ep skco r tsni r c dna noitcu l cyc kco l emit e . (8 m ra ks )

uJ/enuJ( l D( )1102 y )9002 ce

:waL s’lhadmA Am s’lhad l rep eht dnif ot desu si wa f ro m deniatbo eb nac taht niag ecna anoitcnuf a ro noitrop emos gnivorpmi yb l nu i oc a fo t m eht senifed wal s’lhadmA retup

ralucitrap a gnisu yb deniag eb nac taht pudeeps f rutae e. pudeepS t si ar eh t ep fo oi r of r ecnam fo ne r t eri t ksa without gnisu t eh e hn a cn ement

nehw elbissop to t eh ep rfor nam ce for ne t eri t ksa without gnisu the e hn a cn ement. ucexE t noi t lacorpicer eht si emi o ep f r ecnamrof . etlA r an t ,ylevi pudeeps denifed si a s th ee

oitar fo exe uc t noi t emi rof ne t eri t ksa without gnisu t eh e hn a mecn ent to t eh xe e uc tio n emit f atne ro i emecnahne eht gnisu ksat r n ehw t n ssop i elb .

orf pudeepS m os m :srotcaf owt na sdneped tnemecnahne e i. c lanigiro eht ni emit noitatupmoc eht fo noitcarf ehT o t retupm eb nac tah

o egatnavda ekat ot detrevnoc f th ahne e n tnemec . tcarF i t ssel syawla si decnahne no han ro auqe l ot

05 sekat taht margorp a fo emit noitucexe eht fo sdnoces 51 fI :elpmaxE atot ni sdnoces l eht ,tnemecnahne na esu nac f 3.0 ro 05/51 si noitcar

ii. noitucexe decnahne eht yb deniag tnemevorpmi ehT ;edom woh ei hcum uow ksat eht retsaf l decnahne eht fi nur d m desu erew edo f tne eht ro i argorp er m . udeepS p

decnahne fo emit eht si t lanigiro eh mo ed o rev t eh t emi o f t eh hne a decn mo dna ed syawla si rg etae r then 1.

8 . uof nialpxe dna tsiL r opmi r t dael sah hcihw ,seigolonhcet tnat o pmi r ni stnemevo oc m etup r sys et m. D( ec 0102 )

eD sk oc pot mput ni g

f ehT i eht llits dna tsr l tsegra m oc potksed si smret rallod ni tekra m gnitup . potkseD oc m itup ng etsys m co ts range f or m $ 05 0 (l wo en )d ot $ 005 0 ih( gh- ne d

fnoc i tarug ion). tuohguorhT t sih egnar ni ,ecirp eht ksed ot p ekram t t sdne ot evird to ezimitpo ecirp - ep r ecnamrof . ehT frep ecnamro denrecnoc si etupmoc ofrep r nam c e

and scihparg ep r of r ecnam . The nibmoc ta ion of rep f amro n ec and rp i ec ra e t eh dr nivi g caf t sro to t eh suc to srem a dn t eh co upm t re ed sig ren . ,ecneH t eh wen est ,

hgih ecnamrofrep dna netfo rossecorp evitceffe tsoc if sraeppa r ksed ni ts t sretupmoc po . Servers:

srevreS rp o ediv egral - lacs e a dn re il a elb co upm t gni a dn elif ivres c se a dn ra e ylniam desu ni eht egral - elacs ne t esirpre co gnitupm dna bew desab es r seciv . ehT t rh ee

tnatropmi



es fo scitsiretcarahc r :era srev • ibadnepeD l yti : sreveS etarepo tsum 7x42 ho sru a .keew fo eruliaF revres metsys si raf erom cihportsatac naht a eruliaf fo potksed . esirpretnE lliw esol eunever fi

th res e v re i u s nav ia l ba le. • :ytilibalacS sa eht ssenisub ,sworg t eh revres yam evah ot ivorp de mo er

tcnuf i lano ity secivres / . suhT iliba ty ot elacs pu eht upmoc t g ni ac icap t ,y omem r ,y a egarots n O/I d b htdiwdna i curc s ial.

•Th tuphguor : casnart t snoi detelpmoc rep unim te or bew segap devres rep ces ond

aicurc era l f res ro v sre . E bm e dd ed C mo p tu ers

elpmiS deddebme srossecorporcim era nees ni gnihsaw ,senihcam sretnirp , netwo kr ,sehctiws dlehdnah secived hcus sa c lle phone ,s s ram t sdrac iv d oe ag m e

secived etc. eddebme d co upm t sre evah t eh wid se t daerps of rp o sec s gni po rew and tsoc . p ehT r ami ry laog si o netf eem t gni t eh p fre or ecnam deen at a im n mi um pr ci e

rehtar t a nah c ih nive g ih g reh ep rforma cn e at a p rehgih r eci . T eh to reh two carahc t sire tic eht eziminim ot era stnemeriuqer mem ro y rewop dna .

nI ynam deddebme ,snoitacilppa eht omem ry nac eb natsbus t lai rop t noi fo

eht smetsys tsoc dna it si ev ry pmi ort na t to opt ezimi the mem ory is ze ni us c h cases. T eh acilppa t noi si detcepxe to if t ot t ylla ni t eh mem ory on t eh p ro ssec o r

pihc ro ffo pihc omem ry. T eh ecnatropmi of mem ory ezis t alsnar t se to na emp sisah on edoc ezis hcihw si d ci tat de yb eht lppa i tac ion. regraL yromem noc semus more

ewop r. llA eseht stcepsa era deredisnoc w elih c oh o gnis or ised g gnin rp o ssec or for t eh me b lppa dedde i tac ions.

.9 rellortnoc ksid 1 ,)ksid rep FTTM ruoh M1( sksid 01 rof FTTM dna TIF etaluclaC

TM ruoh M2.0( ylppus rewop 1 dna ,)FTTM ruoh M5.0( )FT )3102enuJ(

%02 ylno rehto eht dna secruoser eht fo %08 sdeen noitacilppa owt nur lliw eW.01.secruoser eht fo

dluow pu deeps hcum woh ,elbazilellarap si noitacilppa tsrif eht fo %04 taht neviG>iosi ni nur fi noitacilppa taht htiw eveihca uoy ?noital

pu deeps hcum woh ,dezilellarap si noitacilppa dnoces eht fp%99 taht neviG>ii?noitalosi ni nur fi evresbo noitacilppa siht dluow

>iii deeps llarevo hcum woh ,elbazilellarap si noitacilppa tsrif eht fo %04 taht neviGrap uoy fi evresbo uoy dluow pu ?ti dezilella

sruohFTTM

TIF

etaReruliaF

000,95000,71/000,000,000,1

000,71000,000,1/71

000,000,1/5201000,002/1000,005/1)000,000,1/1(01



deeps llarevo hcum woh ,dezilellarap si noitacilppa dnoces eht fp%99 taht neviG >vi

?teg uoy dluow pu )3102enuJ(

UN TI 2 1 . gaid taen a htiW r e ma xpl c eht nia l epip egats evif cissa l of eni r p CSIR a r osseco r . ( 01 skram ) (J nu e )0102 (Dece bm re 102 0) (J nu e )3102

tcurtsnI i o tes no f tatnemelpmi i ta sekat CSIR ni no m w selcyc 5 tso i p tuoht i gninilep . c kcolc 5 ehT y :era selc

1. tsnI r noitcu f cyc )FI( hcte l :e argorp fo tnetnoc eht dneS m romem ot )CP( tnuoc y dna f tnerruc eht hcte

tsni tcur i orf no m m rome y CP eht etadpu ot .

2. tsnI r etsigeR / edoced noitcu r cyc hctef l :)DI( e

ceD o ed t eh sni t cur t noi and cca e ss t eh er g si t re elif . gnidoceD si enod ni rap a ll e l iw th gnidaer siger t ,sre hcihw si po iss b el aceb u es t eh siger t re ificeps es era at a exif d acol t noi ni a CSIR ra c ih t ce t eru . sihT sdnopserroc ot exif d if eld ced do gni . nI da dition it

invol ev s : - reP f ro m lauqe ity ger eht no tset i eht sa rets y daer era f hcnarb elbissop a ro . - Si ng - o dleif tesffo eht dnetxe f tcurtsni eht i esac ni no i t dedeen si . - oC m sserdda tegrat hcnarb elbissop eht etup .

3. Ex E / noituce ff dda evitce r cyC sse l )EXE( e

verp eht ni deraperp sdnarepo eht no setarepo ULA ehT i rep dna elcyc suo f ro m s

o eno f eht f lo l gniwo f tcnu i ed no f tcurtsni eht no gnidne i t no y ep .



* retsigeR - retsigeR ULA :noitcurtsni ULA frep or sm t eh o arep tion eps c deifi ni the tcurtsni i daer seulav eht gnisu no f or m elif retsiger eht .

* retsigeR - etaidemmI ULA sni t cur tio :n LA U p fre or sm t eh o arep tion eps c deifi in the sni t cur tion gnisu t eh srif t lav ue daer rf om the er g si t re elif a dn t ah t sign exte edn d

mi m de i eta .

4. )MEM( ssecca yromeM

a roF l tcurtsni dao i tceffe gnisu ,no i em eht sserdda ev m ro y daer si . ts a roF o er 2 eht morf atad eht setirw yromem noitcurtsni dn ceffe gnisu daer retsiger t rdda evi sse .

5. Wr cab eti k cyc l )BW( e Write t eh ser ult ni to t eh er g si t re ,elif w eh t reh it comes rf om memory sys tem (fo r

tcurtsni DAOL a i ro )no f or m ULA eht .

ta nekat noitcurtsni hcaE m c 5 tso l c kco y tucexe eht rof selc i no tcurtsnI * i )FI( elcyc hctef no

I * tcurtsn i ger / edoced no i )DI( elcyc hctef rets tucexE * i )XE( elcyc sserdda evitceffE / no

eM * m ro y )MEM( ssecca rW * i c kcab et y )BW( elc

ehT noitucexe fo t eh sni t cur tion co pm r gnisi of the abo ev subt ksa c na be pi ep nil ed. aE c h

of t eh lc o kc selcyc rf om the iverp ous ces tion ceb omes a p epi st ega – a cyc el ni the pi lep i en . A wen sni t noitcur nac eb st ra t de on hcae clo kc c elcy w ih ch ser ults ni the

ucexe tion ap tt nre hs own rugif e 1.2 . hT o hgu hcae sni t cur tion t seka 5 clock cycles t o comp el t ud ,e r lc hcae gni ock elcyc t eh rawdrah e w lli init ai t a e en w sni t cur tio n and w lli be

os gnitucexe m o trap e f tcurtsni tnereffid evif eht i detartsulli sa sno i 1.2 erugif n .

hcaE egats of t eh p pi e enil sum t eb pedni e dn ent fo t eh ot reh st sega . ,oslA two reffid ent o arep t snoi ’nac t eb ep r of r dem with t eh same ad ta ap th ser o ecru on t eh sa em clo kc . For

,elpmaxe a elgnis ULA nnac ot eb desu to co pm ute t eh e ff ect evi sserdda a dn ep rform a bus t tcar noitarepo ud r gni t eh sa em clo kc c elcy . nA redda si to eb rp o iv d de ni t eh sta eg 1

rofrep ot 3 egats eht ni ULA na dna eulav CP wen etupmoc ot m ra eht i temht i nidetacidni c



t eh sni t cur tion eeS( rugif e )2.2 . Co cilfn t hs o lu d on t esira out of o ev r al p of sni t cur tions gnisu enilepip . In ot reh wo ,sdr cnuf tional u in t of ae ch st ega ne de ot eb ni d pe e dn ent fo rehto cnuf t lanoi tinu . erehT era eerht avresbo tio sn eud ot ihw ch t eh r ksi of co cilfn t is

.decuder em atad dna noitcurtsnI etarapeS • m eht ta seiro l eve l a setanimile ehcac 1L fo

sni neewteb esira dluow taht yromem elgnis a rof tcilfnoc atad dna hctef noitcurt ac ec ss . • retsigeR elif si dessecca ud r gni t ow st sega man e yl DI st ega BW . Ha erawdr

uohs l la d l rofrep ot wo m rw eno sdaer owt mumixam i reve et y cl elcyc kco . rassecen si ti ,elcyc yreve noitcurtsni wen a trats oT • y dna tnemercni ot eht erots

e CP v re y cycle.

era sretsiger ro sreffuB ni tro eb decud t neew s evisseccus t sega o f t eh p pi e enil so t ah t at t eh ne d fo a lc o kc yc cle t eh ser ults rf om o en st ega era s ot der ni ot a er g si t re es( e erugif .)3.2 uD r gni t eh xen t lc ock ,elcyc t eh xen t st ega w lli u es t eh cont ne t of t seh e bu sreff as upni t.

v 4.2 erugiF i p eht sezilaus i vitca enilep ity.



2 . ojam eht era tahW r uh r tsullI ?gninilepip fo seld r b eht eta r ah hcna zar ni d detai ?l ( 01 ram ks) (J nu e 102 0) (Dec )2102 (J nu e 102 2) (July )1102 (D ce

0102 )

sdrazaH yam esuac t eh p pi e enil ot st lla . nehW na sni t cur tion si sta ,dell lla the curtsni t snoi deussi retal t nah t eh st della sni t cur tio sn era sla o st della . snoitcurtsnI deussi

ae r reil naht t eh dellats curtsni t snoi wi ll cont euni ni a normal way. No wen sni t cur tio sn era dehctef ud r gni t eh sta ll . drazaH si autis t noi aht t neverp ts t eh xen t sni t cur tion ni t eh

rf maerts noitcurtsni o ucexe km t ud gni r gni it elcyc kcolc detangised s . sdrazaH w uder lli ec p eht i rep enilep f ro m na ec .

ilepiP htiw ecnamrofreP n lats e l

lats A l p eht sesuac i rep enilep f edarged ot ecnamro f or m aedi l rep f ecnamro . cnamrofreP e orf deniatbo si gninilepip morf tnemevorpmi m :

ussA m t e h ,ta c )i y p fo daehrevo emit elc i si enilep i derong

ii egats ) decnalab era s Wi tpmussa seseht ht i sno

la fI l tcurtsni eht i auqe si dna selcyc fo rebmun emas eht ekat sno l fo rebmun eht ot pi o htped ro segats enilep f p eht i ,neht ,enilep



p on era ereht fI i ,sllats enilep Pi lats enilep l rep selcyc orez = noitcurtsni

,eroferehT o htpeD = pudeepS f p eht i enilep .

hcnarb a nehW i ,detucexe s i t may am ro y o tnetnoc eht egnahc ton f CP . i hcnarb a fI s

oc eht ,nekat n o tnet f t ot degnahc si CP a gr e rdda t e ss . si hcnarb a fI t fo tnetnoc eht ,neka CP i ton s degnahc

w gnilaed fo yaw elpmis ehT i tcurtsni eht fo hctef eht oder ot si sehcnarb eht ht i no f lo l hcnarb a gniwo . c FI tsrif ehT y lats a yllaitnesse si elc l smrofrep reven ti ,esuaceb ,

lufesu wo kr . enO st lla elcyc for eve ry hcnarb w lli iy eld a ep rformance loss %01 to %03 cnarb eht no gnidneped h f ycneuqer

icudeR n eP hcarB eht g n seitla

nam era erehT y w gnilaed rof sdohtem i p eht ht i hcnarb yb desuac sllats enilep

ed l ya 1. p eht hsulF ro ezeerF i oh ,enilep l ed ro gnid l na gnite y tcurtsni i a sno f eht ret

nar cnarb eht litnu hc h tsed i tan i nwonk si no . tI i anep hcnarb dna emehcs elpmis a s lty si b decuder eb tonnac dna dexif y erawtfos

2. reve taerT y lpmis ,nekat ton sa hcnarb y la l fi sa eunitnoc ot erawdrah eht gniwo cnarb eht h erew n detucexe ot to . eraC m b tsu ekat e n n ahc ot to n rossecorp eht eg

ts a itnu et l octuo hcnarb eht m nwonk si e . tcurtsnI i erew sno f ron a erew hcnarb eht fi sa dehcte mal tcurtsni i no . hcnarb eht fI

,nekat si i rassecen si t y tcurtsni dehctef eht nrut ot i on a ot ni no - tcurtsni fo i tser dna no tra eht f cte h grat eht ta e sserdda t . Fi argaid gnimit eht swohs 8.2 erug m s eht htob fo i taut i sno .



3. reve taerT y cnarb h sa at ken tegrat dna dedoced si hcnarb eht sa noos sA : oc si sserddA m t eht ta gnitucexe dna gnihctef nigeb ,detup i tegra f si tegrat hcnarb eht

eb nwonk f tuo hcnarb ero com eht ,e n egatnavda steg emehcs siht . derp ro nekat detaciderp htob roF i oc eht ,emehcs nekat ton detac m nac relip

rofrep evorpmi m eht taht os edoc eht gnizinagro yb ecna m tso f htap tneuqer ctam h t se he h c erawdra hoi ec .

4. eD l moc si euqinhcet hcnarb deya m lrae ni desu ylno y srossecorp CSIR . aled hcnarb a htiw elcyc noitucexe eht ,hcnarb deyaled a nI y si eno fo

tcurtsni hcnarB i no tneuqeS i rosseccus la - 1

i tegrat hcnarB f nekat

rosseccus laitneuqes ehT detucexe si ti dna tols yaled hcnarb eht ni si i fo evitcepserr tehw h ro re n eht to b cnar h i ekat s n . w roivaheb enilepip ehT i ni nwohs si yaled hcnarb a ht

Fi .9.2 erug w rossecorP i ron ,hcnarb deyaled ht m lla y tcurtsni elgnis a evah i aled no y. oC m t sah relip o m tcurtsni rosseccus eht eka i ni syaw eerht era ereht lufesu dna dilav sno

aled ot eht hcihw y sl b dellif eb nac to y relipmoc eht .

tatimil ehT i morf esira hcnarb deyaled no sno tcirtseR )i i tcurtsni eht no sno i ni deludehcs era taht sno aled ot y sl sto .

ro nekat eb ot ylekil si hcnarb a rehtehw emit relipmoc ta tciderp ot ytilibA )ii n ekat to n.

noitcurtsni na gnisoohc morf dellif eb nac tols yaled ehT orF )a m eb f tcurtsni hcnarb eht ero i no orF )b m sserdda tegrat eht orF )c m laf l- orht htap hgu .

o elpicnirp ehT f aled hcnarb eht gniludehcs y 01.2 gif ni nwohs si



3 htiW a taen rgaid am e nialpx eht lc a iss c vif e egats enilepip for a R CSI p cor e ss or. ( 01 skram ) ( ceD )2102 (J nu e 102 1) (J nu e 102 3)

tcurtsnI i o tes no f melpmi tatne i ta sekat CSIR ni no m w selcyc 5 tso i p tuoht i gninilep . c kcolc 5 ehT y :era selc


tcurtsni i orf no m m rome y CP eht etadpu ot .

2. tsnI r d noitcu etsigeR / edoce r cyc hctef l :)DI( e

ceD o ed t eh sni t cur t noi and cca e ss t eh er g si t re elif . gnidoceD si enod ni rap a ll e l iw th gnidaer siger t ,sre hcihw si po iss b el aceb u es t eh siger t re ificeps es era at a exif d acol t noi ni a CSIR ra c ih t ce t eru . sihT nopserroc sd ot exif d if eld ced do gni . nI idda tion it

invol ev s : - reP f ro m lauqe ity ger eht no tset i eht sa rets y daer era f hcnarb elbissop a ro . - Si ng - o dleif tesffo eht dnetxe f tcurtsni eht i esac ni no i dedeen si t . - oC m sserdda tegrat hcnarb elbissop eht etup .

3. Ex E / noituce ff dda evitce r cyC sse l )EXE( e

verp eht ni deraperp sdnarepo eht no setarepo ULA ehT i rep dna elcyc suo f ro m s o eno f eht f lo l gniwo f tcnu i ed no f tcurtsni eht no gnidne i t no y .ep

agnaB,TIBJS,ESC fo tpeD l ero 61



* retsigeR - retsigeR ULA rtsni :noitcu ULA frep or sm t eh o arep tion eps c deifi ni the

tcurtsni i daer seulav eht gnisu no f or m .elif retsiger eht * retsigeR - etaidemmI ULA sni t cur tio :n LA U p fre or sm t eh o arep tion eps c deifi in the

sni t cur tion gnisu t eh srif t lav ue daer rf om the er g si t re elif a dn t ah t sign exte edn d mi m de i eta .

4. )MEM( ssecca yromeM

a roF l tcurtsni dao i tceffe gnisu ,no i em eht sserdda ev m ro y daer si . Fo ts a r o er 2 eht morf atad eht setirw yromem noitcurtsni dn ceffe gnisu daer retsiger t sserdda evi .

5. Wr cab eti k cyc l )BW( e Write t eh ser ult ni to t eh er g si t re ,elif w eh t reh it comes rf om memory sys tem (fo r


ta nekat noitcurtsni hcaE m c 5 tso l c kco y tucexe eht rof selc i no tcurtsnI * i )FI( elcyc hctef no tcurtsnI * i ger / edoced no i ef rets )DI( elcyc hct

tucexE * i )XE( elcyc sserdda evitceffE / no eM * m ro y )MEM( ssecca

* Wri )BW( elcyc kcab et



hcaE egats of t eh p pi e enil sum t eb pedni e dn ent fo t eh ot reh st sega . ,oslA two reffid ent arepo t snoi ’nac t eb ep r of r dem with t eh same ad ta ap th ser o ecru on t eh sa em clo kc . For

,elpmaxe a nis g el ULA ca nn ot eb desu to co pm ute t eh ffe ect evi sserdda a dn ep rform a bus t tcar noitarepo ud r gni t eh sa em clo kc c elcy . nA redda si ot eb rp o iv d de ni t eh st ega 1

dna eulav CP wen etupmoc ot rofrep ot 3 egats eht ni ULA na m ra eht i temht i nidetacidni c t eh sni t cur tion eeS( rugif e .2 2). cilfnoC t hs o lu d n to esira out of o ev r al p of sni t cur tions

gnisu enilepip . In ot reh wo ,sdr cnuf tional u in t of ae ch st ega ne de ot eb ni d pe e dn ent fo rehto cnuf t oi lan tinu . erehT era eerht avresbo tio sn eud ot ihw ch t eh r ksi of co cilfn t is

.decuder atad dna noitcurtsnI etarapeS • mem evel eht ta seiro l a setanimile ehcac 1L fo

atad dna hctef noitcurtsni neewteb esira dluow taht yromem elgnis a rof tcilfnoc ac ec ss .

an segats owt gnirud dessecca si elif retsigeR • m egats DI yle WB . lla dluohs erawdraH o w rofrep ot m umixam m rw eno sdaer owt i reve et y c kcolc y elc .

rassecen si ti ,elcyc yreve noitcurtsni wen a trats oT • y eht erots dna tnemercni ot e CP v re y cycle.

era sretsiger ro sreffuB ni tro eb decud t neew s evisseccus t sega o f t eh p pi e enil so t ah t at t eh ne d fo a lc ock cycle t eh ser ults rf om o en st ega era s ot der ni ot a er g si t re es( e erugif .)3.2 uD r gni t eh xen t lc o kc ,elcyc t eh xen t st ega w lli use t eh cont ne t of t seh e bu sreff as upni t.

v 4.2 erugiF i p eht sezilaus i vitca enilep ity.



