NAVIGATION

VOLUME 1

REVISED AND REWRITTEN BY

EDWARD J.COOLEN,M.N.I.,M.R.LN.,D.M.S.,A.I.P.M.,F.B.I.M. Liveryman of the Honourable Company of Master Mariners

World Underwater Federation (C.M.A.S.) International Diuer Director, Marine Services Division, Coolen Consultancy and Management Services, London W2.

Formerly, Senior Lecturer, City of London Polytechnic, Sir John Cass Faculty of Transport, British Technical Co-operation OBcer, Overseas Development Administration, Past Commandant of the Bangladesh Merchant Marine Academy, Chittagong.

GLASGOW

BROWN, SON & FERGUSON, LTD., NAUTICAL PUBLISHERS

4-10 DARNLEY STREET, G41 2SD

Nicholls's Concise Guide-Volume 1-10th Edition "The standard work on navigation-for over 85 years"

Z i

Chapter Contents

1 Algebra . 2 Geometry . . 3 Graphs . 4 Measurement, Area and Volume . 5 Logarithms . 6 Trigonometry . 7 The Sphere and Sailings ,

8 Thecompass . - . . .

9 Dead Reckoning and Use of Traverse Tables 10 Ra'dar Plottine . . 11 Admiralty ~uclications . 12 Chartwork. . 13 Coastal Passage Planning . . 14 Tides and Tidal Streams . 15 Navigation in Ice . 16 Search and Rescue . 17 The Marine Sextant . 18 Principles of Astro-Navigation . . 19 Altitude Correction . 20 The Measurement of Time and Hour Angle . 21 The Marine Chronometer . . 22 Latitude and Time of Meridian Passage . 23 Amplitudes, Azimuths and Twilight . 24 Figure Drawing for Astro-Navigation ,

25 Principle of Position Lines . ,

26 Intercept Method of Determining Position Lines . 27 Longitude by Chronometer . 28 Ex-Meridian Altitudes . 29 Principles of the Gyro Compass . . 30 Calculators and Computers in Navigation . ,

DTp Syllabus . DTp Specimen Papers . . 1976 Almanac Extracts to work Specimen Papers Only .

Calendar, Planel Diagram, Standard Times, Stars . Past Examination Papers . Admiralty Tide Table Extracts . Admiralty Tidal Stream Atlas Extracts . Almanac Extracts to work Past Papers and Text Examples Answers Master Index . . Quick Index Main Index . Yachtmaster's and Diver's Index Altitude Correction Tables A2, A3, A4 . . Pole Star Correction Tables Altitude Correction Tables-Moon .

Pocket containing NP 5011 and English Channel Chart 5053

xix

Page

. 667

. 687

. 705

. 717

. 743

. xxi

. 759

. 775

. 938

. 799

. 815

. 870

. 880

. 957

. 1013

. 983

. 985

. 1000

. Front

. End

. End

. Back

Main Index

The "Main lndex" covers all topics included in this volume. Refcrence can also be made to a number of other indexes which are listed in the "Master Index".

Please note that the "Yachtmaster's and Diver's Index" is divided into five sections:

I . Index to Chartwork Figures . . 1000 2. Chartwork Index . 1001 3. Sextant Index . . 1003 4. Tidal Streams Index , 1005 5. Tides Index . 1005

The five indexes (ahovc) provide fast, individual referencc facilities t o the named topics and, in the case of the "Tides Index", more detailed information. The preceding "Quick lndex" provides fast reference facilities to broad topic areas, only.

A2, A3, A4 Correction Tahles 560 Abbreviations and Symbols NP5011 274,277,

Pocket. See a ~ s d xx ABC Tables 627

Interpolation 628 Actual Height of Lighthouse 440 Addition-Algebra 2 Adjustable Sextant Errors 504 Adjustment

Firs1 507 Second 508 Third 510

Adjustment Screws-Sextant 497,506 Admiralty - see also Publications Admiralty Chart Catalogue 273,279 Admiralty List L~ghts and Fog Signals 398 Admiralty List Radio Signals 391,485 Admiralty Method NP 159 453,458,461 Admiralty Publications 273,489 Admiraltv Tidal Stream Atlas 308.309.469

Extracis 870 Admiralty Tide Tables 442

Extracts 815 Affection-Likc and Unlike 164

Almanac Extracts- 1976, for DTp Papers 775, 938

Almanac Extracts for Examples 880 Altitude

Correction 549 Correction-Summary 561 Correction Tables 553 Definitions 551 Figure Drawing 638-648 Meridian Altitude 597 Observed Altitude 551 Sextant Altitude 551 Taking Altitudes 521 True Altitude 545

Ambiguity--Ex-Meridian Formula 705 Ambiguous Case Trigonometry 166

Geometry 28 Amplitude 623,642

Calculation 624 Figure Drawing 642 Formula and Calculation 623 High Latitudes 623 How to Name 623,625 Moon 623 Observation 624

AMVER 489

985

NICHOLLS'S CO NClSE GUIDE

Angle-Construction of 155 Angle To find 117 Angle on Bow-Figure 33 380

Precalculated 379 Angular or Circular Measure 63 Animals, Birds-Sighted in Ice 480 Annex IV-Collision Regulations 492 Annex IV-Distress Signals 492 Annual Change-Variation 337 Annual Summary, Admiralty Notices 429 Annular Eclipse 529 Answers and Index to Answers 957 Answers-Tidal Streams 476 Answers-Tides 475 Antarctic Circle 178,532 Anti-Meridian, Figure Drawing 643 Anti-glare Shield-Compass 208 Apogee 528 Apparent Altitude 551 Apparent Motion 532 Apparent M o t i o n Sun 540 Apparent Movement, Gyro 723 Apparent Noon-GMT of 692 Apparent Sun 565 Applying Deviation 219,325 Applying Variation 220,325 Appraisal-Passage Planning 430 Approaches using Single P/L 662 Arc-Sextant 496 Arc into Timc 568,569

