Adolf Hitler 1

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler

Hitler in 1937

Führer of Germany

In office2 August 1934 – 30 April 1945

Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg(as President)

Succeeded by Karl Dönitz(as President)

Chancellor of Germany

In office30 January 1933 – 30 April 1945

President Paul von Hindenburg

Deputy •• Franz von Papen•• Position vacant

Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher

Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels

Reichsstatthalter of Prussia

In office30 January 1933 – 30 January 1935

Prime Minister •• Franz von Papen•• Hermann Göring

Preceded by Office created

Succeeded by Office abolished

Personal details

Born 20 April 1889Braunau am Inn, Austria–Hungary

Died 30 April 1945 (aged 56)Berlin, Germany

Nationality • Austrian citizen until 7 April 1925[1]

•• German citizen after 25 February 1932

Political party National Socialist German Workers' Party (1921–1945)

Adolf Hitler 2

Other politicalaffiliations

German Workers' Party (1920–1921)

Spouse(s) Eva Braun(29–30 April 1945)

Occupation Politician, soldier, artist, writer

Religion See Adolf Hitler's religious views

Signature

Military service

Allegiance  German Empire

Service/branch Reichsheer

Years of service 1914–1918

Rank Gefreiter

Unit 16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment

Battles/wars World War I

Awards •• Iron Cross First Class•• Iron Cross Second Class•• Wound Badge

Adolf Hitler German: [ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] ( listen); (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born Germanpolitician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische DeutscheArbeiterpartei (NSDAP), commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to1945 and dictator of Nazi Germany (as Führer und Reichskanzler) from 1934 to 1945. Hitler was at the centre of thefounding of Nazism, the start of World War II, and the Holocaust.A decorated veteran of World War I, Hitler joined the German Workers' Party, precursor of the Nazi Party, in 1919,and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923, he attempted a coup d'état, known as the Beer Hall Putsch, inMunich. The failed coup resulted in Hitler's imprisonment, during which time he wrote his memoir, Mein Kampf (MyStruggle). After his release in 1924, Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles andpromoting Pan-Germanism, antisemitism, and anticommunism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda. Afterhis appointment as chancellor in 1933, he transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-partydictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of Nazism. His aim was to establish a New Order ofabsolute Nazi German hegemony in continental Europe.Hitler's foreign and domestic policies had the goal of seizing Lebensraum ("living space") for the Germanic people.He directed the rearmament of Germany and the invasion of Poland by the Wehrmacht in September 1939, leadingto the outbreak of World War II in Europe. Under Hitler's rule, in 1941 German forces and their European alliesoccupied most of Europe and North Africa. By 1943, Hitler's military decisions led to escalating defeats. In 1945 theAllied armies successfully invaded Germany. Hitler's supremacist and racially motivated policies resulted in thesystematic murder of eleven million people, including an estimated six million Jews.In the final days of the war, during the Battle of Berlin in 1945, Hitler married his long-time mistress, Eva Braun. On30 April 1945, less than two days later, the two committed suicide to avoid capture by the Red Army, and theircorpses were burned.

Adolf Hitler 3

Early years

AncestryHitler's father, Alois Hitler (1837–1903), was the illegitimate child of Maria Anna Schicklgruber. The baptismalregister did not show the name of Alois's father, so Alois bore his mother's surname. In 1842 Johann Georg Hiedlermarried Anna. After she died in 1847 and he in 1856, Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedler's brother, JohannNepomuk Hiedler.[2] It was not until 1876 that Alois was legitimated and the baptismal register changed by a priestbefore three witnesses.[3] While awaiting trial at Nuremberg in 1945, Nazi official Hans Frank suggested theexistence of letters claiming that Alois' mother was employed as a housekeeper for a Jewish family in Graz and thatthe family's 19-year-old son, Leopold Frankenberger, had fathered Alois.[4] However, no Frankenberger, Jewish orotherwise, was registered in Graz during that period.[5] Historians doubt the claim that Alois' father was Jewish.[6][7]

At age 39, Alois assumed the surname "Hitler", also spelled as "Hiedler", "Hüttler", or "Huettler". The origin of thename is either "one who lives in a hut" (Standard German Hütte), "shepherd" (Standard German hüten "to guard",English "heed"), or is from the Slavic words Hidlar and Hidlarcek.[8]

Childhood and education

Adolf Hitler as an infant(c. 1889–1890)

Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 at the Gasthof zum Pommer, an inn inRanshofen,[9] a village annexed in 1938 to the municipality of Braunau am Inn,Austria-Hungary. He was the fourth of six children to Alois Hitler and KlaraPölzl (1860–1907). Adolf's older siblings – Gustav, Ida, and Otto – died ininfancy.[10] When Hitler was three, the family moved to Passau, Germany.[11]

There he acquired the distinctive lower Bavarian dialect, rather than AustrianGerman, which marked his speech all of his life.[12][13][14] In 1894 the familyrelocated to Leonding (near Linz), and in June 1895, Alois retired to a smalllandholding at Hafeld, near Lambach, where he tried his hand at farming andbeekeeping. Adolf attended school in nearby Fischlham. Hitler became fixatedon warfare after finding a picture book about the Franco-Prussian War among hisfather's belongings.[15][16]

The move to Hafeld coincided with the onset of intense father-son conflictscaused by Adolf's refusal to conform to the strict discipline of his school.[17]

Alois Hitler's farming efforts at Hafeld ended in failure, and in 1897 the familymoved to Lambach. The eight-year-old Hitler took singing lessons, sang in the church choir, and even entertainedthoughts of becoming a priest.[18] In 1898 the family returned permanently to Leonding. The death of his youngerbrother, Edmund, from measles on 2 February 1900 deeply affected Hitler. He changed from being confident andoutgoing and an excellent student, to a morose, detached, and sullen boy who constantly fought with his father andteachers.[19]

Adolf Hitler 4

Hitler's mother, Klara

Alois had made a successful career in the customs bureau and wanted his son tofollow in his footsteps.[20] Hitler later dramatised an episode from this periodwhen his father took him to visit a customs office, depicting it as an event thatgave rise to an unforgiving antagonism between father and son, who were bothstrong-willed.[21][22][23] Ignoring his son's desire to attend a classical high schooland become an artist, in September 1900 Alois sent Adolf to the Realschule inLinz.[24] (This was the same high school that Adolf Eichmann would attendsome 17 years later.)[25] Hitler rebelled against this decision, and in Mein Kampfrevealed that he did poorly in school, hoping that once his father saw "what littleprogress I was making at the technical school he would let me devote myself tomy dream."[26]

Hitler became obsessed with German nationalism from a young age.[27] Heexpressed loyalty only to Germany, despising the declining Habsburg Monarchy

and its rule over an ethnically-variegated empire.[28][29] Hitler and his friends used the German greeting "Heil", andsang the German anthem "Deutschland Über Alles" instead of the Austrian Imperial anthem.[30]

After Alois' sudden death on 3 January 1903, Hitler's performance at school deteriorated. His mother allowed him toquit in autumn 1905.[31] He enrolled at the Realschule in Steyr in September 1904; his behaviour and performanceshowed some slight and gradual improvement.[32] In the autumn of 1905, after passing a repeat and the final exam,Hitler left the school without showing any ambitions for further schooling or clear plans for a career.[33]

Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich

The house in Leonding where Hitler spent hisearly adolescence (c.1984)

From 1905, Hitler lived a bohemian life in Vienna, financed byorphan's benefits and support from his mother. He worked as a casuallabourer and eventually as a painter, selling watercolours. TheAcademy of Fine Arts Vienna rejected him twice, in 1907 and 1908,because of his "unfitness for painting". The director recommended thatHitler study architecture,[34] but he lacked the academic credentials.[35]

On 21 December 1907, his mother died aged 47. After the Academy'ssecond rejection, Hitler ran out of money. In 1909 he lived in ahomeless shelter, and by 1910, he had settled into a house for poorworking men on Meldemannstraße.[36] At the time Hitler lived there,Vienna was a hotbed of religious prejudice and 19th-century racism.[37] Fears of being overrun by immigrants fromthe East were widespread, and the populist mayor, Karl Lueger, exploited the rhetoric of virulent antisemitism forpolitical effect. Georg Schönerer's pan-Germanic antisemitism had a strong following and base in the Mariahilfdistrict, where Hitler lived.[38] Hitler read local newspapers, such as the Deutsches Volksblatt, that fanned prejudiceand played on Christian fears of being swamped by an influx of eastern Jews.[39] Hostile to what he saw as Catholic"Germanophobia", he developed an admiration for Martin Luther.[40]

Adolf Hitler 5

The Alter Hof in Munich. Watercolour by AdolfHitler, 1914

The origin and first expression of Hitler's antisemitism have beendifficult to locate.[41] Hitler states in Mein Kampf that he first becamean antisemite in Vienna.[42] His close friend, August Kubizek, claimedthat Hitler was a "confirmed antisemite" before he left Linz.[43]

Kubizek's account has been challenged by historian Brigitte Hamann,who writes that Kubizek is the only person to have said that the youngHitler was an antisemite.[44] Hamann also notes that no antisemiticremark has been documented from Hitler during this period.[45]

Historian Ian Kershaw suggests that if Hitler had made such remarks,they may have gone unnoticed because of the prevailing antisemitismin Vienna at that time.[46] Several sources provide strong evidence thatHitler had Jewish friends in his hostel and in other places in

Vienna.[47][48] Historian Richard J. Evans states that "historians now generally agree that his notorious, murderousanti-Semitism emerged well after Germany’s defeat [in World War I], as a product of the paranoid 'stab-in-the-back'explanation for the catastrophe".[49]

Hitler received the final part of his father's estate in May 1913 and moved to Munich.[50] Historians believe he leftVienna to evade conscription into the Austrian army.[51] Hitler later claimed that he did not wish to serve theHabsburg Empire because of the mixture of "races" in its army.[50] After he was deemed unfit for service—he failedhis physical exam in Salzburg on 5 February 1914—he returned to Munich.[52]

World War IAt the outbreak of World War I, Hitler was a resident of Munich and volunteered to serve in the Bavarian Army asan Austrian citizen.[53] Posted to the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (1st Company of the ListRegiment),[54][53] he served as a dispatch runner on the Western Front in France and Belgium,[55] spending nearlyhalf his time well behind the front lines.[56][57] He was present at the First Battle of Ypres, the Battle of the Somme,the Battle of Arras, and the Battle of Passchendaele, and was wounded at the Somme.[58]

Hitler with his army comrades of the BavarianReserve Infantry Regiment 16 (c. 1914–1918)

He was decorated for bravery, receiving the Iron Cross, Second Class,in 1914.[58] Recommended by Hugo Gutmann, he received the IronCross, First Class, on 4 August 1918,[59] a decoration rarely awarded toone of Hitler's rank (Gefreiter). Hitler's post at regimentalheadquarters, providing frequent interactions with senior officers, mayhave helped him receive this decoration.[60] Though his rewardedactions may have been courageous, they were probably not highlyexceptional.[61] He also received the Black Wound Badge on 18 May1918.[62]

Adolf Hitler 6

Adolf Hitler as a soldier during theFirst World War (1914–1918)

During his service at the headquarters, Hitler pursued his artwork, drawingcartoons, and instructions for an army newspaper. During the Battle of theSomme in October 1916, he was wounded either in the groin area[63] or the leftthigh by a shell that had exploded in the dispatch runners' dugout.[64] Hitler spentalmost two months in the Red Cross hospital at Beelitz, returning to his regimenton 5 March 1917.[65] On 15 October 1918, he was temporarily blinded by amustard gas attack and was hospitalised in Pasewalk.[66] While there, Hitlerlearnt of Germany's defeat,[67] and—by his own account—on receiving thisnews, he suffered a second bout of blindness.[68]

Hitler became embittered over the collapse of the war effort, and his ideologicaldevelopment began to firmly take shape.[69] He described the war as "the greatestof all experiences", and was praised by his commanding officers for hisbravery.[70] The experience reinforced his passionate German patriotism and hewas shocked by Germany's capitulation in November 1918.[71] Like otherGerman nationalists, he believed in the Dolchstoßlegende (stab-in-the-back legend), which claimed that the Germanarmy, "undefeated in the field", had been "stabbed in the back" on the home front by civilian leaders and Marxists,later dubbed the "November criminals".[72]

The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that Germany must relinquish several of its territories and demilitarise theRhineland. The treaty imposed economic sanctions and levied heavy reparations on the country. Many Germansperceived the treaty—especially Article 231, which declared Germany responsible for the war—as a humiliation.[73]

The Versailles Treaty and the economic, social, and political conditions in Germany after the war were laterexploited by Hitler for political gains.[74]

Entry into politicsAfter World War I Hitler returned to Munich.[75] Having no formal education and career plans or prospects, he triedto remain in the army for as long as possible.[76] In July 1919 he was appointed Verbindungsmann (intelligenceagent) of an Aufklärungskommando (reconnaissance commando) of the Reichswehr, to influence other soldiers andto infiltrate the German Workers' Party (DAP). While monitoring the activities of the DAP, Hitler became attractedto the founder Anton Drexler's antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist, and anti-Marxist ideas.[77] Drexler favoured astrong active government, a "non-Jewish" version of socialism, and solidarity among all members of society.Impressed with Hitler's oratory skills, Drexler invited him to join the DAP. Hitler accepted on 12 September1919,[78] becoming the party's 55th member.[79]

A copy of Adolf Hitler's German Workers' Party(DAP) membership card

At the DAP, Hitler met Dietrich Eckart, one of its early founders and amember of the occult Thule Society.[80] Eckart became Hitler's mentor,exchanging ideas with him and introducing him to a wide range ofpeople in Munich society.[81] To increase its appeal, the DAP changedits name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei(National Socialist German Workers Party – NSDAP).[82] Hitlerdesigned the party's banner of a swastika in a white circle on a redbackground.[83]

Hitler was discharged from the army in March 1920 and beganworking full time for the NSDAP. In February 1921—already highly

effective at speaking to large audiences—he spoke to a crowd of over 6,000 in Munich.[84] To publicise the meeting,

two truckloads of party supporters drove around town waving swastika flags and throwing leaflets. Hitler soon gained notoriety for his rowdy, polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, rival politicians, and especially

Adolf Hitler 7

against Marxists and Jews.[85] At the time, the NSDAP was centred in Munich, a major hotbed of anti-governmentGerman nationalists determined to crush Marxism and undermine the Weimar Republic.[86]

In June 1921, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the NSDAP inMunich. Members of the its executive committee, some of whom considered Hitler to be too overbearing, wanted tomerge with the rival German Socialist Party (DSP).[87] Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July 1921 and angrilytendered his resignation. The committee members realised that his resignation would mean the end of the party.[88]

Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that theparty headquarters would remain in Munich.[89] The committee agreed; he rejoined the party as member 3,680. Hestill faced some opposition within the NSDAP: Hermann Esser and his allies printed 3,000 copies of a pamphletattacking Hitler as a traitor to the party.[89][90] In the following days, Hitler spoke to several packed houses anddefended himself, to thunderous applause. His strategy proved successful: at a general membership meeting, he wasgranted absolute powers as party chairman, with only one nay vote cast.[91]

Hitler's vitriolic beer hall speeches began attracting regular audiences. He became adept at using populist themestargeted at his audience, including the use of scapegoats who could be blamed for the economic hardships of hislisteners.[92][93][94] Historians have noted the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes insmall groups. Kessel writes, "Overwhelmingly ... Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal. Theword shows up again and again; Hitler is said to have mesmerized the nation, captured them in a trance from whichthey could not break loose."[95] Historian Hugh Trevor-Roper described "the fascination of those eyes, which hadbewitched so many seemingly sober men."[96] He used his personal magnetism and an understanding of crowdpsychology to his advantage while engaged in public speaking.[97][98] Alfons Heck, a former member of the HitlerYouth, describes the reaction to a speech by Hitler: "We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered onhysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, SiegHeil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul".[99] Although his oratory skills andpersonal traits were generally received well by large crowds and at official events, some who had met Hitlerprivately noted that his appearance and demeanour failed to make a lasting impression on them.[100][101]

Early followers included Rudolf Hess, former air force pilot Hermann Göring, and army captain Ernst Röhm. Thelatter became head of the Nazis' paramilitary organisation, the Sturmabteilung (SA, "Stormtroopers"), whichprotected meetings and frequently attacked political opponents. A critical influence on his thinking during this periodwas the Aufbau Vereinigung,[102] a conspiratorial group formed of White Russian exiles and early NationalSocialists. The group, financed with funds channelled from wealthy industrialists like Henry Ford, introduced him tothe idea of a Jewish conspiracy, linking international finance with Bolshevism.[103]

Adolf Hitler 8

Beer Hall Putsch

Drawing of Hitler (30 October 1923)

Hitler enlisted the help of World War I General Erich Ludendorff for anattempted coup known as the "Beer Hall Putsch" (also known as the "HitlerPutsch" or "Munich Putsch"). The Nazi Party had used Italian Fascism as amodel for their appearance and policies. Hitler wanted to emulate BenitoMussolini's "March on Rome" (1922) by staging his own coup in Bavaria, to befollowed by challenging the government in Berlin. Hitler and Ludendorff soughtthe support of Staatskommissar (state commissioner) Gustav von Kahr, Bavaria'sde facto ruler. However, Kahr, along with Police Chief Hans Ritter von Seisser(Seißer) and Reichswehr General Otto von Lossow, wanted to install a nationalistdictatorship without Hitler.[104]

Hitler wanted to seize a critical moment for successful popular agitation andsupport.[105] On 8 November 1923 he and the SA stormed a public meeting of3,000 people that had been organised by Kahr in the Bürgerbräukeller, a largebeer hall in Munich. Hitler interrupted Kahr's speech and announced that thenational revolution had begun, declaring the formation of a new government withLudendorff.[106] Retiring to a backroom, Hitler, with handgun drawn, demandedand got the support of Kahr, Seisser, and Lossow.[106] Hitler's forces initially succeeded in occupying the localReichswehr and police headquarters; however, Kahr and his consorts quickly withdrew their support and neither thearmy nor the state police joined forces with him.[107] The next day, Hitler and his followers marched from the beerhall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government, but police dispersed them.[108] SixteenNSDAP members and four police officers were killed in the failed coup.[109]

Hitler fled to the home of Ernst Hanfstaengl, and by some accounts contemplated suicide.[110] He was depressed butcalm when arrested on 11 November 1923 for high treason.[111] His trial began in February 1924 before the specialPeople's Court in Munich,[112] and Alfred Rosenberg became temporary leader of the NSDAP. On 1 April Hitler wassentenced to five years' imprisonment at Landsberg Prison.[113] He received friendly treatment from the guards; hewas allowed mail from supporters and regular visits by party comrades. The Bavarian Supreme Court issued apardon and he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, against the state prosecutor's objections.[114] Includingtime on remand, Hitler had served just over one year in prison.[115]

Dust jacket of Mein Kampf (1926–1927)

While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of MeinKampf (My Struggle; originally entitled Four and a Half Years ofStruggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice) to his deputy, RudolfHess.[115] The book, dedicated to Thule Society member DietrichEckart, was an autobiography and an exposition of his ideology. MeinKampf was influenced by The Passing of the Great Race by MadisonGrant, which Hitler called "my Bible".[116] The book laid out Hitler'splans for transforming German society into one based on race. Somepassages implied genocide.[117] Published in two volumes in 1925 and1926, it sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One millioncopies were sold in 1933, Hitler's first year in office. [118]

Adolf Hitler 9

Rebuilding the NSDAP

Hitler (left), standing behindHermann Göring at a Nazi rally in

Nuremberg (c. 1928)

At the time of Hitler's release from prison, politics in Germany had become lesscombative, and the economy had improved. This limited Hitler's opportunitiesfor political agitation. As a result of the failed Beer Hall Putsch, the NSDAP andits affiliated organisations were banned in Bavaria. In a meeting with PrimeMinister of Bavaria Heinrich Held on 4 January 1925, Hitler agreed to respectthe authority of the state: he would only seek political power through thedemocratic process. The meeting paved the way for the ban on the NSDAP to belifted.[119] However, Hitler was barred from public speaking, [120] a ban thatremained in place until 1927.[121] To advance his political ambitions in spite ofthe ban, Hitler appointed Gregor Strasser, Otto Strasser, and Joseph Goebbels toorganise and grow the NSDAP in northern Germany. A superb organiser, GregorStrasser steered a more independent political course, emphasising the socialistelement of the party's programme.[122]

Hitler ruled the NSDAP autocratically by asserting the Führerprinzip ("Leaderprinciple"). Rank in the party was not determined by elections—positions werefilled through appointment by those of higher rank, who demandedunquestioning obedience to the will of the leader.[123]

The stock market in the United States crashed on 24 October 1929. The impact in Germany was dire: millions werethrown out of work and several major banks collapsed. Hitler and the NSDAP prepared to take advantage of theemergency to gain support for their party. They promised to repudiate the Versailles Treaty, strengthen the economy,and provide jobs.[124]

Rise to power

Date Totalvotes

Votes,percentage

Reichstagseats

Notes

May 1924 1918300 6.5 32 Hitler in prison

December 1924 907300 3.0 14 Hitler released from prison

May 1928 810100 2.6 12

September 1930 6409600 18.3 107 After the financial crisis

July 1932 13745000 37.3 230 After Hitler was candidate for presidency

November 1932 11737000 33.1 196

March 1933 17277180 43.9 288 During Hitler's term as chancellor of Germany

|+ Nazi Party election results[125]

Adolf Hitler 10

Brüning administration

Hitler and NSDAP treasurer Franz XaverSchwarz at the dedication of the renovation of thePalais Barlow on Brienner Straße in Munich intothe Brown House headquarters, December 1930

The Great Depression in Germany provided a political opportunity forHitler. Germans were ambivalent to the parliamentary republic, whichfaced strong challenges from right- and left-wing extremists. Themoderate political parties were increasingly unable to stem the tide ofextremism, and the German referendum of 1929 had helped to elevateNazi ideology.[126] The elections of September 1930 resulted in thebreak-up of a grand coalition and its replacement with a minoritycabinet. Its leader, chancellor Heinrich Brüning of the Centre Party,governed through emergency decrees from the president, Paul vonHindenburg. Governance by decree would become the new norm andpaved the way for authoritarian forms of government.[127] The NSDAProse from obscurity to win 18.3% of the vote and 107 parliamentaryseats in the 1930 election, becoming the second-largest party inparliament.[128]

Hitler made a prominent appearance at the trial of two Reichswehr officers, Lieutenants Richard Scheringer andHans Ludin, in the autumn of 1930. Both were charged with membership in the NSDAP, at that time illegal forReichswehr personnel.[129] The prosecution argued that the NSDAP was an extremist party, prompting defencelawyer Hans Frank to call on Hitler to testify in court.[130] On 25 September 1930 Hitler testified that his party wouldpursue political power solely through democratic elections,[131] a testimony that won him many supporters in theofficer corps.[132]

Brüning's austerity measures brought little economic improvement and were extremely unpopular.[133] Hitlerexploited this by targeting his political messages specifically at people who had been affected by the inflation of the1920s and the Depression, such as farmers, war veterans, and the middle class.[134]

Hitler had formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925, but at the time did not acquire Germancitizenship. For almost seven years Hitler was stateless, unable to run for public office, and faced the risk ofdeportation.[135] On 25 February 1932 the interior minister of Brunswick, who was a member of the NSDAP,appointed Hitler as administrator for the state's delegation to the Reichsrat in Berlin, making Hitler a citizen ofBrunswick,[136] and thus of Germany.[137]

In 1932 Hitler ran against von Hindenburg in the presidential elections. The viability of his candidacy wasunderscored by a 27 January 1932 speech to the Industry Club in Düsseldorf, which won him support from many ofGermany's most powerful industrialists.[138] However, Hindenburg had support from various nationalist, monarchist,Catholic, and republican parties, and some social democrats. Hitler used the campaign slogan "Hitler überDeutschland" ("Hitler over Germany"), a reference to both his political ambitions and to his campaigning byaircraft.[139] Hitler came in second in both rounds of the election, garnering more than 35% of the vote in the finalelection. Although he lost to Hindenburg, this election established Hitler as a strong force in German politics.[140]

