ADS - 3, History Laws

8/8/2019 ADS - 3, History Laws

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Drug use in history

How might psychoactive drugs have been

discovered?

Plants with such drugs would have been

commonMushrooms cool regions

Peyote deserts

Poppies various areasCoca leaves Central, South America

Cannabis -- everywhere


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Shamans used hallucinogen drugs as part of

their rituals


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Ebers Papyrus (1500 B.C.) 65-foot long

Egyptian scroll with over 800 prescriptions for

many ailments.


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Early use of specific drugs


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"Presently she cast a drug into the wine of which

they drank to lull all pain and anger and bring

forgetfulness of every sorrow."The Odyssey, Homer (Ninth century B.C.)

Sumerians (in now Iraq) cultivated poppies,

extracted opium at end of 3rd

millennium B.C.

Called opium gil.

Probably used for religious rituals.


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Use of fibers from cannabis plants for pots

Stone Age (10,000 years ago), Taiwan

Psychopharmacological use China, 2737 B.C.

Shen Nung supposedly shared knowledge ofthe plant.

Emphasis on use for rheumatism, gout,

malaria, and absent-mindedness.


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Cannabis used for intoxicating effects in

India in 1000 B.C.

Bhang (drink) still used today; part of

religious festivals.


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Leaves of coca plant chewed by Incas in

Peru (13th century 1500s)

Still chewed by Peruvian men in Andeanmountains.


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First alcohol use thought to be mead,

fermented honey 8,000 B.C.

First beer (brewery) 3700 B.C., Egypt.


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Drugs in the nineteenth century

Morphine extracted from poppy plants; usedfor pain.

Heroin, made form morphine, used to treatcoughing.


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Morphine extracted from poppy plants; usedfor pain.

Heroin, made form morphine, used to treatcoughing.

Cocaine extracted from coca leaves; used as

stimulant, antidepressant, and for addiction toother drugs.


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Patent medicines available in stores, throughpeddlers, etc. contained opium, alcohol,

cocaine.

Most people in Europe and U.S. had opium atsome time.

Most drank it as laudanum.


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Drugs in the twentieth century

By 1900, concerns were raised about drugdependence.

Laws followed restricting access to drugs.

Concerns about alcohol also raised (leading toprohibition).


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1945 1960

Early 1950s first big advance in therapeutic

drugs in psychiatry (chlorpromazine) a major

tranquilizer.Also in 1950s Miltown (meprobamate) a

minor tranquilizer


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1945 1960

Smoking, drinking not really considered drug-

taking behavior.

Heroin, cocaine, marijuana:Other people used them.

Seen as only used by criminals, poor, and

nonwhites.

Overall, for most Americans, drugs not seen

as an issue.


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After 1960

Idea that working hard, living good would

happiness undermined by news events.

Young people turned to drugs in search foranswers.


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After 1960

Idea that working hard, living good would

happiness undermined by news events.

Young people turned to drugs in search foranswers.

Marijuana, LSD, etc. no longer just being used

by other people.

Research into the effects of drugs on brain

starts.

Cocaine and later (1985) crack use increase.


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The earliest use of psychoactive drugs were

for what two general purposes?

-- Religious

-- Medicinal

What drug was used for medicinal purposes

in China around 2700 BC and later as part

of religious celebration in India?

-- Marijuana


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In the late 18th century in the USA, cocaine

and opiates were

A) only used by other people.B) commonly found in medicine.

C) never used recreationally.

D) illegal.


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The rise of major tranquilizer use for mental

illness and Miltown for anxiety started in

A) the 40s.B) the 50s.

C) the 60s.

D) the 70s.


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Drug laws

For an illicit drug, which of the following isillegal?:

Manufacturing drug

Importing drugSelling drug

Possessing drug

Using drugBeing a drug addict


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Drug laws

Before 20th century, there some attempts at

sanctions on drugs, but no real laws.

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Required manufacturers to list amounts ofalcohol or any habit forming drug (cocaine,

opiates).

Sale of these products unrestricted.

Did not help addicts, but may have

decreased number of new ones.

Led eventually to Food and Drug

Administration


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Drug laws

Harrison Narcotics Tax Act (1914)

Target was opiates and cocaine (erroneously

both called narcotics)

Importation, manufacture, sale, ordispensation of these required:

Registration with Treasury Department

Paying of a taxRecord keeping of transaction

Distribution by physicians allowed "in the

course of his professional practice only."


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Drug laws

Harrison Narcotics Tax Act (1914)

Patent medicines could still be made if doses

of opiates were low enough.

Did lead to opening (for short time) of drugtreatments centers.


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Drug laws

Eighteenth Amendment to Constitution (1920)

In late 1700s, physicians and other raised

concerns about long-term effects of alcohol.

Strong liquor is more destructive than

the sword. The destruction of war is

periodic, whereas alcohol exerts its

influence upon human life at all timesand in all seasons. . . . A nation

corrupted by alcohol can never be

free. (Benjamin Rush, 1785)


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Drug laws




American Temperance Society forms in1826.

Womens Christian Temperance Union

formed in 1873.


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Drug laws




American Temperance Society forms in1826.

Womens Christian Temperance Union

formed in 1873.By 1920, 65% of country had banned

alcohol.

18th amendment went into effect in 1920.


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Drug laws

Marijuana Tax act (1937) Similar toHarrison Act in that it banned nonmedical use

of cannabis and taxed importers, sellers, and

dispensers.

Controlled Substances Act (1970)

Replaced, update previous federal laws.

Creation of DEA. Establishment of schedules of controlled

substances.


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Drug laws

Schedule of controlled substances is basedon

Whether or not there is medical use for the

drug.

The potential for abuse.

Based partly on science and partly on political

considerations.


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Schedule Description Examples

I Substances that have

no accepted medical

use in the U.S. and

have a high abusepotential

Heroin, LSD,

mescaline,

marijuana, THC,

MDMA


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II Substances that have a

high abuse potential

with severe psychic or

physical dependenceliability

Opium, morphine,

codeine, cocaine,

amphetamine,

methylphenidate(Ritalin),

pentobarbital,

phencyclidine

(PCP).


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III Substances that have

an abuse potential less

than those in

Schedules I and II,including compounds

containing limited

quantities of certain

narcotics andnonnarcotic drugs.

Paregoric,

barbiturates

except those

listed in anotherschedule.


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IV Substances that have


than those in Schedule

III.

Phenobarbital,

chloral hydrate,

diazepam

(Valium),alprazolam

(Xanax).


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V Substances that have


than those in Schedule

IV, consisting ofpreparations containing

limited amounts of

certain narcotic drugs

generally forantitussive (cough

suppressant) and

antidiarrheal purposes.

Robitussin A-C,

Lomotil.


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Schedule of controlled substances

It has been updated periodically.Schedule I drugs mainly used for research.

All drugs, and particularly those in I and II, require

strict record keeping and maintenance of drugs in

safe.Schedule determines violation penalties,

prescription guidelines

Many drugs with psychiatric uses (antidepressants)

are not scheduled.Some have argued that the classification has not

kept up with science.


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Some conclusions about federal drug laws

Result from increased drug use and/or

perceived societal danger.

Current laws not consistent with what is

known (marijuana vs nicotine, for example).Legal mechanisms have limited ability to

prevent drug use (see Prohibition).


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http://www.sciencenews.org/view/access/id/59911/name/marijuana_us.gif

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ADS - 3, History Laws