Almanac Table Front Arc of Excess 493 Arc, Length on Sextant 493 Arc, True and Reflected 506 Arcs of Visibility F i g u r e 38 399 Arctic Circle 178,532 Areas and Perimeters 64 Aries, First Point of 529 Arrival, Estimated Time of 347 Artificial Horizon-Uses 51 7 Artificial Horizon Use in Ice 478 Artificial H o r i z o n Principles 523 Astro-Navigation 549-715

Abbreviations xx Position Lines 653 Principles 525

Astronomical Mean Sun 565 Astronomical Twilight 634 Atlantic and Indian Ocean Port Tides 459 Atlas. Admiralty Tidal Stream 469 Atlas, Tidal Stream Extracts 870 Augmentation Moon's Semi-Diameter 552 Autumnal Equinox 531,533,540 Axioms 164 Azimuth 626

Azimuth Circle 210

Azimuth (continued) Bearing Circle Figure 8 21 1 Calculator Method 751 Definition 626 Figure Drawing 638-648 Moon 633 Movement -Formula 722 Planet 632 Pole Star 61 7 Questions 635 Sine Formula 705,710 Star 630 Sun 627

Back Altitudes and Corrections 518 Background Lighting 413

Figure 46 414 Ballasting in Ice 480,484 Ballistic Errors 730 Bar Chart 45 Barometric Readings 47 Barrel 69 Base, of Log 75 Basic and BBC Basic 757 Battery Replacement-Chronometer 594 BBC Model B Computer 754 Beam Bearing 304 Beam Bearing Figure 9 306 Ream Distance Off 305

Figure9 306 Beam Width-Radar 296 Bearing-Radar Definition 265 Bearing Circle 210 Bearing Repeater and Figure 3 207 Bearings 292,304

Plotting 292 Radar 249,296 Reciprocals 289 Relative 249,304,382 Reversing 235

Binnacle 210 Binnacle, Fibre Glass-Figure 6 209 Bisectors 680-681 Blink-Ice Blink 480 Box, Barrel, Cylinder and Wedge 69 Brackets-Algebra 4 Bridge Procedures Guide (ICS) 429 British Sextant-Figure 1 493 British Summer Time 443 Bubble Sextant in Ice 478 Bucket -Compass 210 Burton's Nautical Tables 626,627,705 Business Computers 754 Business Software 755

MAIN INDEX

C Correction 687,692 Calculations-HW and LW Times 444 Calculations tides 437-440,443-468 Calculators and Computers 743 Calculator Abbreviations 744 Calculator Formulae (+) and (-) 743 Calculator Use in DTp Exams 752 Calculator Use without Workbook 746 Calculator and Workhook-Use of 744

Celestial ~ a t i t u d e ' 5 i4 Celestial Longitude 534 Celestial Meridian-Drawing 643 Celestial Position Lines 653

With Run 657 Celestial Sphere 543 Centring Error 516 Certificate-Sextant 505 Chart 277 Chart-Types of 278 Chart Catalogue 279 Chart Catalogue Home Edition 279 Chart Correction 280 Chart Datum 369,436,439 Chart Production 279 Chart Symbols xx, 274,279, Pocket

Radar 249 Tidal Streams 307 ~ ~~~-

Charted Depth 368,436 Charted Height (Elevation) 360.439 Charts-Use of 282 Charts, Admiralty 273, 277-282 Charts, Chart Correction and Computers 755 Chartwork 277

Errors 294,359 Instructions 283 Symbols and Figure 47 277,416

Check Lists Tides 445.448-46Mc) , . Chord 33 Chosen Position (CP) 677 Chosen Position and Plotting 678 Chronometer 583

Error 566,583 Parts 585 Questions 595 Taking Times 521 Types 583 Unpacking and Setting 586

Circle- Area of 66 Circle of Position 651 Circles 30 Circles-Geometric Properties 355 Circular Error and Figure 25 359

Circular Functions of(180'-A) 115 Circular Functions of (9W +A) 113 Circular Measure 55 Circumpolar Bodies 597

Figure Drawing 647-648 Stars 614

Civil Twilight 634 Clamp Sextant 496 Clearance U n d e r Keel 449 Clearing Line, Clearing Mark 376,377

Figure 32 377 Procedure 377

Clinometer 209 Close Quarters- Avoiding. 258 Closest Point of Approach (CPA) 250,260 Co-Tidal Charts 456,472 Cocked Hat -

Astro-Nav 681 Chartwork 294 Figure 6 295

Collimation Error 514,515 Collision Avoidance Rules 429

Annex IV 491 Rules 6 and 7 267 Rule8 268 Rule 10 429,433 Rule 19 268

Collision Risk 250

Compass 205,717 Compass Bowl 208-209 Compass Card 209 Compass Correction Magnets 210 Compass Error 219-221,325-331,342-344 Compass Error by Horizontal Angle 350 Compass Error by Transit Bearing 341 Compass, Magnetic Reflector Type 208 Compass Needle as Magnet 212 Compass Reflector Unit Diagram 210 Compass Work-Swinging Ship 334 Complimentary Ratios 97 Computation of Rates Diagram 469,470,878 Computer Print-Out 756 Computer Program Development 756 Computer Programs 743,754,756 Computer Software 755 Computer Softwarc in Navigation 755 Computer Training Programs 754 Computer Types 753 Computers for Navigation 753 Conjunction (New Moon) 435,527 Conjunction-Inferior, Superior 535 Constructing Astro-Nav Figures 641 Control-Gyro Compass 738 Convergency 382

NICHOLLS'S CO INCISE GUIDE

Convergency-Naming (+) or (-) 384 Conversion of Arc to Time-Table Front Cover Converting Compass to True 326 ConvertingTrue to Compass 324 Cork Wedges-Removal 587 Correcting Charts 280