4 . Expl epip woh nia l pmi si eni l IM ni detneme PS. (6 skram ) (J nu e 2102 )

tcurtsnI i o tes no f tatnemelpmi i ta sekat CSIR ni no m w selcyc 5 tso i p tuoht i gninilep . c kcolc 5 ehT y :era selc


tcurtsni i orf no m m rome y CP eht etadpu ot .

2. tsnI r etsigeR / edoced noitcu r cyc hctef l :)DI( e ceD o ed t eh sni t cur t noi and cca e ss t eh er g si t re elif . gnidoceD si enod ni rap a ll e l

iw th gnidaer siger t ,sre hcihw si po iss b el aceb u es t eh siger t re ificeps es era at a exif d acol t noi ni a CSIR ra c ih t ce t eru . sihT sdnopserroc ot exif d if eld ced do gni . nI idda t noi it

invol ev s : - reP f ro m lauqe ity ger eht no tset i eht sa rets y daer era f hcnarb elbissop a ro . - Si ng - o dleif tesffo eht dnetxe f tcurtsni eht i esac ni no i dedeen si t . - oC m sserdda tegrat hcnarb elbissop eht etup . 3. Ex E / noituce ff dda evitce r cyC sse l )EXE( e

ehT verp eht ni deraperp sdnarepo eht no setarepo ULA i rep dna elcyc suo f ro m s o eno f eht f lo l gniwo f tcnu i ed no f tcurtsni eht no gnidne i t no y .ep

* retsigeR - retsigeR ULA :noitcurtsni ULA frep or sm t eh o arep tion eps c deifi ni the

tcurtsni i r seulav eht gnisu no dae f or m .elif retsiger eht * retsigeR - etaidemmI ULA sni t cur tio :n LA U p fre or sm t eh o arep tion eps c deifi in the

sni t cur tion gnisu t eh srif t eulav daer rf om t eh er g si t re lif e a dn t ah t sign exte edn d



mi m de i eta . 4. )MEM( ssecca yromeM

a roF l tcurtsni dao i no tceffe gnisu , i em eht sserdda ev m ro y daer si . Fo ts a r o er rf atad eht setirw yromem noitcurtsni o 2 eht m dn ceffe gnisu daer retsiger t sserdda evi .

5. Wr cab eti k cyc l )BW( e

Write t eh ser ult ni to t eh er g si t re ,elif w eh t reh it comes rf om memory sys tem (fo r


ta nekat noitcurtsni hcaE m c 5 tso l c kco y tucexe eht rof selc i no tcurtsnI * i )FI( elcyc hctef no tcurtsnI * i ger / edoced no i )DI( elcyc hctef rets

tucexE * i )XE( elcyc sserdda evitceffE / no eM * m ro y )MEM( ssecca

* Wri )BW( elcyc kcab et ehT noitucexe fo t eh sni t cur tion co pm r gnisi of the abo ev subt ksa c na be pi ep nil ed. aE c h

of t eh lc o kc selcyc rf om t eh iverp ous ces tion ceb omes a p epi st ega – a cyc el ni the pi lep i en . A wen sni t noitcur nac eb st ra t de on hcae clo kc c elcy w ih ch ser ults ni the

ucexe tion ap tt nre hs own rugif e 1.2 . hT o hgu hcae sni t cur tion t seka 5 clock cycles t o comp el t ud ,e r lc hcae gni ock yc cle t eh erawdrah w lli init ai t a e en w sni t cur tio n an d w lli be

os gnitucexe m o trap e f tcurtsni tnereffid evif eht i detartsulli sa sno i .1.2 erugif n

Write t eh ser ult ni to t eh er g si t re ,elif w eh t reh it comes rf om memory sys tem (fo r


ta nekat noitcurtsni hcaE m c 5 tso l c kco y tucexe eht rof selc i no tcurtsnI * i )FI( elcyc hctef no

* tcurtsnI i ger / edoced no i )DI( elcyc hctef rets tucexE * i )XE( elcyc sserdda evitceffE / no

eM * m ro y )MEM( ssecca * Wri )BW( elcyc kcab et

ehT noitucexe fo t eh sni t cur tion co pm r gnisi of the abo ev subt ksa c na be pi ep nil ed. aE c h of t eh lc o kc selcyc rf om t eh iverp ous ces tion ceb omes a p epi st ega – a cyc el ni the pi lep i en . A wen sni t noitcur nac eb st ra t de on hcae clo kc c elcy w ih ch ser ults ni the

ucexe tion ap tt nre hs own rugif e 1.2 . hT o hgu hcae sni t cur tion t seka 5 clock cycles t o comp el t ud ,e r lc hcae gni ock yc cle t eh erawdrah w lli init ai t a e en w sni t cur tio n an d w lli be

os gnitucexe m o trap e f tcurtsni tnereffid evif eht i detartsulli sa sno i .1.2 erugif n



hcaE egats of t eh p pi e enil sum t eb pedni e dn ent fo t eh ot reh st sega . ,oslA two reffid ent o arep tio sn ’nac t eb ep r of r dem with t eh emas ad ta ap th ser o ecru on t eh sa em clo kc . For

,elpmaxe a elgnis ULA nnac ot eb desu ot co pm ute t eh e ff ect evi sserdda a dn ep rform a bus t tcar noitarepo ud r gni t eh sa em clo kc c elcy . nA redda si ot eb rp o iv d de ni t eh st ega 1

ra eht mrofrep ot 3 egats eht ni ULA na dna eulav CP wen etupmoc ot i temht i nidetacidni c t eh sni t cur tion eeS( rugif e )2.2 . cilfnoC t hs o lu d n to esira out of o ev r al p of sni t cur tio sn

gnisu enilepip . In ot reh wo ,sdr cnuf tional u in t of ae ch st ega ne de ot eb ni d pe e dn ent fo rehto cnuf t lanoi tinu . erehT era eerht avresbo tio sn eud to ihw ch t eh r ksi of co cilfn t is

.decuder em atad dna noitcurtsnI etarapeS • m eht ta seiro l eve l a setanimile ehcac 1L fo

sni neewteb esira dluow taht yromem elgnis a rof tcilfnoc atad dna hctef noitcurt

ac ec ss .

an segats owt gnirud dessecca si elif retsigeR • m le y egats DI WB. lla dluohs erawdraH o w rofrep ot m umixam m rw eno sdaer owt i reve et y c kcolc y elc .

rassecen si ti ,elcyc yreve noitcurtsni wen a trats oT • y na tnemercni ot eht erots d e CP v re y cycle.



era sretsiger ro sreffuB eb decudortni t neew s evisseccus t sega o f t eh p pi e enil so t ah t at t eh

ne d fo a clock yc c el t eh ser ults rf om o en st ega era sto der ni ot a er g si t re es( e erugif .)3.2 uD r gni t eh xen t lc ock ,elcyc t eh xen t st ega w lli u es t eh cont ne t of t seh e bu sreff as upni t.

v 4.2 erugiF i p eht sezilaus i vitca enilep ity. 5 . Expl i seuqinhcet tnereffid nia n r pip gnicude el b eni r anep hcna l seit . am 6( r )sk (J nu e 02 1 )2 (J nu e 102 )0 )3102enuJ(

ht gnicudeR e Br ca seitlaneP h nam era erehT y w gnilaed rof sdohtem i p eht ht i hcnarb yb desuac sllats enilep

ed l ya 1. F ro ezeerF l p eht hsu i oh ,enilep l ed ro gnid l na gnite y tcurtsni i a sno f eht ret

cnarb eht litnu hcnar h tsed i tan i nwonk si no . tI i hcnarb dna emehcs elpmis a s anep lty si b decuder eb tonnac dna dexif y erawtfos

2. reve taerT y lpmis ,nekat ton sa hcnarb y la l fi sa eunitnoc ot erawdrah eht gniwo cnarb eht h erew n e ot to x detuce . eraC m t egnahc ot ton nekat eb tsu h ts rossecorp e a itnu et l

octuo hcnarb eht m wonk si e n. tcurtsnI i erew sno f ron a erew hcnarb eht fi sa dehcte mal tcurtsni i no . If hcnarb eht

,nekat si i rassecen si t y tcurtsni dehctef eht nrut ot i on a ot ni no - tcurtsni fo i tratser dna no eht f cte h grat eht ta e sserdda t . Fi argaid gnimit eht swohs 8.2 erug m o s eht htob f i taut i sno .

3. reve taerT y cnarb h sa at ken tegrat dna dedoced si hcnarb eht sa noos sA : oc si sserddA m i tegrat eht ta gnitucexe dna gnihctef nigeb ,detup f si tegrat hcnarb eht

eb nwonk f tuo hcnarb ero com eht ,e n eg emehcs siht egatnavda st . derp ro nekat detaciderp htob roF i oc eht ,emehcs nekat ton detac m nac relip

rep evorpmi f ro m eht taht os edoc eht gnizinagro yb ecna m tso f htap tneuqer ctam h t se h e h c erawdra hoi ec .

4. eD l moc si euqinhcet hcnarb deya m lrae ni desu ylno y p CSIR srossecor . aled hcnarb a htiw elcyc noitucexe eht ,hcnarb deyaled a nI y si eno fo

tcurtsni hcnarB i no



tneuqeS i rosseccus la - 1 i tegrat hcnarB f nekat

detucexe si ti dna tols yaled hcnarb eht ni si rosseccus laitneuqes ehT i fo evitcepserr

tehw h ro re n to eht b cnar h i ekat s n . w roivaheb enilepip ehT i ni nwohs si yaled hcnarb a ht Fi .9.2 erug w rossecorP i ron ,hcnarb deyaled ht m lla y tcurtsni elgnis a evah i aled no y.

oC m ot sah relip m tcurtsni rosseccus eht eka i esu dna dilav sno f ni syaw eerht era ereht lu ihw aled ot eht hc y sl b dellif eb nac to y relipmoc eht .

tatimil ehT i morf esira hcnarb deyaled no sno tcirtseR )i i tcurtsni eht no sno i aled ot ni deludehcs era taht sno y sl sto .

kil si hcnarb a rehtehw emit relipmoc ta tciderp ot ytilibA )ii ro nekat eb ot yle n ekat to n.

noitcurtsni na gnisoohc morf dellif eb nac tols yaled ehT orF )a m eb f tcurtsni hcnarb eht ero i no orF )b m sserdda tegrat eht orF )c m laf l- htap hguorht .

o elpicnirp ehT f aled hcnarb eht gniludehcs y 01.2 gif ni nwohs si



a tahW.6 r ojam eht e r uh r epip fo seld l pxE ?gnini l b nia r fei ly. am 8( rks)

(J nu e 02 1 )2 (J nu e 102 1) (D ce e bm re 02 10) azaH enilepiP rds

sdrazaH yam esuac t eh p pi e enil ot st lla . nehW na sni t cur tion si sta ,dell lla the

curtsni t snoi deussi retal th na t eh st della sni t cur tio sn era sla o st della . snoitcurtsnI deussi ae r reil naht t eh dellats curtsni t snoi w lli cont euni ni a normal way. oN wen sni t cur tions era dehctef ud r gni t eh sta ll . drazaH si autis t noi aht t neverp ts t eh xen t sni t cur tion ni t eh

urtsni rf maerts noitc o ucexe km t i gnirud gni t elcyc kcolc detangised s . sdrazaH w uder lli ec p eht i rep enilep f ro m ecna .

ilepiP htiw ecnamrofreP n lats e l

lats A l p eht sesuac i rep enilep f edarged ot ecnamro f or m aedi l rep f ecnamro . cnamrofreP e

epip morf tnemevorpmi orf deniatbo si gninil m :


ii decnalab era segats ) Wi tpmussa seseht ht i sno

la fI l tcurtsni eht i auqe si dna selcyc fo rebmun emas eht ekat sno l fo rebmun eht ot pi ts enilep o htped ro sega f p eht i ,neht ,enilep



p on era ereht fI i ,sllats enilep Pi lats enilep l orez = noitcurtsni rep selcyc


7. e dna tsiL xpl nia f o syaw evi f cl issa f e gniy x i noitpec n oc a m etup r etsys m. 50(

aM r )1102 yluJ()sk

o sepyT f ex :snoitpec ret ehT m tpecxe i ,tpurretni smret eht revoc ot desu si no f ua l tpecxe dna t i no .

ved O/I i uaf egap ,tseuqer ec l argorp resu a morf ecivres SO na gnikovnI ,t m regetnI , ra i frevo citemht l em ,wo m ro y tcetorp i frevo no l ,wo eruliaf rewoP ,snoitcnuflam erawdraH

etc. c tnereffid eht era l o sessa f tpecxe i no . scitsiretcarahc tnatropmi evah stneve laudividnI tca tahw enimreted taht i no i tpecxe taht ot gnidnopserroc dedeen s i no .

)i hcnysA susrev suonorhcnyS r suono

o tneve eht fI as eht ta srucc m reve ecalp e y w detucexe si margorp eht emit i eht ht

emas ad ta dna omem ry acolla tio ,n t eh ve ent si nysa c rh ono su . rhcnysA o suon e nev ts ra e desuac yb secived xe t lanre ot eht UPC dna mem ory us ch ve ents era hand del aft re t eh

oc m telp i o no f eht tcurtsni tnerruc i no .

ii ) esU r r ev detseuqe r :decreoc sus resU detseuqer pecxe t snoi era ciderp t elba dna c na a wl a sy eb hand del aft re t eh

tnerruc noitcurtsni sah moc p el t de . Co decre pecxe tio sn ra e desuac yb some erawdrah tneve t tah si not rednu t eh control of t eh esu r rp o marg . decreoC

eht esuaceb tnemelpmi ot redrah era snoitpecxe y elbatciderp ton era

iii ) esU r baksam l esu susrev e r sam non k ba l : e

fI na tneve nac eb ma deks yb a resu t ,ksa it si su er ma ks a elb . Ot esiwreh ti si esu r non m baksa le.

)vi tiW ev nih r tsni neewteb sus r :snoitcu pecxE tion t ah t o rucc iw t nih sni t cur tion era u us a yll nys c rh ono ,su ecnis the

noitcurtsni sreggirt eht pecxe t noi . tI si redrah ot mi p nemel t pecxe tio sn t ah t o rucc tcurtsni neewteb esoht naht snoitcurtsninihtiw i eht ecnis ,sno eb tsum noitcurtsni

ser dna deppots t ra t de . rf esira snoitcurtsni nihtiw srucco taht snoitpecxe suonorhcnysA o m s cihportsatac i taut i argorp sesuac syawla dna sno m tanimret i no .

useR )v m et susrev e r :etanim

fI t eh s’margorp noitucexe noc t seuni fa t re t eh ni t purre t, it si a ser u gnim ve ent esiwrehto fi si ter anim t gni neve t. tI si reisae nemelpmi t pecxe tio sn t ah t t animre t e

ex tuce ion. 92



8. epip tsiL l ah eni zar sd . Expl eno yna nia i iated n l. ( 01 skram ) ( ceD 102 )0

)3102enuJ(

sdrazaH yam esuac t eh p pi e enil to st lla . nehW na sni t cur tion si sta ,dell lla the curtsni t snoi deussi retal t nah t eh st della sni t cur tio sn era sla o st della . snoitcurtsnI deussi

ae r reil naht t eh dellats curtsni t snoi w lli cont euni ni a normal way. No wen sni t cur tio sn era dehctef ud r gni the sta ll . drazaH si autis t noi aht t neverp ts t eh xen t sni t cur tion ni t eh

rf maerts noitcurtsni o ucexe km t i gnirud gni t elcyc kcolc detangised s . sdrazaH w uder lli ec p eht i rep enilep f ro m ecna .

lats enilepiP htiw ecnamrofreP l

lats A l p eht sesuac i rep enilep f edarged ot ecnamro f or m aedi l rep f ecnamro . cnamrofreP e tnemevorpmi f or m deniatbo si gninilepip f or m:


ii decnalab era segats ) Wi tpmussa seseht ht i sno

la fI l curtsni eht ti auqe si dna selcyc fo rebmun emas eht ekat sno l fo rebmun eht ot pi o htped ro segats enilep f p eht i ,neht ,enilep



p on era ereht fI i ,sllats enilep Pi lats enilep l orez = noitcurtsni rep selcyc


ehW hcnarb a n i ,detucexe s i t may am ro y o tnetnoc eht egnahc ton f CP . i hcnarb a fI s

oc eht ,nekat n o tnet f t ot degnahc si CP a gr e rdda t e ss . hcnarb a fI fo tnetnoc eht ,nekat si CP i degnahc ton s

w gnilaed fo yaw elpmis ehT i eht oder ot si sehcnarb eht ht tcurtsni eht fo hctef i no

f lo l hcnarb a gniwo . c FI tsrif ehT y lats a yllaitnesse si elc l smrofrep reven ti ,esuaceb , lufesu wo kr . enO st lla elcyc for eve ry narb ch w lli iy eld a ep rforma cn e loss %01 to %03

cnarb eht no gnidneped h f ycneuqer

UN TI 3 1. hW ta era eht seuqinhcet desu ot ecuder rb a hcn stsoc ? xE p nial htob citats

b cimanyd dna r p hcna r desu noitcide for ?emas 0102 enuJ( )skram 01( ) eD( c 2102 ) )3102enuJ(

oT peek a epip enil ,lluf ilellarap sm ma o gn sni t cur tio sn sum t eb xe ploit de yb

nidnif g qes ue ecn of u alern t de sni t cur tio sn t ah t c na eb o ev r eppal d ni t eh p pi e enil . To va o di a enilepip st a,lla ed p nedne t sni t cur tion sum t eb arapes t de rf om the so cru e

curtsni t noi yb t eh d si t ecna ni lc o kc cycles lauqe to t eh ip pe nil e al t ne cy of t ah t so ecru tcurtsni ion. A co s’relipm iliba ty ot frep o mr t sih dehcs u gnil ed ep sdn b to h on t eh am uo nt

fo PLI elbaliava ni eht rp o marg dna on t eh al t seicne of the fu cn tional u in ts ni the pi lep i en .

oc ehT m o tnuoma eht esaercni nac relip f b PLI elbaliava y gnirrefsnart l .spoo for ;0001=i( i=i; 0>i -1)

[X i [X = ] i ;s + ] b lellarap si pool siht taht ees eW y ton eht i dob taht gnic y hcae eht fo i taret i si no

i epedn n ed nt.

f ehT i al ylbmessa SPIM ot tnemges evoba eht etalsnart ot si pets tsr n egaug arra=0F : )1R(0 ,0F D.L :pooL y el tneme



acs dda : 2F ,0F ,4F D.DDA l 2F ni ra

user erots : )1R(0 ,4F D.S l t # ,1R ,1R IUDDAD - erced : 8 m op tne i retn

B 8 : y )WD rep( set 2R = !1R hcnarb : pooL ,2R ,1R ENB

iW t tuoh yna gniludehcS eht pool lliw ucexe te as fo ll o sw a dn t seka 9 yc cles for hcae

it tare i no . D.L :pooL 1 0F tnemele rotcev=0F; )1R(0 ,

2 s at l l D.DDA 3 4F , ,0F alacs dda; 2F r 2F ni

4 s at l l 5 s at l l

D.S 6 ,4F ots; )1R(0 r tluser e #,1R ,1R IUDDAD 7 - )WD( B8 retniop tnemerced; 8

8 llats awrof t’nac semussa; r b ot d r hcna ; pooL ,1R ZENB 9 br orez=!1R hcna

eht eludehcs nac eW l lno niatbo ot poo y :selcyc 7 ot emit eht ecuder dna sllats owt

D.L F 1R(0 ,0 )

DA # ,1R ,1R IUDD -8 ,0F ,4F D.DDA F 2

atS l l

atS l l

D.S F ,4 0 )1R(

ooL ,2R ,1R ENB p

pooL gnillornU nac eb desu to im n ezimi t eh nu bm re of sta sll . gnillornU eht bo yd of the

pool yb ruo ,semit t eh ucexe t noi fo fo ru it are tion nac eb do en ni 72 lc o kc selcyc ro 57.6 cl c kco y rep selc i taret i no .

.L :pooL 1 D )1R(0,0F

,4F D.DDA 3 F ,0 F2

.S 6 D 4F,)1R(0 ZENB & IUBUSD pord;

,6F D.L 7 -8 1R( )

,8F D.DDA 9 F ,6 F2



D.S 21 -8 8F,)1R( d; r IUBUSD po & ENB Z

,01F D.L 31 -16 1R( )

,21F D.DDA 51 F ,01 F2

D.S 81 - 61 21F,)1R( d; r po IUBUSD & ENB Z

,41F D.L 91 -24 1R( )

,61F D.DDA 12 F ,41 F2

.S 42 D - 42 R( 1 1F,) 6

#,1R,1R IUDDAD 52 -32 etla: r 8*4 ot

ENB 62 Z POOL,1R

rnU o dell pool aht t seziminim t eh st slla to 41 lc o kc selcyc rof fo ru it are tio sn si g vi e n eb l :wo

pooL 1 : D.L F ,0 0 )1R(

D.L 2 F ,6 -8 1R( )

D.L 3 F ,01 -16 )1R(

D.L 4 F ,41 -24 )1R( 5 A ,0F ,4F D.DD F 2

6 A ,6F ,8F D.DD F 2

7 A ,21F D.DD F ,01 F 2

8 A ,61F D.DD F ,41 F 2

.S 9 D 4F ,)1R(0

.S 01 D - F ,)1R(8 8

.S 11 D - ,)1R(61 F12

IUBUSD 21 R1, 3#,1R 2

.S 31 D 8; 61F ,)1R(8 - = 23 - 42

ENB 41 Z ,1R L OO P



ammuS r nu pooL fo y r gniludehcs dna gnillo

ehT pool gnillornu seriuqer u sredn t gnidna how eno sni t cur tion neped ds on anot reh na d tcurtsni eht woh i :secnedneped eht nevig deredroer ro degnahc eb nac sno

1. enimreteD pool gnillornu lufesu yb gnidnif taht pool areti tio sn erew ni d nednepe t

tpecxe( f ro m )edoc ecnanetnia 2. esU tnereffid sretsiger ot va o di u assecenn ry snoc t niar ts fo decr yb gnisu emas er g si t sre

tatupmoc tnereffid rof i sno 3. tcurtsni hcnarb dna tset artxe eht etanimilE i eht tsujda dna sno l tanimret poo i dna no i taret i edoc no 4. taht enimreteD l dellornu ni serots dna sdao l etni eb nac poo b degnahcr y taht gnivresbo l serots dna sdao f or m tnereffid i taret i tnednepedni era sno

• ofsnarT r noitam seriuqer gnizylana mem ory da d sesser dna gnidnif t ah t they do er ton f as eht ot re m sserdda e

5. udehcS l dedeen secnedneped yna gnivreserp ,edoc eht e user emas eht dleiy ot l eht sa t ro i anig l edoc

ecuder oT t eh hcnarB ,tsoc ciderp t noi fo t eh uo tco em of t eh rb anch may eb do en .

ehT ciderp t noi yam eb enod yllacitats at comp eli t emi u gnis comp reli ppus o tr o r yllacimanyd u gnis erawdrah ppus or .t semehcS to ecuder t eh capmi t of control drazah ra e

di eb dessucs l :wo

P hcnarB citatS r noitcide

ssA u em t ah t t eh rb a hcn w lli not eb ekat n na d cont euni ucexe tion do nw the laitneuqes maerts noitcurtsni . If t eh hcnarb si kat en , t eh sni t cur t noi t ah t era gnieb ef t ehc d

dna dedoced tsum eb d dedracsi . ucexE t noi seunitnoc at t eh rb anch t tegra . gnidracsiD tcurtsni i ew snaem sno m tcurtsni hsulf ot elba eb tsu i .segats EXE dna DI ,FI eht ni sno

etlA r an t yle , it si po iss b el t ah t t eh rb anch can eb erp d ci t de sa t ka en. sA s oo n sa the noitcurtsni dedoced si dnuof sa ,hcnarb ta t eh seilrae t, st tra ef t gnihc t eh sni t cur tion rf o m

th grat e e sserdda t .

