ADS511ADS511RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

AND DATA ANALAYSISAND DATA ANALAYSIS

LESSON 9LESSON 9

Writing Research ReportWriting Research Report

What is research report?What is research report?

A research report presents the results of A research report presents the results of your investigations on a selected topic. your investigations on a selected topic. Based on your own thoughts and the facts Based on your own thoughts and the facts and ideas you have gathered from a variety and ideas you have gathered from a variety of sources, a research report is a creation of sources, a research report is a creation that is uniquely yours. The experience of that is uniquely yours. The experience of gathering, interpreting, and documenting gathering, interpreting, and documenting information, developing and organizing ideas information, developing and organizing ideas and conclusions, and communicating them and conclusions, and communicating them clearly will prove to be an important and clearly will prove to be an important and satisfying part of your education.satisfying part of your education.

The purposes of research reportThe purposes of research report

To present the research activities To present the research activities that have been conducted.that have been conducted.

To explain the research result and To explain the research result and findings that related to management findings that related to management questions.questions.

To present the analysis on the To present the analysis on the findings and conclusion of the study. findings and conclusion of the study.

To suggest the recommendations To suggest the recommendations and policies necessary for solving the and policies necessary for solving the management questions. management questions.

ABSTRACTABSTRACT

The purpose of this section is to The purpose of this section is to provide a brief and comprehensive provide a brief and comprehensive summary of the study. It is very summary of the study. It is very important because it is all that many important because it is all that many people will read. It should include a people will read. It should include a brief description of the problem brief description of the problem being investigated, the methods being investigated, the methods used, the results, and their used, the results, and their implications.implications.

Sample of abstractSample of abstract

Distance learning programmes in Malaysian universities started in Distance learning programmes in Malaysian universities started in 1971 when Universiti Sains Malaysia offered its degrees in 1971 when Universiti Sains Malaysia offered its degrees in humanities and social sciences through distance learning. Institut humanities and social sciences through distance learning. Institut Teknologi MARA followed soon after by offering its diploma Teknologi MARA followed soon after by offering its diploma programmes in banking, business studies and public programmes in banking, business studies and public administration. In 1995, the government directed all the public administration. In 1995, the government directed all the public universities to offer distance education programmes with the universities to offer distance education programmes with the objective of increasing the much needed manpower to propel it objective of increasing the much needed manpower to propel it towards achieving fully developed nation status by year 2020. towards achieving fully developed nation status by year 2020. Although many research has been done on distance education Although many research has been done on distance education since it was introduced, not many of the research focused on since it was introduced, not many of the research focused on identifying the main sources of information used by adult learners identifying the main sources of information used by adult learners in selecting the preferred institution. This study attempt to identify in selecting the preferred institution. This study attempt to identify criteria considered important in choosing higher institution and criteria considered important in choosing higher institution and determine factors that influence them to continue study via determine factors that influence them to continue study via distance education. 1500 questionnaires were distributed to the distance education. 1500 questionnaires were distributed to the first year social science distance learning programmes and 980 first year social science distance learning programmes and 980 valid responses were received. valid responses were received.

CHAPTER ONECHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION OF THE STUDYINTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY

The main purpose of this section is to tell the The main purpose of this section is to tell the reader why you performed the study. In other reader why you performed the study. In other words, you have to inform the reader of the words, you have to inform the reader of the research question and indicate why it is research question and indicate why it is important, and how it is unique when compared important, and how it is unique when compared to previous studies.to previous studies.- Problem statement- Problem statement- Research questions- Research questions- Research Objectives- Research Objectives- Scope of study- Scope of study- The importance of study- The importance of study- Limitations of study- Limitations of study- Key terms/concepts- Key terms/concepts

CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW

Describing in detail the research issue. Describing in detail the research issue. Examining the issue based on various Examining the issue based on various information published in company report, information published in company report, news paper, journals, books, and internet news paper, journals, books, and internet web sites.web sites.- - What are the major issues.What are the major issues.- - What are the key theories.What are the key theories.- - What are the main questions have What are the main questions have

been addressed to date.been addressed to date.- - What are the definitions of the topic.What are the definitions of the topic.- - What are the political standpoints.What are the political standpoints.

CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3RESEARCH DESIGN AND RESEARCH DESIGN AND

METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGYThe purpose of this section is to describe in The purpose of this section is to describe in detail how you performed the study. detail how you performed the study. Someone should be able to replicate your Someone should be able to replicate your study based on the information you provide study based on the information you provide in this section.in this section.- The nature of data.- The nature of data.- How the data was collected.- How the data was collected.- What are the methods used to gather - What are the methods used to gather the the data.data.- The instruments used. - The instruments used. - The sampling procedures.- The sampling procedures.- How the data was analyzed.- How the data was analyzed.

CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4RESULTS AND THE FINDINGS OF THE RESULTS AND THE FINDINGS OF THE

STUDYSTUDY

Presenting the results of statistical Presenting the results of statistical tests, give descriptive statistics tests, give descriptive statistics before the corresponding inferential before the corresponding inferential statistics. In other words, give statistics. In other words, give means and/or percentages (perhaps means and/or percentages (perhaps referring to a table or figure), referring to a table or figure), before talking about the results of before talking about the results of any statistical tests you performed. any statistical tests you performed.

Sources Number Percentage

Family/Friends/relatives 411 41.9

Electronic media/Electronic 468 47.8

Pamphlet/ seminar/exhibition 99 10.1

Newspaper 2 0.2

Total 980 100

Table 2: Source of information

CGPA Of Diploma Student At Semester 01

3.88 3.63 3.38 3.13 2.88 2.63 2.38 2.13 1.88 1.63 1.38

f r e q u e n c y

50

40

30

20

10

0

Std. Dev = .41

Mean = 2.97

N = 293.00

Figure 2: Distribution of Campus Students’ CGPA At Semester 01

CHAPTER 5CHAPTER 5DISCUSSION ON THE FINDINGSDISCUSSION ON THE FINDINGS

The purpose of this section is to evaluate and The purpose of this section is to evaluate and interpret the results, especially with respect to the interpret the results, especially with respect to the original research question.original research question.Start off with a brief, non-technical summary of the Start off with a brief, non-technical summary of the results. In other words, tell the reader about the results. In other words, tell the reader about the main findings without using statistical terminology. main findings without using statistical terminology. Then go on to discuss the implications of the Then go on to discuss the implications of the results. In other words, whatever was found needs results. In other words, whatever was found needs to be discussed.to be discussed.It is also important to discuss how the results relate It is also important to discuss how the results relate to the literature you cited in the introduction. In to the literature you cited in the introduction. In other words, emphasize any theoretical other words, emphasize any theoretical consequences of the results.consequences of the results.

CHAPTER 6CHAPTER 6CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONSCONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Finally, you need an ending paragraph in Finally, you need an ending paragraph in which you make a final summary which you make a final summary statement of the conclusions you have statement of the conclusions you have drawn. You are also encouraged, when drawn. You are also encouraged, when appropriate, to comment on the appropriate, to comment on the importance and relevance of your importance and relevance of your findings. How are your findings related to findings. How are your findings related to the big suggestions.the big suggestions.

Also mention any limitations of the study Also mention any limitations of the study and any suggestions for future research and any suggestions for future research in this section. in this section.

REFERENCESREFERENCES

Any citations made in the report must be Any citations made in the report must be presented in this section and vice versa. presented in this section and vice versa. That is, if something is not cited in the That is, if something is not cited in the text, then it should not appear in this text, then it should not appear in this section. In still other words, this is not a section. In still other words, this is not a bibliographybibliographyThis section is alphabetized by last name This section is alphabetized by last name (of the first author involved in the study). (of the first author involved in the study). Beck, A. T. (1967). Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, Depression: Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspectsexperimental and theoretical aspects. . New York: HoeberNew York: Hoeber..

Beck, A. T. (1967). Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, Depression: Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspectsexperimental and theoretical aspects. New . New York: HoeberYork: Hoeber..

Alverez, A. (1970). Alverez, A. (1970). The savage god: A study of The savage god: A study of suicide.suicide. New York: Random House. New York: Random House.