Charted Heights 360, 450 Sextant All. for IE 51 1 Sextants 504,520

Corrcction Tables Front, 553 Corrector Magnets and Figure 209,210 Coswant 94,95 Cosine 94 Cotangent 94,95 Counteracting Current and Leeway 311 Counteracting Current-Figure 1 l 313 Counteracting Current using Radar 262 Counteracting Tidal Stream 31 1 Course (Definition) 289,299 Course Alteration with Radar 260 Course Correction 219, 324 Course-Reciprocal 289 Course Recorder and Figure 4 207 Coursc to Steer Definition 299 Course, Plotting Figure4 290 Critical Curve 455,458,459 Cross Bearing Fix 292 Cross Bearings/Dist. OR-Figure 5 293 Cross Wires Sextant 515 Cubic Measure 62 Curre~lt (Definition) 307 Current Chart Symbols 307 Current Information on Chart 308 Current Set and Kate from Radar 262 Cylinder and Wedge 68

d Correction 575 D. Lat and D. Long 180,190,192

for Calculator or Computer 743,756 Daily Rate Chronometer 566 Damped Gyro, Bchaviour of 728729 Damped Gyroscope 725 Danger Angles 356,366 Danger Angles-Figures 24 and27 357,367 Danger Angle Horizontal 357 Danger Angle Vertical 366 Darkened Eyepiece Use of 5 17 Data Storage-Computer 754 Databases for Navigation 755 Date at Greenwich 605-609 Day-Definition 565 Day-Longest and Shortest 648 Day and Night 532 Daylight Saving Time 443

Day's Work and Dead Reckoning 227 Days of the Year Calendar 1976 and ETA 347,

929 ,<,

Dead Reckoning and Day's Work 227 Debugging Computer Programs 756 Declination 534,544

Figure Drawing 638-648 Finding Declination 575

Decoupling 741 Definitions xx

Altitudes 551 Radar 265 See Main Topic

Denominate Numbers 60 Departure 175,178 Depressed Polc 637 Department of Transport Syllabus xxi Depth Calculation 448 Depth Contour Lines 369 Depth by Leadline and Echo Sounder 368,438 Deoth and Soundines 368.436 ~ e i e c t i o n of Ice by Radar '481 Deviation 215-218.324 335

Accuracy required by DTp 333 Applying 219,325 Interpolation 327-331 Swinging Ship 334

Deviation Cards Constructing 334 Maenetic 331 ~ o s 3 and 4 332,798 Nos 6 and 7 (DTp) 333,774 Use of 326

Dcviation and Comnass Course 325 D F (Radio ~ i r ec t ion Finding) 382 D F Beacons (Radioheacons) 384 I)F Bearings 382

Plotting 385 D F Fixes

North I.at. Beacons N and E and Figure 36 389 390

North Lat, Beacons S and Wand Figure 37 393-394

South Lat and Figure 35 386-387 Difference of Latitude (D Lat) 180,192 Difference of Longitude (D Long) 190,192 Difference of Meridional Parts (DMP) 191,192 Difference of Two Squares 10 Dip Correction 549 Dip and Refraction 538 Dipping Distance 401 Direction Finding-see also D F 382 Direction of Tidal Stream 470 Directional Gyro, S G Brown 740 Dircctional Gyroscope 722 Disassembling Chronometer 592

MAIN INDEX

Disc Drives 754 Displacement Curve 50 Distance 291 Distance by Calculator 748,750 Distance by Computer 757 Distance Off (Range) 292-294 Distance Offby Horizontal Angle 352,356 Distance Off by Vertical Angle 363 Distance Off Inc reasc by Radar 260 Distance Run-Definition 299 Distance of Sea Horizon 404

Table 401,406 Distance Tables 274 Distance Tables and Computers 755 Distance by Vertical Angle Table 362,365 Distances in Astronomy 525 Distortion of Charts 279 Distress and Rescue at Sea. N to M 489 Distress Positions 368 Distress Signals 490,491 Diurnal Etfect 459 Diurnal Tide 468 Division-Algebra 11 Division-Logarithms 80 Dome-Compass 209 Doubling Angle on Row 319

Figure I4 321 DR Position 228,230,298 DR and EP by Traverse Tables 228-248,304 DR and EP

DR-Plotting 301-303 Figure 8 303

DR bv Calculator 744 Drawing Astro-Nav Figures 637-649 Drift 309-310 Drift -Definition 229,300 Drift (Gyro) 720 Drum-Sextant 496 Dry Measure 62 Drying Height 439 DTp Exam Rules-Calculators 752

Specimen Papers 759 Syllabus xxi

Duration of Tide 436,444,460,460(a) Dutchman's Log- Use in Ice 479 Dynamical Mean Sun 565

E

Earth 172,525-527 Earth Moon System 527 Earth's Orbit 530 Earth's Rotation, Effect of 720 Echo Sounder Use in Ice 479 Eclipse of Moon 529

Sun 529

Eclipse of Moon (continued) Total and Partial 529

Ecliptic 530, 533,541 Ecliptic-Obliquity of 541 Ecliptic Plane of 533 Eddy Definition 307 Eieht Dav Chronometer 584 ~l&ated Pole 637 Elongation- Westerly, Easterly 535 Emergency Steering Position 209 Enelish Channel Chart 289, Pocket ~ngl ish Square Measure 61 English System of Measurement 61 Equation of Time 565,572 Equator 174,178 Equator-Plane of 533 Equidistant Projection 641 Equinoctial 533, 541,543 Equinox 531,533,540 Erect Star Telescope 495 Errors- Adjustable, Sextant 504,506,512

Chartwork 294,359 Chronometer 566,583,585,588,593 Compass 2 1 9 221,325 331,342-344 Gyro Compass 730, Gyro Error 205,341 Non-Adjustable, Sextant 516 Position Lines 679-683 Settling Position, Gyro 730 Sextant 504,509,5 12,514.51 6,517

Estimated Position (EP) 228,298 Estimated Position by Traverse Tables 228-248,

304 Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) 347 Estimating Position in Ice 479 European Secondary Ports 451 European Standard Ports 444 Evolution 11 Ex-Meridian 705

Below Pole 713 Exercise 714 Formula 706,712 Intercept Method 710 Limits 709 Methods 705 Order of Work 707.709 Sights 705 Stars 711 Sun 707 Tables, Use of 7 0 8 709