– egarevA noitciderpsim = nekatnu b cnar h f er que cn y = 34% for S EP C mgp s.



T eh hparg swohs eht sim p er d itci on etar of r s te fo CEPS b mhcne ra k

argorp m s Dy an mic Branch Pre id ction

iW th repeed senilepip t eh hcnarb lanep ty in rc e sesa w neh em a derus ni clock cycl se . alimiS r ,yl iw th lum tip el ,eussi t eh hcnarb lanep ty sesaercni ni ter sm o f

snoitcurtsni tsol . ,ecneH a elpmis static erp d ci tion sc emeh si ni e iff cient or may not be tneiciffe ni tsom fo t eh autis t snoi . enO hcaorppa si to look pu t eh sserdda of the

curtsni t noi ot ees fi a hcnarb saw t neka t eh sal t t emi t sih sni t cur tion saw exe uc t ,de dna fi nigeb ot ,os fe tcurtsni wen gnihct i no f or m sserdda tegrat eht .

hT i nhcet s i euq i ac s ll de anyD m hcnarb ci oitciderp n. derp seod yhW • i tc i ?krow no

– seitiraluger sah mhtirogla gniylrednU – taht ataD i uger sah no detarepo gnieb s l ra i seit – tcurtsnI i nuder sah ecneuqes no aw fo stcafitra era taht seicnad y taht

oc/snamuh m iht srelip n a k b orp tuo lb ems. – erehT era a llams rebmun of pmi ort na t hcnarb es ni rp o smarg hcihw evah cimanyd roivaheb rof hcihw cimanyd hcnarb erp d ci tion ep rfor ecnam w lli eb de if nitel y oc retteb m ot derap tats i tciderp hcnarb c i no .

tciderpsim fo tsoc ,ycarucca(ƒ = ecnamrofreP • i )no

• hcnarB H si t yro elbaT )THB( si desu to nyd a im ac lly erp d ci t t eh outco em of the tcurtsni hcnarb tnerruc ion. b rewoL i o st f 1 fo elbat xedni sserdda CP -bi seulav t

– ehtehw syaS emit tsal nekat hcnarb ton ro r o - N c sserdda o h kce



• rP o :melb ni a lo ,po 1- ib t THB w lli c esua two erpsim d ci tio sn (a arev ge si 9 it are tio sn

xe erofeb i :)t – fo dnE l xe ti nehw ,esac poo i fo daetsni st l eb sa gnipoo f ero

– iF r ts t emi t rh o hgu loo p on en xt t emi t c hguorh o ,ed when it erp d ci t s e ix t sni t dae o f l poo in g

• S elpmi t ow tib sih t yro t elba w lli g evi eb tt re frep o mr a ecn . ehT fo ru reffid ent stat se of 2 bi derp t i snart etats eht ni nwohs si rotc iti argaid no m.

arB gnitalerroC nch Pr otcide r tI yam eb po elbiss ot rpmi o ev t eh erp d ci tion ac aruc cy yb co edisn r gni t eh necer t beha iv or fo rehto sehcnarb ar t reh naht tsuj t eh hcnarb nu d re co aredisn tion. alerroC t gni srotciderp era wt o-level erp d ci t sro . sixE t gni alerroc t gni ciderp t sro dda infor am tion ba out t eh

vaheb i eht fo ro m ced ot sehcnarb tnecer tso i derp ot woh ed i hcnarb nevig a tc .

• I :aed r ce ord m most necer t yl ucexe t de hcnarb es sa t neka or not ta nek , dna use tceles ot nrettap taht t rp eh o rep n-bi h hcnarb t i rots y )THB( elbat

• nI ge ren al, (m,n) erp d ci t ro em a sn cer o dr last m sehcnarb to celes t eb t neew 2 m

rotsih y w hcae ,selbat i ht n- nuoc tib t sre

– 2 dlo ,suhT - rotciderp )2,0( a si THB tib – Global rB a hcn H si ot :yr m- ib t fihs t er g si t re eek p gni TN/T stat su of sal t m

b ar nch se .

• caE h ne t yr ni t elba sah m n- tib erp d ci t sro . nI esac of )2,2( ciderp to ,r beha iv or o f sehcnarb tnecer celes ts eb t neew ciderp ruof tio sn of xen t adpu ,hcnarb t gni just t tah

derp i tc i no . o emehcs ehT f bat eht l :nwohs si e



oC m o snosirap f tnereffid hparg eht ni nwohs era semehcs .

tnemanruoT p rotcider si a lum ti level ciderp hcnarb to sesu dna r n ib t as t aru t gni co nu t re esohc ot b eewte n .srotciderp rotciderp lacol dna rotciderp labolg era desu srotciderp ehT .

– anruot fo egatnavdA es ot ytiliba si rotciderp tnem l r eht tce i derp thg i a rof rotc

trap i trap si hcihw hcnarb raluc i aicurc ylraluc l f skramhcneb regetni ro . – eht fo %04 tsomla rotciderp labolg eht tceles lliw rotciderp tnemanruot lacipyt A

emit f ramhcneb regetni CEPS eht ro o %51 naht ssel dna sk f emit eht f CEPS eht ro PF b skramhcne

– xE i anruot gnits m derp tne i 2 a esu srotc -bi esoohc ot hcnarb rep retnuoc gnitarutas t am derp hcihw no desab srotciderp tnereffid owt gno i saw rotc m nio evitceffe tso

ecer n derp t i tc ion.



Dy yrammuS noitciderP hcnarB ciman

derP • i tc i o trap tnatropmi gnimoceb si no f sa noitucexe i rep eht sevorpmi t f ro m o ecna f th p e i ep il en .

rotsiH hcnarB • y b 2 :elbaT i st f ro l ycarucca poo

ltneceR :noitalerroC • y etalerroc sehcnarb detucexe w d i hcnarb txen ht – Ei )AG( sehcnarb tnereffid reht – tucexe tnereffid rO i o sno f )AP( sehcnarb emas

b ,level txen ot thgisni ekat srotciderp tnemanruoT • y um gnisu l derp elpit i srotc – llausu y g no desab eno l abo l tamrofni i no desab eno dna no l aco l ni f mro ta i ,no

eht gninibmoc dna m wi rotceles a ht 2. gaid taen a htiw r ts cisab eht evig ma r utcu r tinu PF SPIM desab olusamot fo e a dn xe p 01(.snoitats noitavreser fo dleif suoirav eht nial kram s) enuJ( )2102 ceD( )0102

eD( c 0102 )

rogla ulusamoT i droeR dna mht fuB re f re

aedi ulusamoT : 1. tavreser evaH i tats no i elbissop si gnimaner retsiger erehw sno 2. useR l d era st i ltcer y f tavreser eht ot dedrawro i tats no i a no l w gno i lanif eht ht

ger i srets . hT i c trohs dellac osla si s i ucr i b ro gnit y gnissap .

:BOR ni ehT.1 tcurts i tneuqes derots era sno i as ot srotacidni evah ew tub ylla y if i evitaluceps si t

ro com tucexe detelp ion. 2. fI detelpmoc ucexe t noi dna on t ceps u al t evi dna dehcaer daeh of t eh eueuq t neh we



mmoc i t i .t

fo stnenopmoc eerhT erawdrah - noitaluceps desab 1. imanyd c br na c p h er noitcid p ot i tuo hcnarb kc c emo 2. spe noitaluc tcurtsni wolla ot i oc erofeb etucexe ot sno n ort l era seicnedneped

octuo hcnarb erofeb ,.e.i ,devloser m nwonk emoceb se – wi liba ht i odnu ot yt i esac n rrocni fo uceps tce l ta i no

3. cimanyd sche nilud g

ucepS l olusamoT htiw gnita Key i :saed 1. noitelpmoc morf noitucexe etarapes tcurtsni : i uceps etucexe ot sno l on tub ylevita

on litnu yromem ro sretsiger etadpu snoitcurtsni m evitaluceps ero 2. nif a dda ,erofereht pets la – tcurtsni na retfa i on si no l dellac ,evitaluceps regno ni struc noit c timmo – ot dewolla si ti nehw m ger eka i romem dna rets y setadpu

3. olla w ni timmoc ot meht ecrof tub redro fo tuo etelpmoc dna etucexe ot snoitcurtsni orde r 4. A dd h c erawdra all t de h e er o fub redr f re (ROB w ,) i oh ot sretsiger ht l user eht d l fo t

tcurtsni na i no timmoc dna noitelpmoc neewteb



talucepS htiw mhtiroglA s’olusamoT i segatS ruoF :no

1. eussI tcurtsni teg : i no f or m tcurtsnI i eueuQ no

tavreser fi _ i tats no i s BOR dna no lo t f arutcurts on( eer l ,)drazah ortnoc l i tcurtsni seuss i tavreser ot no i tavreser ot sdnes dna ,BOR dna noitats no i no

station dnarepo seulav (or avreser tion station so ecru for valu )se as we ll as detacolla rebmun tols BOR

2 . tucexE i no repo : a sdnarepo no et )XE( _ daer sdnarepo htob nehw y daer ton fi;etucexe neht y user rof BDC hctaw , l t 3. rW i user et lt tucexe hsinif : i )BW( no

tats noitavreser kram ;BOR dna stinu gnitiawa lla ot BDC no etirw _ i elbaliava no 4. mmoC it em ro retsiger etadpu : m ro y wi ser BOR ht ul t

tcurtsni nehw _ i user dna BOR fo daeh sehcaer no l ger etadpu ,tneserp st i w rets i ht tcurtsni evomer dna yromem ot erots ro tluser i BOR morf no

ltcerrocni na fi _ y o daeh eht sehcaer hcnarb detciderp f dna ,BOR eht hsulf ,BOR tratser a t c rosseccus tcerro of hcnarb

ataD BOR St ur tc ru e

tne BOR r eif y l sd

t noitcurtsnI • y tarepo retsiger ,erots ,hcnarb :ep i ( no i ro ULA ,.e. l )dao tcurtsni fi setacidni :etatS • i oc sah no m ydaer si eulav dna detelp

• seD t ani t :noi erehw luser t si to eb wri tt ne – er g si t re nu ebm r for er g si t re o arep tion ( e.i . romem ,)daol ro ULA y erots rof sserdda

tanitsed on sah hcnarb • i user no l t

timmoc ot emit llit tluser noitcurtsni fo eulav eht sdloh :eulaV • ddA iti ano l tavreser i dleif noitats no

rtne BOR gnidnopserroC :noitanitseD • y n rebmu Ex elpma 1. L D. F6, 2R(43 )

2. L D. F2, R(54 3

3. D.LUM F ,0 F ,2 F 4

4. .BUS D F ,8 F ,2 F 6

5. ID V D. F ,01 F ,0 F6

6. A D.DD F ,6 F ,8 F 2



tavreseR fo noitisop ehT i tats no i ger PF dna BOR ,sno i eb detacidni era srets l :wo

colc 1 daol seicnetal emussA da ,k d um ,skcolc 2 lti 4 edivid ,skcolc 01 ylp 0 skcolc

moc ot seog D.LUM erofeb tsuj serutcurts atad wohS m ti …

reseR v oitatS noita ns

daer si D.LUM emit eht tA y mmoc ot i tcurtsni D.L owt eht ylno t i daerla evah sno y mmoc i srehto hguoht,dett oc evah m tucexe detelp i no

D.LUM eht ,yllautcA i o daeh eht ta s f BOR eht – tcurtsni D.L eht i lno nwohs era sno y rof rtne BOR fo dleif eulav stneserper X# sesoprup gnidnatsrednu y X rebmun

iger tniop gnitaolF s sret

B redroeR u reff



moC decnavdA hcrA retup i erutcet 60 C 18S

axE m elp Loo :p LD F0 0 R 1

MUL DT F4 F0 F2

SD F4 0 R 1

US BI R1 R1 #8

B EN Z R1 pooL

3. hW a a t r eped atad e n E ?seicned xpl e htiw seicnedneped eman nia x pma l neewteb se

tsni owt r snoitcu . (6 ram k uJ/enuJ( )s l )1102 y )3102enuJ(

epeD ataD n ed n ec s noitcurtsni no tnadneped atad si j noitcurtsni nA i e fi i lof eht fo reht l oh gniwo l :sd

noitcurtsni yb desu eb yam taht tluser a secudorp i noitcurtsnI )i j :1gE i D.L : F0 0 , ( )1R

,4F D.DDA :j F0 , F 2 si noitcurtsni hti l nidao dna 0F eht otni atad eht g j tcurtsni ht i eht eno sa 0F esu no

arepo nd . ,ecneH j tcurtsni ht i no tnadneped atad si no i tcurtsni ht i no . :2gE DA DD 1R , 2R , 3R

BUSD ,4R 1R , R 5 ii tcurtsnI ) i no j tcurtsni no tnadneped atad si i tcurtsni dna k no i adneped atad k no no tn

tcurtsni i i no L :gE .D F4, (0 R1)

MUL D. F0, F4 , F 6 A D.DD F ,5 F0 F , 7

treporp eht era secnednepeD y of argorp eht ms. av ataD A l am eu y fl neewteb wo

tcurtsni i ger hguorht rehtie sno i hguorht ro srets mem ro y l taco i sno . eteD c f atad eht gnit l wo neped dna arts etiuq si sretsiger hguorht srucco taht ecned i thg f drawro . epeD n ed n t sec h ta



yromem eht hguorht wolf l taco i era sno m uciffid ero l tceted ot t . A tad a eped n ed n ec oc nvey th ht eer in sg .

libissop ehT )a ity of drazaH eht .

user hcihw ni redro ehT )b l st mu ac eb ts l dna detaluc woh no dnuob reppu nA )c m lbissop nac msilellarap hcu y pxe loi .det

a tahW.4 r roc e rel p gnita r otcide r E ?s xpl e htiw nia x pma l se . (6 m ra ks uJ/enuJ( ) l y

)1102

arB gnitalerroC nch Pr otcide r tI yam eb po elbiss ot rpmi o ev t eh erp d ci tion acc aru cy yb co edisn r gni t eh necer t beha iv or fo rehto sehcnarb ar t reh naht tsuj t eh hcnarb nu d re co aredisn tion. alerroC t gni srotciderp era wt o-level erp d ci t sro . sixE t gni alerroc t gni ciderp t sro dda infor am tion ba out t eh

vaheb i eht fo ro m t sehcnarb tnecer tso ced o i derp ot woh ed i hcnarb nevig a tc . • :aedI cer ord m most necer t yl ucexe t de narb ches sa t neka or not t ,neka dna esu t ah t

t nrettap o celes t t rp eh o rep n-bi rotsih hcnarb t y )THB( elbat 5 . oF r lof eht l tsni gniwo r udehcs cimanyd gnisu ,snoitcu l wohs gni ats eht t o su f

,B.O,R r no nehw noitats noitavrese l si D.LUM y r .L owt dna timmoc ot ydae D oc mm tti ed. am 8 ( r uJ/enuJ( )sk l )1102 y

3 ,6F D.L 2 )2R(

R(44 ,2F D.L 3) 0F D.LUM , ,2F F4

.BUS D ,2F ,8F F 6 D.VID F ,01 F ,0 F 6 D.DDA F ,6 F ,8 F 2

fo sepyt eht wohs oslA ah zar tsni neewteb sd r snoitcu .

tne BOR r eif y l sd t noitcurtsnI • y tarepo retsiger ,erots ,hcnarb :ep i ( no i ro ULA ,.e. l )dao

tcurtsni fi setacidni :etatS • i oc sah no m ydaer si eulav dna detelp • seD t ani t :noi erehw luser t si to eb wri tt ne – er g si t re nu rebm for er g si t re o arep tion ( e.i .

romem ,)daol ro ULA y erots rof sserdda tanitsed on sah hcnarb • i user no l t

aV l oh :eu l tcurtsni fo eulav eht sd i user no l mmoc ot emit llit t i t ddA iti ano l tavreser i dleif noitats no

rtne BOR gnidnopserroC :noitanitseD • y rebmun Ex elpma 1. L D. F6, 2R(43 )

2. L D. F2, R(54 3



3. D.LUM F ,0 F ,2 F 4

4. .BUS D F ,8 F ,2 F 6

5. ID V D. F ,01 F ,0 F6

6. A D.DD F ,6 F ,8 F 2

tavreseR fo noitisop ehT i tats no i ger PF dna BOR ,sno i eb detacidni era srets l :wo da ,kcolc 1 daol seicnetal emussA d um ,skcolc 2 lti 4 edivid ,skcolc 01 ylp 0 skcolc

moc ot seog D.LUM erofeb tsuj serutcurts atad wohS m ti …


At t eh t emi MU D.L si ydaer to co imm t o yln t eh two D.L sni t cur tions ha ev a aerl d y

hguoht,dettimmoc ot sreh evah co elpm det ucexe tion cA. t ,yllau t eh D.LUM si at t eh head of t eh BOR – t eh D.L sni t cur t snoi era hs o nw o yln for nu d sre t na d gni prup o ses X#

o dleif eulav stneserper f rtne BOR y X rebmun


B redroeR u reff



6 . Wha d eht si t r 1 fo kcabwa - b cimanyd tib r p hcna r C ?dohtem noitcide l rae l etats y

2 ni emocrevo si ti woh - p tib r noitcide . viG e ht e t etats r gaid noitisna r 2 fo ma - tib pr otcide r. 01( mar 0102 ceD( )sk ) )3102enuJ(

a era erehT llams rebmun of pmi ort na t sehcnarb in rp o smarg w ih ch ha ev d ny a im c roivaheb rof hcihw d cimany hcnarb erp d ci tion frep or ecnam lliw eb de if nite yl teb ter

oc m tats ot derap i derp hcnarb c i tc i no .

tciderpsim fo tsoc ,ycarucca(ƒ = ecnamrofreP • i )no • hcnarB H si t yro elbaT )THB( si desu to nyd a im ac yll erp d ci t t eh outco em of the

tcurtsni hcnarb tnerruc ion. b rewoL i o st f o elbat xedni sserdda CP f 1-bi seulav t – emit tsal nekat hcnarb ton ro rehtehw syaS

o - N c sserdda o h kce

• :melborP ni a lo ,po 1- ib t THB w lli c esua two erpsim d ci tio sn (a arev ge si 9 it are tio sn xe erofeb i :)t – fo dnE l nehw ,esac poo i xe t i fo daetsni st l erofeb sa gnipoo

– iF r ts t emi t rh o hgu loo p on xen t t emi t c hguorh o ,ed when it erp d ci t s e ix t sni t dae o f l poo in g

• S elpmi t ow tib sih t yro t elba w lli g evi eb tt re frep o mr a ecn . ehT fo ru nereffid t stat se of 2 bi derp t i snart etats eht ni nwohs si rotc iti argaid no m.



arB gnitalerroC nch Pr otcide r tI yam eb po elbiss ot rpmi o ev t eh erp d ci tion ac aruc cy yb co edisn r gni t eh necer t

beha iv or fo rehto sehcnarb ar t eh r naht tsuj t eh hcnarb nu d re co aredisn tion. alerroC t gni

srotciderp era wt o-level erp d ci t sro . sixE t gni alerroc t gni ciderp t sro dda infor am tion ba out

t eh vaheb i eht fo ro m ced ot sehcnarb tnecer tso i derp ot woh ed i hcnarb nevig a tc .

• :aedI cer ord m most r nece t yl ucexe t de rb anches sa t neka or not t neka , dna esu

t ah t celes ot nrettap t t rp eh o rep n-bi rotsih hcnarb t y )THB( elbat

• nI ,lareneg (m,n) ciderp ot r snaem cer o dr last m sehcnarb ot tceles eb t neew 2m

sih ot yr bat l w hcae ,se i ht n-bi sretnuoc t

– uhT 2 dlo ,s - rotciderp )2,0( a si THB tib

– Global hcnarB H si to :yr m- ib t fihs t er g si t re eek p gni TN/T stat su of sal t m

b ar nch se .

• hcaE ne try ni t elba sah m n- tib ciderp t sro . nI esac fo )2,2( ciderp ot ,r heb a iv or of cer ent

sehcnarb celes ts eb t neew ruof derp snoitci of txen narb c ,h pu dat ni g suj t t ah t erp d ci tion.

o emehcs ehT f bat eht l wohs si e n:

oC m o snosirap f hparg eht ni nwohs era semehcs tnereffid .



tnemanruoT p rotcider si a lum ti level ciderp hcnarb to sesu dna r n ib t as t aru t gni co nu t re esohc ot b eewte n .srotciderp derp ehT i g era desu srotc l dna rotciderp labo l aco l rotciderp .

