Methodological Instructions to Lesson 9 for Students

Methodological Instructions for Students

Theme: Benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Aim: How to diagnose specific clinical findings of benign prostatic hyperplasia, teach plan of investigation of patient and form diagnosis and differential diagnosis benign prostatic hyperplasia, form plan of treatment.

Professional Motivation:

In observation of men older than 50 years benign prostatic hyperplasia is noted in every one of two men. Till now benign prostatic hyperplasia is 10% in glands.

Basic Level:

1. Anatomy, physiology of prostate and urinary bladder.

2. To know how to collect anamnesis (life history). and should know to do physical methods of investigation.

3. X-ray, functional, innstrumental, laboratory, endoscopial, morphological methods of investigation to diagnose of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

4. You should know the usage of hormones in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Student's Independent Study Program

I. Objectives for Students' Independent Studies

You should prepare for the practical class using the existing textbooks and lectures. Special attention should be paid to the following:

1. Prevalence of BPH.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is present in more than 50% of men aged over 60 years. Between 15% and 30% of these men have lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), but crucially, not all such symptoms are caused by the hyperplasia, and many are attributable to various types of dysfunction of smooth muscle (detrusor) in the bladder. Previously, many such men have not sought advice, accepting LUTS as part of ageing, but because of increased publicity about mens health, a raised awareness of prostate cancer, and new medical treatments, more men are seeking help than did so previously. Benign prostatic hyperplasia can cause serious medical complications. In England and Wales, up to 25% of men undergo prostatectomy because of acute urinary retention, which doubles the risk of death and morbidity compared with elective surgery. Moreover, chronic urinary retention can lead to renal failure, and is responsible for 15% of prostatectomies (England and Wales). Other complications include recurrent urinary tract infection, bladder calculi, and hematuria.

2. Aetiology and pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

BPH primarily affects three anatomic structures: the prostate, urethra and bladder. Of the three zones that comprise the prostate (peripheral, transition and central) the transition zone in the central part of the organ is the area affected in BPH. Stromal nodules appear in the periurethral area of that zone as glandular hyperplasia develops. In contrast, prostate cancer generally develops in the peripheral zone of the organ.

In the normal prostate, cell growth is regulated by a balance between cell death (apoptosis) and cell growth (proliferation). Investigators examining prostate tissue at the cellular level have found a substantial decrease in the total number of both glandular and basal epithelial cells dying in hyperplastic tissue compared with normal tissue. This suggests a deregulation of apoptotic cell death mechanisms in prostate tissue that results in a growth imbalance in favour of cell proliferation in the presence of BPH.

The bladder obstruction that occurs with BPH has both static and dynamic components. In the early stages of disease, normal prostatic tissue is compressed by hyperplastic tissue, which impinges on the prostatic urethra, creating the static component. The bladder detrusor muscle responds to this obstruction of urine flow with smooth muscle hypertrophy and changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix. This results in the increased voiding pressure, decreased bladder compliance, and involuntary bladder contractions that comprise the dynamic component of obstruction. Untreated, advanced disease that involves prolonged obstruction may cause chronic urinary retention. The classic obstructive symptoms include hesitancy, weak urine stream, straining, prolonged micturition, feeling of incomplete bladder emptying, urgency, frequency, nocturia, and urge incontinence.

3. Classification of benign prostatic hyperplasia. BPH may be classified on three stages:

1. Stage with dysuria only (pollakiuria, nocturia, urgency, week stream).2. Stage with dysuria and residual urine (more than 100 ml).

3. Stage than residual urine increased that leads to upper urinary tract deterioration with pyelonephritis, renal insufficiency, urolithiasis.

4. Main clinical symptoms.

The initial evaluative step is to quantify symptoms and quality of life to establish a baseline for severity and frequency of symptoms and to employ as a monitor of progress with or without treatment. The American Urological Association (AUA) has developed, tested, and validated a four-part index that rates symptoms of urinary problems (eg, urgency, frequency, nocturia), the degree to which these symptoms are a problem to the patient, the impact of the symptoms on the patient's life (eg, physical discomfort, worry, bother), and the overall quality of the patient's life. A more widely used evaluation based on that developed by the AUA is the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). This simplified, easily administered form assesses symptoms and general quality of life.

5. Diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Diagnosis of LUTS, benign prostatic hyperplasia and benign enlargement of the prostate is based on history, physical examination, rectal examination, simple investigations to exclude urinary tract infection and renal damage, and urinary flow measurement. No specific symptoms reliably indicate benign prostatic obstruction, and there is no correlation between size and LUTS, or between symptoms and objective data from urodynamics. Frequency volume charts ([http://image.thelancet.com/extras/02art8339webappendix2.pdf]), symptom scores (IPSS), free flow rates, and pressure flow studies (urodynamics) measure different aspects, and should be viewed separately in the assessment of patients with LUTS.