Examples-See under Subject Execution-Passage Planning 430 Exercises

Chartwork 418 Geometry 39 Measurement 71

NICHOLLS'S CONCISE GUIDE

Exercises (continued) Radar 269 Tidal Streams 473 Tides 472

Extrapolation 445,453 Extreme Range and Figure40 401

F

Factor for Tides 461,858,868 Figure Drawing in Astro-Nav 637 First Adjustment Screw-Sextant 497 Fixed Errors (Astro-Nav) 679-683 Flinders Bar 210 Fog 478 Fog Signals and List of Lights 274 Follow-Un Unit 206 Forecast 6101 250 Forms A, B, C-NP 159 462-467 Formulae

Haversine 139.668.671.706 Measurement Summary 71

Four Point Bearing 321 Fractional Distance-Tides 445 Frame-Sextant 495 Free Gyroscope and Figure 1 71 7-718 Freedom, Two Degrees of 717 Fuel Consumption Graph 49 Functions and Calculators 751 Functions of 0' 105 90' 106 Angles 93

Geoeranhical Mile 172 ~ e o g r a ~ h i c a l Position 544,651 Geographical Range 402,404 Geographical Range-Figure 40 401 Geoera~hical Ranee Table 408 ~ ~ f ( d r e e n w i c h ATpp Time) 565 GHA (Greenwich Hour Anele) 546,565 GHA and Declination from'~1manac 575 GMT of Apparent Noon 692 Gnomonic Projection 279 Graduation Error 516 Graduations, Vernier Sextant 502 Graduations Micrometer Sextant 493,494,498 Graphs 41 Gravitation 528 Gravity Control-Gyro 733 Gravity Control, S G Brown Gyro 738 Great Circle 171

Calculator Method 750 Track 191

Greenwich Apparent Time (GAT) 565 Greenwich Date Calculation 605-609 Greenwich Date ofTransit 615

Greenwich Hour Angle (GHA) 546,565,575 Definition 571

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) 565 Ground Speed 302 Ground Track-Definition 300

Finding 302 Gyro Back Up 21 1 Gyro Compass 205,717 Gyro Co~npass- Use in Ice 478 Gyro Compass see also Compass 205,717 Gyro Error 205,341

Error from Transit Brg 342 Gyro Principles 71 7 Gyro Stabilisation 206 Gyroscopic Element 734

Half Convergency 382 Interpolation 392 Naming(+) o r ( ) 384 Table 383 Value of 383

Harmonic Constants 461 HAT and LAT 441 Haversine Formula 139

Intercept Method 668 Longitude by Chronometer 687 Ex-Meridians 706

Heading-Definition 299 Height above Chart Datum 360,439 Height of Tide 437-439

Correction for 360 Helicopters 491 High Latitudes and Amplitudes 623 High Latitudes and Ice 477 High and Low Water 435,444,452,459 Horizon Definitions 550 Horizon in Ice 478 Horizon Method for Side Error 508 Horizon Mirror 497 Horizontal Angles 350

Choice of 357 Fix and Figure 22 352 Methods 518 Plotting 350 Station Pointer 354

Horizontal Danger Angle 356 Fieure24 357

~orGonta l Parallax 551 Moon 551.557

Hour Angle 565 Aries 576 GHA 546,565,575 LHA 571,579

Hour Angle (continued) Planet 577 Star 576

Hour Angle Eqliations 570 Hour Angle-Figure Drawing 638-648 Hour Angle and Time Questions 582 Hour Circles-Drawing 643 Hypotenuse 28

I

Ice Accumulation 484 Broadcasts and Radio Signals 485 Duties on Meeting 485 Merchant Shipping M Notice 1058 487 Navigation-Topic Headings 477 Patrols-International 485 Reports from Shipping 485,486 Working through 483

Icebergs-Detection by Radar 482 Nomenclature 486 Proximity of 482

Identities 102 Imwsar 489 Inclination, Angle of 519 Increments 575,908 Index Arm 496 Index Error 509

Applying to VSA 361 Finding Value of 51 1 Horizon Method 51 1 Removing 509 Star Method 512 Sun Method and Accuracy 513,514

Index Mark-Sextant 494,496 Index Mirror 497 Index of Logarithm 75

Indexes in this Volume: Admiralty Publications 273-276.471 Almanac 1976 Extracts 775,938 Almanac for Examples 879 Chartwork 1001 Chartwork Figures 1000 Contents xix DTp Exam Syllabuses xxi DTp Past Papers 799 DTp Specimen Papers 759 Main Index 985 Marine Offices xxxxiv Master Index 1013 Nautical Colleges xxxxii Quick Index 983 Standard Ports 81 7 Sextant and Sextant Angles 1003 Tidal Publications 276,471

MAIN INDEX

Indexes in this Volume (continued) Tidal Stream Atlas 870 Tidal Streams 1005

Tide Tables 8 15 Tides 1005 Yachtmaster's and Diver's Index 1000

Indian Ocean-Search and Rescue 489 Indices-Logarithms 83 Individual Corrections-Moon 557

Planets 555 Star 556 Sun 553

Inferior Planets 535 Inferior and Superior Conjunction 535 Information on Charts 280 Instrumental Corrections 549 Instruments see name In terac t ion Sextant 510 Interception 490,491 Intercepts

Ex-Meridians 710 Formula 668 Intercept Terminal Position (ITP) 653 Method-Advantages 667 Method for P/Ls 667 Method-Order of Work 667 Principle of 652 Questions 683 Terminal Position 653 Towards and Away 652

International Code of Signals 490 Interpolation

ABC Tables 628 Deviation 327-331 Halt Convergency 392 Tidal Streams 308,470 Tides 443,445-460(b) Vertical Angle Tables 364

Involution 7 ITP 653

J

Jupiter 525-526

Kepler's Laws 565 Keying in Calculator Data 743-745 Keying, Continuous-Calculators 748-749 Knot 173

LAT, Local Apparent Time 572 LAT, Lowest Astronomical Tide 436,441

NICHOLLS'S C O N C I S E G U I D E

LAT and Speed Correction, Brown 738 Latitude 173,179

Calculation 597 - ~~ ~

Calculators 743 Computers 756 Longitude P/L 690 Pole Star 617-621 Sights, Moon, Stars, Sun 597