– liba si rotciderp tnemanruot fo egatnavdA i es ot yt l r eht tce i a rof rotciderp thg

trap i trap si hcihw hcnarb raluc i aicurc ylraluc l f skramhcneb regetni ro . – A eht fo %04 tsomla rotciderp labolg eht tceles lliw rotciderp tnemanruot lacipyt

emit f o %51 naht ssel dna skramhcneb regetni CEPS eht ro f emit eht f CEPS eht ro PF b skramhcne

– xE i anruot gnits m derp tne i 2 a esu srotc -bi ot hcnarb rep retnuoc gnitarutas t esoohc am derp hcihw no desab srotciderp tnereffid owt gno i saw rotc m nio evitceffe tso




UN TI 4

1. nialpxE eht cisab WILV hcaorppa for exp gnitiol PLI gnisu lpitlum e i ss ues? am 01( r /enuJ()0102 nuJ( )sk J ( )1102 ylu 102 ceD( )0102 ceD 2 )

)3102enuJ(

Ex sretupmoC eussI elpitluM :PLI gnitiolp

uM l pit l etupmoC eussI e r s

eneB • f ti – tcurtsni( daetsni CPI esu ,eno woleb og sIPC i c/sno y )elc – axE m tcurtsni 3 = htdiw eussI :elp i C ,sno l zHG3 = kco

llib 9 :etar kaeP • i sni no tcurt i 3 = CPI ,dnoces/sno p egats 5 ruo roF • i tcurtsni 51 ,enilep i na ta ”thgilf ni“ sno y emit nevig

uM • lti t eussI elp y sep – tatS i c

tcurtsni tsoM • i oc eht yb enod si gniludehcs no m relip – D ny ma i acsrepus( c l )ra

siced gniludehcs eht fo tsom sekam UPC • snoi noitcurtsni gnimocrevo :egnellahC • seicnedneped

– cnetal desaercnI y sdaol rof – ortnoC l oceb sdrazah m esrow e

uqeR • i a ser m bma ero iti ngised suo – oC m seuqinhcet relip f gniludehcs ro

– oC m tcurtsni xelp i cigol gnidoced no Exploit gni ILP:M lu tiple Issue Comp tu ers tS atic Sched nilu g

gniussI noitcurtsnI lcyc a ni eussi nac sepyt noitcurtsni hcihw ediced ot evaH • e

– tcurtsni :tekcap eussI i c elgnis a ni deussi sno l c kco y elc – s eussI l na fo noitrop :to i tekcap euss

oC • m a semussa relip l nopser egra libis ity f cte ,gniludehcs ,gnikcehc drazah ro . pitluM citatS l eussI e

depuos“ a emussa ,won roF - 5 ”pu - p SPIM egats i nac taht enilep i w tekcap a euss i :ht – tols enO i tcurtsni hcnarb ro ULA na s i no

tcurtsni erots/daol a si tols enO i no



– pitluM citatS l eussI e

uM citatS l pit l udehcS eussI e l gni



citatS M tlu . nU pooL/w eussI r lo l gni

citatS M tlu . nU pooL/w eussI r lo l gni



gnitiolpxE etupmoC eussI elpitluM:PLI r udehcS cimanyD s l gni

pitluM cimanyD l sretupmoC eussI e oc ralacsrepuS • m sretup llareneg UPC • y tcurtsni seganam i no i gniredro dna gniuss

– oC m eh relip l ,sp b UPC tu do im setan P • r sseco

– snoitcurtsnI i ni euss - redro – curtsnI ti tuo etucexe nac sno -of- redro

E • x o etuce n a ec ll arepo n ydaer era sd – tcurtsnI i mmoc sno i ni t - redro

arutcetihcra eht nehw ot srefer timmoC • l etats detelpmoc tnerruc( detadpu si elif retsiger rgorp fo a m

sA i eR drazaH ataD :ed f rehser snoitcurtsni owT • dna i( j ,) j lof l swo i redro margorp ni

a daeR • f )RAR( daeR ret )WAR( etirW retfa daeR •

– Ty :ep – borP l :me

)RAW( daeR retfa etirW • – Ty :ep

– borP l :me rW • i a et f rW ret i )WAW( et

– Ty borP :ep l :me acsrepuS l srossecorP ra

maneR retsigeR • i gn



– esU ger erom i hcra eht yb denifed era naht srets i erutcet

hcrA i arutcet l ger i ASI yb denifed :srets acisyhP • l atot :sretsiger l ger i srets

– seicnedneped eman htiw pleH tnA • i ecnedneped

– rW i a et f drazah daeR ret ptuO • u eped t n ed n ec

– rW i rW retfa et i azah et dr T amo sul ’o s S pu csre ala r C mo p tu re s • R. M. oT m usa l roglA tneiciffE nA“ ,o i pxE rof mht loi tluM gnit i rA elp i temht i nU c i ,”st IB J M . of eR s ae cr eD dna h ev mpol e tn aJ , n. 7691

a eeS • l D :os . W . nA red son , F. J. carapS i a ,o n .R d M. oT m usa l etsyS MBI ehT“ ,o m 063/ m edo l ihp enihcaM :19 l tcurtsni dna yhposo i no - ”,gnildnah MBI J. of R ese arc dna h eve tnempol , Jan . 7691

lA • l tuo swo - fo - tucexe redro i no w skcarT • h arepo ne n iava era sd l ba l e

– AR seziminiM W sdrazah gnimaner decudortnI • f AW ro W an W d A R

sdrazah lusamoT sretupmoC ralacsrepuS s’o

Instructi no Exec tu i no Pro ec ss

rartibra ,strap eerhT • y trap/selcyc fo rebmun



la ton seod evobA • l tucexe evitaluceps rof wo i no D aka( eussI • i )hctaps

– tpme fI y tavreser i tats no i taht )SR( no m i sehcta tcurtsn i w SR ot dnes ,no i sdnarepo ht tcnuf hcihw wonk ro/dna elif retsiger mor i ano l dnarepo dnes lliw tinu

– tpme on fI y elbaliava si eno litnu llats ,SR

ger emaneR i rporppa sa srets i eta tcurtsnI i tucexE no i ssecorP no

E • x etuce – i erofeb sehcnarb llA tcurtsn i no m devloser eb tsu

tpecxe sevreserP • i vaheb no i ro – tcurtsni na rof elbaliava sdnarepo lla nehW i dnes ,no i ot t f tcnu i nu lano i t

moc rotinoM • m user fi ees ot )BDC( sub atad no l b dedeen si t y yrtne SR – non roF -l tavreser erots/dao i tats no i sno • tcnuf ot dnes ot eno kcip ot evah ,ydaer snoitcurtsni elpitlum fI i ano l nu i t

– erots/daol roF oC • m p neht ,sserdda etup l reffub ni eca

em ecno etucexe nac sdaoL • m ro y si f eer serotS • m aw tsu i etucexe neht ,derots eb ot eulav rof t

Wr kcaB eti – tcnuF io p tinu lan l BDC no seca

tats noitavreser dna elif retsiger htob ot seoG • i sno – o esU f selbane BDC f gnidrawro f AR ro W sdrazah – a secudortni oslA l user neewteb ycneta l eulav a fo esu dna t 2. tahw era eht yek seussi ni i lpm e nem t gni ecnavda d ceps u oital n ?seuqinhcet

?liated ni meht nialpxE am 01( r uJ( )sk n )0102 )3102enuJ(

usamoT l ucepS WH/w s’o l noita o stcepsa yeK • f ht i ngised s

– oc noitcurtsni lautca morf )gnissapyb tluser( gnidrawrof etarapeS m telp i no tcurtsni gnimussA • i evitaluceps gnitucexe era sno yl

user ssap naC • l ot st l tcurtsni reta i tcurtsni stneverp tub ,sno i no f or m rep f setadpu gnimro eb t’nac taht “un ”enod

– on si noitcurtsni ecnO l evitaluceps regno i em/elif retsiger etadpu nac t m yro tcurtsni :ecneuqes noitucexe ni pets weN • i mmoc no i t

• mmoc nac yeht litnu tiaw ot snoitcurtsni seriuqeR i mmoC t i redro ni neppah llits st )BOR( reffuB redroeR

mmoc erofeb ereh tuo gnah snoitcurtsnI i gnitt

vorP • i ger artxe sed i eliFgeR/SR rof srets – a sI s ecruo f sdnarepo ro

e/sdleif ruoF • n yrt – oitcurtsnI t n y ep



retsigeR • n mu b sserdda erots ro re – aV l dleif eu

oH • l rw ot eulav sd i erots rof atad ro retsiger ot et – daeR y dleif

tcurtsni saH • i ?gnitucexe dehsinif no verp morf sreffub erots :etoN • i srev suo i BOR ni won no

Instructi no Exec tu i no Sequence sI • s eu

– tcurtsni eussI i i no f BOR & SR ni gninepo – SR ot sdnarepo dneS f or m BOR ro/dna eliFgeR

E • x etuce – tnessE i lla y erofeb sa emas eht

rW • i useR et l t – user tup tub ,erofeb ot ralimiS l BOR otni t

mmoC • i )edils txen( t C mo mitti gn Instructi no s

kooL a o daeh t f BOR tcurtsni fo sepyt eerhT • i sno

– ltcerrocnI y hcnarb detciderp taluceps setacidnI • i gnorw saw no

F • l su h BOR tucexE • i reporp ta stratser no l taco i no – erotS etadpU • mem yro

eR • m orf erots evo m BOR – revE y esle gniht

ger etadpU • i srets tcurtsni evomeR • i orf no m BOR

epuS UUR r sretupmoC ralacs



alacSelpmiS loot gniledoM r p elyts UUR na stnemelpmi r rosseco

– liw uoY l oot siht gnisu eb l kaerB gnirpS retfa hcrA • i uceps ot ralimis erutcet l oT evita m usa l s’o

retsigeR • nU etadpU i )UUR( t – tcurtsni slortnoC i tcnuf ot gnihctapsid dna gniludehcs sno i ano l nu i st – av ecruos etaidemretni serotS l seu f tcurtsni ro i sno – tcurtsni serusnE i mmoc no i !redro ni srucco t – rporppa fo eb ot sdeeN i s eta i ez

uminiM • m w eussi fo i n * htd p fo rebmu i segats enilep o llams ooT • f arutcurts a eb nac UUR na l !drazah

arutcurts a eb dluoc sub tluseR • l drazah 3 . hW a a t r eht e k pmi ni seussi ye l da gnitneme v uceps decna l ?seuqinhcet noita Ex iated ni nialp l? aM 80( r uJ/enuJ( )sk l )1102 y 1. apes noitelpmoc morf noitucexe etar tcurtsni : i uceps etucexe ot sno l on tub ylevita

on litnu yromem ro sretsiger etadpu snoitcurtsni m evitaluceps ero 2. pets lanif a dda ,erofereht – tcurtsni na retfa i on si no l dellac ,evitaluceps regno ni struc noit c timmo – hw ger ekam ot dewolla si ti ne i romem dna rets y setadpu

3. olla w ni timmoc ot meht ecrof tub redro fo tuo etelpmoc dna etucexe ot snoitcurtsni orde r 4. A dd h ac erawdra ll t de h e er o fub redr f re (ROB w ,) i oh ot sretsiger ht l user eht d l fo t

tcurtsni na i no teb timmoc dna noitelpmoc neew

w mhtiroglA s’olusamoT i segatS ruoF :noitalucepS ht 1. eussI tcurtsni teg : i no f or m tcurtsnI i eueuQ no

tavreser fi _ i tats no i s BOR dna no l to f arutcurts on( eer l ,)drazah ortnoc l i tcurtsni seuss i tats noitavreser ot no i OR dna no tavreser ot sdnes dna ,B i no

station dnarepo seulav ro( avreser tion station so ecru for valu )se as we ll sa detacolla rebmun tols BOR

2 . tucexE i no repo : a )XE( sdnarepo no et _ daer sdnarepo htob nehw y daer ton fi;etucexe neht y user rof BDC hctaw , l t 3. Wri user et lt tucexe hsinif : i )BW( no

tats noitavreser kram ;BOR dna stinu gnitiawa lla ot BDC no etirw _ i elbaliava no 4. mmoC it em ro retsiger etadpu : m ro y wi user BOR ht l t

tcurtsni nehw _ i user dna BOR fo daeh sehcaer no l ger etadpu ,tneserp st i w rets i ht r tcurtsni evomer dna yromem ot erots ro tluse i BOR morf no



ltcerrocni na fi _ y o daeh eht sehcaer hcnarb detciderp f dna ,BOR eht hsulf ,BOR

tratser a t c o rosseccus tcerro f hcnarb

W. 4 r n a eti o av no et l p eu r otcide rs. aM 40( r uJ/enuJ( )sk l )1102 y

erehT a era llams rebmun of pmi ort na t narb c seh in rp o smarg w ih ch ha ev d ny a im c roivaheb rof hcihw d cimany hcnarb ciderp tion frep or ecnam lliw eb ifed nite yl teb ter


tciderpsim fo tsoc ,ycarucca(ƒ = ecnamrofreP • i )no • cnarB h H si t yro elbaT )THB( si desu to d ny a im ac yll erp d ci t t eh outco em of the

tcurtsni hcnarb tnerruc ion. b rewoL i o st f 1 fo elbat xedni sserdda CP -bi seulav t – emit tsal nekat hcnarb ton ro rehtehw syaS


• rP o :melb ni a lo ,po 1- ib t THB w lli c esua two erpsim d ci tio sn (a arev ge si 9 it are tio sn xe erofeb i :)t – fo dnE l xe ti nehw ,esac poo i fo daetsni st l eb sa gnipoo f ero

– iF r ts t emi t rh o hgu loo p on xen t t emi t c hguorh o ,ed when it erp d ci t s e ix t sni t dae o f l poo in g

• S elpmi t ow tib sih t yro t elba w lli g evi eb tt re frep o mr a ecn . ehT fo ru d nereffi t stat se of 2 bi derp t i snart etats eht ni nwohs si rotc iti argaid no m.

arB gnitalerroC nch Pr otcide r tI yam eb po elbiss ot rpmi o ev t eh erp d ci tion ac aruc cy yb co edisn r gni t eh necer t beha iv or fo rehto sehcnarb ar t reh naht suj t t eh hcnarb nu d re co aredisn tion. alerroC t gni srotciderp era wt o-level erp d ci t sro . sixE t gni alerroc t gni ciderp t sro dda infor am tion ba out t eh

vaheb i eht fo ro m ced ot sehcnarb tnecer tso i derp ot woh ed i hcnarb nevig a tc . • :aedI cer ord m most necer t yl ucexe t de hcnarb es sa t neka or n to t ,neka dna esu t ah t

t nrettap o celes t t rp eh o rep n-bi rotsih hcnarb t y )THB( elbat



• nI ,lareneg (m,n) ciderp ot r snaem cer o dr last m sehcnarb ot tceles eb t neew 2m sih ot yr

bat l cae ,se w h i ht n-bi sretnuoc t

– 2 dlo ,suhT - rotciderp )2,0( a si THB tib – Global hcnarB H si to :yr m- ib t fihs t er g si t re eek p gni TN/T stat su of sal t m

b ar nch se .

• hcaE ne try ni t elba sah m n- tib ciderp t sro . nI esac fo )2,2( ciderp ot ,r heb a iv or of cer ent

cnarb seh celes ts eb t neew ruof snoitciderp of txen rb anc ,h pu dat ni g suj t th ta erp d ci tion.


oC m o snosirap f hparg eht ni nwohs era semehcs tnereffid .

tnemanruoT p rotcider si a lum ti level ciderp hcnarb to su dna r se n ib t as t aru t gni co nu t re

esohc ot b eewte n .srotciderp acol dna rotciderp labolg era desu srotciderp ehT l rotciderp .

– es ot ytiliba si rotciderp tnemanruot fo egatnavdA l r eht tce i derp thg i a rof rotc

trap i trap si hcihw hcnarb raluc i aicurc ylraluc l fo skramhcneb regetni r .

– eht fo %04 tsomla rotciderp labolg eht tceles lliw rotciderp tnemanruot lacipyt A emit f o %51 naht ssel dna skramhcneb regetni CEPS eht ro f emit eht f CEPS eht ro

PF b skramhcne

– xE i anruot gnits m derp tne i 2 a esu srotc -bi rutas t esoohc ot hcnarb rep retnuoc gnita am derp hcihw no desab srotciderp tnereffid owt gno i saw rotc m nio evitceffe tso




5. Expl b nia r hcna - at r fub teg fer. skram 8( ) )0102 ceD(

ataD BOR St ur tc ru e

tne BOR r eif y l sd urtsnI • t noitc y tarepo retsiger ,erots ,hcnarb :ep i ( no i ro ULA ,.e. l )dao

tcurtsni fi setacidni :etatS • i oc sah no m ydaer si eulav dna detelp • seD t ani t :noi erehw luser t si to eb wri tt ne – er g si t re nu rebm for er g si t re o arep tion ( e.i .

romem ,)daol ro ULA y sserdda erots rof tanitsed on sah hcnarb • i user no l t

aV l oh :eu l tcurtsni fo eulav eht sd i user no l mmoc ot emit llit t i t ddA iti ano l tavreser i dleif noitats no

rtne BOR gnidnopserroC :noitanitseD • y rebmun Ex elpma 1. L D. F6, 2R(43 )

2. L D. F2, R(54 3

3. D.LUM F ,0 F ,2 F 4

4. .BUS D F ,8 F ,2 F 6

5. ID V D. F ,01 F ,0 F6

6. A D.DD F ,6 F ,8 F 2

tavreseR fo noitisop ehT i tats no i ger PF dna BOR ,sno i eb detacidni era srets l :wo

da ,kcolc 1 daol seicnetal emussA d um ,skcolc 2 lti 4 edivid ,skcolc 01 ylp 0 skcolc

s atad wohS moc ot seog D.LUM erofeb tsuj serutcurt mit…




daer si D.LUM emit eht tA y mmoc ot i tcurtsni D.L owt eht ylno t i daerla evah sno y mmoc i oc evah srehto hguoht,dett m tucexe detelp i no

D.LUM eht ,yllautcA i eht fo daeh eht ta s BOR – tcurtsni D.L eht i lno nwohs era sno y f ro rtne BOR fo dleif eulav stneserper X# sesoprup gnidnatsrednu y X rebmun


6. Wr ohs a eti r eton t o av n l p eu r otcide r. am 4( r 2102 ceD( )sk )

a era erehT llams rebmun of pmi ortant sehcnarb in rp o smarg w ih ch ha ev d ny a im c roivaheb rof hcihw d cimany hcnarb ciderp tion frep or ecnam lliw eb de if nite yl teb t re


tciderpsim fo tsoc ,ycarucca(ƒ = ecnamrofreP • i )no • hcnarB H si t yro elbaT )THB( si desu to nyd a im ac yll erp d ci t t eh outco em of the

tcurtsni hcnarb tnerruc ion. b rewoL i o st f 1 fo elbat xedni sserdda CP -bi seulav t – emit tsal nekat hcnarb ton ro rehtehw syaS


• :melborP ni a lo ,po 1- ib t THB w lli c esua two erpsim d ci tio sn (a arev ge si 9 it are tio sn xe erofeb i :)t – fo dnE l xe ti nehw ,esac poo i fo daetsni st l eb sa gnipoo f ero

– iF r ts t emi t hguorh loo p on xen t t emi t c hguorh o ,ed when it erp d ci t s e ix t sni t dae o f l poo in g

• S elpmi t ow tib sih t yro t elba w lli g evi eb tt re frep orma ecn . ehT fo ru nereffid t stat se of 2 bi derp t i snart etats eht ni nwohs si rotc iti argaid no m.



arB gnitalerroC nch Pr otcide r tI yam eb po elbiss ot rpmi o ev t eh erp d ci tion ac aruc cy yb co edisn r gni t eh necer t

beha iv or fo rehto sehcnarb ar t reh naht tsuj t eh hcnarb nu d re co aredisn tion. alerroC t gni

srotciderp era wt o-level erp d ci t sro . sixE t gni alerroc t gni ciderp t sro dda infor am tion ba out

t eh vaheb i eht fo ro m ced ot sehcnarb tnecer tso i derp ot woh ed i hcnarb nevig a tc .

• :aedI cer ord m most necer t yl ucexe t de rb anches sa t neka or not t neka , dna esu

t ah t t nrettap o celes t t rp eh o rep n-bi rotsih hcnarb t y )THB( elbat

• nI ,lareneg (m,n) ciderp ot r snaem cer o dr last m sehcnarb ot tceles eb t neew 2m

sih ot yr bat l w hcae ,se i ht n-bi sretnuoc t

– T 2 dlo ,suh - rotciderp )2,0( a si THB tib

– Global hcnarB H si to :yr m- ib t fihs t er g si t re eek p gni TN/T stat su of sal t m

b ar nch se .

• hcaE tne ry ni t elba sah m n- tib ciderp t sro . nI esac fo )2,2( ciderp ot ,r heb a iv or of cer ent

sehcnarb celes ts eb t neew ruof rp snoitcide of txen narb c ,h pu dat ni g suj t t ah t erp d ci tion.


oC m o snosirap f .hparg eht ni nwohs era semehcs tnereffid



tnemanruoT p rotcider si a lum ti level ciderp hcnarb to sesu dna r n ib t as t aru t gni co nu t re esohc ot b eewte n .srotciderp derp ehT i g era desu srotc l dna rotciderp labo l aco l rotciderp .