Adolf Hitler 11

Appointment as chancellorThe absence of an effective government prompted two influential politicians, Franz von Papen and AlfredHugenberg, along with several other industrialists and businessmen, to write a letter to von Hindenburg. The signersurged Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as leader of a government "independent from parliamentary parties", whichcould turn into a movement that would "enrapture millions of people".[141][142]

Hitler, at the window of the Reich Chancellery,receives an ovation on the evening of his

inauguration as chancellor, 30 January 1933

Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler as chancellor after twofurther parliamentary elections—in July and November 1932—had notresulted in the formation of a majority government. Hitler was to heada short-lived coalition government formed by the NSDAP andHugenberg's party, the German National People's Party (DNVP). On30 January 1933 the new cabinet was sworn in during a brief andsimple ceremony in Hindenburg's office. The NSDAP held three of theeleven posts: Hitler was named chancellor, Hermann Göring wasnamed minister without portfolio, and Wilhelm Frick was appointedminister of the interior.[143]

Reichstag fire and March elections

As chancellor, Hitler worked against attempts by the NSDAP's opponents to build a majority government. Becauseof the political stalemate, he asked President Hindenburg to again dissolve the Reichstag, and elections werescheduled for early March. On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was set on fire. Göring blamed acommunist plot, because Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe was found in incriminating circumstances insidethe burning building.[144] At Hitler's urging, Hindenburg responded with the Reichstag Fire Decree of 28 February,which suspended basic rights and allowed detention without trial. Activities of the German Communist Party weresuppressed, and some 4,000 communist party members were arrested.[145] Researchers, including William L. Shirerand Alan Bullock, are of the opinion that the NSDAP itself was responsible for starting the fire.[146][147]

In addition to political campaigning, the NSDAP engaged in paramilitary violence and the spread of anti-communistpropaganda in the days preceding the election. On election day, 6 March 1933, the NSDAP's share of the voteincreased to 43.9%, and the party acquired the largest number of seats in parliament. However, Hitler's party failedto secure an absolute majority, necessitating another coalition with the DNVP.[148]

Day of Potsdam and the Enabling ActOn 21 March 1933 the new Reichstag was constituted with an opening ceremony at the Garrison Church in Potsdam.This "Day of Potsdam" was held to demonstrate unity between the Nazi movement and the old Prussian elite andmilitary. Hitler appeared in a morning coat and humbly greeted President von Hindenburg.[149][150]

Paul von Hindenburg and Adolf Hitler on the Dayof Potsdam, 21 March 1933

To achieve full political control despite not having an absolutemajority in parliament, Hitler's government brought theErmächtigungsgesetz (Enabling Act) to a vote in the newly electedReichstag. The act gave Hitler's cabinet full legislative powers for aperiod of four years and (with certain exceptions) allowed deviationsfrom the constitution.[151] The bill required a two-thirds majority topass. Leaving nothing to chance, the Nazis used the provisions of theReichstag Fire Decree to keep several Social Democratic deputies fromattending; the Communists had already been banned.[152]

Adolf Hitler 12

On 23 March, the Reichstag assembled at the Kroll Opera House under turbulent circumstances. Ranks of SA menserved as guards inside the building, while large groups outside opposing the proposed legislation shouted slogansand threats toward the arriving members of parliament.[153] The position of the Centre Party, the third largest party inthe Reichstag, turned out to be decisive. After Hitler verbally promised party leader Ludwig Kaas that President vonHindenburg would retain his power of veto, Kaas announced the Centre Party would support the Enabling Act.Ultimately, the Enabling Act passed by a vote of 441–84, with all parties except the Social Democrats voting infavour. The Enabling Act, along with the Reichstag Fire Decree, transformed Hitler's government into a de factolegal dictatorship.[154]

Removal of remaining limitsAt the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist movement will go on for 1,000years! ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would governGermany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power!

— Adolf Hitler to a British correspondent in Berlin, June 1934[155]

Having achieved full control over the legislative and executive branches of government, Hitler and his political alliesembarked on a systematic suppression of the remaining political opposition. The Social Democratic Party wasbanned and all its assets seized.[156] While many trade union delegates were in Berlin for May Day activities, SAstormtroopers demolished trade union offices around the country. On 2 May 1933 all trade unions were forced todissolve and their leaders were arrested; some were sent to concentration camps.[157] The German Labour Front wasformed to represent all workers, administrators, and company owners together as one group. This new labourorganisation reflected the concept of national socialism in the spirit of Hitler's "Volksgemeinschaft" (German racialcommunity).[158]

In 1934, Hitler became Germany'shead of state with the title of Führer

und Reichskanzler (leader andchancellor of the Reich).

By the end of June, the other parties had been intimidated into disbanding. Withthe help of the SA, Hitler pressured his nominal coalition partner, Hugenberg,into resigning. On 14 July 1933, the NSDAP was declared the only legal politicalparty in Germany, thus formalising the situation after the passage of the EnablingAct.[158][156] The demands of the SA for more political and military powercaused much anxiety among military, industrial, and political leaders. Hitlerresponded by purging the entire SA leadership in the Night of the Long Knives,which took place from 30 June to 2 July 1934.[159] Hitler targeted Ernst Röhmand other political adversaries (such as Gregor Strasser and former chancellorKurt von Schleicher). Röhm and other SA leaders, along with a number ofHitler's political enemies, were rounded up, arrested, and shot.[160] While theinternational community and some Germans were shocked by the murders, manyin Germany saw Hitler as restoring order.[161]

On 2 August 1934 President von Hindenburg died. The previous day, the cabinethad enacted a law to take effect upon Hindenburg's death which abolished theoffice of president and combined its powers with those of the chancellor. Hitlerthus became head of state as well as head of government, and was formally named as Führer und Reichskanzler(leader and chancellor).[162] This law was in violation of the Enabling Act, which allowed Hitler to deviate from theconstitution, but explicitly barred him from passing any law tampering with the presidency. In 1932, the constitutionhad been amended to make the president of the High Court of Justice, not the chancellor, acting president pendingnew elections.[163] With this law, Hitler removed the last legal remedy by which he could be removed from office.

Hitler used the constitution of the former Weimar Republic to give his dictatorship the veneer of legality. Many of Hitler's decrees were based on the Reichstag Fire Decree (Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution). Thus, the

Adolf Hitler 13

presidential powers Hitler now held allowed him to couch his most repressive policies as emergency measures forthe protection of public safety and order, thus allowing him to rule under what amounted to martial law. TheReichstag renewed the Enabling Act twice, a mere formality, since all other parties had been banned.[164]

Hitler's personal standard

As head of state, Hitler became Supreme Commander of the armed forces. Thetraditional loyalty oath of servicemen was altered to affirm loyalty to Hitlerpersonally, rather than to the office of supreme commander.[165] On 19 August,the merger of the presidency with the chancellorship was approved by aplebiscite with support of 90% of the electorate.[166]

In early 1938 Hitler forced his War Minister, Field Marshal Werner vonBlomberg, to resign when a police dossier was discovered showing thatBlomberg's new wife had a record for prostitution.[167][168] Hitler removed armycommander Colonel-General Werner von Fritsch after the Schutzstaffel (SS)produced allegations that he had taken part in a homosexual relationship.[169]

Both men had already fallen into disfavour when they objected to his demand that they have the Wehrmacht ready togo to war as early as 1938.[170] Hitler used this incident, known as the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair, to consolidate hishold over the military. He assumed Blomberg's title of Commander-in-Chief, thus taking personal command of thearmed forces. He replaced the Ministry of War with the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of theArmed Forces, or OKW), headed by General Wilhelm Keitel. On the same day, sixteen generals were stripped oftheir commands and 44 more were transferred; all were suspected of not being sufficiently pro-Nazi.[171] By earlyFebruary 1938, twelve other generals had been removed.[172]

Having consolidated his political powers, Hitler suppressed or eliminated his opposition by a process termedGleichschaltung ("bringing into line"). He attempted to gain additional public support by vowing to reverse theeffects of the Depression and the Versailles Treaty.

Third Reich

Economy and culture

Ceremony honouring the dead(Totenehrung) on the terrace in frontof the Hall of Honour (Ehrenhalle) at

the Nazi party rally grounds,Nuremberg, September 1934

In 1935 Hitler appointed Hjalmar Schacht as Plenipotentiary for War Economy,in charge of preparing the economy for war. Reconstruction and rearmamentwere financed through Mefo bills, printing money, and seizing the assets ofpeople arrested as enemies of the State, including Jews.[173] Unemployment fellsubstantially, from six million in 1932 to one million in 1936.[174] Hitler oversawone of the largest infrastructure improvement campaigns in German history,leading to the construction of dams, autobahns, railroads, and other civil works.Wages were slightly reduced in the pre–World War II years over those of theWeimar Republic, while the cost of living increased by 25%.[175]

Hitler's government sponsored architecture on an immense scale. Albert Speer,instrumental in implementing Hitler's classicist reinterpretation of Germanculture, was placed in charge of the proposed architectural renovations ofBerlin.[176] In 1936 Hitler opened the summer Olympic games in Berlin.

Adolf Hitler 14

Rearmament and new alliancesIn a meeting with German military leaders on 3 February 1933, Hitler spoke of "conquest for Lebensraum in the Eastand its ruthless Germanisation" as his ultimate foreign policy objectives.[177] In March, Prince Bernhard Wilhelmvon Bülow, secretary at the Auswärtiges Amt (Foreign Office), issued a major statement of German foreign policyaims: Anschluss with Austria, the restoration of Germany's national borders of 1914, rejection of military restrictionsunder the Treaty of Versailles, the return of the former German colonies in Africa, and a German zone of influencein Eastern Europe. Hitler found Bülow's goals to be too modest.[178] In his speeches of this period, he stressed thepeaceful goals of his policies and willingness to work within international agreements.[179] At the first meeting of hisCabinet in 1933, Hitler prioritised military spending over unemployment relief.[180]

On 25 October 1936 an Axis wasdeclared between Italy and Germany.

Germany withdrew from the League of Nations and the World DisarmamentConference in October 1933.[181] In March 1935 Hitler announced an expansionof the Wehrmacht to 600,000 members—six times the number permitted by theVersailles Treaty—including development of an Air Force (Luftwaffe) andincreasing the size of the Navy (Kriegsmarine). Britain, France, Italy, and theLeague of Nations condemned these plans as violations of the Treaty.[182] TheAnglo-German Naval Agreement (AGNA) of 18 June 1935 allowed Germantonnage to increase to 35% of that of the British navy. Hitler called the signing ofthe AGNA "the happiest day of his life", as he believed the agreement markedthe beginning of the Anglo-German alliance he had predicted in MeinKampf.[183] France and Italy were not consulted before the signing, directlyundermining the League of Nations and putting the Treaty of Versailles on thepath towards irrelevance.[184]

Hitler with Arthur Seyss-Inquart,Martin Bormann, Heinrich Himmler,

and Reinhard Heydrich in Vienna,1938

Germany reoccupied the demilitarised zone in the Rhineland in March 1936, inviolation the Versailles Treaty. Hitler sent troops to Spain to support GeneralFranco after receiving an appeal for help in July 1936. At the same time, Hitlercontinued his efforts to create an Anglo-German alliance.[185] In response to agrowing economic crisis caused by his rearmament efforts, Hitler issued amemorandum ordering Göring to carry out a Four Year Plan to prepare Germanyfor war within the next four years.[186] The "Four-Year Plan Memorandum" ofAugust 1936 envisaged an all-out struggle between "Judeo-Bolshevism" andGerman national socialism, which in Hitler's view required a committed effort ofrearmament regardless of the economic costs.[187]

Count Galeazzo Ciano, foreign minister of Benito Mussolini's government,declared an axis between Germany and Italy, and on 25 November, Germanysigned the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan. Britain, China, Italy, and Polandwere also invited to join the Anti-Comintern Pact, but only Italy signed in 1937.Hitler abandoned his dream of an Anglo-German alliance, blaming "inadequate"British leadership.[188] At a secret meeting in the Reich Chancellery with his

foreign ministers and military chiefs that November, Hitler stated his intention of acquiring Lebensraum ("livingspace") for the German people. He ordered preparations for war in the east, to begin as early as 1938 and no laterthan 1943. He stated that the conference minutes, recorded as the Hossbach Memorandum, were to be regarded as

Adolf Hitler 15

his "political testament" in the event of his death.[189] He felt the German economic crisis had reached a point that asevere decline in living standards in Germany could only be stopped by a policy of military aggression—seizingAustria and Czechoslovakia.[190][191] Hitler urged quick action, before Britain and France obtained a permanent leadin the arms race.[190] In early 1938, in the wake of the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair, Hitler asserted control of themilitary-foreign policy apparatus, dismissing Neurath as Foreign Minister and appointing himself ObersterBefehlshaber der Wehrmacht (supreme commander of the armed forces).[186] From early 1938 onwards, Hitler wascarrying out a foreign policy ultimately aimed at war.[192]

Leadership styleHitler promoted and followed the idea of the Führerprinzip. The principle relied on absolute obedience of allsubordinates to their superiors; thus he viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the infallibleleader—at the apex.[193] Hitler's leadership style was to give contradictory orders to his subordinates and to placethem into positions where their duties and responsibilities overlapped with those of others. In this way, Hitlerfostered distrust, competition, and infighting among his subordinates in order to consolidate and maximise his ownpower. His cabinet never met after 1938, and he discouraged his ministers from meeting independently.[194][195]

Hitler typically did not give written orders; instead he communicated them verbally, or had them conveyed throughhis close associate, Martin Bormann.[196] He entrusted Bormann with his paperwork, appointments, and personalfinances; Bormann used his position to control the flow of information and access to Hitler.[197]

The HolocaustIf the international Jewish financiers outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into aworld war, then the result will not be the bolshevisation of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but theannihilation of the Jewish race in Europe![198]

— Adolf Hitler addressing the German Reichstag, 30 January 1939A main Nazi concept was the notion of racial hygiene. On 15 September 1935, Hitler presented two laws—known asthe Nuremberg Laws—to the Reichstag. The laws banned marriage between non-Jewish and Jewish Germans, andforbade the employment of non-Jewish women under the age of 45 in Jewish households. The laws deprivedso-called "non-Aryans" of the benefits of German citizenship.[199] Hitler's early eugenic policies targeted childrenwith physical and developmental disabilities in a programme dubbed Action Brandt, and later authorized aeuthanasia programme for adults with serious mental and physical handicaps, now referred to as Action T4.[200]

Hitler's idea of Lebensraum, espoused briefly in Mein Kampf, focused on acquiring new territory for Germansettlement in Eastern Europe.[201] The Generalplan Ost ("General Plan for the East") called for the population ofoccupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to be deported to West Siberia, used as slave labour, ormurdered;[202] the conquered territories were to be colonised by German or "Germanised" settlers.[203] The originalplan called for this process to begin after the conquest of the Soviet Union, but when that failed to happen, Hitlermoved the plans forward.[202][204] By January 1942 the decision had been taken to kill the Jews, Slavs, and otherdeportees considered undesirable.[205]

Adolf Hitler 16

A wagon piled high with corpses outside thecrematorium in the newly liberated Buchenwald

concentration camp (April 1945)

The Holocaust (the "Endlösung der jüdischen Frage" or "FinalSolution of the Jewish Question") was organised and executed byHeinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich. The records of theWannsee Conference—held on 20 January 1942 and led by Heydrich,with fifteen senior Nazi officials participating—provide the clearestevidence of systematic planning for the Holocaust. On 22 FebruaryHitler was recorded saying to his associates, "we shall regain ourhealth only by eliminating the Jews".[206] Approximately thirty Naziconcentration camps and extermination camps were used for thispurpose.[207] By summer 1942 Auschwitz concentration camp wasrapidly expanded to accept large numbers of deportees for killing orenslavement.[208]

Although no specific order from Hitler authorising the mass killings has surfaced,[209] he approved theEinsatzgruppen—killing squads that followed the German army through Poland, the Baltic, and the SovietUnion[210]—and he was well informed about their activities.[211] During interrogations by Soviet intelligenceofficers, the records of which were declassified over fifty years later, Hitler's valet, Heinz Linge, and his adjutant,Otto Günsche, stated that Hitler had a direct interest in the development of gas chambers.[212]

Between 1939 and 1945, the SS, assisted by collaborationist governments and recruits from occupied countries, wereresponsible for the deaths of eleven to fourteen million people, including about six million Jews, representingtwo-thirds of the Jewish population in Europe,[213][214] and between 500,000 and 1,500,000 Romani people.[215]

Deaths took place in concentration and extermination camps, ghettos, and through mass executions. Many victims ofthe Holocaust were gassed to death, whereas others died of starvation or disease while working as slavelabourers.[216]

Hitler's policies also resulted in the killings of Poles[217] and Soviet prisoners of war, communists and other politicalopponents, homosexuals, the physically and mentally disabled,[218][219] Jehovah's Witnesses, Adventists, and tradeunionists. Hitler never appeared to have visited the concentration camps and did not speak publicly about thekillings.[220]

World War II

Early diplomatic successes

Alliance with Japan

Adolf Hitler 17

Hitler and the Japanese Foreign Minister, YōsukeMatsuoka, at a meeting in Berlin in March 1941.In the background is Joachim von Ribbentrop.

In February 1938, on the advice of his newly appointed ForeignMinister, the strongly pro-Japanese Joachim von Ribbentrop, Hitlerended the Sino-German alliance with the Republic of China to insteadenter into an alliance with the more modern and powerful Japan. Hitlerannounced German recognition of Manchukuo, the Japanese-occupiedstate in Manchuria, and renounced German claims to their formercolonies in the Pacific held by Japan.[221] Hitler ordered an end to armsshipments to China and recalled all German officers working with theChinese Army.[221] In retaliation, Chinese General Chiang Kai-shekcancelled all Sino-German economic agreements, depriving theGermans of many Chinese raw materials.[222]

Austria and Czechoslovakia

On 12 March 1938 Hitler declared unification of Austria with NaziGermany in the Anschluss.[223][224] Hitler then turned his attention to the ethnic German population of theSudetenland district of Czechoslovakia.[225]

On 28–29 March 1938 Hitler held a series of secret meetings in Berlin with Konrad Henlein of the SudetenHeimfront (Home Front), the largest of the ethnic German parties of the Sudetenland. The men agreed that Henleinwould demand increased autonomy for Sudeten Germans from the Czechoslovakian government, thus providing apretext for German military action against Czechoslovakia. In April 1938 Henlein told the foreign minister ofHungary that "whatever the Czech government might offer, he would always raise still higher demands ... he wantedto sabotage an understanding by all means because this was the only method to blow up Czechoslovakiaquickly".[226] In private, Hitler considered the Sudeten issue unimportant; his real intention was a war of conquestagainst Czechoslovakia.[227]

October 1938: Hitler (standing in theMercedes) drives through the crowdin Cheb (German: Eger), part of the

German-populated Sudetenlandregion of Czechoslovakia, which wasannexed to Nazi Germany due to the

Munich Agreement

In April 1938 Hitler ordered the OKW to prepare for Fall Grün ("Case Green"),the code name for an invasion of Czechoslovakia.[228] As a result of intenseFrench and British diplomatic pressure, on 5 September 1938 CzechoslovakianPresident Edvard Beneš unveiled the "Fourth Plan" for constitutionalreorganisation of his country, which agreed to most of Henlein's demands forSudeten autonomy.[229] Henlein's Heimfront responded to Beneš' offer with aseries of violent clashes with the Czechoslovakian police that led to thedeclaration of martial law in certain Sudeten districts.[230][231]

Adolf Hitler 18

From left to right: Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler,Mussolini, and Ciano, pictured before signing theMunich Agreement, which gave the Sudetenland

to Germany

Germany was dependent on imported oil; a confrontation with Britainover the Czechoslovakian dispute could curtail Germany's oil supplies.Hitler called off Fall Grün, originally planned for 1 October 1938.[232]

On 29 September 1938 Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, Édouard Daladier,and Benito Mussolini attended a one-day conference in Munich thatled to the Munich Agreement, which handed over the Sudetenlanddistricts to Germany.[233][234]

Chamberlain was satisfied with the Munich conference, calling theoutcome "peace for our time", while Hitler was angered about themissed opportunity for war in 1938;[235][236] he expressed hisdisappointment in a speech on 9 October 1938 in Saarbrücken.[237] InHitler's view, the British-brokered peace, although favourable to theostensible German demands, was a diplomatic defeat which spurred his intent of limiting British power to pave theway for the eastern expansion of Germany.[238][239] As a result of the summit, Hitler was selected Time magazine'sMan of the Year for 1938.[240]

Jewish shops destroyed in Magdeburg, followingKristallnacht (November 1938)

Hitler visits Prague Castle shortly after theoccupation of Czechoslovakia, 15 March 1939

In late 1938 and early 1939, the continuing economic crisis caused byrearmament forced Hitler to make major defence cuts.[241] In his"Export or die" speech of 30 January 1939, he called for an economicoffensive to increase German foreign exchange holdings to pay for rawmaterials such as high-grade iron needed for military weapons.[241]

On 15 March 1939, in violation of the Munich accord and possibly as aresult of the deepening economic crisis requiring additional assets,[242]

Hitler ordered the Wehrmacht to invade Prague, and from PragueCastle proclaimed Bohemia and Moravia a German protectorate.[243]

Start of World War II

In private discussions in 1939, Hitler described Britain as the mainenemy to be defeated. In his view, Poland's obliteration as a sovereignnation was a necessary prelude to that goal. The eastern flank wouldtherefore be secured and land would be added to Germany'sLebensraum.[244] Offended by the British "guarantee" of Polishindependence issued 31 March 1939, he told his associates, "I shallbrew them a devil's drink".[245] In a speech in Wilhelmshaven for thelaunch of the battleship Tirpitz on 1 April 1939, he threatened todenounce the Anglo-German Naval Agreement if the British persistedwith their guarantee of Polish independence, which he perceived as an"encirclement" policy.[245] He wanted Poland to become either aGerman satellite state or be otherwise neutralised to secure the Reich's eastern flank, and to prevent a possible Britishblockade.[246] He initially favoured the idea of a satellite state; when this was rejected by the Polish government, hedecided to invade. He made this the main German foreign policy goal of 1939.[247] On 3 April 1939 Hitler orderedthe military to prepare for Fall Weiss ("Case White"), the plan for an invasion of Poland on 25 August 1939.[247] In aspeech before the Reichstag on 28 April, he renounced both the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and theGerman–Polish Non-Aggression Pact. In August Hitler told his generals that his original plan for 1939 was to "...

establish an acceptable relationship with Poland in order to fight against the West".[248] Historians such as William Carr, Gerhard Weinberg, and Ian Kershaw have argued that one reason for Hitler's rush to war was his morbid and

Adolf Hitler 19

obsessive fear of an early death, and hence his feeling that he did not have long to accomplish his work.[249][250][251]

Hitler portrayed on a 42 pfennigstamp from 1944. The term

Grossdeutsches Reich (GreaterGerman Reich) began to be used in

1943 for the expanded Germanyunder his rule.