Leading Line and Leading Mark and Figure 31 776

Leadline Depth 368,438 Leap Year 534 Leeway 222

Applying 222-223,299,3 10 Counteracting 31 1 Definition 299

Leeway Angle Definition 300 Legal Time 443 Length 60 Libra 531,540 Light Arcs on Chart and Figure 38 398-399 Light Intensity (candelas) 402 Light L i s t s Admiralty 274.398 Light Range Tables- Arguments 402 Light Ranges Summary 401 Light- Sextant 496 Light Symbols, Abbreviations 398 Lighted Background (Range Reduction) 413 Lights

Navigational 398 Obscured Sectors 399 Sighting Conditions 401

Line of Position 292 Line of Soundings, Fix and Figure 28 369-371 Lincar Measure 60 Lines and Angles 23 Liauid Compass 209 ~ i q u i d ~ e a i u r c 62 LMT Meridian Passaxe 598 . Loadline Rules 429 Local Apparent Time (LAT) 572 Local Hour Angle (LHA) 545,571

To Find Value 579 Local Mean Time (LMT) 572 Local Sidereal Time 566 Loe Distance to Steam 347

u

Logarithm - Delinition 75 Use of 79

Logarithmic Values 100 Longitude 174, 178

Calculators 743 Chronometer 687-700 Cornputcrs 756 Finding From LHA 581 PiL-Combining Latitude 690

Longitude Method 687 Formula 687 Order of Work 688 Qucstions 701-703

Low Water Heights 437 Lower Limb-Sextant 496 Lower Meridian and Figure5 597,600 Lower Meridian Passage 647 Lower Meridian Transit, Ex-Meridian 71 3 Lower Transit Pole Star 61 8 Lubber Line 208 Luminous Range 402,407 Luminous Range Diagram and Figurc 41 409 Luminous Range, Finding- Figure 43 41 1 Luminous Range and Visibility F i g u r e 4 5

412 Luminous Range and Visibility-Relationship

411 Lunar Day 435 Lunar Eclipse 530 Lunar Observations

Amplitude 623 Corrections 551-553,557-560,562-563 Correction Tahles End Latitude 607 Sights 675,694

M

M Notices Examinations (M 1242) xxxvii Ice Navigation (M 1058) 487 Passage Planning(M 756,854) 429

Magnetic Hearing 334 Magnetic Compass 208

Use in Ice 478 Wirine Diagram 21 2 . -

Ma~ntenance and Regulation (Chronometer) 584,592

Mantissa 75 Marcq St Hilaire 667 Marcq St Hilaire Formula 668 Marine Chronometer 583 Mariner's Handbook 273,429,477 Mars 525-526 Mass-English System 63

Metric System 62 Master Gyro 205,734 Mean Latitude 185 Mean Sea Level (MSL) 442 Mean Time 565 Measurement

Area, Volume, Summary 60-64 Measures and Weights, Summary Nautical 173

MAIN INDEX

Measuring Distance 284,291 Medical Guide, Ship Captain's 490 Mercator Projection 189,278 Mercator Sailing 185,192

Calculation 192 Calculator Method 748 Computer Method 757

Merchant Shipping (M) Notices xxxvii, 429 Mercury 525 526 Meridian Uppcr and Lower 614-616 Meridian Altitude 596-622

Below Pole 614 Moon 607-610 Planet 604-607 Precalculated 61 2 Star 610-613 Sun 599

Meridian Passage Almanac data 598-599 LMT 598 -~ -

Star 611 Time of 597 599 Upper and Lower 614-616,647-648

Meridian Zenith Distance (MZD) 706 Meridians 174, 178 Meridional Parts 190

Calculators 748 Mersar (Merchant Ship Search and Rescue) ~eteorological ~ f f i c e ~ a n d b o o k 403 Meteorological Optical Range (MOR) 403 Metric Square Mcasure 61 MHWS, MHWN, MHHW, MLLW 441 Microcomputers-see Computers 754 Micrometer Drum 496 Micrometer Error 51 6 Micrometer Sextant 494 Micrometer Vcrnicr 496 Mile Definitions I72 Mirror Clips 497 Money Measures 64 Monitoring (Passage Planning) 430 Moon 526

Amplitude 623 ALimuth 633 Corrections 551 553,557 560 Correction Summary 562 563 Correction Tables End Latitude Sights 607-610 LMT Meridian Passage 598 Moon-Planet-Longitude Method 694 Moon-Sunsight-Intercepts 675

Moons-Planet 526 Motion-Real and Apparent 532 Multiplication- Algebra 7

Logarithms 79

N

Naming Deviation 218,223 Naming Half Convergency 384 Napier's Rules 161 Natural Projection 637 Natural Scale 278

,487 Nautical Almanac (HMSO) 273

Correction-Moon 558 Correction Tablcs 560 Corrections 555 Extracts for Exercises 880 1976 Extracts for Specimen Papers 775 Other 1976 Extracts 775.938

Nautical Measure 61 Nautical Mile 172 Nautical Publications. Carriage of 281 Nautical Twilight 53d, 611,6:4 Navigational Aid -Radar 249 Navigational Lights 398 Neap Tides (Half Moon) 436 Neptune 525 526 Night and Day 532 Nodes and Nodal Points 535 Nominal Range 402,409 Nominal and Luminous Range-Figure 42 410 Norie's Nautical Tables 185, 192,554,626,627,

489 705 North-Seeking Gyroscope 724 Notation-Ouadrantal and 360' 231.289.290 ~otation-~alculators. Computers 743,744,

756 Notices to Mariners 273,277,278,280 NP 159 Admiralty Method Tidal Prediction

455,459,460a, 460d-468 Calculator Box Diagram 460(d), 865

N P 204 Admiralty Tidal Prediction Form 404, 854-855

0

Oblique Plane Triangles 138 Oblique Spherical Triangle 156 Obliquity of Ecliptic 541 Obscured Sectors-Figure 38 399 Observations