– es ot ytiliba si rotciderp tnemanruot fo egatnavdA l r eht tce i derp thg i a rof rotc

trap i trap si hcihw hcnarb raluc i aicurc ylraluc l f skramhcneb regetni ro . – A eht fo %04 tsomla rotciderp labolg eht tceles lliw rotciderp tnemanruot lacipyt

emit f o %51 naht ssel dna skramhcneb regetni CEPS eht ro f emit eht f CEPS eht ro PF b skramhcne

– xE i anruot gnits m derp tne i 2 a esu srotc -bi ot hcnarb rep retnuoc gnitarutas t esoohc am derp hcihw no desab srotciderp tnereffid owt gno i saw rotc m nio evitceffe tso




7 .. tahw era eht yek ussi es ni lpmi e gnitnem decnavda noitaluceps t ce h seuqin ? Ex 1( ?liated ni meht nialp 0 )2102 ceD( )skram )3102enuJ(

T amo sul ’o s w/ WH pS ec alu it no o stcepsa yeK • f ht i ngised s

– oc noitcurtsni lautca morf )gnissapyb tluser( gnidrawrof etarapeS m telp i no tcurtsni gnimussA • i ylevitaluceps gnitucexe era sno

• naC ssap stluser ot retal sni t cur tio ,sn ub t neverp ts sni t cur tion rf om ep rfor gnim adpu t se eb t’nac taht “un ”enod

– on si noitcurtsni ecnO l evitaluceps regno i em/elif retsiger etadpu nac t m yro tcurtsni :ecneuqes noitucexe ni pets weN • i mmoc no i t

aw ot snoitcurtsni seriuqeR • i mmoC timmoc nac yeht litnu t it redro ni neppah llits s )BOR( reffuB redroeR

mmoc erofeb ereh tuo gnah snoitcurtsnI i gnitt vorP • i ger artxe sed i eliFgeR/SR rof srets

– a sI s ecruo f sdnarepo ro e/sdleif ruoF • n yrt

– t noitcurtsnI y ep )daol & ULA( noitarepo retsiger ro ,erots ,hcnarB •

– tanitseD i dleif no retsigeR • n mu b sserdda erots ro re

– aV l dleif eu oH • l rw ot eulav sd i erots rof atad ro retsiger ot et

– daeR y dleif tcurtsni saH • i ?gnitucexe dehsinif no

verp morf sreffub erots :etoN • i srev suo i BOR ni won no Instructi no Exec tu i no Sequence

sI • s eu – tcurtsni eussI i i no f BOR & SR ni gninepo – SR ot sdnarepo dneS f or m BOR ro/dna eliFgeR

E • x etuce – tnessE i lla y erofeb sa emas eht

rW • i useR et l t – user tup tub ,erofeb ot ralimiS l BOR otni t

mmoC • i )edils txen( t C mo mitti gn Instructi no s

kooL a o daeh t f BOR tcurtsni fo sepyt eerhT • i sno

– ltcerrocnI y hcnarb detciderp taluceps setacidnI • i gnorw saw no



F • l su h BOR tucexE • i reporp ta stratser no l taco i no – erotS etadpU • mem yro

eR • m orf erots evo m BOR – revE y esle gniht

ger etadpU • i srets tcurtsni evomeR • i orf no m BOR

epuS UUR r sretupmoC ralacs

alacSelpmiS loot gniledoM r p elyts UUR na stnemelpmi r rosseco – liw uoY l oot siht gnisu eb l kaerB gnirpS retfa

hcrA • i uceps ot ralimis erutcet l oT evita m usa lo s’ nU etadpU retsigeR • i )UUR( t

– tcurtsni slortnoC i tcnuf ot gnihctapsid dna gniludehcs sno i ano l nu i st – av ecruos etaidemretni serotS l seu f tcurtsni ro i sno – tcurtsni serusnE i mmoc no i !redro ni srucco t – rporppa fo eb ot sdeeN i s eta i ez

uminiM • m i fo w euss i p fo rebmun * htd i segats enilep o llams ooT • f arutcurts a eb nac UUR na l !drazah

arutcurts a eb dluoc sub tluseR • l drazah



P RA T B

UN TI 5

1. Expl of semehcs cisab eht nia r ofne r ehoc gnic r ahs a ni ecne r omem de r y um l pit r osseco r ?metsys 1( 0 m ra k 0102 nuJ( )s ) )3102enuJ(

caC h oC e heren ec

anutrofnU t ,yle gnihcac derahs ad ta secudortni a wen rp o melb aceb u es t eh weiv o f omem ry dleh yb owt tnereffid srossecorp si t rh o hgu the ri ni div udi al ca ,sehc w ih ch,

iw t tuoh yna idda t lanoi uacerp t ,snoi cou dl ne d pu gniees two reffid ent va seul . ,e.I If t ow nereffid t srossecorp evah owt tnereffid seulav for t eh emas lo ac tio ,n t sih ciffid ulty si

eg n llare y cac sa ot derrefer h oc e h ere n borp ec lem

• lamrofnI l :y

– nA“ y eht nruter tsum daer m so rw tnecer t i ”et – rts ooT i uciffid oot dna tc l tnemelpmi ot t –

• etteB r : – nA“ y rw i et m b nees eb yllautneve tsu y ”daer a – lA l rw i res“( redro reporp ni nees era set i tazila i )”no –

• :siht erusne ot selur owT

– rw P fI“ i sdaer 1P neht dna x set i s’P ,t rw i liw et l i 1P yb nees eb f daer eht rw dna i ”trapa raf yltneiciffus era et

– rW i elgnis a ot set l taco i redro eno ni nees :dezilaires era no nees eb lliw etirw tsetaL •

uoc esiwrehtO • l rw ees d i li ni set l acigo l o ees dluoc( redro l red a eulav f rewen a ret )eulav



fo stcepsa tnereffid owt sniatnoc noitinifed ehT mem ro y :metsys oC • h ecnere oC • nsi ets n yc

,fi tnerehoc si metsys yromem A argorP • m redro i devreserp s .

uohs rossecorP • l t daer ylsuounitnoc ton d h o e l av atad d l eu . rW • i as eht ot et m e l taco i res era no i dezila .

treporp eerht evoba ehT i ,ecnerehoc erusne ot tneiciffus era se eulav nettirw a nehW w lli

eb s i nee s opmi osla r tnat . b denifed si eussi sihT y em m ro y ycnetsisnoc m edo l. Co nereh ce cnetsisnoc dna y oc era m ratnemelp y.

Basic cs hem se for enforci gn c ho erence

cac ecnerehoC h vorp e i :sed

a ot devom eb nac meti atad a :noitargim • l a ni ereht desu dna ehcac laco tnerapsnart f hsa i no .

tacilper • i no f umis gnieb era taht atad derahs ro l lsuoenat y daer . rc era htob • i acit l rep ot f ro m issecca ni ecna atad derahs gn .

To o rev co em t eseh rp o lb e ,sm da opt a drah w era so ul tion yb ni tro ud c gni a ocotorp l ot m slocotorP ecnerehoC ehcaC sa deman sehcac tnerehoc niatnia

ocotorp esehT l o etats eht gnikcart rof detnemelpmi era s f na y b atad a fo gnirahs l kco . c owT l ocotorP fo sessa l s

D • i rotcer y desab poonS • i gn b desa

iD r otce r desab y

romem lacisyhp fo kcolb a fo sutats gnirahS • y tpek si i eno n l taco i eht dellac no di rotcer y.

D • i rotcer y- lthgils sah ecnerehoc desab y pmi rehgih l tatneme i naht daehrevo no sn poo ni g.

ot elacs nac tI • l tnuoc rossecorp regra .

nipoonS g revE • y poc a sah taht ehcac y poc a sah osla atad fo y o sutats gnirahs eht fo f eht

bl kco . tats dezilartnec oN • e tpek si .

dem tsacdaorb emos aiv elbissecca osla era sehcaC • ium ws ro sub( i )hct • eht no poons ro rotinom rellortnoc ehcaC m uide m ton ro rehtehw enimreted ot eht y poc a evah y of b a l taht kco i ws ro sub a no detneserper s i .ssecca hct

nS oo gnip torp o sloc era popu ral iw th mult rpi o ssec or dna ac c seh a tt dehca to nis gle

derahs mem ory sa t yeh nac esu t eh e six t gni p cisyh al co nn ection- bus to memory, t o agorretni t s eht e tat su o f t ac eh c seh . ecnerehoc ehcac desab poonS hcs e em si mi plement de

on s a h dera b su . nA y tacinummoc i uidem no m la ot sessim ehcac stsacdaorb taht l eht



ssecorp o sr .

cisaB P ypoonS r ocoto l s

rW • i seigetarts et – etirW - romem :hguorht y pu syawla si - ot - etad – rW i et - dnif ot sehcac ni poons :kcab m ypoc tnecer tso

rW • i locotorP etadilavnI et – rw elgnis ,sredaer elpitluM i ret – rW i etadilavni na :atad derahs ot et i lla ot tnes s dna poons hcihw sehcac

etadilavni na y poc i se :ssim daeR • f dna ehcac eht ni ssim lliw daer rehtru f wen a hcte

poc y of atad eht . )hguorht etirw yllacipyt( locotorP etadpU/tsacdaorB etirW •

– Write to derahs ad t :a rb o sacda t on sub , rp o ssec o sr ns oo ,p na d tadpu e poc yna i se

– ehcac/yromem :ssim daeR pu syawla si - ot - etad . tazilaires etirW • i res sub :no i !stseuqer sezila

– tartibra fo tniop elgnis si suB i no

P gnipoonS cisaB fo selpmaxE r slocoto Wr etadilavnI eti

Wr etadpU eti



oh yllaitini ehcac rehtien emussA l romem ni X fo eulav eht dna X sd y 0 si

Exa lpm e Protocol

• Sn oo gnip co ecnereh torp ocol si u yllaus mi ple nem t de yb cni o aropr t ni g a nif i edon hcae ni rellortnoc etatset

llacigoL • y cossa rellortnoc etarapes a fo kniht , i w deta i b ehcac hcae ht l kco – tahT i tarepo gnipoons ,s i b tnereffid rof stseuqer ehcac ro sno l nac skco

i deecorp n tnedneped l y lum swolla rellortnoc elgnis a ,snoitatnemelpmi nI • t tcnitsid ot snoitarepo elpi

bl retni ni deecorp ot skco l hsaf devae i no – taht i tarepo eno ,s i ni eb yam no i neve ,detelpmoc si rehtona erofeb detait

lno hguorht y emit ta dewolla si ssecca sub eno ro ssecca ehcac eno

W elpmaxE r P ypoonS kcaB eti r locoto

rw ,locotorp noitadilavnI • i et - ehcac kcab – reve spoonS y sub no sserdda – fI ti sah a rid ty oc py of seuqer t de lb o ,kc rp o div es t ah t lb o kc ni pser o sn e

em eht stroba dna tseuqer daer eht ot m ro y ssecca em hcaE • m b yro l kco i :etats eno ni s

– pu dna sehcac lla ni naelC - ot - )derahS( yromem ni etad – D RO i tr y ulcxE( ehcac eno yltcaxe ni )evis – na ni toN RO y cac h se

b ehcac hcaE • l :)eseht kcart( etats eno ni si kco – b : derahS l daer eb nac kco – lno sah ehcac : evisulcxE RO y poc y , i d dna ,elbaetirw st i ytr – b : dilavnI RO l i( atad on sniatnoc kco n cac rossecorpinu h )oot e

sessim daeR • la esuac : l s ot sehcac n poo b su b naelc ot setirW • l sessim sa detaert era skco

2. Ex id eht nilap r otce r ehoc desab y r of ecne r tsid a r omem detubi r pitlum y r osseco r system? 1( 0 m ra ks )0102 nuJ( )

otceriD r slocotorP y

poonS ot ralimiS • y ocotorP l s eerhT : setat – ahS red b eht evah srossecorp erom ro 1 : l av eht dna ,dehcac kco l ni eu

romem y pu si - ot - )sehcac eht lla ni sa llew sa( etad – nU cached poc a sah rossecorp on : y yna ni dilav ton( kcolb ehcac eht fo

cac he ) – Exc ul s vi e: caxE t yl eno rossecorp sah a c po y of t eh ehcac lb o ,kc a dn it

b eht nettirw sah l eht os ,kco mem ro y poc y o tuo si f etad b eht fo renwo eht dellac si rossecorp ehT • l kco

• In da dition ot nikcart g t eh state of ae ch ca hc e lb o kc , we must t kcar t eh taht srossecorp evah seipoc of t eh lb o kc when it si derahs usu( a yll a ib t cev tor fo r



romem hcae y bl poc sah rossecorp fi 1 :kco y ) peeK • i :)r(elpmis t

– rW i non ot set - rw >= atad evisulcxe i ssim et – b rossecorP l oc ssecca litnu skco m setelp – emussA m nes redro ni nopu detca dna deviecer segasse t

acol • l ro tseuqer a erehw edon eht :edon i setanig rotcerid dna noitacol yromem eht erehw edon eht :edon emoh • y rtne y sserdda na fo

ser i ed poc a sah taht edon eht :edon etomer • y b ehcac a fo l cxe( kco l )derahs ro evisu

oC • m :slocotorp gnipoons ot gnirap – i acitned l setats – la si sulumits m tso i tned i lac – rw i b ehcac derahs a et l rw a sa detaert si kco i w( ssim et i eht hctef tuoht bl )kco – kcolb ehcac m nehw etats evisulcxe ni eb tsu i rw si t i nett – kcolb derahs yna ni etad ot pu eb tsum mem yro



rw • i tarepo etadilavni evitceles dna hctef atad :ssim et i b tnes sno y d eht i yrotcer tsacdaorb( rellortnoc i otorp gnipoons n c )slo

iD r otce r epO y r snoitcA dna stseuqeR :snoita

rotcerid ot tnes egasseM • y tca owt sesuac i :sno – d eht etadpU i yrotcer – eroM m tas ot segasse i tseuqer yfs

• lB o kc si ni dehcacnU stat :e t eh c po y ni memo yr si the nerruc t valu ;e onl y stseuqer elbissop f b taht ro l :era kco

– daeR :ssim seuqer t gni rossecorp nes t atad morf mem ory seuqer& ot r lno edam y ahs b fo etats ;edon gnir l kco m derahS eda .

– Wr eti :ssim seuqer t gni rp o ssec or si nes t t eh va eul & beco sem the Sh ra i gn n edo . b ehT l kco i ot evisulcxE edam s i lno eht taht etacidn y poc dilav y si

cac hed . eht setacidni srerahS i tned ity renwo eht fo . si kcolB • romem eht >= derahS y pu si eulav - ot - :etad

– rossecorp gnitseuqer :ssim daeR i em morf atad eht kcab tnes s m ro y & rossecorp gnitseuqer i tes gnirahs eht ot dedda s .

– Write ssim : seuqer t gni rp o ssec or si sent t eh va eul . llA rp o srossec ni the tes srerahS ra e tnes adilavni te ,segassem & S ah r sre si es t to di entity o f

itseuqer n rossecorp g . o etats ehT f b eht l kco i cxE edam s l evisu . • kcolB si E :evisulcx tnerruc eulav fo t eh lb o kc si dleh ni t eh ehcac of the

rossecorp i )renwo eht( srerahS tes eht yb deifitned d elbissop eerht >= i rotcer y :stseuqer – atad tnes rossecorp renwo :ssim daeR f suac ,egassem hcte i o etats gn f

kcolb enwo ni r ehcac s’ t o t isnar tio n ot dna derahS sesuac o t renw o nes d ad t a ot tcerid o yr , romem ot nettirw si ti erehw y nitseuqer ot kcab tnes & rossecorp g .

nedI t yti of seuqer t gni rp o ssec or si da d de ot es t ,srerahS w ih ch st lli cont snia t nedi eh tity of t eh rp o ssec or t ah t saw t eh o renw nis( ce it st lli sah a aer d elba c po )y . State si shared. – rw ataD i et - rossecorp renwo :kcab i b eht gnicalper s l kco tsum ecneh dna write it ,kcab am k gni mem ory copy pu -to- etad (t eh ho em d ceri ot nesse yr t yllai

ceb o sem t eh o ,)renw t eh lb o kc si now cnU a ,dehc dna t eh S rerah es t e si m tp y. – rW i b :ssim et l renwo wen a sah kco . es si egassem A n o ot t l gnisuac renwo d t eh ehcac ot

dnes the va ul e of t eh lb ock to t eh d ceri t yro rf om w ih ch it is sent eht ot seuqer t gni ,rossecorp hcihw ceb o sem t eh wen o renw . srerahS si ot tes nedi t yti of en w dna ,renwo

o etats f bl si kco m E eda x evisulc .

3.. xE p nial eht di tcer o yr ba des ca ehc hoc ere cn e for a di detubirts memo yr mult ossecorpi r tats htiw gnola metsys e tr id noitisna agr ma . 1( 0 aM rk )s

uJ/enuJ( l )2102 ceD( )0102 ceD( )1102 y

caC h oC e heren ec

anutrofnU t ,yle gnihcac derahs ad ta secudortni a wen rp o melb aceb u es t eh weiv o omem f ry dleh yb owt tnereffid srossecorp si t rh o hgu t rieh ni div udi al ca ,sehc

w ih c ,h iw t tuoh yna idda t lanoi uacerp t ,snoi co dlu end pu es e gni two reffid ent va seul . ,e.I If t nereffid ow t srossecorp evah owt tnereffid seulav for t eh emas lo ac tio ,n t sih

ciffid ulty eg si n llare y fer cac sa ot derre h borp ecnerehoc e lem



• lamrofnI l :y

– nA“ y eht nruter tsum daer m rw tnecer tso i ”et – rts ooT i uciffid oot dna tc l tnemelpmi ot t –

• etteB r :

– nA“ y rw i et m b nees eb yllautneve tsu y ”daer a – lA l rw i redro reporp ni nees era set res“( i tazila i )”no –

• :siht erusne ot selur owT

– rw P fI“ i sdaer 1P neht dna x set i rw s’P ,t i liw et l i 1P yb nees eb f daer eht rw dna i ”trapa raf yltneiciffus era et

– rW i elgnis a ot set l taco i redro eno ni nees :dezilaires era no lliw etirw tsetaL • nees eb

uoc esiwrehtO • l rw ees d i li ni set l acigo l o ees dluoc( redro l red a eulav f )eulav rewen a ret

nifed ehT i em fo stcepsa tnereffid owt sniatnoc noit m ro y :metsys

oC • h ecnere oC • nsi ets n yc

,fi tnerehoc si metsys yromem A argorP • m redro i vreserp s de .

uohs rossecorP • l t daer ylsuounitnoc ton d h o e l av atad d l eu . rW • i as eht ot et m e l taco i res era no i dezila .

treporp eerht evoba ehT i ,ecnerehoc erusne ot tneiciffus era se eulav nettirw a nehW

w eb lli s i nee s opmi osla r tnat . b denifed si eussi sihT y em m ro y ycnetsisnoc m edo l. Co nereh ce cnetsisnoc dna y oc era m ratnemelp y.

Basic cs hem se for enforci gn c ho re ence cac ecnerehoC h vorp e i :sed

a ot devom eb nac meti atad a :noitargim • l a ni ereht desu dna ehcac laco tnerapsnart f hsa i no .

tacilper • i no f rahs ro umis gnieb era taht atad de l lsuoenat y daer .



rc era htob • i acit l rep ot f ro m atad derahs gnissecca ni ecna . To o rev co em t eseh rp o lb e ,sm da opt a drah w era so ul tion yb

ni tro ud c gni a ocotorp l ot m slocotorP ecnerehoC ehcaC sa deman sehcac tnerehoc niatnia sehT ocotorp e l o etats eht gnikcart rof detnemelpmi era s f na y b atad a fo gnirahs l kco .

c owT l ocotorP fo sessa l s D • i rotcer y desab S • n gnipoo b desa

iD r otce r desab y

romem lacisyhp fo kcolb a fo sutats gnirahS • y tpek si i eno n l taco i dellac nod eht i rotcer y.

D • i rotcer y- lthgils sah ecnerehoc desab y pmi rehgih l tatneme i naht daehrevo no sn poo ni .g

ot elacs nac tI • l uoc rossecorp regra n .t

nipoonS g revE • y poc a sah taht ehcac y poc a sah osla atad fo y o sutats gnirahs eht fo f

b eht l kco . ats dezilartnec oN • te tpek si .

dem tsacdaorb emos aiv elbissecca osla era sehcaC • ium ws ro sub( i )hct nom rellortnoc ehcaC • i uidem eht no poons ro rot m ro rehtehw enimreted ot

eht ton y poc a evah y of b a l taht kco i ws ro sub a no detneserper s i .ssecca hct

nS oo gnip torp o loc s era popu ral iw th mult rpi o ssec or dna ac c seh a tt dehca to nis gle derahs mem ory sa t yeh nac esu t eh e six t gni p cisyh al co nn ection- bus to memory,

t agorretni o t s eht e tat su o f t ac eh c seh . ecnerehoc ehcac desab poonS hcs e em si mi plement o de n s a h dera b su . nA y tacinummoc i uidem no m sessim ehcac stsacdaorb taht

la ot l ssecorp eht o sr

P ypoonS cisaB r ocoto l s rW • i seigetarts et

– etirW - romem :hguorht y pu syawla si - ot - etad – rW i et - dnif ot sehcac ni poons :kcab m ypoc tnecer tso

rW • i locotorP etadilavnI et – itluM rw elgnis ,sredaer elp i ret – rW i etadilavni na :atad derahs ot et i dna poons hcihw sehcac lla ot tnes s

etadilavni na y poc i se :ssim daeR • f dna ehcac eht ni ssim lliw daer rehtru f wen a hcte

poc y of atad eht . llacipyt( locotorP etadpU/tsacdaorB etirW • )hguorht etirw y

– rW i o tsacdaorb :atad derahs ot et n dna ,poons srossecorp ,sub etadpu na y seipoc – ehcac/yromem :ssim daeR pu syawla si - ot - etad .

rW • i tazilaires et i res sub :no i !stseuqer sezila – tartibra fo tniop elgnis si suB i no



S cisaB fo selpmaxE P gnipoon r slocoto

Wr etadilavnI eti

Wr etadpU eti

oh yllaitini ehcac rehtien emussA l romem ni X fo eulav eht dna X sd y 0 si Exa lpm e Protocol • Sn oo gnip ecnerehoc cotorp ol si yllausu mi p mel ent de yb cni o aropr t ni g a if nit se tate

i rellortnoc n cae h n edo

llacigoL • y cossa rellortnoc etarapes a fo kniht , i w deta i b ehcac hcae ht l kco – tahT i tarepo gnipoons ,s i b tnereffid rof stseuqer ehcac ro sno l nac skco

epedni deecorp n tned l y um swolla rellortnoc elgnis a ,snoitatnemelpmi nI • lt tcnitsid ot snoitarepo elpi

bl retni ni deecorp ot skco l hsaf devae i no – taht i tarepo eno ,s i ni eb yam no i neve ,detelpmoc si rehtona erofeb detait

lno hguorht y emit ta dewolla si ssecca sub eno ro ssecca ehcac eno

W elpmaxE r P ypoonS kcaB eti r locoto



rw ,locotorp noitadilavnI • i et - ehcac kcab

– reve spoonS y sub no sserdda

– fI it sah a rid ty c po y of seuqer t de lb o ,kc rp o sediv t ah t lb o kc ni pser o esn to t eh daer ssecca yromem eht stroba dna tseuqer

em hcaE • m b yro l kco i :etats eno ni s – lla ni naelC pu dna sehcac - ot - )derahS( yromem ni etad – D RO i tr y )evisulcxE( ehcac eno yltcaxe ni – na ni toN RO y cac h se

b ehcac hcaE • l :)eseht kcart( etats eno ni si kco – b : derahS l daer eb nac kco – poc ylno sah ehcac : evisulcxE RO y , i rw st i d dna ,elbaet i ytr – b : dilavnI RO l i( atad on sniatnoc kco n cac rossecorpinu h )oot e

la esuac :sessim daeR • l s ot sehcac n poo b su b naelc ot setirW • l sessim sa detaert era skco

4.. Ex ah owt yna nialp r awd r p e r hcnys tnemelpmi ot evitimi r ino z pmaxe htiw noita le.

aM 01( r )sk )1102 yluJ/enuJ(

hcnyS r ino z scisaB ehT :noita

azinorhcnyS t noi smsinahcem era t yllacipy tliub iw th esu r- level soft eraw uor t seni erawdrah no yler taht – tazinorhcnys deilppus i urtsni no ctions.

norhcnyS yhW • i ?ez ti nehw wonk ot deeN i efas s f nereffid ro atad derahs esu ot sessecorp t

seussI • f tazinorhcnyS ro i :no – romem etadpu dna hctef ot noitcurtsni elbatpurretninU y cimota(

tarepo i ;)no – tazinorhcnys level resU i tarepo no i mirp siht gnisu no i ;evit – tazinorhcnys ,sPM elacs egral roF i ttob a eb nac no l ot seuqinhcet ;kcene

tnetnoc ecuder i tazinorhcnys fo ycnetal dna no i no

romeM etadpU dna hcteF ot noitcurtsnI elbatpurretninU y yromem ni eulav a rof retsiger a ni eulav a egnahcretni :egnahcxe cimotA •

tazinorhcnys _ 0 i eerf si elbairav no norhcnys _ 1 i taz i si elbairav no l elbaliavanu dna dekco

– ger teS i paws & 1 ot rets – av weN l tteg ni sseccus senimreted retsiger ni eu i gn l kco

fi 0 y ( kcol eht gnittes ni dedeeccus uo y f erew uo i )tsr a dah rossecorp rehto fi 1 l daer y ssecca demialc

– eK y hcxe taht si tarepo egna i no i elbisividni s tseT • - dna - av a stset :tes l i ti stes dna eu f av eht l tset eht sessap eu hcteF • - dna - romem a fo eulav eht snruter ti :tnemercni y l taco i yllacimota dna no

stnemercni i t



– tazinorhcnys _ 0 i si elbairav no f eer er evah ot draH • aetsni 2 esu :noitcurtsni 1 ni etirw & da d

dnoc erots + )dekcol daol ro( deknil daoL • iti lano – ni eht snruter deknil daoL i ait l eulav – dnoc erotS iti fi 1 snruter lano i emas ot erots rehto on( sdeeccus t mem yro

l taco i gnidecerp ecnis no l a )dao n to 0 d h esiwre w paws cimota gniod elpmaxE • i :CS & LL ht

rt y: mov ,3R R 4 ; m eulav egnahcxe vo

ll ; )1R(0,2R l deknil dao

sc tidnoc erots ; )1R(0,3R i lano

be zq rt,3R y erots hcnarb ; f )0 = 3R( slia

mov tup ; 2R,4R l 4R ni eulav dao

gniod elpmaxE • f ni & hcte w tnemerc i :CS & LL ht rt y: ll (0,2R R1) ; deknil daol

dda i 1#,2R,2R ; ercni m i KO( tne f ger – )ger sc )1R(0,2R ; tidnoc erots i lano be zq rt,2R y ; )0 = 2R( sliaf erots hcnarb

hcnyS leveL resU r ino z noita — P siht gnisU noitarepO r evitimi

• nipS lock :s rp o ssec or cont uni o ylsu t seir to qca u ,eri sp ninni g ra o dnu a l oo p kcol eht teg ot gniyrt

il #,2R 1 l kco i hcxe :t )1R(0,2R ; e cimota xchan eg

bn ze ,2R l kco i ; t al ydaer l ?dekco w PM tuoba tahW • i ?ycnerehoc ehcac ht

– poc ehcac no nips ot tnaW y ova ot i romem lluf d y l ycneta – h ehcac teg ot ylekiL i rav hcus rof st i selba

rw a sedulcni egnahcxe :melborP • i poc rehto lla setadilavni hcihw ,et i ht ;se i s eg n oc setare n elbaredis b ffart su i c

nehw ;elbairav eht gnidaer yldetaeper ylpmis yb trats :noituloS • i neht ,segnahc t t yr exchan eg et dna tset“( s :)”tes&t rt y: il R 1#,2

:tikcol wl (0,3R R )1 ;l rav dao bnez ,3R l kco i ; t ton _ 0 _ f nips _ eer exch )1R(0,2R ; e cimota xchan eg bnez rt,2R y ; al ydaer l ?dekco

omeM r edoM ycnetsisnoC y l s

• ahW t si co sisn t ?ycne nehW must a rp o ssec or ees t eh en w va ul e? ,.g.e 0 = A :1P taht smees ; ;0 = B :2P

... .. ... ..



