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3/19/2012 1 ADSC RESEARCH PROJECT UPDATE: ROCK SOCKETS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN U.S. W. Robert Thompson, III, P.E., D.GE Dan Brown and Associates, PC Montgomery, Alabama Introduction Research project sponsored by ADSC SE Chapter Rocksocketed drilled shafts Aim to improve: Design methods Costefficiency Involve designers, contractors, owners (DOTs)

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Page 1: ADSC RESEARCH PROJECT UPDATE: ROCK SOCKETS IN THE ...danbrownandassociates.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/... · PWR - Shaft 2 (19-35ft) - Nominal Dia = 66" PWR - Shaft 2 (35-42.5) -

3/19/2012

1

ADSC RESEARCH PROJECT UPDATE: ROCK SOCKETS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN U.S.

W. Robert Thompson, III, P.E., D.GEDan Brown and Associates, PC

Montgomery, Alabama

Introduction

• Research project sponsored by ADSC SE Chapter

• Rock‐socketed drilled shafts

• Aim to improve:

• Design methods

• Cost‐efficiency 

• Involve designers, contractors, owners (DOTs)

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2

Current Practice in Southeast

• Allowable Unit Base Resistance of 60 to 120ksf (maybe up to 200ksf)

• Design for base resistance only 

• Inspected by probe hole drilled in base of socket

• If seams found, excavation continues until inspector satisfied “sound rock” is below shaft

• Lawrenceville – Rock defined as Rock Auger Refusal = 2in/5min with LLDH rig

Test Program

• Two sites tested to date

• Nashville, Tennessee

• Hard Limestone (sometimes solutioned)

• Birmingham, Knoxville, Chattanooga

• Lawrenceville, Georgia (Metro Atlanta)

• Metamorphic rock (Gneiss, Schist, etc.)

• Piedmont Formation – Georgia to Virginia

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Test Program

• Thorough Subsurface Explorations

• Two test shafts at each site

• O‐Cell testing device

• Inspected by local geotechs

• Conducted field day with local ASCE/G‐I Technical Group

Nashville Site

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4

-50

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

RQD, %

Dep

th B

elo

w T

op

of

So

cket

Test Shaft 2 RQD

Test Shaft 1 RQD

Rock Core RQD ‐

Nashville

qu = 5,000 to 20,000 psi

• 48in core barrel to excavate limestone sockets (16ft)

• Mechanical cleaning only

• Inspectors consensus:

• TS 1 had 3in to 4in soil seam 19in below base

• Shaft should have been extended

• TS 2 no significant seams

• Typical conditions sought

• Both shafts needed additional cleaning

• Significant concrete overrun in TS 2

Construction ‐ Nashville

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• Test Shaft 1 best for side resistance

• Fully mobilized side resistance vs Test Shaft 2

• No overrun on concrete to complicate interpretation

• Fully mobilized at small displacement: 1 % of dia. (~0.2in)

Unit Side Resistance ‐ Nashville

Unit Side Resistance ‐ Nashville

0

5

10

15

20

25

0.0% 0.2% 0.4% 0.6% 0.8% 1.0% 1.2%

Un

it S

ide R

esis

tan

ce, ksf

Displacement/Diameter, %

Unit Side Resistance vs Normalized Upward O-Cell Displacement

Nominal Dia = 48" Nominal Dia = 52.5"

~ 0.2in

Test Shaft 1

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Unit Base Resistance ‐ Nashville

• Displacements about 1% of loaded area

(B = 39in for TS 1; B = 29in for TS 2)

• Inspections indicated soil seam 19in below TS 1

(10% of B approx. 0.5B below shaft base )

• Maximum unit base resistance

• TS 1 = 500 ksf

• TS 2 = 1250 ksf

Unit Base Resistance ‐ Nashville

-2

-1.75

-1.5

-1.25

-1

-0.75

-0.5

-0.25

00 250 500 750 1000 1250

Dis

pl/D

ia, %

Bearing Pressure, ksf

Unit Base Resistance vs Normalized Downward O-Cell Displacement

Test Shaft 1

Test Shaft 2

E=536ksi (1%)

E=235ksi (1%)

E=630ksi (0.5%)E=335ksi (0.5%)

~ 0.5in (D =39in)~ 0.3in (D =29in)

Soil seam beneath TS 1?