Garner, B. A. (2003). Garner, B. A. (2003). Garner's Modern American Garner's Modern American Usage.Usage. New York: Oxford University Press New York: Oxford University Press

Journal Journal

Wheatcroft, G. (2004, June). The Tragedy of Tony Wheatcroft, G. (2004, June). The Tragedy of Tony Blair. Blair. The Atlantic, 293 The Atlantic, 293 56–72. 56–72.

Thomas, E. & Hosenball, M. (2004, May 31). Bush's Thomas, E. & Hosenball, M. (2004, May 31). Bush's Mr. Wrong: The Rise and Fall of Chalabi. Mr. Wrong: The Rise and Fall of Chalabi. Newsweek, Newsweek, 143143, 22–32., 22–32.

News PaperNews Paper

Poirot, C. (2004, March 17). HIV prevention pill goes Poirot, C. (2004, March 17). HIV prevention pill goes beyond 'morning after'. beyond 'morning after'. The Hartford Courant,The Hartford Courant, pp. pp. F1, F6F1, F6

New exam for doctor of future. (1989, March 15). New exam for doctor of future. (1989, March 15). The New York Times,The New York Times, p. B-10. p. B-10.

Silverman, P.H. (2004, June). Genetic Engineering Silverman, P.H. (2004, June). Genetic Engineering [Letter to the editor]. [Letter to the editor]. The Atlantic, 293The Atlantic, 293 14 14

REFERENCESREFERENCES  Azni Zain Ahmed (1994) Azni Zain Ahmed (1994) Laporan Tahunan Pra Sains ITM, Sesi Januari-Jun 1994,Laporan Tahunan Pra Sains ITM, Sesi Januari-Jun 1994, July, July, unpublished.unpublished.

Buku Panduan dan Maklumat : Program Pra Sains ITM. (1995, October), unpublished.Buku Panduan dan Maklumat : Program Pra Sains ITM. (1995, October), unpublished.  Hadariah Bahron, Noraini Mohd Nasir and Zaidi Mohd Aminuddin (2002), Hadariah Bahron, Noraini Mohd Nasir and Zaidi Mohd Aminuddin (2002), Pre Science Pre Science Program – A Second Chance for Academic AdvancementProgram – A Second Chance for Academic Advancement, a paper presented at the , a paper presented at the Malaysian Science and Technology Congress 2002, organized by COSTAM, Kuching, Malaysian Science and Technology Congress 2002, organized by COSTAM, Kuching, Sarawak, December.Sarawak, December.  Mohd Hanafiah Abidin & Muhd Fauzi Safian (1993), Mohd Hanafiah Abidin & Muhd Fauzi Safian (1993), Keberkesanan Kursus Pra SainsKeberkesanan Kursus Pra Sains, , Paper presented at Seminar Pra Sains 1993, organised by ITM Perlis and ITM Shah Paper presented at Seminar Pra Sains 1993, organised by ITM Perlis and ITM Shah Alam, December.Alam, December.  Wan Noraaini Wan Jaafar (1996), Wan Noraaini Wan Jaafar (1996), Perbandingan Pencapaian Pelajar Lepasan SPM Perbandingan Pencapaian Pelajar Lepasan SPM dengan Pencapaian Pelajar Lepasan Pra Sains di dalam Bidang Kejuruteraan : Satu dengan Pencapaian Pelajar Lepasan Pra Sains di dalam Bidang Kejuruteraan : Satu TinjauanTinjauan, Paper presented at Seminar Kebangsaan Pendidikan Sains dan Matematik , Paper presented at Seminar Kebangsaan Pendidikan Sains dan Matematik organized by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, November.organized by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, November.

The Contents of Research ReportThe Contents of Research Report

DeclarationDeclaration AbstractAbstract List of Tables/FiguresList of Tables/Figures Table of ContentsTable of Contents Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literature ReviewChapter 2 Literature Review Chapter 3 Research Design and MethodologyChapter 3 Research Design and Methodology Chapter 4 Result and Findings of StudyChapter 4 Result and Findings of Study Chapter 5 Discussion on the FindingsChapter 5 Discussion on the Findings Chapter 6 Conclusion and RecommendationsChapter 6 Conclusion and Recommendations List of ReferencesList of References AppendicesAppendices