Hitler was concerned that a military attack against Poland could result in apremature war with Britain.[246][252] However, Hitler's foreign minister—andformer Ambassador to London—Joachim von Ribbentrop assured him thatneither Britain nor France would honour their commitments to Poland, and that aGerman–Polish war would only be a limited regional war.[253][254] Ribbentropclaimed that in December 1938 the French foreign minister, Georges Bonnet, hadstated that France considered Eastern Europe as Germany's exclusive sphere ofinfluence;[255] Ribbentrop showed Hitler diplomatic cables that supported hisanalysis.[256] The German Ambassador in London, Herbert von Dirksen,supported Ribbentrop's analysis with a dispatch in August 1939, reporting thatChamberlain knew "the social structure of Britain, even the conception of theBritish Empire, would not survive the chaos of even a victorious war", and sowould back down.[254] Accordingly, on 21 August 1939 Hitler ordered a militarymobilisation against Poland.[257]

Hitler's plans for a military campaign in Poland in late August or earlySeptember required tacit Soviet support.[258] The non-aggression pact (the

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) between Germany and the Soviet Union, led by Joseph Stalin,[259] included secretprotocols with an agreement to partition Poland between the two countries. In response to the Molotov-RibbentropPact—and contrary to the prediction of Ribbentrop that the newly-formed pact would sever Anglo-Polishties—Britain and Poland signed the Anglo-Polish alliance on 25 August 1939. This, along with news from Italy thatMussolini would not honour the Pact of Steel, caused Hitler to postpone the attack on Poland from 25 August to 1September.[260] In the days before the start of the war, Hitler tried to manoeuvre the British into neutrality byoffering a non-aggression guarantee to the British Empire on 25 August and by having Ribbentrop present alast-minute peace plan with an impossibly short time limit in an effort to then blame the war on British and Polishinaction.[261][262]

As a pretext for a military aggression against Poland, Hitler claimed the Free City of Danzig and the right toextraterritorial roads across the Polish Corridor, which Germany had ceded under the Versailles Treaty.[263] Despitehis concerns over a possible British intervention, Hitler was ultimately not deterred from his aim of invadingPoland,[264] and on 1 September 1939 Germany invaded western Poland. In response, Britain and France declaredwar on Germany on 3 September. This surprised Hitler, prompting him to turn to Ribbentrop and angrily ask "Nowwhat?"[265] France and Britain did not act on their declarations immediately, and on 17 September, Soviet forcesinvaded eastern Poland.[266]

Poland never will rise again in the form of the Versailles treaty. That is guaranteed not only by Germany, butalso ... Russia.—Adolf Hitler, public speech in Danzig at the end of September 1939[267]

Adolf Hitler 20

Members of the Reichstag saluteHitler at the Kroll Opera House on6 October 1939, at the end of the

campaign against Poland

The fall of Poland was followed by what contemporary journalists dubbed the"Phoney War" or Sitzkrieg ("sitting war"). Hitler instructed the twonewly-appointed Gauleiters of north-western Poland, Albert Forster of ReichsgauDanzig-West Prussia and Arthur Greiser of Reichsgau Wartheland, to"Germanise" their areas, and promised them "There would be no questionsasked" about how this was accomplished.[268] To Himmler's chagrin, Forster hadlocal Poles sign forms stating that they had German blood, and required nofurther documentation.[269] On the other hand, Greiser carried out a brutal ethniccleansing campaign on the Polish population in his purview.[268] Greisercomplained to Hitler that Forster was allowing thousands of Poles to be acceptedas "racial" Germans and thus, in Greiser's view, endangering German "racialpurity". Hitler told Himmler and Greiser to take up their difficulties with Forster,and not to involve him.[268] Hitler's handling of the Forster–Greiser dispute hasbeen advanced as an example of Kershaw's theory of "working towards theFührer": Hitler issued vague instructions and expected his subordinates to workout policies on their own.

Another dispute broke out between different factions. One side, represented by Himmler and Greiser, championedcarrying out ethnic cleansing in Poland, and another side, represented by Göring and Hans Frank, Governor-Generalof the General Government territory of occupied Poland, called for turning Poland into the "granary" of theReich.[270] At a conference held at Göring's Karinhall estate on 12 February 1940, the dispute was initially settled infavour of the Göring–Frank view of economic exploitation, which ended the economically disruptive massexpulsions.[270] On 15 May 1940, however, Himmler presented Hitler with a memo entitled "Some Thoughts on theTreatment of Alien Population in the East", which called for expulsion of the entire Jewish population of Europe intoAfrica and reducing the remainder of the Polish population to a "leaderless class of labourers".[270] Hitler calledHimmler's memo "good and correct";[270] and, ignoring Göring and Frank, implemented the Himmler–Greiser policyin Poland.

Hitler visits Paris with architectAlbert Speer (left) and sculptor Arno

Breker (right), 23 June 1940

Hitler began a military build-up on Germany's western border, and in April 1940,German forces invaded Denmark and Norway. On 9 April Hitler proclaimed thebirth of the "Greater Germanic Reich" to his associates; this was his vision of aunited empire of the Germanic nations of Europe, where the Dutch, Flemish,Scandinavians, and other peoples would join into a single, racially-pure polityunder German leadership.[271] In May 1940, Hitler's forces attacked France, andconquered Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Belgium. These victoriesprompted Mussolini to have Italy join forces with Hitler on 10 June 1940. Francesurrendered on 22 June 1940.[272]

Britain, whose forces were forced to leave France by sea from Dunkirk,[273]

continued to fight alongside other British dominions in the Battle of the Atlantic.Hitler made peace overtures to the British, now led by Winston Churchill, andwhen these were rejected he ordered bombing raids on the United Kingdom.Hitler's prelude to a planned invasion of the UK was a series of aerial attacks inthe Battle of Britain on Royal Air Force airbases and radar stations in South-East

England. However, the German Luftwaffe failed to defeat the Royal Air Force.[274]

On 27 September 1940 the Tripartite Pact was signed in Berlin by Saburō Kurusu of Imperial Japan, Hitler, and Italian foreign minister Ciano.[275] The agreement was later expanded to include Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria. They were collectively known as the Axis powers. The purpose of the pact was to deter the United States from

Adolf Hitler 21

supporting the British. By the end of October 1940, air superiority for the invasion of Britain—Operation SeaLion—could not be achieved, and Hitler ordered nightly air raids of British cities, including London, Plymouth, andCoventry.[276]

Hitler visiting Maribor (German: Marburg an derDrau), Yugoslavia, with Otto Dietrich, Siegfried

Uiberreither, and Martin Bormann in 1941

In the Spring of 1941, Hitler was distracted from his plans for the Eastby military activities in North Africa, the Balkans, and the MiddleEast. In February, German forces arrived in Libya to bolster the Italianpresence. In April, Hitler launched the invasion of Yugoslavia, quicklyfollowed by the invasion of Greece.[277] In May, German forces weresent to support Iraqi rebel forces fighting against the British and toinvade Crete. On 23 May, Hitler released Führer Directive No. 30.[278]

Path to defeat

On 22 June 1941, contravening the Hitler-Stalin non-aggression pact of1939, three million German troops attacked the Soviet Union inOperation Barbarossa.[279] The invasion seized a huge area, including the Baltic states, Belarus, and Ukraine.However, the German advance was stopped outside Moscow in December 1941 by the Russian Winter and fierceSoviet resistance.[280]

With generals Keitel, Paulus and vonBrauchitsch, discussing the situation on the

Eastern Front in October 1941

Soviet troop concentrations on Germany's eastern border in the springof 1941 may have prompted Hitler to engage in a Flucht nach vorn("flight forward") to get in front of an inevitable conflict.[281] ViktorSuvorov, Ernst Topitsch, Joachim Hoffmann, Ernst Nolte, and DavidIrving have argued that the official reason for Barbarossa given by theGerman military was the real reason—a preventive war to avert animpending Soviet attack scheduled for July 1941. This theory,however, has been faulted; American historian Gerhard Weinberg oncecompared the advocates of the preventive war theory to believers in"fairy tales".[282]

The Wehrmacht invasion of the Soviet Union reached its peak on 2December 1941, when the 258th Infantry Division advanced to within 15 miles (unknown operator: u'strong' km)of Moscow, close enough to see the spires of the Kremlin.[280] However, they were not prepared for the harshconditions of the Russian winter, and Soviet forces drove back the German troops over 320 kilometres (unknownoperator: u'strong' mi).

On 7 December 1941 Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Four days later, Hitler's formal declaration of war againstthe United States engaged Germany in war against a coalition that included the world's largest empire (the BritishEmpire), the world's greatest industrial and financial power (the United States), and the world's largest army (theSoviet Union).[283]

Adolf Hitler 22

Hitler during his speech to the Reichstagattacking American President Franklin D.

Roosevelt, 11 December 1941

When Himmler met Hitler on 18 December 1941 and posed thequestion "What to do with the Jews of Russia?", Hitler replied "alsPartisanen auszurotten" ("exterminate them as partisans").[284] Israelihistorian Yehuda Bauer has commented that the remark is probably asclose as historians will ever get to a definitive order from Hitler for thegenocide carried out during the Holocaust.[284]

In late 1942 German forces were defeated in the second battle of ElAlamein,[285] thwarting Hitler's plans to seize the Suez Canal and theMiddle East. In February 1943 the Battle of Stalingrad ended with thedestruction of the German Sixth Army. Thereafter came a decisivedefeat at the Battle of Kursk.[286] Hitler's military judgment becameincreasingly erratic, and Germany's military and economic position

deteriorated along with Hitler's health. Kershaw and others believe that Hitler may have suffered from Parkinson'sdisease.[287]

Following the allied invasion of Sicily in 1943, Mussolini was deposed by Pietro Badoglio,[288] who surrendered tothe Allies. Throughout 1943 and 1944, the Soviet Union steadily forced Hitler's armies into retreat along the EasternFront. On 6 June 1944 the Western Allied armies landed in northern France in what was one of the largestamphibious operations in history, Operation Overlord.[289] As a result of these significant setbacks for the Germanarmy, many of its officers concluded that defeat was inevitable and that Hitler's misjudgement or denial would dragout the war and result in the complete destruction of the country.[290] Several high-profile assassination attemptsagainst Hitler occurred during this period.

The destroyed map room at the 'Wolf's Lair' afterthe 20 July plot

Between 1939 and 1945 there were many plans to assassinate Hitler,some of which proceeded to significant degrees.[291] The mostwell-known came from within Germany and was at least partly drivenby the increasing prospect of a German defeat in the war.[292] In July1944, in the 20 July plot, part of Operation Valkyrie, Claus vonStauffenberg planted a bomb in one of Hitler's headquarters, the Wolf'sLair at Rastenburg. Hitler narrowly survived because someone hadunknowingly pushed the briefcase that contained the bomb behind aleg of the heavy conference table. When the bomb exploded, the tabledeflected much of the blast away from Hitler. Later, Hitler orderedsavage reprisals resulting in the execution of more than4,900 people.[293]

Hitler made all the major military decisions personally. Historians who have assessed his performance agree thatafter a strong start, he became so inflexible after 1941 that he squandered the military strengths Germany possessed.Historian Antony Beevor argues that at the start of the war, "Hitler was a fairly inspired leader, because his geniuslay in assessing the weaknesses of others and exploiting those weaknesses." However, from 1941 onward, "hebecame completely sclerotic. He would not allow any form of retreat or flexibility among his field commanders, andthat of course was catastrophic."[294]

Adolf Hitler 23

Defeat and death

Front page of the U.S. Armed Forcesnewspaper, Stars and Stripes, 2 May

1945

By late 1944, the Red Army had driven the German army back into WesternEurope, and the Western Allies were advancing into Germany. After beinginformed of the failure of his Ardennes Offensive, Hitler realised that Germanywas going to lose the war. His hope, buoyed by the death of Franklin D.Roosevelt on 12 April 1945, was to negotiate peace with America andBritain.[295] Acting on his view that Germany's military failures had forfeited itsright to survive as a nation, Hitler ordered the destruction of all Germanindustrial infrastructure before it could fall into Allied hands.[296] Execution ofthis scorched earth plan was entrusted to arms minister Albert Speer, who quietlydisobeyed the order.[296]

On 20 April, his 56th birthday, Hitler made his last trip from the Führerbunker("Führer's shelter") to the surface. In the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery,he awarded Iron Crosses to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth.[297] By 21 April,Georgy Zhukov's 1st Belorussian Front had broken through the last defences ofGerman General Gotthard Heinrici's Army Group Vistula during the Battle of theSeelow Heights and advanced into the outskirts of Berlin.[298] In denial about the

increasingly dire situation, Hitler placed his hopes on the units commanded by Waffen SS General Felix Steiner, theArmeeabteilung Steiner ("Army Detachment Steiner"). Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of thesalient and the German Ninth Army was ordered to attack northward in a pincer attack.[299]

During a military conference on 22 April, Hitler asked about Steiner's offensive. After a long silence, he was toldthat the attack had never been launched and that the Russians had broken through into Berlin. This news promptedHitler to ask everyone except Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl, Hans Krebs, and Wilhelm Burgdorf to leave theroom.[300] Hitler then launched a tirade against the treachery and incompetence of his commanders, culminating inhis declaration—for the first time—that the war was lost. Hitler announced that he would stay in Berlin until the endand then shoot himself.[301]

Goebbels made a proclamation on 23 April urging the citizens of Berlin to courageously defend the city.[300] Thatsame day, Göring sent a telegram from Berchtesgaden in Bavaria, arguing that since Hitler was cut off in Berlin, he,Göring, should assume leadership of Germany. Göring set a time limit, after which he would consider Hitlerincapacitated.[302] Hitler responded angrily by having Göring arrested, and when writing his will on 29 April, heremoved Göring from all his positions in the government.[303][304]

Berlin became completely cut off from the rest of Germany.[305] On 28 April, Hitler discovered that Himmler wastrying to discuss surrender terms with the Western Allies.[306] He ordered Himmler's arrest and had HermannFegelein (Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's HQ in Berlin) shot.[307]

After midnight on 29 April, Hitler married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony in a map room within theFührerbunker. After a modest wedding breakfast with his new wife, he then took secretary Traudl Junge to anotherroom and dictated his last will and testament.[308][309] The event was witnessed and documents signed by HansKrebs, Wilhelm Burgdorf, Joseph Goebbels, and Martin Bormann.[310] Later that afternoon, Hitler was informed ofthe assassination of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, which presumably increased his determination to avoidcapture.[311]

On 30 April 1945, after intense street-to-street combat, when Soviet troops were within a block or two of the Reich Chancellery, Hitler and Braun committed suicide; Braun bit into a cyanide capsule[312] and Hitler shot himself with his 7.65 mm (0.3 in) Walther PPK pistol.[313] The lifeless bodies of Hitler and Eva Braun were carried up the stairs and through the bunker's emergency exit to the bombed-out garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were placed in a bomb crater[314] and doused with petrol. The corpses were set on fire[315] and the Red Army shelling

Adolf Hitler 24

continued.[316]

Berlin surrendered on 2 May. Records in the Soviet archives—obtained after the fall of the Soviet Union—showedthat the remains of Hitler, Braun, Joseph and Magda Goebbels, the six Goebbels children, General Hans Krebs, andHitler's dogs, were repeatedly buried and exhumed.[317] On 4 April 1970 a Soviet KGB team with detailed burialcharts secretly exhumed five wooden boxes which had been buried at the SMERSH facility in Magdeburg. Theremains from the boxes were thoroughly burned and crushed, after which the ashes were thrown into the Biederitzriver, a tributary of the nearby Elbe.[318]

LegacyFurther information: Consequences of Nazism and Neo-Nazism

Outside the building in Braunau am Inn, Austria,where Hitler was born, is a memorial stone

placed as a reminder of the horrors of World WarII. The inscription translates as: For peace,

freedom and democracy never again fascismmillions of dead remind [us]"

Hitler's suicide was likened by contemporaries to a "spell" beingbroken.[319][320] According to historian John Toland, without its leader,National Socialism "burst like a bubble".[321]

Hitler's actions and Nazi ideology are almost universally regarded asgravely immoral.[322] His political programme had brought about aworld war, leaving behind a devastated and impoverished Eastern andCentral Europe. Germany itself suffered wholesale destruction,characterised as "Zero Hour".[323] Hitler's policies inflicted humansuffering on an unprecedented scale;[324] the Nazi regime wasresponsible for the deaths of an estimated 21 million civilians andprisoners of war.[325] In addition, 29 million soldiers were killed in theEuropean theater of World War II.[325] Historians, philosophers, andpoliticians often apply the word "evil" in describing the Naziregime.[326] In Germany and Austria, Holocaust denial and the displayof Nazi symbols such as the swastika are prohibited by law.

Historian Friedrich Meinecke described Hitler as "one of the great examples of the singular and incalculable powerof personality in historical life".[327] The English historian Hugh Trevor-Roper saw him as "among the 'terriblesimplifiers' of history, the most systematic, the most historical, the most philosophical, and yet the coarsest, cruellest,least magnanimous conqueror the world has ever known."[328] For the historian John M. Roberts, Hitler's defeatmarked the end of a phase of European history dominated by Germany.[329] In its place emerged the Cold War, aglobal confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States.[330]

Religious viewsHitler saw the church as important politically, as a conservative influence on society. He felt that if the church wereeliminated the faithful would turn to mysticism, which he thought would be a step backwards politically andculturally. Though he never officially left the Catholic Church, he had no real attachment to it.[331] After leavinghome he never attended Mass or received the sacraments.[332] He favoured aspects of Protestantism that suited hisown views, and adopted some elements of the Catholic Church's hierarchical organisation, liturgy, and phraseologyin his politics.[333][334] Historian Richard Steigmann-Gall concludes that he "can be classified as Catholic",[335] butthat "nominal church membership is a very unreliable gauge of actual piety in this context."[336]

In public, Hitler often praised Christian heritage and German Christian culture, and professed a belief in an "Aryan" Jesus Christ—a Jesus who fought against the Jews.[337] He spoke of his interpretation of Christianity as a central motivation for his antisemitism, stating that "As a Christian I have no duty to allow myself to be cheated, but I have the duty to be a fighter for truth and justice."[338][339] In private, he was more critical of traditional Christianity, considering it a religion fit only for slaves; he admired the power of Rome but maintained a severe hostility towards

Adolf Hitler 25

its teaching.[340] Historian John S. Conway states that Hitler held a "fundamental antagonism" towards the Christianchurches.[341]

Hitler meeting Haj Amin al-Husseini, the formerGrand Mufti of Jerusalem. December 1941

In political relations with the church, Hitler adopted a strategy "thatsuited his immediate political purposes".[341] According to a US Officeof Strategic Services report, Hitler had a general plan, even before hisrise to power, to destroy the influence of Christian churches within theReich.[342][343] The report titled "The Nazi Master Plan" stated that thedestruction of the church was a goal of the movement right from thestart, but that it was inexpedient to express this extreme positionpublicly.[344] His intention, according to Bullock, was to wait until thewar was over to destroy the influence of Christianity.[340]

Hitler admired the Muslim military tradition, but considered Arabs as"racially inferior".[345] He believed that the racially-superior Germans,in conjunction with Islam, could have conquered much of the world during the Middle Ages.[346] During a meetingwith a Japanese professor in 1931, Hitler praised the Shinto religion and Japanese culture.[347] Although Himmlerwas interested in the occult, the interpretation of runes, and tracing the prehistoric roots of the Germanic people,Hitler was more pragmatic, and his ideology centred on more practical concerns.[348][349]

HealthResearchers have variously suggested that Hitler suffered from irritable bowel syndrome, skin lesions, irregularheartbeat, Parkinson's disease,[350][287] syphilis,[350] and tinnitus.[351] In a report prepared for the Office of StrategicServices in 1943, Walter C. Langer of Harvard University described Hitler as a "neurotic psychopath."[352] Theoriesabout Hitler's medical condition are difficult to prove, and according them too much weight may have the effect ofattributing many of the events and consequences of the Third Reich to the possibly impaired physical health of oneindividual.[353] Kershaw feels that it is better to take a broader view of German history by examining what socialforces led to the Third Reich and its policies rather than to pursue narrow explanations for the Holocaust and WorldWar II based on only one person.[354]

Hitler followed a vegetarian diet.[355] At social events he sometimes gave graphic accounts of the slaughter ofanimals in an effort to make his dinner guests shun meat.[356] A fear of cancer (from which his mother died)[357] isthe most widely cited reason for Hitler's dietary habits. An antivivisectionist, Hitler may have followed his selectivediet out of a profound concern for animals.[358] Bormann had a greenhouse constructed near the Berghof (nearBerchtesgaden) to ensure a steady supply of fresh fruit and vegetables for Hitler throughout the war. Hitler despisedalcohol[359] and was a non-smoker. He promoted aggressive anti-smoking campaigns throughout Germany.[360]

Hitler began using amphetamine occasionally after 1937 and became addicted to the drug in the fall of 1942.[361]

Albert Speer linked this use of amphetamines to Hitler's increasingly inflexible decision making (for example, neverto allow military retreats).[362]

Prescribed ninety different medications during the war years, Hitler took many pills each day for chronic stomachproblems and other ailments.[363] He suffered ruptured eardrums as a result of the 20 July plot bomb blast in 1944,and two hundred wood splinters had to be removed from his legs.[364] Newsreel footage of Hitler shows tremors ofhis hand and a shuffling walk, which began before the war and worsened towards the end of his life. Hitler's personalphysician, Theodor Morell, treated Hitler with a drug that was commonly prescribed in 1945 for Parkinson's disease.Ernst-Günther Schenck and several other doctors who met Hitler in the last weeks of his life each formed a diagnosisof Parkinson's disease.[363][365]

Adolf Hitler 26

Family

Hitler with his long-time mistress, Eva Braun,whom he married 29 April 1945

To the public, Hitler promoted his own image as that of a celibate manwithout a domestic life, dedicated entirely to his political mission andthe nation.[135][366] He met his mistress, Eva Braun, in 1929,[367] andmarried her in April 1945.[368] In September 1931, his half-niece, GeliRaubal, committed suicide with Hitler's gun in his Munich apartment.It was rumoured among contemporaries that Geli was in a romanticrelationship with him, and her death was a source of deep, lastingpain.[369] Paula Hitler, the last living member of the immediate family,died in 1960.[370]

Hitler in media

Hitler used documentary films as a propaganda tool. He was involved and appeared in a series of films by thepioneering filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl via Universum Film AG (UFA):[371]

• Der Sieg des Glaubens (Victory of Faith, 1933)• Triumph des Willens (Triumph of the Will, 1934), co-produced by Hitler• Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht (Day of Freedom: Our Armed Forces, 1935)• Olympia (1938)

Footnotes[1][1] NS-Archiv, 7 April 1925[2][2] Maser 1973, p. 4[3][3] Maser 1973, p. 15[4][4] Rosenbaum 1999[5][5] Hamann 2010, p. 50[6] Toland 1992, pp. 246–47[7] Kershaw 1999, pp. 8–9[8][8] Jetzinger 1976, p. 32[9][9] BBC News, 2011[10][10] Shirer 1960, p. 9[11][11] Rosmus 2004, p. 33[12][12] Keller 2010, p. 15[13] Hamann 2010, pp. 7–8[14][14] Kubizek 2006, p. 37[15][15] Kubizek 2006, p. 92[16][16] Hitler 1999, p. 6[17] Fromm 1977, pp. 493–498[18] Shirer 1960, pp. 10–11[19][19] Payne 1990, p. 22[20][20] Kershaw 2008, p. 9[21][21] Hitler 1999, p. 8[22] Keller 2010, pp. 33–34[23][23] Fest 1977, p. 32[24][24] Kershaw 2008, p. 8[25][25] Lipstadt 2011, p. 272[26][26] Hitler 1999, p. 10[27] Evans 2003, p. 163–164[28][28] Bendersky 2000, p. 26[29][29] Ryschka 2008, p. 35[30][30] Hamann 2010, p. 13[31][31] Kershaw 2008, p. 10

Adolf Hitler 27

[32][32] Kershaw 1999, p. 19[33][33] Kershaw 1999, p. 20[34] Bullock 1962, pp. 30–31[35][35] Hitler 1999, p. 20[36] Bullock 1999, pp. 30–33[37][37] Shirer 1960, p. 26[38] Hamann 2010, pp. 243–246[39] Hamann 2010, pp. 341–345[40][40] Hamann 2010, p. 350[41] Kershaw 1999, p. 60–67[42][42] Hitler 1999, p. 52[43][43] Shirer 1960, p. 25[44][44] Hamann 1999, p. 176[45][45] Hamann 2010, pp. 348[46][46] Kershaw 1999, p. 66[47] Hamann 2010, pp. 347–359[48][48] Kershaw 1999, p. 64[49][49] Evans 2011[50][50] Shirer 1960, p. 27[51][51] Weber 2010, pp. 13[52][52] Shirer 1960, p. 27, footnote[53][53] Kershaw 1999, p. 90[54] Weber 2010, pp. 12–13[55][55] Kershaw 2008, p. 53[56][56] Kershaw 2008, p. 54[57][57] Weber 2010, p. 100[58][58] Shirer 1960, p. 30[59][59] Kershaw 2008, p. 59[60][60] Bullock 1962, p. 52[61][61] Kershaw 1999, p. 96[62][62] Steiner 1976, p. 392[63][63] Jamieson 2008[64][64] Kershaw 2008, p. 57[65][65] Kershaw 2008, p. 58[66][66] Kershaw 2008, pp. 59, 60[67][67] Kershaw 1999, p. 97[68][68] Kershaw 1999, p. 102[69][69] Kershaw 2008, pp. 61, 62[70] Keegan 1987, pp. 238–240[71][71] Bullock 1962, p. 60[72] Kershaw 2008, pp. 61–63[73][73] Kershaw 2008, p. 96[74][74] Kershaw 2008, pp. 80, 90, 92[75][75] Bullock 1999, p. 61[76][76] Kershaw 1999, p. 109[77][77] Kershaw 2008, p. 82[78][78] Stackelberg 2007, p. 9[79][79] Mitcham 1996, p. 67[80][80] Fest 1970, p. 21[81][81] Kershaw 2008, pp. 94, 95, 100[82][82] Kershaw 2008, p. 87[83][83] Kershaw 2008, p. 88[84][84] Kershaw 2008, p. 89[85] Kershaw 2008, pp. 89–92[86][86] Kershaw 2008, p. 81[87][87] Kershaw 2008, pp. 100, 101[88][88] Kershaw 2008, p. 102[89][89] Kershaw 2008, p. 103

Adolf Hitler 28

[90] Hitler also won settlement from a libel suit against the socialist paper the Münchener Post, which had questioned his lifestyle and income.Kershaw 2008, p. 99.