Amplitude 624 Azimuth 21 1 Hearings 21 1,292 Ice 478 Sights 520 Stars 676

Observed Altitude 511,551 Observed Angle-Definition 365

NICHOLLS'S CONCISE GUIDE

Observed Position 297 Obtaining Charts 279 Ocean Passages for the World 429 Oflshore Areas-Tides 456 On Board Computers 753 On and Off the Arc 493 Open Water-Signs in Ice 481 Operating in Ice 479,480 Opposition (Full Moon) 435,527 Optical Laws 493 Orthographic Projection 637 Overfall Definition 307

P Pacific Ocean Ports-Tides 459 Pacific Ocean Search and Rcscue 489 Pack Icc-Signs of 480 Parallax 518 Parallax in Altitude 551

Moon 552 Parallel Lines 26 Parallel Sailing 180

Calculation 185 Parallelogram 29 Parallels of Latitude 178 Parts ofS C Brown Gyro-Figure l l 739 Passage Planning 429

Appraisal-Stage 1 430 Check Lists 429 Computers and Passage Planning 755 Courses-Figure 3 288 Example 432 Exccution-Stage 3 430 Guide to Planning BA 5500 431 International Requirements 429 Master's Guidance Notes 432 Monitoring-Stage4 430 Organisation of 430 Planning-Stage 2 430,431 Publications 429-431 References 429

Pelorus and Figure 10 21 1,213 Penumbra 528 Perigee 528 Peril at Sea and Salvage (TCS) 490 Perimeter 64 Perpendic~llar Distance 26 Perpendicularity Error 506 Phases of Planets 536 Pick-Up System 736 Pilotage 277 ~ione; 10 and 11 526 Plan Chart Svmbols Figure 39 400

Planr of the Instrument 507 Planet

Azimuth 632 Corrections-Almanac 555 Diagram 1976 941 Mnons 526 Notcs 1976 Phases 536 Sights- Intercept Method 670 year 526

Planet run Moon-Long Method 694 Planets 525

GHA and Declination 577 Inferior 535 LMT Mer~dian Passage 598 Superior 536

Planning and Conduct of Sea Passages Plannine Passare Planning 429 plott ing

Bearing and Range 284 ~ i s e c t & 680-6x1 Celestial P/Ls 653-664 Courses Figure 3 288 DK 301 EP 301 Ex-Meridians 659,710-711 High Altitude Observations 663 Information required for Radar 252 Intercepts 674 Latitude and Longitude 284-287 Latitude F i g u r e 1 286 Longitude by Chronology 659 Longitude-Figure 2 287 Longitude Method 696 Methods-Radar 250 Plotting Sheets 661 P / L s Questions 684 P/Ls Exercise 702 P/Ls Longitude Method 687,690 Positions 284 Radar Ranges 296 Radar Targets 249-266 Sea Position 301 Short Runs-Star Sight 677 Tides 446-467

Pluto 525 526 Pocket Computers 753 Polar Charts 478 Polar Distance 544

Figure Drawing 638 648 Polar Distance and Latitude 614

Polar Navigation 477 Polaris 534 Polaris Latitude by 617-622 Pole 178

Plane sailing 180, 185 ' Pole-Elevated and Depressed 637

Pole Star Corrections 618 for Examples End Tables and Formula 618 119761 for DTo Pavers 954 , , . .

Position Chosen (CP) 677 Definitions 297 DR 228,298 E P 228,298 Observed 297

MAIN INDEX

Radar 296 Sea 298

Position-Circle of 651 Position Circle Transfer-Figure 21 348 Position Circles by Horizontal Angle 350 Position 292

East-West 597 Errors 679 Single 662

Position Lines Celestial 653 Principle of 651 Running up 657 Simultaneous 675 Transferred 315

Positive and Negative Values on Computer 743

PPI 249 Precalculating Meridian Altitude 612 Precession 718 Precession of the Equinoxes 534 Precession, Rule-Figure 2 719 Predicted Depth 368,438 Pressure and Temperature Correction 562 Prime Meridian 174 Prime Vertical 623

Figure 5 600 Principles

Astro-Navigation 525 Chronometer 585 Gyroscope 717,732 Position Lines 667 Radar 249 Sextant 519 S G Brown Gvro 734 Vernier 519

Prism-Compass 210 Prismatic Error 517 Prismatic Monocle 495 Programmable Calculators 743,753 Projections 278

Equidistant 641 Natural 637 Orthographic 637 Stereographic 639

Properties, Triangles and Circles 34

Publications Admiralty 273 Passage Planning 429 Search and Rescue 489 Tidal 276,471

Pythagoras, Theorem 33 PZX Triange 544-545

Drawing 638 Intercepts 667

Q Quadrantal Correctors 209 Quadrantal Notation 231,289,290 Quadrantal Spherical Triangle 167 Quadratic Equations 19 Quadrature (Half Moon) 436,527 Quadrilaterals 28 Quartz Crystal Chronometer 59 1-595 Questions

Chartwork 415 Gyro Compass 741 Ice Navigation 487 Marine Chronometer 595 Passage Planning 434 Principles Astro-Nav 547 Search and Rescue 492 Sextant 521 Tides 474 Variation 225

Race-Definition 307 Radar

Aid to Navieation 249 Bearings 2&, 265,296 Capability 249 Collision Rules 267 Comoonents 249 ~e f i i i t i ons 265 Fix 296 Plotting 249-266 Plotting Information Reauired 252 plotting Methods 250 '

Plotting Terms 265 Plotting-Naming Diagrams 266 Principles 249 Ranees 249.296 - Ranges and Fix-Figure 7 296 Reflectors 249 Symbols 249 Targets 249 Track - Definition 265 Vectors 266

Radar and Radio Aids-Use in Ice 479

NICHOLLS'S CONCISE GUIDE

Radians 55 Radio Signals, Admiralty List 275, 384,391,431 Radio W a v e s Track Followcd 382 Radiobeacons, Grouping 384