A 1 = ; ;1 = B i :1L f )0 == B( ... i :2L f . )0 == A( ..

I • m elbissop f etats fi htob ro m ?eurt eb ot 2L & 1L stne

– deyaled si etadilavni etirw fi tahW ?seunitnoc rossecorp & eM • ycnetsisnoc yrom m :sledo

ur eht era tahw l se f ?sesac hcus ro tneuqeS • i user :ycnetsisnoc la l tucexe yna fo t i i sa emas eht si no f fo sessecca eht

hcae ssecorp or erew pek t ni o redr dna t eh ssecca es amo gn d reffi ent retni erew srossecorp l stnemngissa _ devae eb f evoba sfi ero

– la yaled :CS l romem y itnu sessecca l enod setadilavni lla tucexe retsaf semehcS • i tneuqes ot no ial ycnetsisnoc

argorp tsom rof eussi na toN • m eht ;s y dezinorhcnys era – argorp A m la fi dezinorhcnys si l redro era atad derahs ot ssecca yb de

norhcnys i taz i tarepo no i sno wr )x( eti ...

)s( esaeler olnu{ c }k ...

uqca i )s( er ol{ ck } ...

(daer x ) argorp esoht ylnO • m tsinimretednon eb ot gnilliw s i atad“ :dezinorhcnys ton era c

octuo :”ecar m e f corp( . s ep ed) eM rof sledoM dexaleR lareveS • cnetsisnoC yrom y argorp tsom ecnis m era s

b deziretcarahc ;dezinorhcnys y tta rieht i WAW ,WAR ,RAW ,RAR :sdrawot edut sesserdda tnereffid ot

aleR x edoM ycnetsisnoC de l scisaB ehT : s

• Key :aedi a ll ow sdaer a dn writ se to comp el te out of o redr , ub t to su e

rhcnys o azin tion o arep tio sn to fne o ecr o ,gniredr so t ah t a nys c rh o in z de rp o arg m behaves i sa f tneuqes erew rossecorp eht i tnetsisnoc ylla

– By segatnavda ecnamrofrep niatbo yam ,sgniredro gnixaler – oc lagel fo egnar seificeps oslA m no snoitazimitpo relip atad derahs – nU le ss norhcnys i taz ion po stni ra e aelc r yl ed fi den and argorp ms ra e

,dezinorhcnys relipmoc dluoc ton ni t hcre a egn re da dna write of 2 erahs d ad ta ite sm es eht tceffa thgim esuaceb m tna i o sc f margorp eht

er fo stes rojam 3 • l :sgniredro dexa 1. rw lla( gniredro R_W i oc set m eb detelp f )daer txen ero

ma gniredro sniater esuaceB • o rednu etarepo taht smargorp ynam ,setirw gn dda tuohtiw ,ledom siht rednu etarepo ycnetsisnoc laitneuqes iti lano

norhcnys i taz ion. c rossecorp dellaC o sisn t ycne 2. _ W rw lla( gniredro W i oc set m rw txen erofeb detelp i )et 3. rav a ,sgniredro R _ R dna W _ R i te y fo m gniredro no gnidneped sledo

niredro ecrofne snoitarepo noitazinorhcnys woh dna snoitcirtser g • ynaM co ixelpm t sei ni dexaler ycnetsisnoc ;sledom gninifed cerp ylesi ahw t it snaem rof

taht seulav ees nac srossecorp nehw gnidiced ;etelpmoc ot etirw a i rw sah t i nett



5. ht yna nialpxe dna tsiL r ah ee r awd r p e r hcnys tnemelpmi ot sevitimi r ino z .noita

ram 8( k )0102 ceD( )s )3102enuJ(

hcnyS r ino z scisaB ehT :noita

nyS azinorhc t noi smsinahcem era t yllacipy tliub iw th esu r- level soft eraw uor t seni erawdrah no yler taht – tazinorhcnys deilppus i urtsni no ctions.

norhcnyS yhW • i ?ez ti nehw wonk ot deeN i efas s f atad derahs esu ot sessecorp tnereffid ro

seussI • f norhcnyS ro tazi i :no – romem etadpu dna hctef ot noitcurtsni elbatpurretninU y cimota(

tarepo i ;)no – tazinorhcnys level resU i tarepo no i mirp siht gnisu no i ;evit – norhcnys ,sPM elacs egral roF i taz i ot seuqinhcet ;kcenelttob a eb nac no

tnetnoc ecuder i ycnetal dna no tazinorhcnys fo i no

romeM etadpU dna hcteF ot noitcurtsnI elbatpurretninU y yromem ni eulav a rof retsiger a ni eulav a egnahcretni :egnahcxe cimotA •

tazinorhcnys _ 0 i eerf si elbairav no norhcnys _ 1 i taz i si elbairav no l elbaliavanu dna dekco

– ger teS i paws & 1 ot rets – av weN l tteg ni sseccus senimreted retsiger ni eu i gn l kco

fi 0 y eht gnittes ni dedeeccus uo l ( kco y f erew uo i )tsr a dah rossecorp rehto fi 1 l daer y ssecca demialc

– eK y tarepo egnahcxe taht si i no i elbisividni s tseT • - dna - stset :tes av a l i ti stes dna eu f av eht l tset eht sessap eu hcteF • - dna - romem a fo eulav eht snruter ti :tnemercni y l taco i yllacimota dna no

stnemercni i t – tazinorhcnys _ 0 i si elbairav no f eer

aetsni 2 esu :noitcurtsni 1 ni etirw & daer evah ot draH • d il daoL • dnoc erots + )dekcol daol ro( dekn iti lano

– ni eht snruter deknil daoL i ait l eulav – dnoc erotS iti fi 1 snruter lano i as ot erots rehto on( sdeeccus t m em e m yro

l taco i gnidecerp ecnis no l a )dao n to 0 d h esiwre w paws cimota gniod elpmaxE • i :CS & LL ht

rt y: mov ,3R R 4 ; m eulav egnahcxe vo

ll ; )1R(0,2R l deknil dao

sc tidnoc erots ; )1R(0,3R i lano

be zq rt,3R y erots hcnarb ; f )0 = 3R( slia

mov tup ; 2R,4R l 4R ni eulav dao



gniod elpmaxE • f w tnemercni & hcte i :CS & LL ht rt y: ll (0,2R R1) ; deknil daol

dda i 1#,2R,2R ; ercni m i KO( tne f ger – )ger sc )1R(0,2R ; tidnoc erots i lano be zq rt,2R y ; )0 = 2R( sliaf erots hcnarb

hcnyS leveL resU r ino z noita — P siht gnisU noitarepO r evitimi

• nipS lock :s rp o ssec or cont uni o ylsu t seir to qca u ,eri sp ninni g ra o dnu a l oo p kcol eht teg ot gniyrt

il #,2R 1 l kco i hcxe :t )1R(0,2R ; e cimota xchan eg

bn ze ,2R l kco i ; t al ydaer l ?dekco w PM tuoba tahW • i ?ycnerehoc ehcac ht

– poc ehcac no nips ot tnaW y ova ot i em lluf d m ro y ycnetal – h ehcac teg ot ylekiL i rav hcus rof st i selba

rw a sedulcni egnahcxe :melborP • i poc rehto lla setadilavni hcihw ,et i ht ;se i s eg n oc setare n elbaredis b ffart su i c

ldetaeper ylpmis yb trats :noituloS • y neht ,segnahc ti nehw ;elbairav eht gnidaer yrt exchan eg et dna tset“( s :)”tes&t

rt y: il R 1#,2 col :tik wl (0,3R R )1 ;l rav dao

bnez ,3R l kco i ; t ton _ 0 _ f nips _ eer exch )1R(0,2R ; e cimota xchan eg bnez rt,2R y ; al ydaer l ?dekco

omeM r edoM ycnetsisnoC y l s

• ahW t si co sisn t ?ycne nehW must a rp o ssec or ees t eh en w va ul e? e. ,.g 0 = A :1P taht smees ; :2P ;0 = B

... .. ... .. A 1 = ; ;1 = B

i :1L f )0 == B( ... i :2L f . )0 == A( .. I • m elbissop f etats fi htob ro m ?eurt eb ot 2L & 1L stne

– rp & deyaled si etadilavni etirw fi tahW o ?seunitnoc rossec ycnetsisnoc yromeM • m :sledo

ur eht era tahw l se f c hcus ro ?sesa tneuqeS • i user :ycnetsisnoc la l tucexe yna fo t i i sa emas eht si no f fo sessecca eht

hcae ssecorp or erew pek t ni o redr dna t eh ssecca es amo gn d reffi ent retni erew srossecorp l eb stnemngissa _ devae f evoba sfi ero

– la yaled :CS l romem y itnu sessecca l enod setadilavni lla tucexe retsaf semehcS • i tneuqes ot no ial ycnetsisnoc

argorp tsom rof eussi na toN • m eht ;s y dezinorhcnys era – argorp A m la fi dezinorhcnys si l yb deredro era atad derahs ot ssecca

norhcnys i taz i tarepo no i sno wr )x( eti ...

ler )s( esae olnu{ c }k

...



uqca i )s( er ol{ ck } ...

(daer x ) argorp esoht ylnO • m tsinimretednon eb ot gnilliw s i atad“ :dezinorhcnys ton era c

octuo :”ecar m e f corp( . s ep ed) ecnis ycnetsisnoC yromeM rof sledoM dexaleR lareveS • m argorp tso m era s

dezinorhcnys b deziretcarahc ; y tta rieht i WAW ,WAR ,RAW ,RAR :sdrawot edut sesserdda tnereffid ot

aleR x edoM ycnetsisnoC de l scisaB ehT : s

• Key :aedi a ll wo sdaer a dn writ se ot comp el te out of o ,redr ub t to su e

rhcnys o azin t noi arepo tio sn ot fne o ecr o ,gniredr so that a s ny c rh o in z de rp o arg m behaves i sa f tneuqes erew rossecorp eht i tnetsisnoc ylla

– By segatnavda ecnamrofrep niatbo yam ,sgniredro gnixaler – oc lagel fo egnar seificeps oslA m atad derahs no snoitazimitpo relip – nU le ss norhcnys i taz ion po stni ra e aelc r yl ed fi den and argorp ms ra e

,dezinorhcnys relipmoc dluoc ton ni t hcre a egn re da dna write of 2 erahs d ad ta ite sm es eht tceffa thgim esuaceb m tna i o sc f margorp eht

er fo stes rojam 3 • l :sgniredro dexa 1. rw lla( gniredro R_W i oc set m eb detelp f aer txen ero )d

ma gniredro sniater esuaceB • o rednu etarepo taht smargorp ynam ,setirw gn dda tuohtiw ,ledom siht rednu etarepo ycnetsisnoc laitneuqes iti lano

norhcnys i taz ion. ssecorp dellaC o c r o sisn t ycne 2. rw lla( gniredro W _ W i oc set m rw txen erofeb detelp i )et 3. rav a ,sgniredro R _ R dna W _ R i te y fo m gniredro no gnidneped sledo

niredro ecrofne snoitarepo noitazinorhcnys woh dna snoitcirtser g • ynaM co ixelpm t sei ni dexaler ycnetsisnoc ;sledom gninifed ylesicerp ahw t it snaem rof

gnidiced ;etelpmoc ot etirw a taht seulav ees nac srossecorp nehw i rw sah t i nett 6. Ex id eht nialp r otce r ehoc desab y r of ecne r tsid a r omem detubi r pitlum y r osseco r system? am 01( r sk ) )2102 ceD(

otceriD r slocotorP y poonS ot ralimiS • y ocotorP l setats eerhT :

– ahS red ro 1 : m orp ero b eht evah srossec l av eht dna ,dehcac kco l ni eu romem y pu si - ot - )sehcac eht lla ni sa llew sa( etad

– nU cached poc a sah rossecorp on : y b ehcac eht fo l yna ni dilav ton( kco cac he )

– Exc ul s evi : caxE t yl eno rossecorp sah a ypoc of t eh ehcac lb o ,kc dna it has wri tt ne the romem eht os ,kcolb y poc y etad fo tuo si

b eht fo renwo eht dellac si rossecorp ehT • l kco • nI idda t noi ot cart k gni t eh state of ae ch ac c eh lb o ,kc ew sum t kcart t eh rp o ssec o sr t ah t

evah seipoc of t eh lb o kc nehw it si derahs usu( a yll a ib t cev tor for hcae memory lb o :kc 1 poc sah rossecorp fi y )

peeK • i :)r(elpmis t



– rW i non ot set - rw >= atad evisulcxe i ssim et – b rossecorP l oc ssecca litnu skco m setelp – emussA m tnes redro ni nopu detca dna deviecer segasse

l aco l :edon ro tseuqer a erehw edon eht i setanig

rotcerid dna noitacol yromem eht erehw edon eht :edon emoh • y rtne y sserdda na fo ser i ed

poc a sah taht edon eht :edon etomer • y b ehcac a fo l cxe( kco l )derahs ro evisu

oC • m torp gnipoons ot gnirap :sloco – i acitned l setats – umits l tnedi tsomla si su i lac – rw i b ehcac derahs a et l rw a sa detaert si kco i w( ssim et i eht hctef tuoht bl )kco – kcolb ehcac m nehw etats evisulcxe ni eb tsu i rw si t i nett – ni etad ot pu eb tsum kcolb derahs yna mem yro



• rw i tarepo etadilavni evitceles dna hctef atad :ssim et i b tnes sno y d eht i yrotcer tsacdaorb( rellortnoc i otorp gnipoons n c )slo

iD r otce r epO y r snoitcA dna stseuqeR :snoita

rotcerid ot tnes egasseM • y tca owt sesuac i :sno – d eht etadpU i yrotcer – eroM m se tas ot segas i tseuqer yfs

• kcolB si ni dehcacnU st :eta t eh co yp ni mem ory si t eh nerruc t va ;eul o yln po iss ble b taht rof stseuqer l :era kco

– daeR :ssim seuqer t gni rp o ssec or nes t ad ta rf om memory seuqer& ot r edam o yln o etats ;edon gnirahs f bl kco m hS eda dera .

– Wr eti :ssim seuqer t gni rossecorp si nes t t eh lav ue & ceb o sem t eh S ah r ni g no .ed b ehT l lno eht taht etacidni ot evisulcxE edam si kco y poc dilav y si

cac hed . eht setacidni srerahS i titned y of renwo eht . romem eht >= derahS si kcolB • y pu si eulav - ot - :etad

– rossecorp gnitseuqer :ssim daeR i orf atad eht kcab tnes s m em m ro y & rossecorp gnitseuqer i tes gnirahs eht ot dedda s .

– Wr eti :ssim gnitseuqer rossecorp si sent t eh value. llA ossecorp rs ni t eh es t srerahS era

tnes adilavni te ,segassem & Sh srera si es t to di entit y o uqer f est ni g rp o ssec or. ats ehT t e o f b eht l kco i evisulcxE edam s .

• kcolB si E :evisulcx tnerruc eulav fo t eh lb o kc si dleh ni t eh ehcac of the rossecorp i d elbissop eerht >= )renwo eht( srerahS tes eht yb deifitned i rotcer y uqer :stse

– d tnes rossecorp renwo :ssim daeR a at f cte h suac ,egassem i o etats gn f kcolb enwo ni r ehcac s’ t o t isnar tio n ot dna derahS sesuac o t renw o nes d ad t a ot tcerid o yr ,

romem ot nettirw si ti erehw y rossecorp gnitseuqer ot kcab tnes & . nedI t yti of euqer st gni rp o ssec or si da d de ot es t ,srerahS w ih ch st lli cont snia t eh

nedi tity of t eh rp o ssec or t ah t saw t eh o renw nis( ce it st lli sah a aer da elb c po )y . State si shared.

– rw ataD i et - rossecorp renwo :kcab i b eht gnicalper s l tsum ecneh dna kco wr eti ti kcab , gnikam omem ry co yp pu -to- ad te (t eh ho em d ri ect yro sse entiall y

oceb m b eht ,)renwo eht se l kco i tes rerahS eht dna ,dehcacnU won s i tpme s y. – rW i b :ssim et l renwo wen a sah kco . es si egassem A n o ot t l renwo d

gnisuac t eh ehcac ot dnes the va ul e of t eh lb ock to t eh d ceri t yro rf om w ih ch it is sent ot eht seuqer t gni ,rossecorp hcihw ceb o sem t eh wen renwo . srerahS si ot tes nedi t yti of en w

o etats dna ,renwo f bl si kco m evisulcxE eda .



UN TI 6

1. emussA we evah a co retupm hw e er eht c ol ck rep in curts t )IPC(noi is 1.0 nehw lla

mem o yr ssecca es tih t eh cac he. eht ylno atad ssecca es a er sdaol dna ts o ser dna seht e latot 05 % fo eht snoitcurtsni . fi eht ssam ytilanep si 52 olc ck yc c sel dna eht sam s

etar is 2 woh.% cum h fa ts er ow u dl eht co upm t re be if a ll ni struct snoi we er cac he 1( ?stih 0 m kra s)( 0102 enuJ ) )3102enuJ(

:egareva no smargorp PF • 86.0 =TAMA - 25.0 > - 43.0 > - 62.0 >

I • n :egareva no smargorp t AMA 42.0 =T - 02.0 > - 91.0 > - 91.0 >

D ,ehcaC ataD BK 8 • i b B23 ,deppaM tcer l c 61 ,kco y 9 CEPS ,ssim elc 2

2. irb ni nialpxE e ehcac cisab fo sepyt eht, f mitpo i noitaz ? 01( m ra sk ) ( nuJ e )0102 )3102enuJ(

snoitazimitpO ehcaC

tazimitpo ehcac cisab xiS i sno 1. aL r eg r is kcolb z ot e r ssim ecude r :eta

- taps hguorht etar ssim ecuder oT i la lo lac ity. - In b esaerc l s kco i ez . - b regraL l s kco i oc ecuder ez m roslup y sessim . - eht tuB y anep ssim eht esaercni lty.

2. ot sehcac reggiB r ssim ecude r :eta - capac ity capac ehcac eht gnisaercni yb decuder eb nac sessim ity. - of emit tih regral sesaercnI ehcac regral r mem rewop dna tsoc rehgih dna yro .



3. ehgiH r t ytivitaicossa o r ssim ecude r :eta - cossa ni esaercnI i vita ity sessim tcilfnoc secuder .

4. itluM l ot sehcac leve r anep ecude l :yt - dda secudortnI iti ano l ehcac level - ro neewteB i dna ehcac lanig em m ro y. - 1L - ro i ehcac lanig L2- dda e d cache.

:ehcac 1L - sm la l hguone - w sehctam deeps i c ht l c kco y emit elc .

:ehcac 2L - l hguone egra - nam erutpac y uow taht ssecca l ot og d m romem nia y.

nac emit ssecca egarevA b sa denifeder e Hi etar ssiM +1Lemit t H ( X 1L i M X 2L etar ssiM + 2L emit t i anep ss lty )2L

5. p gniviG r oi r ot yti r evo sessim dae r wr ot seti r :ytlanep ssim ecude

- rw i reffub et i p doog a s l tazimitpo siht tnemelpmi ot eca i .no - rw retfa daer :sdrazah setaerc reffub etirw i drazah et .

6. iovA dda gnid r ot ehcac eht fo gnixedni gnirud noitalsnart sse r :emit tih ecude - talsnart eht htiw epoc tsum sehcaC i v a fo no i sserdda lautr f or m ot rossecorp eht

ssecca ot sserdda lacisyhp a mem ro y. - moc m tazimitpo no i tesffo egap eht esu ot si no .

- ht trap ta i tnedi s i ac l v htob ni i autr l sesserdda lacisyhp dna - ehcac eht xedni ot .