[91][91] Kershaw 2008, pp. 83, 103[92][92] Bullock 1999, p. 376[93][93] Frauenfeld 1937[94][94] Goebbels 1936[95][95] Kressel 2002, p. 121[96][96] Trevor-Roper 1987, p. 116[97] Kershaw 2008, p. 105–106[98][98] Bullock 1999, p. 377[99][99] Heck 2001, p. 23[100][100] Larson 2011, p. 157[101][101] Kershaw 1999, p. 367[102][102] Kellogg 2005, p. 275[103][103] Kellogg 2005, p. 203[104][104] Kershaw 2008, p. 126[105][105] Kershaw 2008, p. 125[106][106] Kershaw 2008, p. 128[107][107] Kershaw 2008, p. 129[108] Kershaw 2008, pp. 130–131[109] Shirer 1960, pp. 73–74[110][110] Kershaw 2008, p. 132[111][111] Kershaw 2008, p. 131[112][112] Munich Court, 1924[113] Fulda 2009, pp. 68–69[114][114] Kershaw 1999, p. 239[115][115] Bullock 1962, p. 121[116][116] Spiro 2008[117] Kershaw 2008, pp. 148–149[118] Shirer 1960, pp. 80–81[119][119] Kershaw 2008, pp. 158, 161, 162[120][120] Kershaw 2008, pp. 162, 166[121][121] Shirer 1960, p. 129[122][122] Kershaw 2008, pp. 166, 167[123][123] Kershaw 2008, pp. 170, 172[124] Shirer 1960, pp. 136–137[125] Kolb 2005, pp. 224–225[126][126] Kolb 1988, p. 105[127] Halperin 1965, p. 403 et. seq[128] Halperin 1965, pp. 434–446 et. seq[129][129] Wheeler-Bennett 1967, p. 218[130][130] Wheeler-Bennett 1967, p. 216[131] Wheeler-Bennett 1967, pp. 218–219[132][132] Wheeler-Bennett 1967, p. 222[133] Halperin 1965, p. 449 et. seq[134] Halperin 1965, pp. 434–436, 471[135][135] Shirer 1960, p. 130[136][136] Hinrichs 2007[137][137] Halperin 1965, p. 476[138] Halperin 1965, pp. 468–471[139][139] Bullock 1962, p. 201[140] Halperin 1965, pp. 477–479[141][141] Letter to Hindenburg, 1932[142][142] Fox News, 2003[143][143] Shirer 1960, p. 184[144][144] Bullock 1962, p. 262[145][145] Shirer 1960, p. 194[146][146] Shirer 1960, p. 192[147][147] Bullock 1999, p. 262

Adolf Hitler 29

[148][148] Bullock 1962, p. 265[149][149] City of Potsdam[150] Shirer 1960, p. 196–197[151][151] Shirer 1960, p. 198[152][152] Shirer 1960, p. 196[153][153] Bullock 1999, p. 269[154][154] Shirer 1960, p. 199[155] Time, 1934[156][156] Shirer 1960, p. 201[157][157] Shirer 1960, p. 202[158] Evans 2003, pp. 350–374[159] Kershaw 2008, pp. 309–314[160] Tames 2008, pp. 4–5[161] Kershaw 2008, pp. 313–315[162] Shirer 1960, p. 226–227[163][163] Shirer 1960, p. 229[164][164] Shirer 1960, p. 274[165][165] Bullock 1962, p. 309[166][166] Shirer 1960, p. 230[167][167] Kershaw 2008, pp. 392, 393[168][168] Shirer 1960, p. 312[169] Kershaw 2008, pp. 393–397[170][170] Shirer 1960, p. 308[171] Shirer 1960, p. 318–319[172] Kershaw 2008, pp. 397–398[173] Shirer 1960, p. 259–260[174][174] Shirer 1960, p. 258[175][175] Shirer 1960, p. 262[176] Speer 1971, pp. 118–119[177] Weinberg 1970, pp. 26–27[178] Kershaw 1999, pp. 490–491[179] Kershaw 1999, pp. 492, 555–556, 586–587[180][180] Carr 1972, p. 23[181][181] Kershaw 2008, p. 297[182] Messerschmidt 1990, pp. 601–602[183][183] Hildebrand 1973, p. 39[184][184] Roberts 1975[185] Messerschmidt 1990, pp. 630–631[186] Overy, Origins of WWII Reconsidered 1999[187] Carr 1972, pp. 56–57[188][188] Messerschmidt 1990, p. 642[189][189] Aigner 1985, p. 264[190] Messerschmidt 1990, pp. 636–637[191] Carr 1972, pp. 73–78[192][192] Messerschmidt 1990, p. 638[193][193] Kershaw 2008, p. 181[194] Manvell & Fraenkel 2007, p. 29[195][195] Kershaw 2008, p. 323[196][196] Kershaw 2008, p. 377[197][197] Speer 1971, p. 333[198][198] Marrus 2000, p. 37[199] Kershaw 1999, pp. 567–568[200][200] Overy 2005, p. 252[201][201] Gellately 1996[202][202] Snyder 2010, p. 416[203][203] Steinberg 1995[204][204] Kershaw 2008, p. 683[205][205] Shirer 1960, p. 965[206][206] Naimark 2002, p. 81

Adolf Hitler 30

[207][207] Shirer 1960, p. 967[208][208] Kershaw 2008, p. 687[209][209] Megargee 2007, p. 146[210] Kershaw 2008, pp. 670–675[211][211] Megargee 2007, p. 144[212][212] Yad Vashem, 2006[213][213] Yad Vashem, 2008[214][214] Holocaust Memorial Museum[215] Hancock 2004, pp. 383–396[216][216] Shirer 1960, p. 946[217][217] US Holocaust Memorial Museum[218] Niewyk & Nicosia 2000, p. 45[219][219] Goldhagen 1996, p. 290[220][220] Downing 2005, p. 33[221] Bloch 1992, pp. 178–179[222][222] Plating 2011, p. 21[223] Butler & Young 1989, p. 159[224][224] Bullock 1962, p. 434[225][225] Overy 2005, p. 425[226] Weinberg 1980, pp. 334–335[227] Weinberg 1980, pp. 338–340[228][228] Weinberg 1980, p. 366[229] Weinberg 1980, pp. 418–419[230] Kee 1988, pp. 149–150[231][231] Weinberg 1980, p. 419[232] Murray 1984, pp. 256–260[233][233] Bullock 1962, p. 469[234] Overy, The Munich Crisis 1999, p. 207[235] Kee 1988, pp. 202–203[236] Weinberg 1980, pp. 462–463[237][237] Messerschmidt 1990, p. 672[238] Messerschmidt 1990, pp. 671, 682–683[239] Rothwell 2001, pp. 90–91[240] Time, January 1939[241][241] Murray 1984, p. 268[242] Murray 1984, pp. 268–269[243][243] Shirer 1960, p. 448[244] Weinberg 1980, pp. 579–581[245][245] Maiolo 1998, p. 178[246] Messerschmidt 1990, pp. 688–690[247] Weinberg 1980, pp. 537–539, 557–560[248][248] Weinberg 1980, p. 558[249] Carr 1972, pp. 76–77[250] Kershaw 2000b, pp. 36–37, 92[251][251] Weinberg 1955[252][252] Robertson 1985, p. 212[253][253] Bloch 1992, p. 228[254] Overy & Wheatcroft 1989, p. 56[255][255] Bloch 1992, pp. 210, 228[256][256] Craig 1983[257] Overy, The Third Reich 1999[258] Robertson 1963, pp. 181–187[259][259] Beloff 1949[260] Bloch 1992, pp. 252–253[261] Weinberg 1995, pp. 85–94[262] Bloch 1992, pp. 255–257[263] Weinberg 1980, pp. 561–562, 583–584[264][264] Messerschmidt 1990, p. 714[265][265] Bloch 1992, p. 260

Adolf Hitler 31

[266][266] Hakim 1995[267] Time, October 1939[268] Rees 1997, pp. 141–145[269][269] Kershaw 2008, p. 527[270] Rees 1997, pp. 148–149[271][271] Winkler 2007, p. 74[272] Shirer 1960, pp. 696–730[273] Shirer 1960, pp. 731–737[274] Shirer 1960, pp. 774–782[275][275] Kershaw 2008, p. 580[276][276] Kershaw 2008, p. 570[277] Kershaw 2008, p. 604–605[278] Kurowski 2005, pp. 141–142[279][279] Shirer 1960, p. 830[280][280] Shirer 1960, p. 863[281][281] Evans 1989, p. 43[282][282] Weinberg et al. 1989[283] Shirer 1960, p. 900–901[284][284] Bauer 2000, p. 5[285][285] Shirer 1960, p. 921[286][286] Shirer 1960, p. 1006[287][287] BBC News, 1999[288][288] Shirer 1960, p. 997[289][289] Shirer 1960, p. 1036[290] Speer 1971, p. 513–514[291] Kershaw 2008, pp. 544–547, 821–822, 827–828[292] Kershaw 2008, p. 816–818[293][293] Shirer 1960, §29[294] Beevor & Attar 2012[295] Bullock 1962, pp. 753, 763, 778, 780–781[296] Bullock 1962, pp. 774–775[297][297] Beevor 2002, p. 251[298] Beevor 2002, pp. 255–256[299][299] Le Tissier 2010, p. 45[300][300] Dollinger 1995, p. 231[301][301] Beevor 2002, p. 275[302][302] Bullock 1962, p. 787[303][303] Bullock 1962, pp. 787, 795[304] Butler & Young 1989, pp. 227–228[305][305] Beevor 2002, p. 323[306][306] Bullock 1962, p. 791[307][307] Bullock 1962, pp. 792, 795[308][308] Beevor 2002, p. 343[309] MI5, Hitler's Last Days: "Hitler's will and marriage" on the website of MI5, using the sources available to Trevor Roper (a WWII MI5

agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler), records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated his last will and testament.[310][310] Bullock 1962, p. 795[311][311] Bullock 1962, p. 798[312][312] Linge 2009, p. 199[313] Joachimsthaler 1999, pp. 160–180[314] Joachimsthaler 1999, pp. 217–220[315][315] Linge 2009, p. 200[316] Bullock 1962, pp. 799–800[317][317] Vinogradov 2005, pp. 111, 333[318] Vinogradov 2005, pp. 333–336[319][319] Fest 1974, p. 753[320][320] Speer 1971, p. 617[321][321] Toland 1977, p. 892[322] Kershaw 2000a, pp. 1–6[323][323] Fischer 1995, p. 569

Adolf Hitler 32

[324] Del Testa, Lemoine & Strickland 2003, p. 83[325][325] Rummel 1994, p. 112[326][326] Welch 2001, p. 2[327][327] Shirer 1960, p. 6[328] Hitler & Trevor-Roper 1988, p. xxxv[329][329] Roberts 1996, p. 501[330][330] Lichtheim 1974, p. 366[331] Speer 1971, pp. 141–142[332] Rißmann 2001, pp. 94–96[333][333] Rißmann 2001, p. 96[334][334] Bullock 1962, p. 219[335][335] Steigmann-Gall 2003, p. XV[336][336] Steigmann-Gall 2007[337][337] Steigmann-Gall 2003, pp. 27, 108[338][338] Hitler 1942, p. 20[339][339] Hitler 1973, p. 23[340][340] Bullock 1962, pp. 219, 389[341][341] Conway 1968, p. 3[342][342] Sharkey 2002[343][343] Bonney 2001[344][344] Office of Strategic Services, 1945[345] Speer 1971, p. 142–143[346][346] Payne 2008, p. 171[347][347] Hanfstaengl 1994, p. 174[348][348] Speer 1971, pp. 171, 174[349][349] Bullock 1999, p. 729[350][350] Bullock 1962, p. 717[351] Redlich 2000, pp. 129–190[352][352] Langer 1972, p. 126[353][353] Kershaw 2000a, p. 72[354] Kershaw 2008, pp. xxxv–xxxvi[355][355] Bullock 1999, p. 388[356][356] Wilson 1998[357][357] Kershaw 2008, p. 380[358][358] Dietrich 2010, p. 172[359][359] Dietrich 2010, p. 171[360][360] Toland 1992, p. 741[361] Heston & Heston 1980, pp. 125–142[362] Heston & Heston 1980, pp. 11–20[363][363] Kershaw 2008, p. 782[364][364] Linge 2009, p. 156[365][365] O'Donnell 2001, p. 37[366][366] Bullock 1999, p. 563[367][367] Kershaw 2008, p. 378[368] Kershaw 2008, p. 947–948[369] Bullock 1962, pp. 393–394[370][370] Kershaw 2008, p. 4[371] The Daily Telegraph, 2003

Adolf Hitler 33

References

Sources• Aigner, Dietrich (1985). "Hitler's ultimate aims – a programme of world dominion?". In Koch, H.W. Aspects of

the Third Reich. London: MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-312-05726-8.• Bauer, Yehuda (2000). Rethinking the Holocaust. Yale University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-300-08256-2.• Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945. London: Viking-Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5.• Beevor, Antony; Attar, Rob (June 2012). "The World in Flames". BBC History Magazine 13 (6).• Beloff, Max (1949). The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia. II, I936–4I. Oxford University Press. OCLC 264346.• Bendersky, Joseph W (2000). A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945. Rowman & Littlefield.

ISBN 978-1-4422-1003-5.• Bloch, Michael (1992). Ribbentrop. New York: Crown Publishing. ISBN 978-0-517-59310-3.• Bonney, Richard (2001). "The Nazi Master Plan, Annex 4: The Persecution of the Christian Churches" (http:/ /

www. leics. gov. uk/ the_nazi_master_plan. pdf). Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion. Retrieved 7 June 2011.• Bullock, Alan (1962) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-013564-0.• Bullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. New York: Konecky & Konecky.

ISBN 978-1-56852-036-0.• Butler, Ewan; Young, Gordon (1989). The Life and Death of Hermann Göring. Newton Abbot, Devon: David &

Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-9455-7.• Carr, William (1972). Arms, Autarky and Aggression. London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 978-0-7131-5668-3.• Conway, John S. (1968). The Nazi Persecution of the Churches 1933–45. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

ISBN 978-0-297-76315-4.• Craig, Gordon (1983) [1949]. "The German Foreign Office from Neurath to Ribbentrop". In Craig, Gordon A.;

Gilbert, Felix. Documents on German foreign Policy, 1918–1945, from the archives of the German ForeignMinistry. pp. 435–436. OCLC 21151259.

• Del Testa, David W; Lemoine, Florence; Strickland, John (2003). Government Leaders, Military Rulers, andPolitical Activists. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-57356-153-2.

• Dietrich, Otto (2010). The Hitler I Knew: Memoirs of the Third Reich's Press Chief. New York: Skyhorse.ISBN 978-1-60239-972-3.

• Dollinger, Hans (1995) [1965]. The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan: A Pictorial History ofthe Final Days of World War II. New York: Gramercy. ISBN 978-0-517-12399-7.

• Downing, David (2005). The Nazi Death Camps. World Almanac Library of the Holocaust. Gareth Stevens.ISBN 978-0-8368-5947-8.

• Evans, Richard J. (1989). In Hitler's Shadow : West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape from the NaziPast. New York: Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-394-57686-2.

• Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-14-303469-8.• Fest, Joachim C. (1970). The Face of the Third Reich. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

ISBN 978-0-297-17949-8.• Fest, Joachim C. (1974) [1973]. Hitler. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-76755-8.• Fest, Joachim C. (1977) [1973]. Hitler. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-021983-8.• Fischer, Klaus P. (1995). Nazi Germany: A New History. London: Constable and Company.

ISBN 978-0-09-474910-8.• Fromm, Erich (1977) [1973]. The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness. London: Penguin Books.

ISBN 978-0-14-004258-0.• Fulda, Bernhard (2009). Press and Politics in the Weimar Republic. Oxford University Press.

ISBN 978-0-19-954778-4.

Adolf Hitler 34

• Gellately, Robert (1996). "Reviewed work(s): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by CzeslawMadajczyk. Der "Generalplan Ost." Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik byMechtild Rössler; Sabine Schleiermacher". Central European History 29 (2): 270–274.

• Goldhagen, Daniel (1996). Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New York:Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-44695-8.

• Hakim, Joy (1995). War, Peace, and All That Jazz. A History of US. 9. New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-509514-2.

• Halperin, Samuel William (1965) [1946]. Germany Tried Democracy: A Political History of the Reich from 1918to 1933. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-00280-5.

• Hamann, Brigitte (1999). Hitler's Vienna: A Dictator's Apprenticeship. Trans. Thomas Thornton. New York:Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512537-5.

• Hamann, Brigitte (2010) [1999]. Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man. Trans. ThomasThornton. London; New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. ISBN 978-1-84885-277-8.

• Hancock, Ian (2004). "Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview". In Stone, Dan. TheHistoriography of the Holocaust. New York; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-99745-1.

• Hanfstaengl, Ernst (1994) [1957]. Hitler: The Missing Years. New York: Arcade. ISBN 978-1-55970-272-0.• Heck, Alfons (2001) [1985]. A Child of Hitler: Germany In The Days When God Wore A Swastika. Phoenix, AZ:

Renaissance House. ISBN 978-0-939650-44-6.• Heston, Leonard L.; Heston, Renate (1980) [1979]. The Medical Casebook of Adolf Hitler: His Illnesses, Doctors,

and Drugs. New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 978-0-8128-2718-7.• Hildebrand, Klaus (1973). The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich. London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-1126-3.• Hitler, Adolf (1999) [1925]. Mein Kampf. Trans. Ralph Manheim. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

ISBN 978-0-395-92503-4.• Hitler, Adolf (1973) [1941]. Roussy de Sales, Raoul de. ed. My New Order. New York: Octagon Books.

ISBN 978-0-374-93918-2.• Hitler, Adolf (1942). Baynes, Norman H.. ed. The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, April 1922 – August 1939. London:

Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-86527-493-8.• Hitler, Adolf; Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1988) [1953]. Hitler's Table-Talk, 1941–1945: Hitler's Conversations

Recorded by Martin Bormann. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285180-2.• Jamieson, Alastair (19 November 2008). "Nazi leader Hitler really did have only one ball" (http:/ / www.

telegraph. co. uk/ news/ newstopics/ howaboutthat/ 3481932/ Nazi-leader-Hitler-really-did-have-only-one-ball.html). The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 May 2011.

• Jetzinger, Franz (1976) [1956]. Hitler's Youth. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-8617-7.• Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth. Trans.

Helmut Bögler. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8.• Kee, Robert (1988). Munich: The Eleventh Hour. London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-12537-3.• Keegan, John (1987). The Mask of Command: A Study of Generalship. London: Pimlico.

ISBN 978-0-7126-6526-1.• Keller, Gustav (2010) (in German). Der Schüler Adolf Hitler: die Geschichte eines lebenslangen Amoklaufs [The

Student Adolf Hitler: The Story of a Lifelong Rampage]. Münster: LIT. ISBN 978-3-643-10948-4.• Kellogg, Michael (2005). The Russian Roots of Nazism White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism,

1917–1945. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84512-0.• Kershaw, Ian (1999) [1998]. Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

ISBN 978-0-393-04671-7.• Kershaw, Ian (2000a) [1985]. The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation (4th ed.).

London: Arnold. ISBN 978-0-340-76028-4.

Adolf Hitler 35

• Kershaw, Ian (2000b). Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis. New York; London: W. W. Norton & Company.ISBN 978-0-393-32252-1.

• Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6.• Kolb, Eberhard (2005) [1984]. The Weimar Republic. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34441-8.• Kolb, Eberhard (1988) [1984]. The Weimar Republic. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-09077-3.• Kressel, Neil J. (2002). Mass Hate: The Global Rise Of Genocide And Terror. Boulder: Basic Books.

ISBN 978-0-8133-3951-1.• Kubizek, August (2006) [1953]. The Young Hitler I Knew. St. Paul, MN: MBI. ISBN 978-1-85367-694-9.• Kurowski, Franz (2005). The Brandenburger Commandos: Germany's Elite Warrior Spies in World War II.

Stackpole Military History series. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3250-5.• Langer, Walter C. (1972) [1943]. The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report. New York: Basic Books.

ISBN 978-0-465-04620-1.• Larson, Erik (2011). In the Garden of Beasts: Love, Terror, and an American Family in Hitler's Berlin. New

York, NY: Random House/Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-40884-6.• Lichtheim, George (1974). Europe In The Twentieth Century. London: Sphere Books. ISBN 978-0-351-17192-5.• Linge, Heinz (2009) [1980]. With Hitler to the End: The Memoirs of Adolf Hitler's Valet. Intro. Roger

Moorhouse. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-804-7.• Lipstadt, Deborah E. (2011). The Eichmann Trial. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-8052-4260-7.• Maiolo, Joseph (1998). The Royal Navy and Nazi Germany 1933–39: Appeasement and the Origins of the Second

World War. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-0-333-72007-3.• Manvell, Roger; Fraenkel, Heinrich (2007) [1965]. Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and

Gestapo. London; New York: Greenhill; Skyhorse. ISBN 978-1-60239-178-9.• Maser, Werner (1973). Hitler: Legend, Myth, Reality. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-0473-4.• Marrus, Michael (2000). The Holocaust in History. Toronto: Key Porter. ISBN 978-0-299-23404-1.• Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2007). War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941. Lanham,

Md: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-4482-6.• Messerschmidt, Manfred (1990). "Foreign Policy and Preparation for War". In Deist, Wilhelm. Germany and the

Second World War. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822866-0.• Mitcham, Samuel W. (1996). Why Hitler?: The Genesis of the Nazi Reich. Westport, Conn: Praeger.

ISBN 978-0-275-95485-7.• Murray, Williamson (1984). The Change in the European Balance of Power. Princeton: Princeton University

Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05413-1.• Naimark, Norman M. (2002). Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Harvard

University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00994-3.• Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. New York: Columbia

University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11200-0.• O'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3.• Overy, Richard; Wheatcroft, Andrew (1989). The Road To War. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-14-028530-7.• Overy, Richard (1999). "Germany and the Munich Crisis: A Mutilated Victory?". In Lukes, Igor; Goldstein, Erik.