A careful digital rectal examination can exclude locally advanced, but not early, prostate cancer. The size of the gland is important when counselling the patient on the type of surgery that might be offered. The DRE is especially important in assessing the size, consistency, and anatomic limits of the prostate; findings may be especially helpful in differentiating BPH from prostatic cancer. The prostate that contains a nodule or that is diffusely hardened and asymmetric may indicate cancer in contrast to the smooth, symmetric, and elastic consistency of a benign gland.Uroflowmetry is recommended as a diagnostic assessment in the workup of patients with LUTS and an obligatory test prior to patients receiving surgical treatment. It is a simple, non-invasive test that can reveal abnormal voiding. Flow rate machinery provides information on voided volume, maximum flow (Qmax), average flow (Qave) and time to Qmax, and this information should be interpreted by the physician to exclude artefacts. Flow rates are useful to monitor changes over time, both for watchful waiting, and for the follow-up of both medical and surgical therapy. Before men are advised to undergo surgery, they must be counselled on the probable success rate, even those patients with straightforward symptoms. Success rates are highest in men with urodynamically proven obstruction of the outlet, so that such investigation provides the best information to advise men. Measurement of flow rates before treatment is therefore strongly recommended. In most units, most men will undergo urodynamics before surgically invasive treatments, especially if there is an indication that the symptoms are related to underlying detrusor overactivity, or causes other than benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urinalysis via dipstick testing or microscopic examination of sediment is employed both to differentiate BPH from urinary tract infection or bladder cancer and to prompt the use of additional tests if findings are pathologic. Such optional tests might include upper urinary tract imaging or endoscopy. Renal function is assessed via measurement of serum creatinine. Renal function should be assessed by measurement of creatinine, but many urologists do not take images of the upper urinary tract routinely, because tumours and kidney stones are not more frequent in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia than in healthy men.If the creatinine is elevated, indicating compromised renal function, ultrasonography is the appropriate follow-up study. Prostate specific antigen testing. PSA, used as a marker for prostate cancer, is also produced by benign prostatic epithelial cells and many patients presenting with benign prostatic hyperplasia and LUTS will have a raised PSA. Conversely, many men with early prostate cancer have PSAs in the normal range. Serum PSA increases with prostate size and age (by 32% per year). There is no evidence that benign prostatic hyperplasia is associated with prostate cancer, but there is uncertainty whether men in their 50s and 60s should be screened for prostate cancer. PSA testing might be appropriate in those with a clinically benign gland and LUTS provided that that the patient is counselled about the implications and subsequent actions that might be needed after such a test. Men should be aware that a negative PSA test is no guarantee that prostate cancer is absent. However, men in this age range with very low PSA values (70 g resectable weight. Laser prostatectomy can be performed at low-power density, which results in tissue coagulation, or high-power density, which causes vaporization of tissue. Transurethral electrovaporization of the prostate (TVP) is a modification of TURP that combines electrosurgical vaporization with dessication to remove hyperplastic tissue.

II. Tests and Assignments for Self-assessment

1. Main characteristic symptom of benign prostatic hyperplasia in excretory urography is:

A. Chain shaped urinary canal

B. Structure of ureter.

C. Bent urinary tract in 1/3 part

D. Symptom fishhook.

E. Symptom lion's face.

2. For III stage of benign prostatic hyperplasia main characteristic is:

A. Aseptical pyuria.

B. Stranguria.

C. Chronic obstruction of urine.

D. Paradoxical ishuria.

E. Acute obstruction of urine.

Multiple choice.

Choose the correct answer/statement:

Real life situation to be solved:

1. Patient K., at the age of 74, admitted with complaints of excretion of urine in drops, with out sensation of urinary secretion, thirst and weakness. Objective: above the lap when the percussive sound is dumb and when touched it is painful. Symptom of. Pastematzkiy is doubling in two sides, prostate is bulged 6/6,5 cm, elastic, between two doles it is smooth. What is your diagnose? What should we do to the patient to confirm diagnosis and tactics in treatment?

2. During cystoscopy patient M., at the age of 72, complains of frequent, hard, urine excretion, night 2-3 times noted: urine 180 ml, positive symptom of curtain. Rectal. prostate 5/5/4 cm is elastic. What is the clinical diagnose? What are the tactics of treatment?

III. Answers to the Self-assessment.

The correct answers to the tests:

l. D.

2. D.

The correct answers to the real life situations:

1 benign prostatic hyperplasia we should put a permanent catheter if the patient is doing well, we should do prostatectomy.

2. benign prostatic hyperplasia of II stage, chronic obstruction of urine, we should do prostatectomy.

Visual Aids and Material Tools:

1. Slides.

a) retrograde cystoscopy;

b) excretory urography.

2. X-ray photographs.

a) excretory urography (symptom of fishhook).

b) retrograde cystoscopy (deffect in the region of urinary bladder).

3. Tables (symptom of curtain, a good quality prostatic hyperplasia and stone in urinary bladder).

Students' Practical Activities:

Students must know:

1. Classification of benign prostatic hyperplasia in stages.

2. Symptomatology of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

3. Clinical sings of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

4. Diagnose of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

5. Differential diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

6. Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Students should be able to:

1. know main symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

2. make differential diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia of prostatic glands with cancer of urinary bladder, cancer prostate, acute and chronic prostatitis, tuberculosis of prostatic glands, structure ofurether.

3; To diagnose different stages of benign prostatic hyperplasia, to form diagnosis.

4. know tactics of treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia in different stages.

5. provide palpation of prostatic glands, to do catheterization of urinary bladder with elastic catheter and percussion of urinary bladder.