E

qBs

2179.0

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Implications ‐ Nashville

• “Sound Rock”: conditions similar to Test Shaft 2

• 1 or 2 small seams <  ½ inch thick

• Allowable unit base resistance = 500ksf

• “Fair Rock”: conditions similar to Test Shaft 1

• soil‐filled seams up to 10%B, at depths > ½ B

• Allowable unit base resistance = 200 ksf

• Displacement approx. 0.5%B

(1/4 to 3/8 inch for B = 4 to 6 ft)

Implications ‐ Nashville

• Side resistance not factor in “Sound Rock” for typical designs (when socket not needed for lateral)

• Utilizing side resistance in “Fair Rock” conditions may be prudent 

• When socket > 10ft to “find” base resistance

• Use lower base resistance + side resistance

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Lawrenceville Site

Construction ‐ Lawrenceville

• TS 1 – Test side and base resistance of 40.5in rock socket

• Started with core barrel, completed with rock auger

• Penetration = 4 to 6.5in/min – not “Rock Auger Refusal”

• TS 2 – Test base resistance at “Rock Auger Refusal” with 66in socket and 19in O‐cell

• Drilled with rock auger

• Two distinct zones of PWR

• Penetration = 3in/5min – not “Rock Auger Refusal”

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Rock Core RQD ‐ Lawrenceville

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Dep

th B

elo

w T

op

of

So

cket

(S

haf

t 1)

or

PW

R (

Sh

aft

2),

(ft)

RQD, %

Test Shaft 1 Test Shaft 2

qu = 7,000 to 11,000 psi

Test Shaft 1 ‐ Lawrenceville

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Test Shaft 2 ‐ Lawrenceville

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Un

it S

ide

Re

sis

tan

ce

, k

sf

Displacement/Diameter, %

Unit Side Resistance vs Normalized Upward O-Cell Displacement

PWR - Shaft 1 - Nominal Dia = 42"

ROCK - Shaf t 1 - Nominal Dia = 40.5"

PWR - Shaft 2 (19-35ft) - Nominal Dia = 66"

PWR - Shaft 2 (35-42.5) - Nominal Dia = 66"

Unit Side Resistance ‐ Lawrenceville

Shaft 1 ~0.2in

Shaft 1 ~0.6in

Shaft 2 ~0.3in

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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Un

it S

ide

Re

sis

tan

ce

, k

sf

Displacement/Diameter, %

Unit Side Resistance vs Normalized Upward O-Cell Displacement

PWR - Shaft 1 - Nominal Dia = 42"

ROCK - Shaf t 1 - Nominal Dia = 40.5"

PWR - Shaft 2 (19-35ft) - Nominal Dia = 66"

PWR - Shaft 2 (35-42.5) - Nominal Dia = 66"

Unit Side Resistance ‐ Lawrenceville

0.3in

Unit Base Resistance ‐ Lawrenceville

~ 2in

~ 1.6in

E

qBs

2179.0

TS 2 in softer rock

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Implications ‐ Lawrenceville

• Terminated in material that did not meet local criteria for rock: “rock auger refusal”.

• Nominal/ultimate unit base resistance significantly greater than current design limits.

• High nominal/ultimate unit side resistance can be achieved.

Implications ‐ Lawrenceville

• Formed committee

• Atlanta area practitioners, ADSC Southeast Chapter, and the researchers

• Reviewed results, local practice

• Identified key considerations for applying results

• Developed recommended design values

• Developed specific criteria to be met

• RQD, penetration rate, inspection criteria

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Conclusion

• Tests demonstrated:

• High nominal base and side resistance

• Higher design values than have historically been used can easily be achieved

• Less than “perfect” conditions exceed current design values

• Design guidelines are suggested to provide more economical use of drilled shaft foundations in the two markets.  

Conclusion

• Site‐specific criteria are provided to apply test results.

• ALWAYS have a thorough site investigation

• Inspection program to confirm the findings of the site investigation. 

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Conclusion

• Reports available:

• Expo Proceedings

• http://danbrownandassociates.com/publications

• Many thanks go out to:

• ADSC Member Firms and Suppliers

• Participating Geotechnical Firms

• Loadtest, Inc.

• Individuals

Questions?