The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II. London; Portland, OR: Frank Cass. OCLC 40862187.• Overy, Richard (1999). "Economy Germany, 'Domestic Crisis' and War in 1939". In Leitz, Christian. The Third

Reich: The Essential Readings. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-20699-6.• Overy, Richard (1999). "Misjudging Hitler". In Martel, Gordon. The Origins of the Second World War

Reconsidered. London: Routledge. pp. 93–115. ISBN 978-0-415-16324-8.• Overy, Richard (2005). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia. Penguin Books.

ISBN 978-0-393-02030-4.

Adolf Hitler 36

• Payne, Robert (1990) [1973]. The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler. New York, New York: Hippocrene Books.ISBN 978-0-88029-402-7.

• Payne, Stanley G. (2008). Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II. New Haven: Yale UniversityPress. ISBN 978-0-300-12282-4.

• Plating, John D. (2011). The Hump: America's Strategy for Keeping China in World War II. Williams-Ford TexasA&M University military history series, no. 134. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.ISBN 978-1-60344-238-1.

• Redlich, Fritz R. (September 2000). Hitler: Diagnosis of a Destructive Prophet. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-513631-9.

• Rees, Laurence (1997). The Nazis: A Warning From History. New York: New Press. ISBN 978-0-563-38704-6.• Rißmann, Michael (2001) (in German). Hitlers Gott. Vorsehungsglaube und Sendungsbewußtsein des deutschen

Diktators. Zürich München: Pendo. ISBN 978-3-85842-421-1.• Roberts, J. M. (1996). A History of Europe. Oxford: Helicon. ISBN 978-1-85986-178-3.• Roberts, Martin (1975). The New Barbarism – A Portrait of Europe 1900–1973. Oxford University Press.

ISBN 978-0-19-913225-6.• Robertson, Esmonde M. (1963). Hitler's Pre-War Policy and Military Plans: 1933–1939. London: Longmans.

OCLC 300011871.• Robertson, E. M. (1985). "Hitler Planning for War and the Response of the Great Powers". In H.W, Koch.

Aspects of the Third Reich. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-05726-8.• Rosenbaum, Ron (1999). Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil. Harper Perennial.

ISBN 978-0-06-095339-3.• Rosmus, Anna Elisabeth (2004). Out of Passau: Leaving a City Hitler Called Home. Columbia, S.C: University

of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-508-1.• Rothwell, Victor (2001). The Origins of the Second World War. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

ISBN 978-0-7190-5957-5.• Rummel, Rudolph (1994). Death by Government. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. ISBN 978-1-56000-145-4.• Ryschka, Birgit (29 September 2008). Constructing and Deconstructing National Identity: Dramatic Discourse in

Tom Murphy's the Patriot Game and Felix Mitterer's in Der Löwengrube. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-631-58111-7.• Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster.

ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.• Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books.

ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9.• Speer, Albert (1971) [1969]. Inside the Third Reich. New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-00071-5.• Spiro, Jonathan Peter (2008). Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison

Grant. Lebanon, NH: University Press of Vermont. ISBN 978-1-58465-715-6.• Stackelberg, Roderick (2007). The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany. New Yor: Routledge.

ISBN 978-0-415-30860-1.• Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2003). The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945. Cambridge; New

York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.2277/978-0-521-82371-5. ISBN 978-0-521-82371-5.• Steigmann-Gall, Richard (April 2007). "Christianity and the Nazi Movement: A Response". Journal of

Contemporary History 42 (2): 185–211. doi:10.1177/0022009407075560.• Steinberg, Jonathan (June 1995). "The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied

Soviet Union, 1941-4". The English Historical Review 110 (437): 620–651. OCLC 83655937.• Steiner, John Michael (1976). Power Politics and Social Change in National Socialist Germany: A Process of

Escalation into Mass Destruction. The Hague: Mouton. ISBN 978-90-279-7651-2.• Tames, Richard (2008). Dictatorship. Chicago: Heinemann Library. ISBN 978-1-4329-0234-6.• Le Tissier, Tony (2010) [1999]. Race for the Reichstag. Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-84884-230-4.

Adolf Hitler 37

• Toland, John (1977) [1976]. Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography. London: Book Club Associates.• Toland, John (1992) [1976]. Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-42053-2.• Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1987) [1947]. The Last Days of Hitler. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

ISBN 978-0-226-81224-3.• Vinogradov, V. K. (2005). Hitler's Death: Russia's Last Great Secret from the Files of the KGB. Chaucer Press.

ISBN 978-1-904449-13-3.• Weber, Thomas (2010). Hitler's First War: Adolf Hitler, The Men of the List Regiment, and the First World War.

Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923320-5.• Weinberg, Gerhard (December 1955). "Hitler's Private Testament of 2 May 1938". The Journal of Modern

History 27 (4): 415–419. doi:10.1086/237831. OCLC 482752575.• Weinberg, Gerhard (1970). The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–1936.

Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-88509-4.• Weinberg, Gerhard (1980). The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Starting World War II. Chicago, Illinois:

University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-88511-7.• Weinberg, Gerhard; Topitsch, Ernst; Taylor, A.; Taylor, B. (June 1989). "Review of Stalin's War: A Radical New

Theory of the Origins of the Second World War by Ernst Topitsch". The American Historical Review 94 (3):800–801. doi:10.2307/1873876. OCLC 486363416.

• Weinberg, Gerhard (1995). "Hitler and England, 1933–1945: Pretense and Reality". Germany, Hitler, and WorldWar II: Essays in Modern German and World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-47407-8.

• Welch, David (2001). Hitler: Profile of a Dictator. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-25075-7.• Wheeler-Bennett, John (1967). The Nemesis of Power. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-1812-3.• Winkler (2007). Germany: The Long Road West. Vol. 2, 1933–1990. Sager, Alexander (trans.). New York:

Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-926598-5.Online

• "Parkinson's part in Hitler's downfall" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ health/ 406713. stm). BBC News. 29 July1999. Retrieved 13 June 2011.

• "Adolf Hitler's Austrian hometown revokes honour title" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/world-europe-14084913). BBC News Online. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.

• "1933 – Day of Potsdam" (http:/ / www. potsdam. de/ cms/ beitrag/ 10000945/ 33981/ ). City of Potsdam.Retrieved 13 June 2011.

• "Documents: Bush's Grandfather Directed Bank Tied to Man Who Funded Hitler" (http:/ / www. foxnews. com/story/ 0,2933,100474,00. html). Fox News. 17 October 2003. Retrieved 16 October 2011.

• "Hitler's Last Days" (https:/ / www. mi5. gov. uk/ output/ hitlers-last-days. html). mi5.gov.uk. MI5 SecurityService. Retrieved 5 January 2012.

• Evans, Richard J. (22 June 2011). "How the First World War shaped Hitler" (http:/ / www. theglobeandmail. com/news/ arts/ books/ hitlers-first-war-by-thomas-weber/ article2070942/ ). The Globe and Mail (Phillip Crawley).Retrieved 29 April 2012.

• Frauenfeld, A. E (August 1937). "The Power of Speech" (http:/ / www. calvin. edu/ academic/ cas/ gpa/machtrede. htm). Calvin College. Retrieved 19 October 2011.

• Goebbels, Joseph (1936). "The Führer as a Speaker" (http:/ / www. calvin. edu/ academic/ cas/ gpa/ ahspeak.htm). Calvin College. Retrieved 19 October 2011.

• Hinrichs, Per (10 March 2007). "Des Führers Pass, Hitlers Einbürgerung [Hitler's Naturalisation: Pass theLeader]" (http:/ / www. spiegel. de/ panorama/ zeitgeschichte/ 0,1518,470844,00. html) (in German). SpiegelOnline. Retrieved 16 October 2011.

• "Introduction to the Holocaust" (http:/ / www. ushmm. org/ wlc/ article. php?lang=en& ModuleId=10005143).United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 17 October 2011.

Adolf Hitler 38

• "Eingabe der Industriellen an Hindenburg vom November 1932 [Letter of the industrialists to Hindenburg,November 1932]" (http:/ / www. glasnost. de/ hist/ ns/ eingabe. html). Glasnost–Archiv. Retrieved 16 October2011.

• "[The Hitler Trial Before the People's Court in Munich]" (in German) Der Hitler-Prozeß vor dem Volksgericht inMünchen. 1924.

• Office of Strategic Services (1945). "The Nazi Master Plan: The Persecution of the Christian Churches" (http:/ /org. law. rutgers. edu/ publications/ law-religion/ nurinst1. shtml). Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion (Ithaca,NY: Cornell Law Library): 6–7. OCLC 320083040.

• "Hitler ersucht um Entlassung aus der österreichischen Staatsangehörigkeit [Hitler's official application to end hisAustrian citizenship]" (http:/ / www. ns-archiv. de/ personen/ hitler/ oesterreich/ staatsbuergerschaft. php) (inGerman). NS-Archiv. 7 April 1925. Retrieved 13 April 2012.

• Sharkey, Joe (13 January 2002). "Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned ToDestroy German Christianity" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2002/ 01/ 13/ weekinreview/word-for-word-case-against-nazis-hitler-s-forces-planned-destroy-german. html?pagewanted=all). The New YorkTimes. Retrieved 7 June 2011.

• "Leni Riefenstahl" (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ news/ obituaries/ 1440991/ Leni-Riefenstahl.html?pageNum=3). The Daily Telegraph (London: TMG). 10 September 2003. ISSN 0307-1235.OCLC 49632006. Retrieved 14 December 2011-12-14.

• "Man of the Year" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,760539-1,00. html). Time Magazine(Time). 2 January 1939. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080607103145/ http:/ / www. time. com/time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,760539-1,00. html) from the original on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.

• "Seven Years War?" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,789000,00. html). Time Magazine(Time). 2 October 1939. Retrieved 30 August 2008.

• "Germany: Second Revolution?" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,754321,00. html).Time Magazine (Time). 2 July 1934. Retrieved 17 October 2011.

• "Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era: The Invasion and Occupation of Poland" (http:/ / www. ushmm. org/ education/resource/ poles/ poles. php). ushmm.org. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 15 December2011.

• Wilson, Bee (9 October 1998). "Mein Diat – Adolf Hitler's diet" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/20050321091219/ http:/ / www. findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_m0FQP/ is_n4406_v127/ ai_21238666). NewStatesman. UK: FindArticles. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. findarticles. com/ p/ articles/ mi_m0FQP/is_n4406_v127/ ai_21238666) on 21 March 2005. Retrieved 22 May 2008.

• Yad Vashem Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority (2006). Yad Vashem Studies. 34. Jerusalem: YadVashem. OCLC 610688434.

• "How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust? How do we know? Do we have their names?" (http:/ / web.archive. org/ web/ 20080519014604/ http:/ / www1. yadvashem. org/ about_holocaust/ faqs/ answers/ faq_3.html). Yad Vashem. Archived from the original (http:/ / www1. yadvashem. org/ about_holocaust/ faqs/ answers/faq_3. html) on 19 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.

Adolf Hitler 39

External links• Works by or about Adolf Hitler (http:/ / worldcat. org/ identities/ lccn-n79-46200) in libraries (WorldCat catalog)• Adolf Hitler (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ name/ nm0386944/ ) at the Internet Movie Database – real life footage in

documentaries• Adolf Hitler (Character) (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ character/ ch0027857/ ) at the Internet Movie Database – as

portrayed in film and TV• "Adolf Hitler" (http:/ / vault. fbi. gov/ adolf-hitler). The Vault. FBI Records.• "Hitler and his officers" (http:/ / www. ww2incolor. com/ gallery/ movies/ hitler_color). World War II Movies in

Color. WW2inColor.

Article Sources and Contributors 40

Article Sources and ContributorsAdolf Hitler  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=503460594  Contributors: $yD!, *drew, -BC109C-, -Majestic-, -S TANK-, 000peter, 01bemounce, 041744, 04merisonw, 10nn, 10qwerty, 119, 11srubin, 1234abc1234111, 1337 m00, 14Adrian, 168..., 172, 193orlando, 2-bits, 2.165, 21stCenturyGreenstuff, 23haveblue, 23prootie, 24.12.199.xxx, 24.91.213.xxx, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, 2k8, 4001001A, 4twenty42o, 5aret, 5dsddddd, 65.68.87.xxx, 666 HIM 666, 666-bmth-666, 6675548, 68Kustom, 6afraidof7, 8NAFAN8, 8thstar, A Man In Black, A Quest For Knowledge, A Second Man in Motion, A bit iffy, A. Exeunt, A.G. Pinkwater, A.Kurtz, A.S. Brown, A2Kafir, A3r0, ABCD, ACDC7369, ACSE, ACV777, ACupOfCoffee, AJH, AKMask, ALE!, AMuseo, ANGELUS, AVand, Aaagmnr, Aaker, Aaqqq, Aaron Brenneman, Aaron Schulz, Aaroncrick, Abc4567891011, Abceded, Abdalla A, Abdowiki, Abednigo, Abethune, Abnormally, Abovedoubt, Abrightcoldday, Abs 1, Abu ari, Abysspell, Ace ETP, Acegikmo1, Acetic Acid, AcheronsBane, AcquaCheta, Adam Bishop, Adam Carr, Adam Clark, Adam sk, Adam1213, Adam12901, AdamJacobMuller, Adambro, Adamn, Adamv88, Adashiel, Addshore, Adelson Velsky Landis, Adidasboy710, Adityakistampally, Adolf, Adsomvilay, Adudethatpwns, Ae7flux, Aekbal, Aeneiden-Rex, Aeronautics, Aerosox14, Aesopos, Aetheling, Afterwriting, Agathoclea, Agent452, Agnewjamie, Ahadland1234, AhlinaS, Ahoerstemeier, Aikclaes, Aim Here, Aimulti, Airconswitch, Airosche, Airplaneman, Airsurfer210, Airu8Sama, Aitias, Ajajajaj5, Ajaxkroon, Ajota, Ajota2, Ajsgeek, Akamad, Akhran, Aksi great, Akumpf, Akó si Gundam, Alan Liefting, Alan smithee, Alan012, Alansohn, Alarbus, Alasdairking, Albert0, Albinomonkey, Albinostorm, Albundlesz, Aldie, Ale jrb, Alec J. Tank, Aleenf1, Alephh, Alex Bakharev, Alex Middleton, Alex:D, AlexLevyOne, AlexR, AlexWilkes, Alexander Domanda, Alexander336, AlexanderThomas, Alexandria, Alexf, Alexjohnc3, Alexveit, Alexwcovington, Alf.laylah.wa.laylah, Alf74, Alfons2, Aliajacta, Alias777, Alice.haugen, Alienus, All Hallow's Wraith, AllyUnion, Alnokta, AlphBetaFive555111, Alpha166, AlphaEta, Alphabet Soup, Alphabetagamnma, Alphachimp, Alphax, Alrasheedan, Also, octopuses, Alssa1, AltShiftTheL337, Altaar, Altenmann, Alterego, Alynder, AmateurEditor, Ambar, Amdrummer90, Ameliorate!, America11111, Americaisgray, AmericanCentury21, AmiDaniel, Amitrox, Amitsingbal, Amorrow, Amphlett7, Amplitude101, Amsterdam360, Anand Karia, Anders.Warga, Andre Engels, Andrevan, AndrewH, Andrewpmk, Andrewtechhelp, Andreww, Andries, Andris, Androo, Andrwsc, André Devecserii, Andy M. Wang, Andy Marchbanks, Andy8192, Andyahaziz, Andypandy.UK, Andypp123, Andythompson92, Anetode, Angela, Angelstar2nite, Anglius, Angr, Angrybeerman, Anguruso, Angus Lepper, Anilocra, Anit.pimple, Anna wilder, Anonymous editor, Anonymous from the 21th century, Anonymous3190, Anonymous44, Antandrus, Anthony, Anthony Appleyard, Anthony Bradbury, AnthonyQBachler, Anti Nazi, Anti-Nationalist, Antidote, Antientropic, Antihexe, Antique Rose, Antjames29, Ants army 001, Anuranga7, Aomarks, Apad, Apofisu, Apol0gies, Apollomelos, Apostrophe, Aragorn2, Aranel, Aranherunar, Arathjp, Arctic Warfare, ArcticFrog, Arcticdawg, Arcturus, ArglebargleIV, Arhoton, Aris Katsaris, Aristeiakorps, Arjun dabomb1, Arjun01, Arjunm, Arlindos, Arm, Arminius, Armycadet127, Arniep, Arnold Reisman, AronR, Aronfoxy99, Arrenlex, Arrowhead88, Art LaPella, ArtRex1, ArthritisCritic, Arthur chos, Arvik, Arwel Parry, Asbestos, Asdf, Asdf gh kan aimen, Asdfdsa, Asenine, Asentreu, Ash, Ashenai, Ashlux, Ashmoo, Askalan, Asmaybe, Asrail, Asserghozlan, Assyria 90, Asterix*, Astronautics, Astrotrain, Atari400, Atb 43, Atlan, Atlant, Atrix20, AtticusRyan, Attilios, Aude, Audrey, Auno3, AuntFlo, Auntof6, Ausmitch, Aust4001322, Autobush, AutomaticStrikeout, Auximines, Avala, Avalonleonetti, Avatar, Avaya1, Ave Maris Stella, AvianSavara, Avicennasis, Avoided, Awolf58, Awsomegamer678, AxG, AxelBoldt, Axt, Axxe36, Axzion, Aylward05, Ayrton Prost, Az1568, AzaToth, Azer Red, Azndipstick, Azplm, Azure Haights, B, B-Machine, BD2412, BDD, BJ712, BKH2007, BKI 1226, BOMBINI, BW, Baa, Babajobu, Babi kay, Babie Gurl, Babsbabsbabs, Babyskates, Bacteria, Badagnani, Bahavd Gita, Ballwinkle, Bambuway, Bamhim12, Banaantje123, Banaticus, Bandislife, Banes, BankiSun, Bantosh, BanyanTree, Bara0014, Barbara Shack, Barberio, Barista, Barnabypage, Barneca, Barnej, Baron, Baronnet, Bart133, Bartleby, Basarisk, Bash, Battle Pope, Battlefield, Baxter 10, Bbatsell, Bbbbennnn, Bbenjoe, Bbsrock, Bcameron54, Bcorr, Bdevoe, Beachtruck, Beans 6113, Beaver3t, Bedel23, Beefin, Beelzebubbles101, Before My Ken, Bekind, Belaslav, BelindaGong, Bellczar, Belowzero, Ben Bulben, Ben-Zin, BenRG, Bencey, Bencrane, Bender235, Bengalski, Benhaldenby, Beniti, Benjamin Mako Hill, Bennjaming, Benpay, Benua, Benw, Beobach972, Beretta13, Berf, Berlin 11011, Bermicourt, Berumentherapist, Beta m, Betacommand, Betty Logan, Bevo74, Beyond My Ken, Beyond silence, Bgully, Bhadani, Bhumiya, Bibbledebobblede, Big "A", Big baller, Bigbear bh, Bigbluefish, BigglesTh9, Bigjake, Bikoyski, Bilby, Bill37212, BillC, BillMasen, Billgriswald, Billy49, Billymacy, Binabik80, Binadot, Binksternet, Biot, Birdmessenger, Biruitorul, Bish.dk, Bishonen, Bitsko, Bjarki S, Bjelleklang, Bjmullan, Bkf2985, Bkonrad, Black glowsticks, Blackhc1087, Blacksand, Blade Runner, Blahaccountblah, Blaineeee, Blake-, Blanchardb, Blankfaze, BlazeTheMovieFan, Bleh999, Blethering Scot, Blightsoot, Blindman shady, Bloodrunsblack, Bloodshedder, BlookyPoo13, Blu Aardvark, BlueEyedGal, BlueGoose, Bluemiles, Bluethegrappler, Blurkom, Bmgoau, Bmicomp, Bnguyen, Bnosam, Bnynms, Bo Lindbergh, Bob rulz, Bob1943, Bob98133, Bob999, Bobblehead81, Bobblewik, Bobbysags, Bobdoe, Bobisbob, Bobisbob2, Bobjane12345, Bobo192, Bobobobobobo, Boboy Sta.olaya, Bodnotbod, Boeing720, Bogdangiusca, Bondkaka, Bongoboy1121212, Bongwarrior, Bonniequeenie, Boogyman1, Bookandcoffee, Bookofjude, Booksbooksbooks, Booksworm, Bootha, Boothy443, Booyaka6191, BorgHunter, Boris jones, Borisbaran, Bormon, Bornhj, Borock, BoroughJohn, Boson, Bosoni, Boston Collage ' 84, Bowlerguy, Bowlhover, Br'er Rabbit, Bradeos Graphon, BrainMafia, Brainless6, BrainyBabe, Branddobbe, Brandmeister (old), Brandon5485, Brandon97, Bratch, Bratsche, Bravo-Alpha, Brdforallseasons, Breakdown beau, Bree113, Brendanconway, Brenont, BrettAllen, Bretzelnator, Brewcrewer, Brewstehr, Brian0918, Brianluciano, Brimangone, Brion VIBBER, Britannicus, Britian101, Britmax, Britzingen, Brockert, BrokenSegue, Brooker, Brookie, Brossow, Brrk.3001, Bruce1ee, Brusegadi, Bryan Derksen, BrysonBayot, Bsuga3, Btipling, Btwied, Buchanan-Hermit, Buchanan700, BuckM5, BuckwikiPDa535, Buffbob333, Bukubku, Bull Market, Bumhole, Bushcutter, Buster baxter, Butwhatdoiknow, Bwyatt1991, Byterock, Bytwerk, C. L. Marquette, C.Fred, C12H22O11, CAPS LOCK, CBDunkerson, CCwithALEXintheSHOWER, CJ, CJCurrie, CKHideki, CLW, COGDEN, CONRO, CPMcE, CRRaysHead90, CST, CSvBibra, CTSWyneken, Cabalamat, Cabm92, Cacafuego95, Cactus.man, Cadr, Caesarjbsquitti, Caesura, Cahier, Caknuck, CalJW, Calbears4554, Caleb Cox, Caleb Parks, CalebNoble, Calliopejen1, Calmypal, Calstanhope, Caltas, Camanator, Camembert, CameronK93, Camillus McElhinney, CamperStrike, Camptown, Camronwest, Camw, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canadian, Canadian-Bacon, CanadianPenguin, Canadiancofee, Canderson7, Canfezplay, Canterbury21, CantorOrion, Cantus, Canuck85, Canuckian89, Capricorn42, Captain Proton, Captain-c, CaptainMiller, Carajou, Carbonite, Carcharoth, Carlosguitar, Carnot, Carp3, Carrico4g, Cartman4000, Casey Abell, Casey1237, Casper2k3, Caspianrex, Cast, Cat's Tuxedo, Catherinemandot, Catlord98765, Causa sui, Cause of death, Caveman 07, Cawill01, CayceG, Cazemier, Cbrett, Cbuhl79, Cburnett, Ccacsmss, Cdc, Cdevon2, Ceejayoz, Celestianpower, Celticbhoy-1888, Cena41294, Centrx, Cerebral, Cerejota, Ceticon, Cgingold, Cgs, Chacufc, Chainax, Chainlinking2005, Chairboy, Chairman S., Challisrussia, Challiyan, Chamaeleon, Chameleon, Chamilton333, Chanlyn, Chantelletubbie, Chanting Fox, Chapandoosh, Chapi, Chaporto, Charles Essie, Charles Matthews, CharlesDexterWard, Chaser, Chattyman890, Chavando, Chazell, Chconline, Cheburashka, Cheesezilla, Chen45, Cherron1994, ChessPlayer, Chessy999, Chester polarbear, Chez37, Chiacomo, ChicXulub, Chicheley, ChickenDoodoo, Chiefalotacoke, Chienloup, Chile, Chimmychimp, ChineseLamps, Chiro9, Chmod007, Chochopk, Chodorkovskiy, Chomeara, Chorro22, Chouby, Chowa001, Chowells, ChrJahnsen, Chris 73, Chris Rodgers, Chris Roy, Chris0969, Chris1148, ChrisRed, Chrislynch94, Christian75, Christmasjones25, Christopher Connor, Christopher Crossley, Christopher Parham, Christus11, Chronicle13, Chrysalis, Chuck 444, Chuck F, Chuuplo, Ciarok, Cinaclov, Ciphergoth, Citedcover, Citizen, Citizen Premier, Citizenzero, Cityglitter, Cityplacecj, Cityvalyu, Civil Engineer III, Cjc13, Cjthellama, Ckatz, Clair de Lune, ClassA, Clawson, Clementi, Clidog, CliffC, Clinton Boys, Clngre, Closedmouth, Clowns, Cmdrjameson, Cmguy777, Cmprince, Codewench, Codex Sinaiticus, Coemgenus37, Coey, Coffee2theorems, Cogent, Coleio, ColinFine, Colonel Marksman, Colonies Chris, Comemitmier, Cometstyles, Commander, Commander Sergei Bjarkhov, CommonsDelinker, Communismeffect, CommunistStyle?, Computerjoe, Computerrw, ComradeRyan, ConDissenter, ConfuciusOrnis, Conical Johnson, Conleyer, Connect5, Connelly, Connormah, Conrad.Irwin, Contagious foot, Conversion script, CoolHitlerFan, Cooldud7, Coolhitmandude5000, Coolio Grooverider, Coolrocker59, Cooltrainer Hugh, Coolug, Copysan, Cormac Canales, Cormic, Corms, Cory217, Coryyy, Cow, Cowman109, Cowpowder, Cpl Syx, Cpl mitchell, Cplakidas, Crallansmamisfat, Crazed666, Crazy Eddy, Crazy1monkey, Crazy2be, Crazycomputers, Crazymonkey1123, Creativeminds34, Creature190, Credema, Creidieki, Cretino, Crocc, Crotalus horridus, Crusader.Chris, Crypto, CryptoDerk, Crystallina, Ctbolt, Cullen498, Cun, Curiouscdngeorge, Curps, Cursa, Cvieg, Cviner, Cwkmail, Cyan, Cyanidethistles, Cyber Enlightenment, Cybercobra, Cyberevil, Cyblue, Cyclone88, Cyde, Cyfal, Cymbelmineer, CyminX, Cynical, Cyril42e, D-Notice, D0NK3Y, D6, DAndC, DCEdwards1966, DCincarnate, DCno10, DCrazy, DE14, DGJM, DIEXEL, DIREKTOR, DJ Clayworth, DL79OL, DO'Neil, DRosenbach, DS Belgium, DTE, DVD R W, DVdm, DX, DXCha, Da Vynci, Daa89563, Daanschr, DabMachine, DaddyWarlock, Daemonic Kangaroo, Daf, Dagari, Dagrimdialer619, Dahn, Dainamo, Dalek, Dalta, Damian Wieczorek, Damicatz, Dan100, Dan390, DanKeshet, Danbarnesdavies, Dancter, Dandrake, Danger, Daniel, Daniel J. Leivick, Daniel adjaye, Daniel5127, DanielCD, Danntm, Danny, Danpaklstan, Dante Alighieri, DantheCowMan, Dapi89, Dark Kyle, Dark Shikari, Dark ixion, Darkbreed, Darthgriz98, Darthrevan33, Darykdragon, Datepalm17, Dave Cohoe, Dave souza, Dave.Dunford, Dave2, Dave6, Davejenk1ns, Davemcarlson, Davenbelle, Daveygsmokey, Davi, David, David Biddulph, David Kernow, David Levy, David.Monniaux, Daviddaniel37, Davis11881, Dawn Bard, Dawnsky24, Daytrivia, Dbachmann, Dbtfz, Dburwebby, Dcflyer, Dchall1, Dcoetzee, Dcooper, Dd 8630, Ddball, Deadcorpse, DeadlyAssassin, Deanhowell123, Death It Self, Debresser, Deckiller, Dedachan, Dee Mac Con Uladh, Dee926, DeeDeeDee2, Deep1989, Deepshadowstorm, Defenestrate, DegenFarang, Delirium, Delldot, Delmontejuicebox, Delta Tango, Deltabeignet, Demi, Demiurge, Demondogsofwar, Demonesque, Demonslave, Dendroaspis, Denisarona, Deor, DerBorg, DerHexer, Derek Ross, Deskana, Dessert fox, Detective 27, Deus Ex, Devatipan, Deville, Devils Advocate, Devuu, Dflock, Dglynch, Dgmoran, Dharmabum420, Dhbr, Dhlnyc97, Diamonddavej, Diannaa, Diberri, Diceman, Dick Shane, Dickzter, Dictyosiphonaceae, Diddims, Diderot, Diego Grez, Diego.cayetano, Digitalme, Dijxtra, Dillard421, Dimadick, Dimboukas, DingleNutZ, Dinkytown, Dinogamer04, Dinohunter999, Dinosaur puppy, Dirtbro8, Dirtybutclean, Disconnect277, DisillusionedBitterAndKnackered, Diskadia, Disneyfreak96, Dispenser, Dissident, Dj thegreat, Djgangstabob, Djmutex, Dlo2012, Dlohcierekim, Dlohcierekim's sock, Dlynch343, Dma, Dman727, Dmcq, Dna-webmaster, Dniemall, Dobduff11, Doc Tropics, Doc glasgow, DocWatson42, Dockevin, Docu, Doddy Wuid, Dogboy369, Doing A Runner, Dolphin07, Domdom, Domingo Portales, Dominick, Dominics Fire, Dominikholter, Domitius, Domme5690, Domojr77, Don't fear the reaper, DonSiano, Donfbreed, Donkey10, Donreed, Dont say another word, DontClickMeName, Dontworry, Doofe, Doofus, Doogard, Dooly00000, Doommaster1994, Dooneybebe, Doradus, Dorftrottel, Dori, DoubleBlue, Doublex220, Douglas Bradford Oliver, Download, Dp128, Dpaajones, Dr Steven Plunkett, Dr who1975, Dr. Monty, Dr. Morbius, Dr.K., DrDaveHPP, DrKiernan, Draconius14, Dragon's Light, DragonflySixtyseven, Drake Wilson, Dramedy Tonight, Drbreznjev, Dre123, Dreadpiratebible, Dreadstar, Dreamafter, Dresdnhope, Drewsiff, Drewtmcd2, Drilnoth, Dritermius, Drmies, Drogo Underburrow, Drones in a box-411, Drpickem, Drummerboy101, Drunken Pirate, Dsarokin, Dstopping, Dtobias, Dubkiller, Dubmill, Ducki17, Duckula85, Duckycool124, Dude018219293, Dudeman5685, Dudesleeper, Duke spoko, Dumaka, Duncharris, Dunlevyd, Duplicity, Durin, Dusmar, Dwheeler, Dwitysh, Dynamax, Dysprosia, Dyss, Dzlinker, E Wing, EBG1234, EDGE, EEMIV, EJ220, ESkog, EWS23, Eagle eyes40, Eagle88, Eagleamn, Earle97, Earlypsychosis, Easyaspie, Easybois, Eat-the-kids, Ec5618, EchetusXe, Echodelta, Ed in Chapel Hill, Ed411, Edcolins, Eddy23, Edeans, Edgar181, Edinborgarstefan, Edito*Magica, EditorGuy07, Edson88888, Eduardo Sellan III, Edward, Edwardge123, Edwy, Eeee, Eenu, Eequor, EffK, Efyoo, Eg.vortac, Egil, Ego White Tray, Egthegreat, Ehistory, Ehn, Eifeldude, Eiffelle, Eigenfuzzy, Einsidler56, Ekem, Ekips Takemi, El C, ElComandanteChe, ElTyrant, Elambeth, Elchupachipmunk, Eleassar777, Electrified mocha chinchilla, Eleeleth, Elf, EliasAlucard, Eliezg, ElinorD, ElisaEXPLOSiON, ElizabethFong, Elkman, Elliskev, Ellissound, Ellomate, Eloquence, Embalmer2009, Emberstone666, Emdee, Emerson7, Emersoni, Emilio floris, Emojones, Emperor1993, Emperorbma, Empocariam, Emurphy42, Enb14, Encephalon, Endurance, Engines On, Eorlingas, Epbr123, EpiphoneRI123, Epoe, Equazcion, Ergative rlt, Ergbert, Eric.H.Lin, EricS, Ericamick, Ericbbbbb, Ericd, Ericeee10, Ericg, Ericoides, Ericwong, Ericzeredd, EronMain, Ertz, Esanchez7587, Escheffel, Eshbro3, Esimal, Eskimospy, Espantajo, Espoo, Estel, EstherLois, Estoy Aquí, Ethan, Ettiennewarner, Eurolover1089, Eurosong, Evan jovanovic, Evan575, EvanProdromou, Evanston, Evenfiel, Evercat, Everton Toffees Fan, Everyking, Evidentlydearwatson, Evil Monkey, Evil saltine, EvilZak, Exeunt, ExitRight, Expatkiwi, Explicit, ExplorerCDT, Exyled, EyeSerene, Ezabi, Ezeu, Ezra Wax, F-451, FCYTravis, FDR, FF1977, FF2010, FJPB, FT2, Fabricationary, Face, Fairandbalanced, FaithLehaneTheVampireSlayer, Faithlessthewonderboy, FalloutFan15, Famekeeper, Famspear, Fan-1967, Fang Aili, Fantzipants, Faradayplank, Farside, Fat&Happy, Father Goose, Fauj,