Identification 391 Radius 31 Radius of Action-Figure 34 381 Range (Distance O f ) 292-294.305

by Radar 249,276 by Vertical Sextant Angle 363

R-nge-Met. Optical (MOR) 403 Range Reduction 413 Range of Tide 436

Standard Port 444.446 Spring, Neap, Predicted 441

Rate-Current 300 Tidal Stream 470

Rational Horizon 550 Figure Drawing 638 648

Ratios 99 30" and 60" ratios 108 45O ratios 107

Ratios of Angles Table 1 10 Reading a Micrometer Sextant 498

Vernier Sextant 502 Readings "On" and " O K Arc 499-501 Real Motion 532 Reciprocal Course 289 Reciprocal Ratios 98 Reciprocal Relationships 96 Reciprocals on Calculators 751 Rectangle Area of 64 Reduction to Soundings 368,437-439 Reduction to the Meridian 706 Reflected Rays 493.519 Reflector Compass Bowl and Figure 5 208 Reflector Tube 208 Refraction 537,553

Corrections 562 Ice Navigation 478.481 Sonar 4i2 Sunrisc/Sunset 537 Twilight 634

Regulation and Cleaning Chronometers 588 Relative Bearings 304,382

D F 382 Radar 249,254,265,304

Relative Motion-Plancts 535 Relative Plot 250

North Up 256 Shio's Head Lln 254

Relatlve/True Plot Comparlson 264 Rendezvous and T~ tne of 490 Repeaters Bearing Repcater 207

Steering Rcpcatcr 206 Reports-Obligatory in Ice 485

Rescue Methods 490 Signals 490

Residual Errors-Sextant 505 Index Error 510

Reversing Bearings 235 Rhumb l.ine 178 179 Right Angled Plane Triangles 117 Right Anglcd Spherical Triangles 161 Right Ascension 534 Rise olTide 437-438 Rise, Range and Factor 858 Rising Piece 496 Rising and Setting Azimuths 623

Bearings 623,642 Times 431

Risk of Collision 250 Routeing Instructions 430 Running Computer Programs 757 Running Fix and Figure 12 314,317

Current Figure 13 318 Current and Leeway 317 Typcs 315

S

Safe Track and Single P/L 662 Sailing Directions 275 Sailings 180

Accuracy of 185 Correction Factors 200 Exercises 180-182, 188, 197 Oueations 198 feat Papers 201

Satellite and Tnertlal Navieat~on in Icc 478 "

Satellites 526 Saturn 525-526 Scicntilic Calculator 743 Scientific Computers 754 Sea Position 298,301 303 Search and Rescuc

Objectives 489 Publications 489-491 References 489 Indian Ocean, South Pacilic 489

Searchlights Use in Ice 480 Seasonal Change in Mean Level 452,453,460 Seasons 530 Secant 94 Second Adiustment S c r e w Sextant 497 Second ~ a g n i t u d e Stars Use 507 Second Processors 754

segments. 35 Semi-Circle 28 Semi-Diameter 552

Scmi-Diameter Corrcction M o o n 557 Semi-Diameter Sun-Values 512 Sensitive Element 735 Set --Definition 300 Set, Drift, Rate 309, 310, 374

by Calculator 747 Figure 10 310 from Radar 262 from Three Bearings 374

Setting and Rising A~imuths 623 Sextant Altitude and Delinition 51 1,551 Sextant Angle Definition 361 Sextant 493

Accessories 497 Adjustable F;rrors 504 Case 497 Certificates 504 Checking 510 Cleaning 521 Corrections 504-514 Drill and Procedure 520 Errors 504 Exercises-Practical 520 Handle 495 Ha~ldling 520 Housing the Sextant 498 Icc Navigation 478 Name. Dcrivation 493 I'arallax 518 Parts 494 Proofs 520 Stowage 521 Types 494 Uscs 495 Using the Sextant 520

Shade Error 516 Shades Compass 210 Shades Sex tan t 497 Shallow Water Corrections 460(a), 849 Shallow Water ERect 460(a), 461 Ship Time 567 Ships' Routeing (IMO) 429 Short Method Tables 677 Side-To Find 121 Side Error 507-508 Sidereal Day 566 Sidereal Hour Angle 534,541

Definition 571 Sidereal Time 566 Sighting Range 409 Sighting the Body 520 Sights

Horizon in Ice 478 Obscured Horizon 518 Preparing for Sights 520

Signs (+) or ( ) of Angles 112

MAIN INDEX

Simple Equations 14 Simple Relationships 98 Simultaneous Equations 17 Simultaneous Stars 1.ongitudc Method 697 Sine 94 Sinc and Cosine Graph I 10 Sine Formula 143 Small Circlc 171 Solar Svstem 525. 526 Solarfime 63 SOLAS Convention 28 I Solstice S u m m e r and Winter 530,540 Soundings and Depth 436 Sounding "Ruler" 370 Soundings-Use of 368 South Pacilic Search and Rescue 489 Special Angles 323

Figure 15 322 Spcci~nen Papers 759 Speed 302

Radar Definitions 265 Speed and Distance Graph 41 Speed Error 730 Speed Error Formula 730 Speed Measurement in Ice 479 Spccd Reduction and Radar 260,262 Sphere-Definitions 178 Spherical Angle 17 1 Spreadsheets for Navigation 755 Spring Tide (Ncw Moon) 435 Spring Range and Rate 308,441,470 Square 29 Stability Curve Graph 52 Standard Curves 460(a)

Diagram 460(c), 867 Standard Times 443,942-944 Standard and Secondary Ports 442 Star Nearest 525 Star Azimuth 631 Star Charts 946 Star Corrections-Almanac Front, 555 Star Method for Side Error 508 Star Selection-Latitude Sight 61 1 Star Sight-lntcrcept Method 668 Star Sights-Longitude Method 697 Star Sights-Proccdure 676 Star and Planet Corrcctions 555 Stars 525-526

1976 948 Selection of 681 Use of 507

Startine the Chronometer 586 ~ t a t i o n ~ ~ o i n t e r and Figure 23 354,355 Stationary Targets-Radar 262 Statute Mile 174 Stellar Observations 676