3. Ex kcolb nialp r ts tnemecalpe r ot seigeta r pe l b a eca l e htiw ,kco x pma l e a nehw cac h .e aM 60( r )1102 yluJ/enuJ( )sk



4 . Expl o sepyt eht nia f ehcac cisab op it miz noita . 0( 9 aM r uJ/enuJ( )sk l )1102 y

snoitazimitpO ehcaC


- taps hguorht etar ssim ecuder oT ial l laco ity. - In b esaerc l s kco i ez . - b regraL l s kco i oc ecuder ez m roslup y ssim se . - eht tuB y anep ssim eht esaercni lty.

2. ot sehcac reggiB r ssim ecude r :eta - capac ity capac ehcac eht gnisaercni yb decuder eb nac sessim ity.

rof emit tih regral sesaercnI l ehcac regra mem .rewop dna tsoc rehgih dna yro

3. ehgiH r t ytivitaicossa o r ssim ecude r :eta - cossa ni esaercnI i vita ity sessim tcilfnoc secuder .

4. itluM l ot sehcac leve r anep ecude l :yt - dda secudortnI iti ano l ehcac level - ro neewteB i em dna ehcac lanig m ro y. - 1L - ro i ehcac lanig L2- dda e d cache.


:ehcac 2L - l hguone egra - nam erutpac y uow taht ssecca l ot og d m romem nia y.

nac emit ssecca egarevA b sa denifeder e H ( X 1L etar ssiM +1Lemit tiH i M X 2L etar ssiM + 2L emit t i anep ss lty )2L

5. p gniviG r oi r ot yti r evo sessim dae r wr ot seti r anep ssim ecude l :yt - rw i reffub et i p doog a s l tazimitpo siht tnemelpmi ot eca i no . - rw retfa daer :sdrazah setaerc reffub etirw i drazah et .

6. dda gnidiovA r ot ehcac eht fo gnixedni gnirud noitalsnart sse r :emit tih ecude - w epoc tsum sehcaC i talsnart eht ht i v a fo no i orf sserdda lautr m ot rossecorp eht

ssecca ot sserdda lacisyhp a mem ro y. - moc m tazimitpo no i tesffo egap eht esu ot si no .

- taht trap i tnedi s i ac l v htob ni i autr l sesserdda lacisyhp dna - ehcac eht xedni ot . 5. htiW a gaid r e ,ma x o nialp r inag z tad fo noita a eht ni ehcac o etp r no

cim r po r osseco r. aM 60( r uJ/enuJ( )sk l )1102 y



6. etupmoc a evah ew emussA r ehw r omem lla nehw 0.1 si IPC e r ni stih sessecca y

ehcac eht . hT e a sessecca atad ylno r e l ts dna sdao or 05 eseht dna , se % eht fo ni str noitcu . anep ssim eht fI l cyc 52 fo si yt l ssim dna se r 2 si eta % oh , w m hcu f etsa r

etupmoc eht r tsni eht lla fi , eb r stih ehcac erew noitcu ? (8 )0102 ceD( )skram enuJ( - )31

:egareva no smargorp PF • 86.0 =TAMA - 25.0 > - 43.0 > - 62.0 >

I • n :egareva no smargorp t AMA 42.0 =T - 02.0 > - 91.0 > - 91.0 >

D ,ehcaC ataD BK 8 • i b B23 ,deppaM tcer l c 61 ,kco y 29 CEPS ,ssim elc 6 b. Br fei l e y xpl uof nia r imitpo ehcac cisab z .sdohtem noita ram 21( k )0102 ceD( )s

enuJ( )3102


- taps hguorht etar ssim ecuder oT ial l laco ity. - In b esaerc l s kco i .ez - b regraL l s kco i oc ecuder ez m roslup y sessim . - eht tuB y anep ssim eht esaercni lty.

2. t sehcac reggiB o r ssim ecude r :eta - capac ity capac ehcac eht gnisaercni yb decuder eb nac sessim ity. - rof emit tih regral sesaercnI l ehcac regra mem .rewop dna tsoc rehgih dna yro

3. ehgiH r t ytivitaicossa o r ssim ecude r :eta - cossa ni esaercnI i vita ity ilfnoc secuder sessim tc .



4. itluM l ot sehcac leve r anep ecude l :yt

- dda secudortnI iti ano l ehcac level - ro neewteB i em dna ehcac lanig m ro y. - 1L - ro i ehcac lanig L2- dda e d cache.


:ehcac 2L - l ne egra hguo - nam erutpac y uow taht ssecca l ot og d m romem nia y.

nac emit ssecca egarevA b sa denifeder e H ( X 1L etar ssiM +1Lemit tiH i M X 2L etar ssiM + 2L emit t i anep ss lty )2L

5. p gniviG r oi r ot yti r evo sessim dae r wr ot seti r :ytlanep ssim ecude - rw i b et reffu i p doog a s l tazimitpo siht tnemelpmi ot eca i .no - rw retfa daer :sdrazah setaerc reffub etirw i drazah et .

6. dda gnidiovA r ot ehcac eht fo gnixedni gnirud noitalsnart sse r :emit tih ecude - sehcaC sum t epoc with t eh t alsnar tion of a riv t lau sserdda from t eh rp o ssec or to a

acisyhp l ssecca ot sserdda mem ro y. - moc m tazimitpo no i tesffo egap eht esu ot si no . - taht trap i tnedi s i ac l v htob ni i autr l sesserdda lacisyhp dna - .ehcac eht xedni ot

UN TI 7 1. a hcihW r ojam eht e r ogetac r navda eht fo sei c de imitpo z ep ehcac fo noita r rof m

e ?ecna xpl d ni eno yna nia e iat ls )0102 nuJ( )skram 01( )2102 ceD(

O ehcaC decnavdA p imit z snoita ih gnicudeR • t it me

1. Sm la l sehcac elpmis dna 2. aW y tciderp i no 3. T ecar ac che s

cnI • r tdiwdnab ehcac gnisae h 4. Pi denilep sehcac 5. uM l it ban cac dek h se 6. bnoN l cac gnikco h se

aneP ssiM gnicudeR • l yt 7. rC iti ac l f drow i tsr 8. greM ni rw g i et b sreffu

gnicudeR • etaR ssiM oC.9 m tazimitpo relip i sno

msilellarap aiv etar ssim ro ytlanep ssim gnicudeR • erp erawdraH.01 f gnihcte

oC.11 m erp relip f gnihcte



eM r W gnig r ytlaneP ssiM ecudeR ot reffuB eti la ot reffub etirW• l aw elihw eunitnoc ot rossecorp wo i rw ot gnit i yromem ot et

•If sniatnoc reffub deifidom lb o ,skc t sesserdda eh nac eb c ceh k de to ees rdda fi e ss fo wen ad ta am t ehc s t eh sserdda of a dilav write bu reff entry -If so, wen ad ta ra e

w denibmoc i yrtne taht ht sesaercnI• kcolb ezis fo write for irw te-t hguorh ehcac of writ se to neuqes tia l

rw drowitlum ecnis setyb ,sdrow i set m ot tneiciffe ero m yrome )aragaiN( 1T nuS ehT• gnigrem etirw sesu ,srehto ynam gnoma ,rossecorp

xE.2 p ppus erutcetihcra eht liated ni nial o f tr or hto hcae morf sessecorp gnitcetorp e r iv aiv r aut l omem ry am 01( r J( )sk u uJ/enuJ( )0102 n l )2102 ceD()1102 y

iV r omeM laut r iV dna y r ut senihcaM la oC“ no desaB :secruoS edilS m hcrA retup i b ”erutcet y nosrettaP/yssenneH .

ppuS l orf detneme m rav i suo f nwod yleer l secruos elbadao ruceS ity an rP d vi ca y

S dna erutcetihcrA retupmoC ni snoitavonnI• y erawtfos mets tcetorP• i autriV hguorht no l yromeM

senihcaM lautriV morf noitcetorP• – hcrA i arutcet l uqer i stnemer – reP f ro m ecna

autriV aiv noitcetorP l eM m yro



ecorP• ss se – nnuR i margorp gn – oc ot dedeen )etats( tnemnorivnE n gninnur eunit i t

sessecorP tcetorP• f or m rehto hcae – egaP desab riv t lau mem ro y ulcni d gni BLT w hcih ac ches egap ta lb e

rtne i se – tatnemgeS :elpmaxE i 68x08 ni gnigap dna no w erawdrah erahs sessecorP i tuoht i w gnirefretn i rehto hcae ht

ssecorP lenreK dna ssecorP resU edivorP• trop elbadaeR• i o no f rossecorP s :etat

– rosivrepus resU m do tib e – tpecxE i b elbasid/elbane no i t – tcetorp yromeM i tamrofni no i no

vrepus ot refsnart ot llac metsyS• i edom ros – resu ot enituorbus lamron ekil nruteR m edo

sinahceM• m mil ot i em t m ro y ssecca omeM r p y r noitceto

eM lautriV• m yro – tcirtseR i egap hcae no no rtne y elbat egap ni – rw ,daeR i segelivirp etucexe ,et – lnO y elbat egap etadpu nac SO – rtne BLT i tcetorp evah osla se i dleif no

i sguB• n SO – oc ot daeL m ruces gnisimorp i yt – edoc SO fo ezis eguh ot eud ylekil sguB

tcetorP i V aiv no i autr l senihcaM lautriV noitazi

aoG • l : – nuR m erawdrah emas eht no SO tnereffid fo secnatsni elpitlu – ro eno fo weiv tnerapsnart a tneserP m M( stnemnorivne ero - ot - ”laer“ M fo gnippam N

v“ N ,secruoser i autr l )secruoser ” tcetorP i V aiv no i autr l senihcaM

Vi tazilautr i no - tnoc . lahC • len :seg

– em ,rossecorp( secruoser lla tilps ot evaH m gnikrowten ,drac scihparg ,evird drah ,yro SO tnereffid eht gnoma ).cte drac - secruoser eht ezilautriv >

– ehT SO nac on t eb erawa t ah t it si u gnis riv tual ser o secru sni t dae o f aer l secruoser

Pr iv htiw smelbo r ilaut z noita

owT • com v gnisu nehw stnenop i tazilautr i :no – noM enihcaM lautriV i )MMV( rot – autriV l )MV( )s(enihcaM

araP • -vi tazilautr i :no – tarepO i neeb sah metsyS gn m MV a sa nur ot redro ni deifido

lluF‘ • y autriV ‘ il :dez – oN m ido uqer noitacif i MV a sa nur ot SO na fo der



iV r rotinoM enihcaM laut - osivrepyh‘ r ’ osI • l orf SO tseug hcae fo etats eht seta m rehto hcae

stcetorP • i orf flest m erawtfos tseug ot woh senimreteD • m autriv pa l secruoser lacisyhp ot secruoser

– rp ot sseccA i etats degeliv – talsnart sserddA i no – /I O – tpecxE i tpurretni dna sno s

oc ( edoc llams ylevitaleR • m )SO na ot derap egelivirp rehgih a ni nur tsum MMV • m SO tseug naht edo

niganaM g iV r omeM laut r y sreffo yromem lautriV • m deriuqer serutaef eht fo yna v erawdrah rof i tazilautr i no

– em lacisyhp eht setarapeS m ro y um otno lti sessecorp elp – ’skniht‘ ssecorp hcaE i o ecaps sserdda raenil a sah t f f ezis llu – oh rossecorP l bat egap a sd l v gnitalsnart e i autr l eht dna ssecorp a yb desu sesserdda

yhp gnidrocca em lacis m yro – ddA i tamrofni lanoit i rtser no i morf sessecorp stc

o egap a gnidaeR • f ro ssecorp rehtona no ton tub gnidaer wollA • m romem a gniyfido y ro egap

romem eht ni atad terpretni ot wolla ton oD • y rt ton od dna snoitcurtsni sa egap y ot ex t etuce h me

seriuqer suht tnemeganam yromeM lautriV • – mil ot smsinahceM i romem t y yromem detcetorp ot ssecca – tucexe fo sedom owt tsael tA i tcurtsni rof no i sno

tcurtsni na :edom degelivirP • i la si no l tahw od ot dewo i revetahw t i stnaw t - lenrek > m edo f SO ro

noN • - resu :edom degelivirp - evel l sessecorp level ruof stroppus rossecorp :erutcetihcrA 68x letnI • s

– eL v b desu 0 le y SO – snoitacilppa raluger yb desu 3 leveL

orf og ot smsinahcem edivorP• m non - degelivirp ot edom degelivirp m edo - s > y llac mets rP• vo i trop a ed i o no f ton tub daer nac ssecorp resu a taht etats rossecorp m yfido

E • .g. mem ro y tcetorp i tamrofni no i no sniatniam SO tseug hcaE • i bat egap st l orf gnippam eht od ot se m vi autr l ot sserdda

acisyhp l sserdda a sdloh MMV :noitulos elpmis tsoM • tidda n i ano l acisyhp eht spam hcihw elbat l sserdda

of ‘ eht otno SO tseug a m ’sserdda enihca – romem yreve rof noitcerider fo level driht a secudortnI y ssecca

tulos evitanretlA • i MMV :no m bat egap wodahs a sniatnia l SO tseug hcae fo e – poC y egap eht fo o elbat f SO eht – acisyhp raluger htiw skrow llits selbat egaP l sesserdda

– b detpecretni era elbat egap eht ot snoitacifidom ylnO y MMV eht



3. Expl lof eht nia l imitpo decnavda gniwo z noita of :ehcac

1 ipmoC ). ler imitpo z ot snoita r ssim ecude r eta . 2 eM ). r w gnig r effub eti r ot r ytlanep ssim ecude .

b noN ).3 l cni ot ehcac gnikco r dnab ehcac esae - tdiw h. aM 90( r uJ/enuJ( )sk l yeD( )1102 c 0102 ) )3102enuJ(

. eM r W gnig r ytlaneP ssiM ecudeR ot reffuB eti

la ot reffub etirW• l aw elihw eunitnoc ot rossecorp wo i it rw ot gn i yromem ot et •If sniatnoc reffub deifidom lb o ,skc t sesserdda eh nac eb c ceh k de to ees fi

rdda e ss of wen ad ta am t sehc t eh sserdda of a dilav write bu reff entry -If so, wen ad ta

ra e w denibmoc i yrtne taht ht

sesaercnI• kcolb ezis fo write for irw te-t hguorh ehcac of writ se to neuqes tia l

setirw drowitlum ecnis setyb ,sdrow m ot tneiciffe ero mem yro gnigrem etirw sesu ,srehto ynam gnoma ,rossecorp )aragaiN( 1T nuS ehT•

imitpO relipmoC yb sessiM gnicudeR z snoita 891[ gnilraFcM• 4 ,ehcac deppam tcerid BK8 no %57 yb sessim sehcac decuder ]9

by et erawtfos ni skcolb

tsnI • r snoitcu – em ni serudecorp redroeR m ro y sessim tcilfnoc ecuder ot sa os – eved yeht sloot gnisu( stcilfnoc ta kool ot gniliforP l )depo • ataD – :syarrA gnigreM taps evorpmi i la l laco ity arra elgnis yb y of oc m sv stnemele dnuop .

2 arra y s



– o gnitsen egnahc :egnahcretnI pooL f l redro ni atad ssecca ot spoo em ni derots m yro

– suF pooL i tnednepedni 2 enibmoC :no l emas evah taht spoo l selbairav emos dna gnipoo revo l pa

– Bl I :gnikco m aropmet evorp l l laco i b yt y b“ gnissecca l o ”skco f ldetaeper atad y sv . ohw nwod gniog l oc e l swor ro snmu

oC m tazimitpO relip i sno - tcudeR i orf semoc no m os f ).hc wH on( erawt etnI pooL r egnahc

tavitoM• i detsen evah smargorp emos :no l taht spoo tneuqesnon ni atad ssecca i redro la tuloS• i lpmiS :no y eht fo gnitsen eht gnignahcxe l nac spoo m atad eht ssecca edoc eht eka

redro eht ni i >= derots si t laitaps gnivorpmi yb sessim ecuder l gniredroer ;ytilaco m ehcac a ni atad fo esu sezimixa

bl ofeb kco er i t i dedracsid s cretnI pooL han E eg x elpma

eB */ f /* ero ( rof j ;0 = j ;001 < j )1+j = ( rof i ;0 = i ;0005 < i )1+i =

[x * 2 = ]j[]i[x i [] j ;] A */ f /* ret ( rof i ;0 = i ;0005 < i )1+i = ( rof j ;0 = j ;001 < j )1+j =

[x * 2 = ]j[]i[x i [] j ;] Bl gnikco

oc yb emos dna swor yb dessecca emos ,syarra elpitlum :noitavitoM• l snmu oc ro )redro rojam wor( wor yb wor syarra eht gnirotS• l b nmu y oc( nmuloc l am nmu j ro

eh ton seod )redro l oc dna swor htob :p l yreve ni desu era snmu i taret i eht fo no l poo hcretnI pooL( )pleh tonnac egna

arra na fo snmuloc dna swor eritne no gnitarepo fo daetsni :noituloS• y dekcolb , >= skcolb ro secirtambus no etarepo smhtirogla dedaol atad eht ot sessecca ezimixam

atad eht erofeb ehcac eht otni i per s l deca 4. Ex etni nialp r o lan r inag z M 46 fo noita b RD A .M aM 50( rk uJ/enuJ( )s l y

102 ceD( )1102 0 )2102 ceD() )3102 enuJ(

MARD T onhce l ygo odnaR cimanyD rotcudnocimeS • m eM sseccA m yro

E • m b rep tsoc no ezisahp i capac dna t i yt tluM • i senil sserdda xelp ı flah ni snip sserdda fo # gnittuc

– R )SAC( eborts ssecca nmuloc neht ,tsrif )SAR( eborts ssecca wo – eM m ro y xirtam D2 a sa – reffub a ot og swor – uS b euqes n C t A worbus stceles S

b a erots ot rotsisnart elgnis a ylno esU • i t – b taht gnidaeR i ortsed nac t y ni eht f tamro i no – b hcae hserfeR it rep i llacido y xe( . kcab gnitirw yb )sdnocesillim 8

atot eht fo %5 naht ssel emit gnihserfer peeK • l emit capac MARD • i MARS fo taht semit 8 ot 4 si yt

romem enilni lauD :MMID • y m eludo – os ylnommoc era spihc MARD l lams no d l sMMID dellac sdraob



– sMMID ty sMARD 61 ot 4 niatnoc yllacip S • l capac MARD ni nwod gniwo i htworg yt

– reve yticapac eht semit ruoF y rof ,sraey eerht m sraey 02 naht ero – hc weN i capac elbuod ylno sp ity reve y 8991 ecnis ,raey owt

rep MARD • f ro m s a ta gniworg si ecna l etar rewo – AR rep %5 :)ycnetal ot detaler( S y rae

– er( SAC l wdnab ot deta i rep +%01 :)htd y rae

pmi SAR r evo m tne onhceT MARS l ygo

odnaR citatS :MARS sesu ehcaC • m yromeM sseccA rofni eht tneverp ot tib rep srotsisnart xis sesu MARS • m ta i orf no m nehw debrutsid gnieb

rea d hserfer ot deen on_

– lno sdeen MARS y t niater ot rewop laminim h c e h ni egra ybdnats eht m doog _ edo f tacilppa deddebme ro i sno

– emit elcyc dna emit ssecca neewteb ecnereffid oN f ro SR MA

E • m capac dna deeps no ezisahp i yt – era senil sserdda MARS um ton lti dexelp

o taht x61 ot 8 si deeps MARS • f RD A M

ecnamrofreP yromeM gnivorpmI in atS a n RD drad A pihC M

egap tsaF • m la taht slangis emit :edo l w reffub ot sessecca detaeper wo i wor rehtona tuoht t ssecca mi e

s kcolc a dda :)MARDS( MAR suonorhcnyS • angi l eht taht os ,ecafretni MARD ot uow refsnart detaeper l w ezinorhcnys ot daehrevo raeb ton d i rellortnoc eht ht

– w cnys ot daehrevo sevlovni MARD suonorhcnysA i oc ht n rellort – romem rep deeps kaeP y m 008 eludo — 1002 ni ces/BM0021

buoD • l DD( etar atad e snart :)R f fo egde gnillaf dna egde gnisir eht htob no atad re c MARD l langis kco

– romem rep deeps kaeP y m 0061 eludo — 1002 ni ces/BM0042

MARD BM 46 fo noitazinagro lanretnI :giF



UN TI 8

1. ht liated ni nialpxE e awdrah r oppus e r of t r eserp r ud roivaheb noitpecxe gniv r gni s ep cul noita 1( 0 ram k uJ( )2102 ceD( )s l ( )11 y J )0102 enu

oppuS W/H r anoitidnoC : t l Ex noituce derP sa nwonk oslA • i tucexE detac i no

– urtsni ot tnemecnahnE cti tes no – mile ot desu eb naC i cnarb etan h se – c llA ortno l d ot detrevnoc era secnedneped a eped at n secned tcurtsnI • i dnoc a ot srefer no iti no

– avE l o trap sa detau f tucexe eht i no ?eurT • – ron detucexE m ylla

aF • l ?es – tcurtsni eht fi sa seunitnoc noitucexE i on a erew no - po

E • x pma l : e – om lanoitidnoC ger neewteb ev i srets –

pmaxE l e if )0==A(

T = S ; artS i edoC drawrofthg

ZENB ,1R L ; A 0R ,3R ,2R UDD L :

dnoC iti edoC lano R ,3R ,2R ZVOMC 1

0 ton si 1R fi dellunnA dnoC iti tcurtsnI lano i … no

oc trevnoc naC • n ecnedneped atad ot lort oc rotcev nI • m itup ,gn i dellac s’t noisrevnoc fi .

darT • iti llano y p a ni , i metsys denilep – oser eb ot sah ecnednepeD l c dev l p fo tnorf ot reso i enilep

tidnoc roF • i noitucexe lano – o dne ta devloser si ecnednepeD f c ,enilepip l ger eht ot reso i rw rets i et

tonA h elpmaxe re

• )B(sba = A if )0 < B( A = - ;B el es

;B = A dnoc owT • iti lano m sevo

dnoc eno dna lanoitidnocnu enO iti ano l evom



dnoc hcnarb ehT • iti sah no m eht otni devo tcurtsni i no – oceb ecnedneped lortnoC m ecnedneped atad se –

anoitidnoC fo snoitatimiL l sevoM dnoC • i lanoit m rof tselpmis eht era sevo m of tcurtsni detaciderp i sno

lufesU • f secneuqes trohs ro roF • l ffeni eb nac siht ,edoc egra i tneic

– secudortnI m dnoc yna i anoit l m sevo oS • m hcra e i taciderp lluf troppus serutcet i no

– tsuj ton ,snoitcurtsni llA m sevo gniludehcs labolg ni lufesu yreV •

– non eldnah naC l ylecin sehcnarb poo – trop fi elohw ehT : gE i htap tneuqerf eht fi detaciderp eb nac no i nekat ton s

yb hcnarb ro ;yromem ot eno dna ULA ot eno ,seussi owT : emussA • i flest setsaW • romem a y s noitarepo l elcyc dnoces ni to

lats ecnedneped atad a rucni naC • l nekat ton si hcnarb fi – eped 9R n o sd n 8R