Article Sources and Contributors 41

Favonian, FayssalF, Fbarton, Fccf, FeanorStar7, Feeagle, Feeblezak, Feitclub, FelisLeo, Felix-x34, Felix116, Fenno2001, Ferkelparade, Ferrettini, Feydey, Fezzador, Ff22, Fg444, Fibonacci, Fidian, Fidsah, Fieldday-sunday, Fiery-bond, Figuresnow, Findago, Finduilas 09, Fingerz, Finlay McWalter, Fire 55, Firehead129, Firelordazulon, Firmitas, Firsfron, FirstPrinciples, Fist666, Fixentries, Fizzbin, Fjord3, Flamekeeper, Flameshot, Flamestrike92, Flamingspinach, Flapdragon, Flcelloguy, Fleisher, Floaterfluss, Flockmeal, Flonga557, FlorianK, Flowerparty, Flowerpotman, Fluppy, Flux66, Flyboy03191, Flyerskid9, Flying tiger, Flyspeck, Fnielsen, Foober, ForeverZero, Foreverprovence, Former user 17, Formeruser-81, Fornost, Foundby, Fourdee, Fourthords, Fox1942, FoxFM is funky!, Foxhunt king, FrYGuY, Francis Schonken, Francium12, Francs2000, Frank A, FrankCostanza, FrankEldonDixon, Frankly speaking, Frankonno, FranksValli, Franz-kafka, Frasor, Frazzydee, Freakofnurture, Fred Bauder, Fred J, Fred8615, Fredbauder, Freddie Coster, Freddymcconnel, Freddys, Fredfred2, Fredrik, Freiwilliger, Frenchman113, Frenchmein, FreplySpang, Frescard, Freshfighter9, Freyr, Freyr35, Fried beef1, Friendy12@hotmail.com, Frip1000, From other users, From the Sidelines, Fruddxface, Frymaster, FuelWagon, Funandtrvl, Func, Furko Nellis, Furrykef, Fuseau, Fuzheado, Fvw, Fwend, Fys, Fyyer, Fæ, G Clark, G-Man, G7ivan, GBMorris, GCap Media Employee 101, GHe, GTAfanSam, GVnayR, Gab.popp, Gabbe, Gadfium, Gaff, Gagoy, Gaia Octavia Agrippa, Gaius Cornelius, Gakrivas, Galifardeu, Gamaliel, Game overman, Gamejunkie323, Gamemanica, Gamenac, Gamsbart, Gantlord, Gareth E Kegg, Gareth Owen, Garion96, GarryMann, Garwig, Gary King, Garzj019, Gasta220, Gatoclass, Gaurav1146, Gavar, Gavinparr2, Gavinthesavage, Gazpacho, Ge0fli, Geden, GeeJo, Geeman, Geg, GenQuest, Geneb1955, General Rommel, GeneralAtrocity, GeneralPatton, Genevak, Geni, GeniusMan, Gennarous, Gentgeen, Geo247, GeoGreg, Geoff97, Geoffreybrooks, GeordieWikiEditor, George The Dragon, George m, GeorgeFormby1, Georgeorwell, Georgioholic, Gerald G-Money, GermanicSnake, Gersfan, Geschichte des Bambiteletubbies, Get-back-world-respect, Ghfj007, Ghirlandajo, Ghost109, Gidonb, Gidonshaviv, Gilbertogm, Gilby321, Gilliam, Gillis54, Gimboid13, GinaDana, Gingergenocide77, Gioto, Gioueeoi, Giovanni33, Gissak, Gjd001, Gkurt, Gl1201, Glamface66, Glane23, Gliese876, Globemasterthree, Gloriamarie, Glynnmania, Go229, GoDuckies!, Goatasaur, Gobglob, Gogo Dodo, GoingBatty, Golbez, Goldball103, Goldom, Gomeira, GoneInsane, Goobergunch, Good Olfactory, Goodmorningworld, Goosehumper, Goplat, GordonUS, Gordy2408, Gorgo, Gorillaz711, GothicKrow, Gotmilk6, Gouki88, Gowers, Gr8opinionater, GraemeL, Grafikm fr, Graham Jones, Graham87, Grahamdubya, Grahamroese, Grahamtargett, Grandad, Grandbey, Grandia01, Grapeapple, Grblomerth, Greatgavini, Green caterpillar, Green-Halcyon, Green346, Greenshed, Greentryst, Greg L, GregAsche, Gregalodon, Greggy2746, Greglongisland, GregorB, Gregory Benoit, Gregsynth, Grenavitar, Greswik, Grgrfgf, Griffin5, Grillo7, Grimgerde, Grimne, Grosscha, Ground, Ground Zero, GroverPennyshaft, Grsz11, Grunt, Grzegorz Brzęczyszczykiewicz, Gscshoyru, Gsl, Gslin, Gsmgm, Gtg204y, Guanaco, Guillom, Guitarmankev1, Gundy103, Gunn2k7, Gurch, Gurchzilla, Gurthang, Gurubrahma, GusF, Guy M, Gwen Gale, Gwernol, Gzornenplatz, Gökhan, H, H.izzo25, H0mEiN, HIDECCHI001, Hacktavist, Hadal, Hadan, Hadrian89, Hadseys, Hagerman, Haham hanuka, Haipa Doragon, Hajor, HalfShadow, Halfastar, Hall Monitor, Hamish59, Hammer of god, Hanchi, HangingCurve, Hanny ronny assal, Hans yulun lai, HansMair, Hansamurai, HanzoHattori, HappyDog, Happyguy49, Happysailor, Hapsala, Hapsiainen, Hargon10, Harizotoh9, Harro5, Harry, Harryboyles, Harrydayhodson, Harryonhillsofgoldwheels, Harryseaess, Harshlyconvicted, HarveyHenkelmann, Haukurth, Hawk123, Hayden5650, Hayzerthelayzer, Hdarvick, Hdt83, Headbomb, Headphonos, Heckhgs, Heimstern, Heine, Helge Skjeveland, Helgihg, Hellcat fighter, Helloaday, Hengist Pod, HenrYrneHenry, Henry Flower, Hephaestos, Hephaestos&70;, Herb-Sewell, Here's to Hope, Heretix, Hergiswi, Heron, Herut, Herzog31, Hetzer, HexaChord, Hhh89, Hi There, Hi-im-aiden, HiEverybodyHiDoctorNick, Hibana, Hiberniantears, Hielant, Hierarchypedia, Hieveryone13, HighKing, Hihihimememelol, Hiimdaniel, Hillman15, Hinomaru10, Hinschelwood, Hippo43, Histasithappened, Historian932, History80, HistoryBA, Historygypsy, Historynut101, Historyontherun, Histrion, Hitler wasnt a bad guy, Hiwhispers, Hjncfkdnmhbjk, Hlwarrior, Hmains, Hobartimus, Hodg, Hoho832, Hohum, Holbern, HollyAm, Holonboy, Homer denator, Homestarmy, Hondo11008, Hooperbloob, Hoops gza, Hoponpop69, Horgen, Hornaman, Horribleperson, HorsePunchKid, Horsie, Hoserjoe, Hosterweis, Hottentot, Howcheng, Howdoustop85, Hoziron, Hp mean, Hpfan1, Hq3473, Hu12, Hugo Chesshire, Hummerwags7, Humphreys1, Hunit92, Hunter la5, Hunter11, Hurieydc, Huslter4, Husnock, Huss4in, Hustler4, Hut 8.5, Hutcher, Hvn0413, Hyland-Like, HyperHyperMan, I do things, I, Englishman, IIIraute, ILoveDustynPatterson4Ever, IPWAI, IRP, ITAPEVI, IVIa5taK, IXetsuei, IZAK, Iambenthejew, Iamlondon, Ian13, Ian410, Ianfe, Ianp321, Iapetus, Ibetyoudidntrealize, Icarus999, IceKarma, Icecreamjw, Iceman, Iceskatemelike, Ich, Ichibani, Idleguy, Ijontichy, Ike12, Iloveblakegroll, Iluvcapra, IlyaHaykinson, Imagine Wizard, Imaguynamedblank, InShaneee, Infrogmation, Ingolfson, Ingsoc, Inner Earth, InnocentSin13, InsaneMoler, InsideLine, Insipidone, Int21h, Intelligent Mr Toad, Inter, Inter16, Intergr8, Intooblv, Iohannes Animosus, Iosef, Iota, Iownnoobs, Ipernar, Ipoellet, Ipredictariot3, Iridescent, Iridium77, Irish Souffle, IrishPete, Irisheagle, Irishguy, Irishpunktom, IronCrow, Irrypride, Ishboyfay, Island, Isndez, Isotope23, Itai, Itake, Ivan el eveninch, Ivazir, Iwantedthedudebutitwasgone, Ixfd64, Ixius, Izehar, IzzysGirl, J Di, J Greb, J Milburn, J intela, J-stan, J.Bogdanov, J.R. Hercules, J.delanoy, J.elizabeth.golden, J04n, J7, JASpencer, JApsey, JBWLAND, JCarriker, JDBalgores, JDPhD, JDoorjam, JEN9841, JForget, JHYT, JIP, JJARichardson, JMK, JONJONAUG, JQF, JRGregory, JRM, JRaspass, JWIZMAN96, JWSchmidt, JYOuyang, JYolkowski, Ja 62, Ja20082008, JaGa, Jaan513, Jab2487, Jacek Kendysz, Jaceyoda, Jack Burner, Jack Holbrook, Jack909, JackTheSk8r, Jackmb89, Jackmiller, JackofOz, Jackokcaj, Jackyd101, Jacob Lundberg, Jacob.jose, Jacobhenrytucker, Jacobnevitt@hotmail.com, Jacoplane, Jacurek, Jade980, JadedMonkey, Jag123, Jager88, Jahmeeyah shabazz, Jakesywong, Jamehz, James Kemp, James McNally, James P Twomey, James Rudd, James steeth, JamesAnderson86, JamesBWatson, Jamesington, Jamesleaver, Jamesmoggy, Jamespoky, Jamiemaloneyscoreg, Jammi568, Jammy0002, Jamsterlavery, Jamyskis, Janawar, JaneGrey, Jange330, Jangles5150, Janhunt, Jaranda, Jared Preston, JarlaxleArtemis, Jaryohem063, Jasmerrin, Jason M, Jason Palpatine, Jasonloban, Jasscurio, Java13690, Java7837, JavaJake, Jaxl, Jayen466, Jayjg, Jaymarcos, Jc1033, Jcaragonv, Jcdock, Jcw69, Jczicker, Jdavidb, Jdforrester, Jdlddw, Jdog321123, Jeanne boleyn, Jeansj, JediMaster362, Jediman09, Jedude0754, Jeeklow, Jeff3000, Jeffreymcmanus, Jeldevik, Jelligraze, Jengelh, Jenks24, Jennavecia, Jennica, Jeodesic, Jeppe1208, Jeremiad, Jeremy Visser, Jeremy221, JeremyA, Jerkstar36933, Jeronimo, Jerrod0118, Jerrychan3, Jerryobject, JesseOjala, Jez, Jgera5, Jgreen14, Jguk, Jguk 2, Jh51681, Jhenderson777, Jhidalgo92, Jhskg7843hjskdyg7843ythiul43h, Jiang, Jillium, Jim Craigie, Jim47658, JimWae, Jimbo Donal Wales, Jimfbleak, Jimmuldrow, Jimmy D Wales, Jimmymod, Jimmyson1991, Jin scriba, Jj11, Jj137, Jkelly, Jkp1187, Jleon, Jlujan69, Jmabel, Jmarr21, Jmaxim2001, Jmc6787, Jmcc150, Jmh649, Jmihalco, Jni, Jnocook, Jnothman, JoDonHo, JoJaysius, JoKeRsArMy86, JoanneB, Jobe6, Jobnikon, Jochen777, Jodie26, JoeLoeb, Joefromrandb, Joelscrafton, Joemama3000, Joemommasllama, Joeoettinger, Jogloran, Johan Bewegingsorganisatie, Johan Elisson, Johann Wolfgang, Johaven, John, John D. Croft, John Fader, John K, John Pollock, John Quincy Adding Machine, John S Moore, John of Lancaster, JohnOwens, JohnSawyer, Johndarrington, Johnhardcastle, Johnkarp, Johnkershaw, Johnleemk, Johnmarkh, Johnny 45, Johnny Beta, Johnskrb2, Johntex, Johnw 2k, Joiful77, Jojhutton, Jokerdude42, Jon Ascton, Jon Harald Søby, Jonasjunkie, Jonath Qui, Jonathan.s.kt, JonathanDP81, Jonathanberthiaume, Jondel, Jonjames1986, Jonpro, Jons63, Jonthesmith, Jonwillig, Jordanhurley, JordiK, Jorditxei, Jordyjordy, Jori, Jose Ramos, Joseph Solis in Australia, Josephero, Josh1966 94, Joshb23, Joshi101, JoshuL, Joshuaknowseverything, Joshuas88, Joshx1137, Jossi, Josskiteley, Joy, Joyous!, Jpatros, Jpeob, Jpetersen46321, Jpgordon, Jplarkin, Jpm1706, Jprg1966, Jprismon, Jptdrake, Jrcla2, Jrdioko, Jredmond, Jreynoldsme, Jrleighton, Jsbhavsar, Jsg7905, Jsmaye, Jsonitsac, Jtdirl, Jtgerman, Jtkiefer, Ju66l3r, Juanandmatteo, Juanmantoya, Judah haNasi, Judefawley2, Judgement, Julia W, Julius.kusuma, Junggoo, Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Jusdafax, Jusjih, Just zis Guy, you know?, JustJuthan, JustPhil, Justin Eiler, Justinmo, Jw91, Jwissick, Jwking, Jwrosenzweig, Jäger, K-UNIT, K10wnsta, K1Bond007, K8TEK, KC109, KD5TVI, KF, KNewman, KPROFSLS, KTo288, KZF, Kablammo, Kahkonen, Kaijucole, Kaiserb, Kajasudhakarababu, Kakiller, Kal2000, Kaldari, Kamocsai, Kanakorocks, Kanetherock, Kanskje, KapilTagore, Kappus, Kaptain Kornelius, Kaptfox, Karam.Anthony.K, Karanko, Karimarie, Karl Schalike, Karmosin, Kauffner, Kaylor, Kaysov, Kbdank71, Kbir1, Kbolino, Kcaplan93, Kchishol1970, Kdammers, Ke4roh, Kecik, Keeferbeefer, Keeffeyjr, Keegan, Keelan1993, Keepsleeping, Keesiewonder, Keichii, Keilana, Keimzelle, Keith D, Kelisi, Kelly Martin, Kelvin Ruddisten, Kendrick7, Keninr, Kennvido, KennyM6643, Kenshinamv, Keresaspa, Kernel Saunters, Keshidragon, Kesselring88, Kevin B12, Kevin Hughes, Kevinbrowning, Kevinjaychow, Kevinrooney690, Kf4bdy, Khalid Mahmood, Khaosworks, Khatru2, Khoikhoi, Khukri, Kierzek, Kikiller, Killerflowers, Kim Dent-Brown, Kim Traynor, Kim sux, Kim-Zhang-Hong, Kimchi.sg, Kimon, Kimyu12, Kindlyhandmethebread, KingKane, KingLay, Kingjeff, Kingoomieiii, Kingpomba, Kingrory, Kingshorty111, Kingstowngalway, Kingturtle, Kinneyboy90, Kinou, Kipala, Kirballs, Kirov Airship, Kirsten07734, Kissedsmiley, Kittybrewster, Kizor, Klokeid, Klonimus, Knarf-bz, Knewen, Knewid, Knight of BAAWA, KnightMove, KnightRider, Knightflyte, Knoma Tsujmai, Knowledge Seeker, KnowledgeOfSelf, Knucmo2, Knug, Knulclunk, Knutux, Ko Soi IX, Koavf, KojiDude, Kokostephi, Komodo123, Konakonian, Konman72, KonradWallenrod, Konstable, Kooo, Korath, Kosebamse, KoshVorlon, Kowey, Kraid117, KrakatoaKatie, KramerNL, Kransky, Krayzie Bone, KrazyKid101, Krich, Kripkenstein, Kristaangus, Krrr, Krsj, Krupo, Krusty627, Ksanexx, Kschwerdt514, Ksenon, Kslotte, Ksmith10, Ksofen666, KsprayDad, Ktownsk8tr, Ktr101, KuatofKDY, Kudpung, Kugland, Kujawapowwa, Kultron, Kungfuadam, Kungming2, KuriosD, Kurt Leyman, Kuru, Kurykh, Kusha123, Kwamikagami, Kwekubo, Kwerdop, Kwertii, Kwinki, Kyle Barbour, Kyorosuke, Kzollman, L Kensington, L33tminion, LAAFan, LCpl, La Pizza11, La convivencia, La goutte de pluie, Labronk, Lacatosias, Lacey125, Lachatdelarue, Lacrimosus, Lakeman23, Lala11, Lalein91, Lallschacha, Lambo788, Lambocraz, LandoBFMV, Landolitan, Lantzy, Lapinmies, Lapsed Pacifist, Lasherman, Last5, Lathrop1885, Latlaz, Lawrence King, Lawyer2b, Lazulilasher, Lcsrns, Le Scarlet Douche, LeTaunte, LeahR, Lectonar, Lee J Haywood, LeeLee2008, Leemcd56, Leemyster, Leeous, Leftnut, LeilaniLad, Leistung, Leithp, Lemmey, Lenin and McCarthy, Lenmarlow, Leo9311, Leoboudv, LeonardoRob0t, Leoni2, LepVektor, Lepton6, Leq1, Leroyinc, Les Ward, Lesadistic, Leszek Jańczuk, LevelCheck, Lhtema, Liam, LiamE, Liamdanny2, Liammeehan, Libby995, Liberatus, Liczk, Liface, Liftarn, Lightdarkness, Lighthead, Lightmouse, Lightspeedchick, Lihaas, Lilac Soul, Lilath, Lilfti332, Lililol2, Lim3Lit1, Limeheadnyc, Link1159, LinkinPark, Linkman3331, Linkxtreme, LinuxPhreak, Linuxbeak, Lir, Lisahof, Lishowronsakura, Liso, LitMatch, LittleOldMe, Liv0life, Livajo, LizardWizard, Lizmichael, Lizzie Harrison, Lkovac, Llort, Lmaoitzu, Loch rannoch, Lockesdonkey, Logan, Logologist, Logster, Lollipop Lady, Londo06, Lonewalker84, Lonewolf BC, Longhair, Longwalkshortpier, Loom91, Lord British, Lord Cancer, Lord Emsworth, Lord God, Lord-Insidious, LordAntrim, LordHarris, Lordbob, Lordoftegarlic, Loren.wilton, Lostintherush, Lot49a, Lothar von Richthofen, Lotje, Lotrtkdchic, Louis88, Love hawaii, Lovelaughterlife, Lovemetalrockr, Lowellian, Lowfill, Lproven, Lrusso99, Lsdasdadd, Lst27, Lt.Specht, Luara4, Lucky foot, Luckysod04, Ludraman, Ludvikus, Luke009, LukeM212, Lukearnold99, Lukee1234, Lukobe, Lume, Lumidek, Luna Santin, LunaticFringe, Lupin, Lupo, Luprecal, Luuva, Luvbach1, LuxNevada, Lycurgus, Lykken007, Lynn Maury, Lysy, Lyverbe, M.allen.uk, M1tCh, M87, MC MasterChef, MCheezy89, MDCore, MECU, MER-C, MJO, MK, MK8, MKoltnow, ML, MONGO, MPerel, MRTmatt, MWatson15, MZMcBride, MaGioZal, Mac c, MacGyverMagic, Macbethany, Machine Head, MachoCarioca, Maciente, Mackensen, Macphisto, Madchester, Madhero88, Madison3, Madman, Madridrealy, Maelnuneb, Maelor, Maestro25, Magioladitis, Magister Mathematicae, Magmurashi, Magnius, Magnostreak, Magus732, Mahahahaneapneap, MahargJG, Mahshidnadimi, Mailer diablo, Majinvegeta, MakeChooChooGoNow, Malarious, Malau, Malcolm Farmer, Malcolmehaffey, Maldeus, Male1979, Maleabroad, Malik Shabazz, Malljaja, Mallocks, Malo, Mamalujo, ManUnited4Ever, Manbearpig4, Mandsford, Mangwanani, Mani1, Mankar Camoran, Manny405, Manticore126, MantisEars, Manuel Anastácio, Manuel de Sousa, MarSch, Maracana, Maralex334, Marauder40, MaraudingChimpanzee, Marcd30319, Marcika, Marcin Follower, Marcisimo, Marco Antonio Merchán, MarcoSnow, Marcschulz, Marcus Cyron, Marcus2, Marcus22, Marineman400, Mark Arsten, Mark Dingemanse, Mark K. Jensen, Mark Richards, Mark in Quincy, Mark7-2, MarkThomas, Markaci, Markdarb, Markkapcic, Markkawika, Markreidyhp, Marksdaman, Markus Kuhn, Markwiki, MarmadukePercy, MarnetteD, Marqueed, Marshalkiriyama, Martg76, Martin Hogbin, Martin Raybourne, Martin.komunide.com, MartinHarper, Martinkamau, Mas 18 dl, Masque of Red Death, Master Genk, Master Jay, Master Of Ninja, Master of Tofu, Master5o1, MasterMind5991, Masterofzen, Masterspartacus, Mat128, Materialscientist, Mathew123, MathewTownsend, Matrix151, Matt Crypto, Matt Gies, Matt Rutledge, Matt Standen, Matt57, MattM752, Mattbrundage, Matteroniandcheese, Matthead, Matthew James I, MatthewRiche, Mattie123456, MattlovesTNA, Mattman00000, Mattsuh, Matty, Mattydakin, Mauricio Maluff, Mav, Mavsfanforlife, Max Janu, Max Powers, Max Terry, Max Thayer, Max rspct, MaxLewy, Maximus Rex, MayerG, Mayumashu, Mbadley, Mbburch, Mbeki, Mboverload, Mc gregor TEUTIL, Mc luczynski, McPhail, Mcattell, Mcbf111, Mccojr02, Mchavez, Mcsee, Mdd4696, Me llamo duane, Me9292, Mean as custard, MechBrowman, Mechanical Man, Mechanicaldummy, Meelar, Meeples, MegaZega93, Megacaneo, Meggy-Eggy-Head, Meier99, Melaen, Meldenham, Meleroad, Melsaran, Memestream, Mendax666, MentosC, Merchbow, Merlion444, Merope, Merovingian, Merrick, Meservy, Metal Velocidad, Metamagician3000, Metonic, Metromoxie, Mew Lp, Mewis88, Mez zenovaka, Mg1102, Mgiganteus1, Mhacdebhandia, Mic, Michael David, Michael Diederich, Michael Dorosh, Michael Friedrich, Michael Hardy, Michael Jender, Michael Snow, Michael Zimmermann, Michael hibbs, Michael.palomino-at-gmx.ch, Michael93555, MichaelMaggs, Michaelpkk, Michig, Middenface, Midnight Green, Midnightblueowl, Miguelin, MihaS, MikaM, Mikaey, Mike Rosoft, Mike Selinker, Mike Tv 2007, Mike-shearer, Mikefitzhistorian, Mikeo, MikeyK, Mikiolo, Mikko Paananen, Milanov, Mild Bill Hiccup, Mileshalverson,