Pr noitucexE detacide

detaciderp si CWL : emussA l dna dao l dnarepo driht fi sdao i 0 ton s

tcurtsni enO • i no i s euss l le si to detanimi tcurtsni detaciderp ,hcnarb detciderpsim nO • i liw no l na evah ton y tceffe

lof ecneuqes fI • l b eritne eht ,trohs si hcnarb eht gniwo l derp eb nac edoc eht fo kco i detac

oC emoS mpl snoitaci tpecxE • i vaheB no i ro – t fi noitpecxe etareneg ton tsuM eslaf si etaciderp eh

I • f verp eht ni orez si 01R i elpmaxe suo



– tcetorp a esuac nac )01R(0 ,8R WL i uaf no l t noitidnoc fI • i deifsitas s

– egap A f ua l lits nac t l rucco B • i eussI tsegg – ceD i noitcurtsni na lunna ot nehw ed

– aC n od eb n eussi gnirud e • lraE y p ni i lep i en

tidnoc fo eulaV • i sllats ecudni nac ,ylrae nwonk eb tsum no – mmoc erofeb enod eb naC i t

ht od srossecorp nredoM • i s anoitcnuf esu lliw snoitcurtsni dellunnA • l secruoser

oc nac hcus dna gnidrawrof retsigeR • m pmi etacilp l tatneme i no 2. Ex p eht nialp r pus noitalucepS dna noitcide por p t r ?46AI ni dedivo 1( 0 m ra ks )

102 enuJ( )2102 ceD( 0) AI - epiP 46 l utaeF eni r se

derP hcnarB• i tc i no – derP i geR etac i la srets l ffo ro no denrut eb ot sehcnarb wo – oC m vorp nac relip i tciderp hcnarb ed i tnih no s

tatoR retsigeR• i no – lA l retsaf swo l tucexe poo i lellarap ni no

derP• i ortnoC noitac l P s i segatS enilep caC h serutaeF e

•L caC 1 h e – evitaicossa yaw 4 – 61 K b tcurtsnI i no – K61 b ataD

•L caC 2 h e – muinatI

aw 6• y cossa i evita • bK 69

– 2muinatI aw 8• y cossa i evita

nI bK 652• i yllait – tcurtsnI bM1 dna ataD bK652 i avtnoM no no l !e

caC h serutaeF e •L caC 3 h e

– muinatI aw 4• y cossa i evita

BSF hguorht elbisseccA• 2• - bM4

– 2muinatI 2• – aw 4 y cossa i evita

D nO• i e • bM3

– avtnoM no bM42 ot pU l !)eroc/bM21(spihc e eR retsig



tacificepS i no 56 ,821_ -bi areneG t l geR esopruP i srets 28 ,821_ -bi F t l geR tnioP gnitao i srets 46 ,821_ -bi tacilppA t i sretsigeR no

46 ,8_ -bi sretsigeR hcnarB t 1 ,46_ -bi geR etaciderP t i srets edoM retsigeR l

areneG 821_ l F dna l geR tnioP gnitao i ets sr a 23_ l kcats no 69 ,elbaliava syaw tcnuf sA_ i oc ,dellac era sno m la relip l fo rebmun cificeps a setaco l aco l dna

ptuo u t ger i tcnuf eht ni esu ot srets i tacolla retsiger gnisu yb no i tcurtsni no i no

lA“ loc”. ger semaner smargorP_ i trats ot srets from 721 ot 23 . otua )ESR( enignE kcatS retsigeR_ m ta i serotser/sevas yllac s ot kcat

em m ro y dedeen nehw ESR_ m em desunu ezilitu ot dengised eb ya m ro y rep ot htdiwdnab f ro m

ger i lips rets l tarepo llif dna i dnuorgkcab eht ni sno

C fo tpeD agnaB,TIBJS,ES l ero 49

stfihs enihcam ,llac noitcnuf nO r etsige r ht hcus wodniw a p t r tuptuo suoive r etsige r s ats slacol wen emoceb r ta gnit r 23







tcurtsnI i gnidocnE no • epo eerht dna edocpo eht sedulcni noitcurtsni hcaE r sdna • eifitnedi eht sdloh snoitcurtsni hcaE r P gnidnopserroc a rof r retsigeR etacide • tsni tnednepedni 3 sniatnoc eldnub hcaE r snoitcu • i noitcurtsni hcaE stib 14 s ediw • dleif etalpmet tib 5 a sdloh osla eldnub hcaE Di libisnopseR gnitubirts i yt

tcurtsnI PLI_ i spuorG no ortnoC_ l fl msilellarap wo

ellaraP l oc m nosirap tluM i sehcnarb yaw

d gnicneulfnI_ y e ciman ven st vorP i o tes evisnetxe na sed f t taht stnih oc eh m t llet ot sesu relip h l tuoba erawdrah e i ylek

vaheb hcnarb i a ,nekat ton ro nekat( ro m dna )tegrat hcnarb ta hctef ot tnuo mem ro y em eht fo level tahw ni( snoitarepo m ro y hcrareih y )atad ehcac ot .



derp esU_ i ,sehcnarb etanimile ot setac m tcurtsni evo i sehcnarb ssorca sno tcurtsni na fo noitucexe lanoitidnoC_ i derp no desab no i 1 46( retsiger etac -bi t

derp i )sretsiger etac b tes era setaciderP_ y oc m snoitcurtsni erap p eb nac snoitcurtsni tsoM_ detacider – oc edoc noitcurtsni hcae n derp sniat i etac

dleif tcurtsni eht ,eurt si etaciderp fI_ i tatupmoc eht setadpu no i wrehto ;etats no i ,es i t

a ekil sevaheb n po

ucepS dna gniludehcS l noita w edoc :kcolb cisaB • i rtne elgnis ht y xe dna i xe ,t i niop t um eb nac t lti hcnarb yaw

tats yb PLI evorpmI lortnoC • i llac y m daeha evo l cnetal gno y b edoc l skco . a si htap • f tucexe tneuqer i htap no eludehcS • f ortnoc ro l shtap

dna sehcnarb fo esuaceB • l edoc fo egatnecrep llams ylno ,spoo i ylraluger detucexe s A • b ni secnedneped ezylan l shtap dna skco

ltneiciffe erom ezylana nac relipmoC • y - m romem ,emit ero y margorp eht fo weiv regral , lnommoc eht ezimitpo dna etacol nac relipmoC • y skcolb detucexe



ortnoC l taluceps i no _ toN b eht lla r eb nac sehcna r noitaciderp gnisu devome .

_ tsni tsom naht ycnetal regnol evah sdaoL r t dna snoitcu e ats ot dn r cemit t r laciti

snoitcurtsni fo sniahc _ tsnoC r larap timil sdaol no noitom edoc no stnia lel msi _ noN - tsnoc serutcetihcra CIPE r itom nia tsni daol fo no r noitcu _ AI - tsni daol eludehcs ylefas nac ,sdaol evitalucepS :46 r ofeb noitcu r ro eno e

sehcnarb roirp erom

ortnoC l talucepS i no _ a snoitpecxE r at ni )gnihT a toN( TaN gnittes yb deldnah e r teg r retsige _ tsni kcehC r noitcu -br xif ot hcna - pu f TaN fi edoc l tes ga _ xiF - elipmoc yb detareneg :edoc pu r snoitpecxe seldnah , _ p tib TaN r e ni setagapo x AI lla tsomla( noituce - tsni 46 r )snoitcu _ p TaN r secuder noitagapo r stniop kcehc deriuqe

ucepS l daoL evita tcurtsni daoL _ i ( no l stuo devom eb nac )s.d i b cisab a fo ed l tegrat hcnarb fi neve kco

si n k to n wo n ucepS _ l evita l tpecxe ecudorp ton seod sdao i no - i TaN eht stes t

tcurtsni kcehC _ i xif ot pmuj lliw )s.khc( no - i edoc pu f TaN i tes s ucepS ataD l ta i no

eht enimreted ot elba eb ton yam relipmoc ehT _ em ni noitacol m ro y gnieb erefer n )sretniop( dec

romem elbissop a fo daeha snoitaluclac evom ot tnaW _ y ycnedneped



darT _ iti a yb dewollof erots a nevig ,yllano l tonnac relipmoc eht fi ,dao eht ,lauqe eb lliw sesserdda eht fi enimreted l eb tonnac dao m vo eht fo daeha de

ts o er . AI _ - la :46 l oc swo m a eludehcs ot relip l ro eno erofeb dao m serots ero

ecnavda esU _ l ( dao l i ot )a.khc( kcehc dna )a.d m tnemelp ,retsiger tegrat sdrocer )elbaT sserddA daoL decnavdA( TALA _ mem yro

a ,dessecca sserdda n s ssecca d iz e

ucepS ataD l oita n 1. lA l rof swo l eb ot sdao m oc eht fi neve serots fo daeha devo m fi erusnu si relip

as eht era sesserdda m e 2. uceps A l evita l rtne na setareneg dao y TALA eht ni 3. er erots A m rtne yreve sevo y sserdda emas eht evah taht TALA eht ni 4. tcurtsni kcehC i xif ot hcnarb lliw no - i pu f sserdda nevig eht i TALA eht ni ton s • dda esU r of yek eht sa dleif sse r apmoc r nosi

revocer nur ,dnuof eb tonnac sserdda na fI • y edoc s era TALA • m tatnemelpmi relpmis dna rella i ts tnelaviuqe naht no serutcur

f sralacsrepus ro

xE.3 p nial ni liated eht erawdrah ppus o tr for rp ese gnivr noitpecxe roivaheb nirud g s ep cul noita . aM 01( r ( )2102 ceD( )sk Jul 102 ceD( )2102 y 0 )

)3102enuJ(

oppuS W/H r anoitidnoC : t l Ex noituce derP sa nwonk oslA • i tucexE detac i no

– urtsni ot tnemecnahnE cti tes no – mile ot desu eb naC i cnarb etan h se – ortnoc llA l d ot detrevnoc era secnedneped a eped at n secned tcurtsnI • i dnoc a ot srefer no iti no

– avE l o trap sa detau f tucexe eht i no ?eurT • – ron detucexE m ylla

aF • l ?es – ucexE tcurtsni eht fi sa seunitnoc noit i on a erew no - po

E • x pma l : e – ger neewteb evom lanoitidnoC i srets



– pmaxE l e

if )0==A( T = S ;

artS i edoC drawrofthg ZENB ,1R L ;

A 0R ,3R ,2R UDD L :

dnoC iti edoC lano R ,3R ,2R ZVOMC 1

0 ton si 1R fi dellunnA dnoC iti tcurtsnI lano i … no

oc trevnoc naC • n ecnedneped atad ot lort oc rotcev nI • m ,gnitup i dellac s’t noisrevnoc fi .

darT • iti llano y p a ni , i metsys denilep – oser eb ot sah ecnednepeD l c dev l p fo tnorf ot reso i enilep

tidnoc roF • i noitucexe lano – i ecnednepeD o dne ta devloser s f c ,enilepip l ger eht ot reso i rw rets i et

tonA h elpmaxe re )B(sba = A •

if )0 < B( A = - ;B el es

;B = A dnoc owT • iti lano m sevo

dnoc eno dna lanoitidnocnu enO • iti ano l evom dnoc hcnarb ehT • iti sah no m eht otni devo

tcurtsni i no – oceb ecnedneped lortnoC m ecnedneped atad se

anoitidnoC fo snoitatimiL l sevoM dnoC • i rof tselpmis eht era sevom lanoit m of tcurtsni detaciderp i sno

lufesU • f secneuqes trohs ro roF • l i eb nac siht ,edoc egra n tneiciffe

– secudortnI m dnoc yna i anoit l m evo s oS • m hcra e i taciderp lluf troppus serutcet i no

– tsuj ton ,snoitcurtsni llA m sevo gniludehcs labolg ni lufesu yreV •

– non eldnah naC l ylecin sehcnarb poo – trop fi elohw ehT : gE i htap tneuqerf eht fi detaciderp eb nac no i ton s

nekat



• yb hcnarb ro ;yromem ot eno dna ULA ot eno ,seussi owT : emussA i flest romem a setsaW • y s noitarepo l elcyc dnoces ni to

lats ecnedneped atad a rucni naC • l nekat ton si hcnarb fi – eped 9R n o sd n 8R

Pr noitucexE detacide detaciderp si CWL : emussA l ao dna d l dnarepo driht fi sdao i 0 ton s

tcurtsni enO • i no i s euss l detanimile si to derp ,hcnarb detciderpsim nO • i tcurtsni detac i liw no l na evah ton y tceffe

lof ecneuqes fI • l b eritne eht ,trohs si hcnarb eht gniwo l eb nac edoc eht fo kcoderp i etac d

oC emoS mpl snoitaci

tpecxE • i vaheB no i ro – eslaf si etaciderp eht fi noitpecxe etareneg ton tsuM

I • f verp eht ni orez si 01R i elpmaxe suo

– tcetorp a esuac nac )01R(0 ,8R WL i uaf no l t noitidnoc fI • i deifsitas s

– egap A f ua l lits nac t l rucco • Bi eussI tsegg – ceD i noitcurtsni na lunna ot nehw ed – aC n od eb n eussi gnirud e

lraE • y p ni i lep i en tidnoc fo eulaV • i sllats ecudni nac ,ylrae nwonk eb tsum no



– mmoc erofeb enod eb naC i t ht od srossecorp nredoM • i s

f esu lliw snoitcurtsni dellunnA • tcnu i secruoser lano oc nac hcus dna gnidrawrof retsigeR • m pmi etacilp l tatneme i no

4. Ex a eht nialp r utcetihc r p letnI 46AI fo e r osseco r a dna l p eht os r na noitcide d

uceps l oppus noita r p t r dedivo . aM 01( r )sk )2102 ceD( )0102 ceD( eD( c 2102 ) enuJ( - )31

AI - 46 na d P muinatI r rosseco AI ehT gnicudortnI - hcrA 46 i erutcet

P 2muinatI dna muinatI r rosseco

oC“ no desaB :secruoS edilS m hcrA retup i b ”erutcet y nosrettaP/yssenneH . ppuS l orf detneme m rav i suo f nwod yleer l secruos elbadao

AI - 46 i CIPE na s

• AI - ed ylegral 46 erawtfos no sdnep f msilellarap ro • WILV – gnoL yreV I sn t itcur o W n o dr • CIPE – icilpxE t retupmoC noitcurtsnI lellaraP yl

ILV W op in st • WILV – evO r weiv – CSIR t uqinhce e – fo seldnuB nur eb ot snoitcurtsni llarap ni e l – t ralimiS o csrepus a nil g

– c sesU tciderp hcnarb fo daetsni relipmo i erawdrah no

EP CI • CIPE – revO v wei – Bu sdli o LV n I W – senifedeR noitcurtsni of r am t – gnidoc noitcurtsnI t slle h UPC o t w o ad ssecorp t a – eV r moc y p nedneped reli t – ucexe detaciderP tio n

a sorp CIPE n snoc d

• PE I C – Pr :so – s ot emit erom sah relipmoC pen tiw d h code



– T eno a si relipmoc yb tneps emi - tsoc emit

– tixelpmoc tiucric secudeR y

aL pihC y tuo •I muinat hcrA i D erutcet i marga



I uinat m cepS s

I 4• n reget A UL ' s 4• mul s'ULA aidemit

cerP dednetxE 2• isi nU PF no i st cerP elgniS 2• i nu PF nois i st

nU erotS ro daoL 2• i st nU hcnarB 3• i st

P ediW 6 egatS 01• i enilep caC 1L k23• h e

69• K caC 2L h e e(ehcaC 3L BM4• x ret n þ)

C zhM008• l kco

etnI l muinatI 008• M zH

egats 01• pi enilep tcurtsni 6 eussi naC• i c rep )seldnub 2( sno y elc

romeM 2 ,aidemitluM 4 ,tnioP gnitaolF 4 ,regetnI 4• y nU hcnarB 3 , i st 23• K 69 ,1L B K cac 3L BM 4 ,2L B h se

em s/BG 1.2• m ro y htdiwdnab

I uinat m cepS 2 s

I 6• n reget A UL ' s 6• mul s'ULA aidemit



cerP dednetxE 2• isi nU PF no i st

sicerP elgniS 2• i nu PF no i st nU erotS dna daoL 2• i st

nU hcnarB 3• i st W 6 egatS 8• i enilepiP ed caC 1L k23• h e

652• K caC 2L h e þ)eid no(ehcaC 3L BM3•

C zhG1• l yllaitini kco – avtnoM no zhG66.1 ot pU l e

pmI 2muinatI r stnemevo nI• i llait y n081 a m ssecorp

– n031 ot desaercnI m 3002 ni – n09 ot desaercni rehtruF m 7002 ni I• m amrehT devorp l tnemeganaM C• l ot desaercni deepS kco 1 zhG0.

esaercnI deepS suB• f or m zhM004 ot zhM662

d no devom ehcac 3L• i e –F retsa etar ssecca AI - epiP 46 l utaeF eni r se

derP hcnarB• i tc i no – derP i geR etac i la srets l ffo ro no denrut eb ot sehcnarb wo – oC m vorp nac relip i tciderp hcnarb ed i stnih no

tatoR retsigeR• i no – lA l retsaf swo l tucexe poo i lellarap ni no

derP• i P slortnoC noitac i ep segatS enil caC h serutaeF e

•L caC 1 h e – evitaicossa yaw 4 – 61 K b tcurtsnI i no – K61 b ataD

•L caC 2 h e – muinatI

aw 6• y cossa i evita • bK 69

– 2muinatI aw 8• y cossa i evita

nI bK 652• i yllait – tcurtsnI bM1 dna ataD bK652 i avtnoM no no l !e

caC h serutaeF e •L C 3 ca h e

– muinatI



aw 4• y cossa i evita

BSF hguorht elbisseccA• 2• - bM4

– 2muinatI 2• – aw 4 y cossa i evita

D nO• i e • bM3

– avtnoM no bM42 ot pU l !)eroc/bM21(spihc e retsigeR tacificepS i no

56 ,821_ -bi areneG t l geR esopruP i srets 28 ,821_ -bi F t l tnioP gnitao geR i srets 46 ,821_ -bi tacilppA t i sretsigeR no

46 ,8_ -bi sretsigeR hcnarB t 1 ,46_ -bi geR etaciderP t i srets edoM retsigeR l

areneG 821_ l F dna l geR tnioP gnitao i srets a 23_ l kcats no 69 ,elbaliava syaw tcnuf sA_ i oc ,dellac era sno m la relip l o rebmun cificeps a setaco f l aco l dna

ptuo u t ger i tcnuf eht ni esu ot srets i tacolla retsiger gnisu yb no i tcurtsni no i no

lA“ loc”. orf trats ot sretsiger semaner smargorP_ m 721 ot 23 . otua )ESR( enignE kcatS retsigeR_ m ta i serotser/sevas yllac s ot kcat

em m ro y dedeen nehw ESR_ m em desunu ezilitu ot dengised eb ya m ro y rep ot htdiwdnab f ro m

ger i lips rets l tarepo llif dna i ht ni sno dnuorgkcab e

stfihs enihcam ,llac noitcnuf nO r etsige r ht hcus wodniw a p t r tuptuo suoive r etsige r s ats slacol wen emoceb r ta gnit r 23





5. edisnoC r eht l eb poo l :wo

roF i;1 = i ( ; 001 ≤ i i = + 1 { [A i ; ]i[B + ]i[A =] 1 * 1S * 1

+ ]i[C =]1+i [B D ; ]i[ 1 1* 2S * } tahW era eht seicnedneped wteb e ne 1S and 2S ? sI t eh pool para ll el ? If not ohs w

ap ti ekam ot woh ral el l. am 8 ( r )0102 ceD( )sk • oF r :pool eht – ;1=i( rof + ]i[A = ]1+i[A { )1+i=i ;001=<i C /* 1S */ ;]i[

]1+i[B = + ]i[B A } /* 2S */ ;]1+i[ – a tahw r ecnedneped eht e s ? T• h t era ere w eped tnereffid o n ed n :sec

– pool - p( :deirrac r epo lellarap stneve r eti fo noita r )snoita

c ]i[A fo eulav gnisu ]1+i[A setupmoc 1S• verp ni detupmo i tareti suo i no verp ni detupmoc ]i[B fo eulav gnisu ]1+i[B setupmoc 2S• i suo i taret i no

– pool ton - rac r ap( :dei r epo lella r eti fo noita r )ko si snoita oc ]1+i[A eulav eht sesu 2S• m b detup y eht ni 1S s ema i ret ati no

ehT• l poo - rrac i ecnedneped de esac siht ni s f ecro tareti evisseccus i eht fo sno l ot poo ex etuce in res i se . ?yhW – o 1S f i taret i no i fo 1S no sdneped i taret i no i-1 eped nrut ni hcihw n o sd n ,… e ct .

w pooL rehtonA i secnednepeD ht llareneG• y , l poo - rrac i secnedneped de ednih r IL P

– reht fi pool on era e - lla secnedneped deirrac i uoc snoitaret l lellarap ni detucexe eb d – pool era ereht fi neve - rrac i secnedneped de i t m eht ezilellarap ot elbissop eb ya l poo – na

…deriuqer si secnedneped eht fo sisylana • oF r :pool eht – of r 1+i=i ;001=<i ;1=i( { ) A / ;]i[B + ]i[A = ]i[ * /* 1S

]1+i[B = / ;]i[D + ]i[C * S2 } /* – a tahw r ecnedneped eht e s ?

pool eno si erehT• - rrac i :ecnedneped de – oc ]i[B fo eulav eht sesu 1S m verp a ni detup i suo i taret i 2S yb no –b ht tu i s ton seod f ecro i taret i etucexe ot sno in es ri se . W ?…yh – fo 1S esuaceb… i taret i no i fo 2S no sdneped i taret i no i-1 a ,… n t d h e niahc o f

pots secnedneped s eh re!

fo sniahC trohS htiw spooL gnizilellaraP D ecnednepe s eht ezilellaraP• l :poo

–f [A { )1+i=i ;001=<i ;1=i( ro i [A = ] i [B + ] i /* 1S */ ;] [B i [C = ]1+ i [D + ] i } /* 2S */ ;]

araP• ll le i :edoc dez – = ]1[A A ;]1[B + ]1[ f 99=<i ;1=i( ro ; )1+i=i



[C = ]1+i[B { i [D + ] i ;] [B + ]1+i[A = ]1+i[A i ;]1+

} 01[C = ]101[B 0 + ] D ;]001[

– etats owt eht neewteb ecnedneped eht m pool eht ni stne i regnol on s l poo -c rra i dna de tareti i eht fo sno l poo may lellarap ni detucexe eb

–

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Advan ced C ompu ter Arc hitecture 10CS7 4 Questio n Paper ...€¦ · Advan ced C ompu ter Arc hitecture 10CS7 4 D ep t o f CSE, S JBIT,Bangalo re Pa ge 1 Questio n Paper s Solution