Article Sources and Contributors 42

Millionsandbillions, Mimiian, Mimzy89, Minaker, MindSpirit, Minesweeper, Minimac, MinnesotanConfederacy, Mintguy, Mirage5000, Miranda, Miroslawa, Mirv, Misortie, Miss Pippa, Mistamagic28, MisterSpooky, Misza13, Mitaphane, Mithent, Mithotyn, Mixplik, Mj02c, Mjpieters, Mkativerata, Mkcmkc, Mkmcconn, Mkpumphrey, Mkweise, Mlet, Mlpokn, Mm40, Mmg, Mnuber, Mo0, Mobifa, Modemac, Modster, Moe Epsilon, Moerd, Mofomojo, Mogism, Mohammed alkhater, Mohrchen, Mohummy, Moink, Molerat, Molkhal, Molloy, Momoney135, Moncrief, Monegasque, Monger, Moniker42, Monkeyassault, Monkeyinaspasm, Monkeyman, Monobi, Montrealais, Mootros, Mordur, Morgan Hauser, Morgan Katarn, Morgan-92, Moriori, Morningtrip, Moronoman, Mortal Disaster, Morwen, Motboylol, Motorhead634, Motorizer, Moulder, Mouse Nightshirt, Move, Moviekid007, Moxy, Mozzerati, Mpiff, Mpippin0002, Mqduck, Mr Adequate, Mr Bound, Mr. Brain, Mr. Desiato, Mr. Lefty, Mr. Strong Bad, Mr. big914, Mr.Keever, MrADHD, MrAmazingSocks, MrJuanSmooth, MrSatan, Mrbigglezworth95, Mrd52787, Mre5765, Mrg3105, Mrmanlyman, Mrmets26, Mrvsniper, Mrwho00tm, Mrwojo, Ms2ger, Mstroeck, Mtdewking, Mtlhedd, Mtracy9, Muad, Muboshgu, Mulder416, Muokkis, Muriel Gottrop, Murray Langton, Murriemir, Mushin, Mushroom, Musical Linguist, Mustafaa, Mustang19, Muya, Mvaldemar, Mwprods, Mx3, Mxn, My Cat inn, Myak, Myanw, Mycow, Mystichumwipe, Mzajac, Mìthrandir, N-true, N0YKG, N0osphR, N328KF, NAHID, NBCBS, NSK Nikolaos S. Karastathis, NSLE, NYMoogle, Nadavspi, Naddy, Naelecht, Nagelfar, Nahabedere, Naja Haje, Nakon, Nanobug, Nap, NapoleonX, Narikii, Naryathegreat, Natalina smpf, Nate1481, Nateho, Nathan Ladd, Naus, NawlinWiki, Nayl, Nayra, Nazrac, Nburden, Ndumbunsungu, Neckro, Necronomicomedian, Neelix, Nehrams2020, Neilc, NekoFever, Neogeolegend, Neontuner42, Nephelin, NeroAxis, NescioNomen, Netoholic, Neuralblaze, Neutrality, Neverquick, Nevilley, Newagelink, Newbound, Newmac, Newyorkgame9, Nfgii, NiTeChiLLeR, Nicholas Tan, Nick 0405, Nick Sbr, Nick.mon, Nick125, NickDupree, NickT123, Nickan93, Nickman339, Nickptar, NicksTheMan, Nicksta92, Nicky416, Nickyaberdeen, Nickydab, Nigholith, Night Gyr, Nihil novi, Nihiltres, Nike, Nikodemos, Nil Einne, Nin10dude, Ninington, Ninja Diannaa, Ninja Kurosai, Ninja200640, NintendoFreakkMTL, Nintendorulez, Nirvalica, Nis81, Nishidani, Nitinbatra, Nixeagle, Nkayesmith, Nlu, Nmagedman, Nmaster93, No Guru, No Parking, Noble Skuld the Legend Killer, Nobody1700, Noca2plus, Nodyarg, Nohat, Noon, Norm, NorthWestIan, Norway Boy, Nosyargh, Nosyteikm, Notwist, Novacatz, Novalis, Novidmarana, Novistar, NuclearWarfare, Nufy8, Nuke you0, Nukillis, Nullo247, Nultiaaliyah1, Nummer29, Nunh-huh, Nurg, Nv8200p, Nwinther, Nxghost, Nyenyec, Nyttend, OOODDD, OSU80, OWL-FELLS, OberRanks, Oberiko, Obli, Ocatecir, Octavian history, Octopus-Hands, Oda Mari, Off2riorob, Offspring1221, Ohconfucius, Ohnoitsjamie, Ojonson08, Okaj, Okoker, Okzig37, Olav L, OldakQuill, Oldnag85, Olessi, Oliverkroll, Olivier, Olvegg, Omaunder, Omega251, Omgmagiccheese, Omicronpersei8, Omnipaedista, Omnitrix17, Omphaloscope, Ondewelle, One, Onetwo1, Onexblackgoodbye, Only, Onlyindundalk, Onorem, Oohaahcantona88, Opelio, Oposx, Optichan, Optimale, Oracun, Orangemarlin, OrbitOne, Oreo Priest, OrodesIII, Orthogonal, Orzelmks, Orzetto, Osama bin Hitler, Osama bin dipesh, Osamabanana, Otets, Otiste, Otolemur crassicaudatus, OttoMäkelä, Ottofon, Ottre, Ouroboris, Owen, OwenBlacker, OwenX, Owenmarriott, Own3dripy, Oxymoron83, Oziserb, Ozzie13, P Ingerson, P0mbal, P4k, PBS, PDH, PDTantisocial, PFHLai, PZFUN, Pabix, Pacific1982, Pacificsurf86, Pacman444, PacoCrunz, Paddling bear, Padoli, Pajfarmor, Pakaran, Paladin R.T., Paliebert, Palmpilot900, Panoptic0n, Panoramic Views, Panoramix, Papa November, Paploo, Papongza, Paracel63, Parallel or Together?, Parallel33, Parker Crehan, Parkyk219, Parmapoop, Parrot of Doom, Parsecboy, Pascal.Tesson, Pat Payne, Patchouli, Patey1354, Pathogen1014, Pathoschild, Patmagroin1289, Patman21, Patrick, Patrickbarrett22, Patstuart, Patsw, Paucostacos, Paul August, Paul Barlow, Paul Benjamin Austin, Paul Siebert, Paul112, PaulBrooks747, Pavel Vozenilek, Pax:Vobiscum, Paxsimius, Pb30, Pcollison, Pcpcpc, PeaceNT, Pearle, Peblairman, Penicillinza, Pepsidrinka, Per Honor et Gloria, PerfectStorm, Pericles899, Peripitus, Persian Poet Gal, Peruvianllama, PeskyAtheist, PeterWD, Petercantfail, PeterisP, Peterlewis, Pethr, Petri Krohn, Petrsw, Petruchi41, Peyna, Pfistermeister, Pgecaj, Pgk, Pgnewman92, Ph0en1x778, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Phenz, Phil Boswell, Phil Sandifer, Phil Whiston, PhilKnight, Philc 0780, Phileas, Philip Stevens, Philip Trueman, PhilipO, Philopedia, Philwelch, Phobiaphobia, Phoenix Song, Phonyraps, Pianohacker, Piante, Pickleskumar, Pidgeontoes, Pie182, Pierlot, Pigsonthewing, Pikalax, Pikay234, Pilotbob, Pilotguy, PinchasC, Pinguïn2, Pinoy Pride, Piobka, Pipedreambomb, Pistache268, Pistolpierre, Pit-yacker, Pjbeef, Pjbflynn, Pkivimak, Pladask, Planetlinks, Plau, Plumber, Plushpuffin, Pmunic, Pnevares, Podruznik, Pointlessforest, Pokerdude773, Pokrajac, Pol2ns7al2, Politepunk, Politics rule, Pollinator, Polydor, Polylerus, Pombob, Ponnaluri, Popejoe, Popkid2002uk, Poppy sir, Popsracer, Porky Pig, Porkydorkin, Postbagboy, Potter000004, Poul818, Poulsen, Pouncler, Pozcircuitboy, Praetor jon, Prairiegirl KJD, Preeminence21, Prekabreki, President Rhapsody, Preston North End Dan, Pretty colors, Prezmeister, PrimeCupEevee, PrincessBoo, Prisk, Prison, Private Butcher, Prodego, Professional Assassin, Professor.rubik, Prolog, PrologFan, Propaganda328, Proper use123, Prosfilaes, Proteus, Proxima Centauri, Prunesqualer, PseudoChron, Pseudothyrum, Psoe, Psy guy, Psychonaut, Pteron, Pti, Ptpete25, PuNk1, Publicly Visible, Puddhe, Puramyun31, PurpleChez, Purpleturple, Pv2b, Pw33n, Pyro4122, Pzzp, Qbobdole, Qnyafs, QoD, Quadell, Quantpole, Quantum73, Quasihuman, Quebec99, Quester Bill, Quindie, Quine, Quuxplusone, Qwerty Binary, Qxz, R'n'B, R-41, R. fiend, RA0808, RG2, RHLinuxGUY, RHaworth, RHodnett, RJN, RMHED, ROTGO, RPSM, RR1991, RRapatalo, RabbidRabbis, Rabidbuzz, RacingPhun, RadicalBender, Radicaljoe, Radon210, Radu Gherasim, Raggle frangle, Raghu.rk, Ragzouken, Rahowell, Raikou123, Rainier Schmidt, Raistlin8r, Ral315, Ralphkoyess, Ramdrake, Rami Neudorfer, Rampant unicorn, RandomCritic, Randomanarchist13, Randomer1, Randy Johnston, Rangilo Gujarati, Ranieldule, Raoulis, Rathalos09, Rathbunp, Raul654, Raven4x4x, Ravik, Rbankson, Rbarreira, Rbensey, Rcsprinter123, Rdsmith4, Reahad, Realm of Shadows, Reaverdrop, Rebroad, Recato, Red Slash, RedSoxFan9944, RedWolf, Redandwhitekop, Reddi, Redfarmer, Redmarkviolinist, Redmedium, Redmercury82, Redsox04, RedsoxGrapejuice, Redsoxfan5820, Redthoreau, Redvers, Redwolf24, Reenem, Ref ward, Reid A., Reid1967, ReignMan27, Reinoutr, Reject, Relata refero, Rembecki, Remember, RenamedUser2, Rentaferret, Repku, ResurgamII, Rethought, RetroDisease, Retserrof, Revenge king, Reverend Will B. Dunn, Revolución, Revolving Bugbear, Rex Germanus, RexNL, Rexroad, Rexroad2, Reywas92, Rezashah4, Rfl, Rfortner, Rgoodermote, Rhallanger, Rhedward, Rhobite, Rhuaridh, Rhysn, Rich Farmbrough, RichSatan, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Richard David Ramsey, Richard Hollins, Richard Keatinge, Richard75, Richfife, RichieDude93, Richjkl, RickK, Rickjames69er, Ricky81682, Rickyrab, RightCowLeftCoast, Ril, Rincewind4, Rivertorch, RjCan, Rje, Rjensen, Rjoseph, Rjwilmsi, Rklawton, Rlaager, Rlevse, Rmhermen, Rmhs15, Rnringostarrnr, Roadrunner, Rob.derosa, RobbieC., Robchurch, Robert Merkel, Robert1947, RobertG, Roberta 4, Robertbowerman, Robertknyc, Robertvan1, Robodoc.at, Robomaeyhem, Rocastelo, RockMFR, RockMaster, Rockeeteer, Rockfang, RodCrosby, Rodhullandemu, Rofoofighters, Rogerd, Rogriv, Rollred15, Romanm, Romper, Romperomperompe, RonArtestis91, RonRotc, Ronabop, Ronwheeezley, Rory096, Rory2259, Ross Rhodes, Rossen4, Rotational, Rothorpe, Rougher07, Roughrider111, Routerone, RoyBoy, Royalbroil, Royaljared, Royboycrashfan, RoyyGreene, Rphb, Rrius, Ruairidi, RucasHost, Rudjek, Rumiton, RunOrDie, Runewiki777, Rursus, Russeltarr, Russianamerican1, Rusty Marshmallows, Rusty2005, Rw63phi, Rwestera, RxS, Ry4nt0mk1n5, Ryan kutschke, Ryan061091, RyanCross, RyanGerbil10, Ryu04, Ryulong, Rzg, S.B. Squires, SCZenz, SF007, SFrank85, SG, SGGH, SGT141, SMC, SMP0328., SPYER231, SS-Schatz, SS88, SSlan, SWAT Commando 0823, SWAT34, SWAdair, Sa-se, Sack46, Sade, Saebjorn, Safiel, Saforrest, Saikiri, Saint yondo, Saitofox, Salleman, SalmonPChase, Salocin, Salsb, Salvio giuliano, Sam Blacketer, Sam Hocevar, Sam Korn, Sam Spade, Sam Weber, Samcewan, Samiam02, Samir, Sammoth55, Sammy1339, Samothrakis, Sampi, Samuelsen, Samyevans, Sandersonjoe2211, Sandridge, Sandstein, Sango123, Sanjeev450, Sannse, Sanskritkanji, Santista1982, Saoshyant, Saowen7, Sarah, Sarah Williams, Sarahgeorge, Sarandioti, Saravananm83, Sardanaphalus, Sariberi, Saric, Sarkozy, Saros136, Sartak, Sarumidji, Saturnv7890, Savidan, Savine, Saxsux, Sayerslle, ScaldingHotSoup, Scarian, Scarletspeed7, Scepia, Sceptre, Schaengel89, Schandi, Schapel, SchirmerPower, Schlier22, Schmausschmaus, Schmiebel, Schneelocke, Schnitzi, Schpinbo, Schumer, SchuylerSmith, Schzmo, Scifiintel, Scoofer, Scooteristi, Scotchorama, Scott Burley, Scott Sanchez, ScottMainwaring, Scottmsg, Scottvn, ScottyBoy900Q, Scottykai, ScoutLink, Scovetta, Scrazen, Scrollriter, Scunner3rd, Scyker, Sdfisher, Sdornan, Sdubois, SeNeKa, Sealman, Seamonky72, Sean7phil, SeanEvans, Seanpnoot, Seanqtx, Seantrac, Searchme, Seb az86556, Sebasbronzini, Sebastian scha., SebastianHelm, Sebesta, SecretAgentMan00, Secretlondon, Sectday09, Section8joe, Seflolomfg, Seftinho, Segregold, Seize today, Sejanus, Selmo, Semper discens, Seraphim, Serminigo, Sertoglu, Servant Saber, Sesesq, Sesmith, Sesquihypercerebral, Sesshomaru, Seventy5, SexyBern, Sfacets, Sfgiants23, Sfmammamia, Sfmartin, Sfnhltb, Sgreddin, Shabad, Shadow1, Shady Sk8ta, Shalom Yechiel, Shamir1, ShaneKing, Shanedidona, Shanel, Shanequinn12, Shanes, ShaunMacPherson, Shaunlomax, Shawnc, Sheenmeister, Sherurcij, Shichinintailuv, Shimnaa, Shinbou, Shinigami27, Shinmawa, Shipnerd62962, Shisock, Shlirizarry13, Shoaler, ShockedUser, Shoeofdeath, Shorty5220, Shroomkilla, Shtove, Shunt110, Shushruth, Shweeny666, Shyko, Sicilybob, SidP, Sidik iz PTU, Sieger, Sieglove, Sietse Snel, Sikkema, Silence, Silencer, Silentcow, Silly rabbit, Sillydragon, Silvermoonx, Simbafan34, SimonD, SimonP, Simonides, Sinbad Barron, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, SirIsaacBrock, Sirius85, Sitethis, Siva1979, SixBlueFish, Sjakkalle, Sjc, Sjorford, Sk8homersk8, SkerHawx, Skittles the hog, Skomorokh, SkonesMickLoud, Skublum, Skullfission, Sky358, Skyboy59, Skykingcst, Skyman9000, Skyring, Slakr, Slickmic33, SlimVirgin, Slimdizzel, Slipknot2002, Slogankid, Sloppy diplomat, Slowking Man, Slp1, Slrubenstein, Smalljim, Smeebob, Smeghead2007, Smerus, SmileToday, Smilemean, Smith03, Smith2006, Smitty, SmokeyTheCat, Smurg, Sn328202, Snailwalker, Snake102992, Snarius, Snesfm, Snipedyou11, Sniper Elite, Snoopy123456789, Snootyjim, Snowolf, Snowybeagle, Snoyes, SoUnusual, Socrat1, Soerfm, Sohailstyle, Solaricon, Soledad22, Solidfisher101, Solipsist, Some jerk on the Internet, Somebody500, Someguy1221, Someone else, Somerset219, Sonjaaa, Sophia, Sopranosmob781, Sora089, SotY, Soul Music Guitar, SoulCandy, SoulReap3r, Soulkeeper, SouthEastLad, Sovereign8, Soviet Dolphin, Soxfan02906, Soyweiser, Sp0, Sp33dyphil, Spa08cunninghams, SpaceFlight89, SpaceMonkey, Spacejam2, Spaceriqui, Spangineer, Spanier, Spanish lullaby, Sparkypants, SparrowsWing, Spartand117, Spearhead, Specialthings, Speedoflight, Speedy3702, Speedy91, Speermeister, Spellcast, Spellmaster, Spencer195, Spenny2421, Spentt, Spespatriae, Spicemix, Spiderman 2099, Spiff, SpigotMap, Spikey123mikey, Spinxy, Splapp, Splash, Splat, Splatt, Spondoolicks, SpookyMulder, Spoonkymonkey, SpuriousQ, Squash, Squat251, SqueakBox, Squiddy, Squiquifox, Squirrel1607, Srihariramadas, Srikeit, Sriram sh, Srose, Srushe, Ssj4david, StAnselm, Stalinwp, Stanley011, Stantom01, Starlancer, StaticGull, Stay cool, SteVanDan, Steady Eddy, Steel, Stefanbcn, Steinbach, Stephen, Stephenb, Stephenchou0722, Stern, Steve2011, SteveLaino, Stevejames, Steven J. Anderson, Steven Walling, Stevenochs, Stevertigo, Stevey7788, Stevo D, Stevoooo10987, Stewacide, Stewart.mccullough, Stickee, Stickrevolution, StillTrill, StillWalking, Stimpy9337, Stinkaap, Stoick, Stoky, StoneProphet, Stoopid322, Stoph, Stopsineman, StoptheDatabaseState, Stor stark7, Stormie, Stormscape, Stormwriter, Stp fo life, Str1977, Strausszek, Straw Cat, StuRat, Stubbleboy, Stubblyhead, Stupidcomputer 123456789 10, Stwalkerster, Stylishman, SubaruImpreza2.0, Subsume, Suffusion of Yellow, Sugaar, Sugarbat, Sugarcaddy, Summerprince, Suncloud, Sungai pelek guy, Sunholm, Sunray, Supadawg, Supadupaduck, SuperDude115, SuperJumbo, Superbeatles, Supergenius1945, Superhockeyman, Superikonoskop, Superm401, Supersonickim, Superstephen, Supertheman, Surf rock, Surfingslovak, Surv1v4l1st, Sushiflinger, Susurrus, Sven 2, Sverdrup, Svick, Swakeman, Swatjester, Swedenman, Swingline888, Swpmre, Sylocat, Synchrite, Syndicate, Syvanen, Szalas, Szater, Sześćsetsześćdziesiątsześć, Szquirrel, Szyslak, T aylor891, T-Bone, T34CH, T3hllama, T3tsubo, TAIWAN, TBrandley, TDC, TFOWR, TGilmour, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, TJDay, TOttenville8, TPK, TRAJAN 117, TRFA, Ta bu shi da yu, Tad Lincoln, Tad.k.22, TakeEight, Takedashingen620, Talrias, Tangotango, Tanishh, Tannin, TantalumTelluride, Tapir Terrific, TarMartel, Targovishtenec bg, Tarheelz123, Tarquin, Tarret, Tarunc92, Taruru, Tasc, Tascha96, Tassedethe, Tatarian, Taw, Tawker, Taylor7508, Tazmaniacs, Tb0702, Tbhotch, Tdadamemd, Teammandog, Technobabble1, Technogiddo, Tedmanj24, Tekana, Tekkendog, Tempodivalse, TenOfAllTrades, Tennis Dynamite, Tenpin477, Tensai hito, Tenthmonth, Tentor, Terence, Terra Green, Terraflorin, TerriersFan, Tesi1700, TexMurphy, Texture, Tfrost2221, Tgirl007, Tgmonkeyman, Th1rt3en, Thaiverb, Thanze, That Guy, From That Show!, Thatdog, Thdgd, The Anome, The Enlightened, The Filmaker, The Gnome, The High Commander, The Hypnotist, The Land, The Madras, The Minister of War, The Moose, The Mysterious El Willstro, The One True Fred, The Placebo Effect, The Proffesor, The Sartorialist, The Spruce, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Tramp, The Utahraptor, The Wiki ghost, The Wookieepedian, The archangel, The hegemon, The monkeyhate, The open door5, The power99, The russian leader, The stuart, The triumph, The wub, TheCerrofilliac, TheChrisD, TheCoolMagpie, TheFix63, TheFudgePacker69, TheImpossibleMan, TheKMan, TheLoverofLove, TheNeon, TheObtuseAngleOfDoom, TheOriginalKLR, ThePaper, TheQuandry, TheSeez, TheSodaMachine, Theatrick, Theaznlaw, Thebrid, Thebusinessman, Thecheesykid, Theda, Thegostofjon, Theguythatiscool, Theknightswhosay, Themanofnines, Themanwithoutapast, Themillofkeytone, Themoodyblue, Themungoman, Theogb, Theoldanarchist, ThereIsNoSteve, Theresa knott, Thermalrock666, Thesharpeexperience, Thethethethe5555, Thething88, Thewinslowboy, They cool dudes, Thijzer, Thincat, Thingg, Thingymajig, Thismightbezach, Thomas419ca, ThomasK, Thorpe, Thoughtcat, Threatdown, Thriller stephen, Thue, ThunderboltSiren, Thuresson, Thursdayschild, Thurston d, Tickle me, TiffanyC, TigerShark, TigerZukeX, Tigerhawkvok, Tiggerjay, Tijuana Brass, Tiller54, Tim Starling, Tim buckley, Tim!, Tim010987, Tim706, TimHalldor, TimVickers, Timeshifter, Timl2k4, Timlarsen13, Timothy Usher, TimothyJacobson, TimothyPilgrim, Timrem, Timrollpickering, Timwi, Tinton5, Tip123, Tisuy, Tititi, Titoxd, TittoAssini, Tiwonk, Tj84, TlatoSMD, Tlythgoe, TmanMrT, Tmopkisn, Tobacman, Tobby72, Tobiasaf, Todd kozlowski, Toddd, Toddgee, Toddst1, Todkvi5832, Toffnick, Tolcandler, Toli Cuturicu, Tom, Tom harrison, Tom-, Tom3344,

Article Sources and Contributors 43

Tomas16, Tomaxer, Tomertomer, Tomiggy, Tomilo23, Tomirlik, Tomlillis, Tomlovesyankees, Tommiogi, TommmmmmmyT, Tommyp3344, Tommyt, Tommytom69, Tomwalden, Tomwtom4,Tony Sidaway, TonySt, Topbanana, Toreau, Torte, TotalFailure, Toya, Tpbradbury, Tr@veler, Tranctor, TransUtopian, Tratosthefeared, Travelbird, Travis jorde, TraxPlayer, Trebor trouble,TreeSmiler, Treeloaf, Tregoweth, Trent, Trer, Tresiden, Trevamon, Trevor MacInnis, TrevorDubya, Trey Stone, Treybien, Trident13, Trigaranus, Trilobite, Trinitrix, Triona, Tripod86,TrojanMan, Trueblood, Trueblues, Trueslpatriot, Trypa, Tseno Maximov, Tsmall2231, Ttwaring, Tubular, Tuckerresearch, Tulocci, Tuncrypt, TuneyLoon, TuoKaerf, Tupac 2, Turkeyham,Tweedesh, TwenCen, Twiki98, Twinsday, Twp, TyA, Tyomitch, Typhoonchaser, Tzartzam, USissuchabadschool, UberScienceNerd, Ucanlookitup, Uch, Ucucha, Ud terrorist, Udansk, Ugen64,UkPaolo, Ukulele, Ulf Heinsohn, Ulpian, Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Rippentrop, Ulritz, Ultimus, UltraMagnus, Ultrac, Ultraviolet scissor flame, Umedard, Ummit, Umpa-Lumpa,UncleMartin, Undergroundbob, Undiskedste, Unidyne, Unify, Unikron2001, Union, Unixer, Unknown Unknowns, UnknownJohn, Untifler, Uogl, Uozef, Upthera23, User2004, UserVOBO,Ustye, Utcursch, VBGFscJUn3, VBK103, VTFoxx, Vacant Stare, Vadakkan, Vahu, Vakanuvis789, Valenciano, Valentinian, Valler, Van helsing, Vanhelm13, Vanished User 0001, VanishedUser 03, Vanished User 4517, Vanished user 03, Vanished user 5zariu3jisj0j4irj, Vanobamo, Varanwal, Varuna, Vary, Vegasjon, Vegaswikian, Velanthis, Veledan, Vengeful Cynic, Venom098,VenomousConcept, Ventur, Verdlanco, Vermesan, Vermifuge, VeronicaPR, Verwoerd, VeryVerily, Vesuvius13, Veyklevar, Vgranucci, Viajero, Vibsir2, Vice regent, Victor Chmara, Vidboy10,Vidkunquislingdidnowrong, Vidor, Viewfinder, Vignaux, Vikasapte, Vikingstad, Vikrant A Phadkay, Vildricianus, Vilerage, Villafanuk, Vincelord, Vincentnufcr1, Vinhtantran, ViolinGirl,Viper98, Viriditas, ViriiK, Vishnava, Vishnu2011, Vision Thing, Visium, Vital Component, Vitaopus, Vitriden, Vivaldi, Vizjun, Vjz666, Vladwin, Vlastimil Svoboda, VodkaJazz,VolatileChemical, Volker89, Volksgeist, Volrath50, Vonspringer, Voteforeminem, Vozas, Vuvar1, Vzbs34, WAS, WHEELER, WP Editor 2011, WPPWAH, WWEFreak666, WWGB, Wafulz,Waggers, Wahooredskin13, Walkabout12, Wallie, WallyFromColumbia, Walshie16, Walter Humala, Wangi, Warren, Wars, Waryklingon, WasabiJones, Wassamatta, Wassermann, Wayward,Wckb2010, Webmc, Wedineinheck, Wee Jimmy, Weirdo59, Wellesradio, Welshleprechaun, Weregerbil, Werkart, Wesley, West Brom 4ever, Weston Berry, Westtree, Wetmackeral, Wetman,Weyes, What123, Whatever404, Whatthree16, Whenever, Whewelln, Whilshide, WhisperToMe, Whistle25, White Guard, Whiteboy4life, Whkoh, Whsc4, Wicksie86, Wightwick, Wiglaf, Wik,Wikationer, Wiki alf, WikiCats, WikiFan, WikiLeon, WikiNewbie, WikiTracker, Wikiacc, Wikibob, Wikidea, Wikifactor, Wikigeek, Wikinv, Wikipedian64, WikipedianMarlith, Wikitumnus,Wikix, Wilanthule, WildFan48, Wildhartlivie, Will Beback, Will is the truth, Will314159, WillMak050389, WillNess, Willdasmiffking, William Pietri, William59, Willrobbo, Wilson44, Wilywonka, Wimt, Winchelsea, Windja2, Windmaker999, Winhunter, Wino911, Wipkipkedia, Wiretowire, Wisdom89, Wizardman, Wizlop, Wizzy, Wjames199, Wjvanb, Wknight94, Wlmg,Wmahan, Wmorrow, Wnt, WojPob, WolfmanSF, Wolfram, Wonderflash1111, Wonderman91, Wonsunyang, Woodsox92, Woohookitty, World war two buff, Worldtraveller, Wot the jott,Woutersmet, Wowsas, WritersCramp, Writtenright, Wtimrock, Wtmgeo, Wumplecomb, Wustenfuchs, Wuzzy, Wyss, X-showboat-king-x, Xanon, Xantion, Xaosflux, Xed, XerKibard, Xero910,Xezbeth, Xiansho, Xipirho, Xjlktqmu, Xspiritdannyx, Xtakeitbackx, Xtreme racer, Xufanc, Xurich, Xvi99, Xwa11, XxXDylanWillard, Xxtie, Xyl 54, Y, YYouhanna, YaXaxY, Yaakov BenChaim, Yahel Guhan, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yamanbaiia, Yamla, Yankslovery, Yansa, YellowMonkey, Yelyos, Yemal, Yertuy, Yimpat, Yingin, Yiosie2356, Yjburlison, Yo yo yo, Yogi de, Yohaneuan o4, Yoki11, Yonibr, Yooden, YorkBW, Yorkshirian, Yoshiah ap, Yossarian, Yotyuh, Younsmere, Ysangkok, Ytcracker, Yunipo, Yuvn86, Z10x, Zach3 3, Zachie, Zachschwartz, Zack1111,Zadcat, Zagsa, Zaha, Zain engineer, Zandperl, Zanimum, Zantastik, Zapptastic, Zara1709, Zaxxon, Zaz 214, Zazeza, Zealander, Zechs Merquise, Zeekyman, Zelkova, Zeno Gantner, Zenohockey,Zepheus, Zephyr21, Zephyranthes, Zeq, Zero0000, Zetterberg40, Zfr, Zh, Ziing, Zimbobway69, Zipotur, Zippy, Zlarsen, Zmjezhd, Zocky, Zoe, Zoicon5, Zondor, Zone46, Zoola, Zooma123,Zp3nk3r, Zpickle7, Zsinj, Zulcure, Zuto, Zuzubu, Zvn, Zw, Zywxn, Zzuuzz, Zzyzx11, Æthelwold, Δ, Σ, Τις, А, Александър, Еdit, †††, と あ る 白 い 猫, 序 名 三, 5060 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributorsfile:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S33882, Adolf Hitler retouched.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882,_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg  License:Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Germany  Contributors: User:AlMareFile:Hitler Signature2.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hitler_Signature2.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Adolf HitlerFile:Flag of the German Empire.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:B1mbo andUser:MaddenFile:War Ensign of Germany 1903-1918.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:War_Ensign_of_Germany_1903-1918.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Originaluploader was R-41 at en.wikipediaFile:Speaker Icon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Blast, G.Hagedorn, Mobius, Tehdog, 2 anonymous editsFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1989-0322-506, Adolf Hitler, Kinderbild.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0322-506,_Adolf_Hitler,_Kinderbild.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: ANGELUS, DIREKTOR,Funandtrvl, Gorgo, Jeff5102, Mtsmallwood, Myself488, PolarlysFile:Klara Hitler.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Klara_Hitler.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: ANGELUS, DIREKTOR, MrPanyGoff, Nilfanion, YannFile:Hitler house in Leonding.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hitler_house_in_Leonding.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:Kim TraynorFile:The Courtyard of the Old Residency in Munich - Adolf Hitler.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Courtyard_of_the_Old_Residency_in_Munich_-_Adolf_Hitler.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Clb08d030890, Dusty777,LEWhitfield, Mike Rosoft, ProsfilaesFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1974-082-44, Adolf Hitler im Ersten Weltkrieg.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1974-082-44,_Adolf_Hitler_im_Ersten_Weltkrieg.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Germany Contributors: Allforrous, AndreasPraefcke, Funandtrvl, Herbythyme, Innotata, JIP, Jafeluv, Kam Solusar, Ktr101, Materialscientist, Mtsmallwood, Pabouk, Peter Weis, Ras67, Trijnstel, Túrelio,YMS, 13 anonymous editsFile:Hitler 1914 1918.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hitler_1914_1918.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: UnknownFile:Hitlermember.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hitlermember.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnRo0002, Herbythyme, Kahlil88, Kim Traynor,Mtsmallwood, Nishkid64, Schaengel89, Túrelio, 8 anonymous editsFile:Drawing of Adolf Hitler.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Drawing_of_Adolf_Hitler.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bain News ServiceFile:Mein Kampf dust jacket.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mein_Kampf_dust_jacket.jpeg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Unknown author of dustjacket; Adolf Hitler author of volumeFile:Hitler 1928.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hitler_1928.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Before My Ken, CommonsDelinker, Good Olfactory, MichaelBednarek, Nard the Bard, SF007, Sevela.p, 5 anonymous editsFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 119-0289, München, Hitler bei Einweihung "Braunes Haus".jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-0289,_München,_Hitler_bei_Einweihung_"Braunes_Haus".jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Germany  Contributors: AnRo0002, Dezidor, Funandtrvl, Mbdortmund, Mtsmallwood, NSK Nikolaos S. Karastathis, Nameless23, Ras67, Svens Welt, 2 anonymous editsFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1972-026-11, Machtübernahme Hitlers.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-026-11,_Machtübernahme_Hitlers.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Germany Contributors: AnRo0002, Funandtrvl, Leit, Martin H., Mtsmallwood, 1 anonymous editsFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S38324, Tag von Potsdam, Adolf Hitler, Paul v. Hindenburg.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S38324,_Tag_von_Potsdam,_Adolf_Hitler,_Paul_v._Hindenburg.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0 Germany  Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Concord, Duch.seb, Gauravjuvekar, Leit, Masterlog80, Michael Reschke, Mtsmallwood, Ras67, Soerfm, 1 anonymous editsFile:Adolf Hitler-1933.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Adolf_Hitler-1933.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Germany  Contributors:Bdell555, Cecil, DIREKTOR, Docu, Dsmurat, Erberg, Polarlys, Str4nd, Vonvon, 4 anonymous editsFile:Standarte Adolf Hitlers.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Standarte_Adolf_Hitlers.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: FornaxFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-04062A, Nürnberg, Reichsparteitag, SA- und SS-Appell.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04062A,_Nürnberg,_Reichsparteitag,_SA-_und_SS-Appell.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Germany  Contributors: DIREKTOR, Gödeke, Leit, Mtsmallwood, Paul.Matthies, YMS, 1 anonymous editsFile:Hitlermusso2 edit.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hitlermusso2_edit.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: CillanXC, Excirial, F l a n k e r, Howcheng,JGHowes, MER-C, Mindmatrix, Monty845, Zzyzx11, 8 anonymous editsFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 119-5243, Wien, Arthur Seyß-Inquart, Adolf Hitler.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-5243,_Wien,_Arthur_Seyß-Inquart,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Germany Contributors: Fg68at, Gödeke, KEN, Mtsmallwood, Otto Normalverbraucher, Richardprins, Tekstman, YMS

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 44

File:Buchenwald Corpses 60623.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Buchenwald_Corpses_60623.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Catsmeat, Gump Stump,Movieevery, Pieter Kuiper, Soerfm, The Evil IP address, Timeshifter, Túrelio, USHMM, 17 anonymous editsFile:Matsuoka visits Hitler.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Matsuoka_visits_Hitler.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: 36ophiuchi, Ajtnk, Prüm, R-41,Soerfm, Teofilo, WTCAFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 137-004055, Eger, Besuch Adolf Hitlers.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-004055,_Eger,_Besuch_Adolf_Hitlers.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Germany  Contributors: Dezidor, Gms, Manxruler, Mtsmallwood, PeterBraun74, Prüm, Reptil, YMS, 1 anonymous editsFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R69173, Münchener Abkommen, Staatschefs.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R69173,_Münchener_Abkommen,_Staatschefs.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Germany Contributors: A1B2C3D4, Althiphika, G.dallorto, Martin H., Mtsmallwood, UstinadlabemELBE, Vizu, YMS, 4 anonymous editsFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1970-083-42, Magdeburg, zerstörtes jüdisches Geschäft.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-083-42,_Magdeburg,_zerstörtes_jüdisches_Geschäft.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Germany  Contributors: Bernd Schwabe in Hannover, BlackIceNRW, TsuiFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2004-1202-505, Prag, Burg, Besuch Adolf Hitler.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-1202-505,_Prag,_Burg,_Besuch_Adolf_Hitler.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Germany Contributors: Daniel Baránek, Dezidor, Mtsmallwood, PibwlFile:Adolf Hitler 42 Pfennig stamp.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Adolf_Hitler_42_Pfennig_stamp.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Professional AssassinFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2008-0922-500, Reichstag, Begrüßung Adolf Hitler.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0922-500,_Reichstag,_Begrüßung_Adolf_Hitler.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Germany  Contributors: Beek100, Kolchak1923, Mtsmallwood, Pibwl, 2 anonymous editsFile:Adolf Hitler in Paris 1940.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Adolf_Hitler_in_Paris_1940.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Office for EmergencyManagement. Office of War Information. Overseas Operations Branch. New York Office. News and Features Bureau.File:Bundesarchiv Bild 121-0721, Marburg-Drau, Adolf Hitler.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0721,_Marburg-Drau,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Germany  Contributors: Ipos, Lupo, Mtsmallwood, Soerfm, Sporti, YMSFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-771-0366-02A, Russland, Lagebesprechung mit Hitler.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-771-0366-02A,_Russland,_Lagebesprechung_mit_Hitler.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Germany  Contributors: Martin H., Mogelzahn, Mtsmallwood, Soerfm, YMSFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1987-0703-507, Berlin, Reichstagssitzung, Rede Adolf Hitler.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0703-507,_Berlin,_Reichstagssitzung,_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0 Germany  Contributors: Beek100, Kintetsubuffalo, Mendaliv, Mtsmallwood, NativeForeigner, PaterMcFly, Richardprins, YMS, 2 anonymous editsFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1972-025-12, Zerstörte Lagerbaracke nach dem 20. Juli 1944.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-025-12,_Zerstörte_Lagerbaracke_nach_dem_20._Juli_1944.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0 Germany  Contributors: ALE!, Appaloosa, MOSZCZ, Mtsmallwood, 1 anonymous editsFile:Stars & Stripes & Hitler Dead2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stars_&_Stripes_&_Hitler_Dead2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: US ArmyFile:Mahnstein.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mahnstein.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Jo OhFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1987-004-09A, Amin al Husseini und Adolf Hitler.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-004-09A,_Amin_al_Husseini_und_Adolf_Hitler.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Germany  Contributors: AnonMoos, BalaHissar, Frank C. Müller, FunkMonk, Ingsoc, Mtsmallwood, Ras67, WhisperToMe, YMSFile:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F051673-0059, Adolf Hitler und Eva Braun auf dem Berghof.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F051673-0059,_Adolf_Hitler_und_Eva_Braun_auf_dem_Berghof.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Germany  Contributors: 32X, Funandtrvl, Greenshed, Grkdo, Hohum, Itu, Jarekt, Karnickelbogen, Ksd5, MadoRS, Materialscientist, Mtsmallwood, Pitke, The Evil IP address, Vuvar1,Wknight94, 18 anonymous edits

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/