NICHOLLS'S CONCISE GUIDE

Steering Compass 208 Steering Gear in Ice 480 Steering Repeater and Figure2 206 Stereographic Projection 639 Stores, Delivery at Sea 491 Subtraction Algebra 3.6 Suction Strainers in Ice 480 Summary List of Publications 274 Sub-Solar and Sub-Stellar Position 543 Summer Time 443 Sun 525-526

Apparent Sun 565 Astronomical Mean Sun 565 Azimuth Sun 630 Dynamical Mean Sun 565 Mean Sun 565

Sun S igh t Longitude Method 688 Intercept Method 672

Sunrise-sec Rising and Setting Sunset 648 Superior Conjunction 535 Supplements 273 Surface Area 67 Surface Temperature U s e in Ice 480 Surveyors Land Measure 61 Symbols and Abbreviations NP5011 274,277,

Pocket Symbols, Abbreviations and Definitions xx Symbols-Radar 249

T

Tables ARC--See also Proper Name 628-630 Tangent 31,94 Tangent Formula 148 Tank-Gyro 735 Targets-Radar 249 T a r g e t s Stationary 262 Telescope and Prismatic Monocle 495 TelescopeCollar Adjustable 515 Tests, Chronometer

lsochronism Test 589 Submission Test 589 Two-Day Test 589

Thermometer Scales Graph 46 Third Adjustment and Screw 510 Three Rearing Problem and Figure 29 372-373 Three Bcarings, Set, Drift -Figure 30 375 Threc Figure Notation 231,289,290 Tidal Diagrams 445,446-460(c), 821-837,867 Tidal Diamond 308 Tidal Information-Plate 2 308 Tidal Levels 441 Tidal Prediction Ad. Method NP 159 453,458,

46 1 Tidal Publications 471

Tidal Streams 307 Atlas 308,309,469 Atlas Extracts 870 Definition 307 Information-Chart 308 Interpolation 308 Reliability of Data 309 SetIRate hv Radar 262

~ i d e s ' 435 . Tide Effect-Radar 262 Tide Generating Forces 435 Tide P rob lems Types 442 Tide Table Extracts 815 Tide Tables, Admiralty 276,442 Tides around UK 469 Tilt (Gyro) 720 Tilt Movement- Formula 722 Time 443,565

Daylight Saving Time 443 GAT, GMT 565 LAT. LMT 572 Legal Time 443 Sidereal Time 566 Standard and Summer Time 443 Universal Time 556 Zone T ~ m e 443

Time to Alter Course 345 Time into Arc 568 Time of Arrival (ETA) 347 Time by Chronometer 566 Time Differences 443 Time, Equation of 565 Time and Hour Angle Questions 582 Time Measurement 63 Time of Meridian Passage Star 611 Time. S~eed. Distance Granh 43 ~ ime ' zone 443 Title Area of Chart-Fieure 17 338 Torch Computer 754-7155 Torsion Wires (Gyro) 735 Total Correction 549 Total Correction Tables-Sun 554 TPI Graph 51 Track-Definition 300 Track Angle Delinition 300 Track and Tracking-Radar Definitions 265 Track Made Good 300 Traditional Marine Chronometer 583 Traffic Separation Schemes 433 Transducer 436 Transferred ITP 674 Transferred P/L, Altering Onto- Figure 20

344-345 Transferred Position Circle and Figure 21

348-349 Transferred Position Lines 315

Transferring Celestial P!Ls 655 Transformation- Logarithms 9 1 Transit 614,618

Transposing 15 Traverse Tables 177,277,304 Treatment of Survivors 490 Triangle- areao of 65 Triangles Equilateral, Isosceles 2 Trieonometrv 93 TI& in Ice 480 T r o ~ i c ofCancer 178.531.532

MAIN INDEX

~ r o p i c of Capricorn i 78,53 1,532 Troy Weight 63 True Altitude 545,551 True Altitude Pole Star 618 True Course-Finding the 289 True Motion Plot 252

North Up 258 Twilight 538,611,634,667

Astronomical, Civil, Nautical 538, 61 1,634 Calculation 61 l Cause 634 Continuour 539,634

Two Day Chronometer 584

u UK Search and Rescue Organisation 490 Umbra 528 Undamped Gyro, Behaviour 726-727 Undamped Gyroscope 724 Universal Time 566 Unpacking and Setting Up Chronometers 586 Upper and Lower Meridian 614-616 Upper Meridian and Figure 5 597,600 Upper Meridian Passagc 647-648 Upper and Lower Meridian 640 Uranus 525-526

v u Correction 575,577-578 Variable Errors 679 Variation 214,324,336

Annual Change 337 Applying Variation 325 Compass Rose-Figure 16 336 Information on Chart 337 Secular Change 337 Variation Chart 215 Variation Curve-Figure 18 339 Variation from Chart 336 337

Vectors Radar 266

Vcnus 525-526,535 537 Venus as Inferior Planct 537 Vernal Equinox 531,533,540 Vernier 519

Long Vernier 519 Pierre Vernier 519 Short Vernier 519 Vernier Error 515 Vernier Sextant 494

Vertical Angle 362 Vertical Angle Tables-Interpolation 364 Vertical Circle 623

Vertical sextant ~ n g l e s and ~ k u r c 2 6 358,361 Visibility 403

Estimating and Figure44 410.412 Factors Affecting 403 Meteorological Visibility 403 Night Visibility 404 Reports in Ice 486 Vertical Visibility 404

Vocabulary, Standard Marine 490 Volume 69 Voyager I and 2 526

W

Waning 527 Water Level 360,368,440 Water Sky 481 Watcr Track-Delinition 300 Waxing 527 Wedge 68 Weights and Measures 55,60-64 Wind Direction-Delinition 299 Winding the Chronometer 586 Word-processing lor Navigation 755 World Oil Production Graph 45 World Tanker Fleet Graph 44 Worm and Rack 496

Y

Year, Planet 526 Year, Leap 534

1.

Zenith 544 Zenith- Fieure Ilrawine 638 648 - Zenith ~ i s t a n c e 551

Calculator Method 749 Figures 638-648

Zero Time Zone 443 Zodiac-Signs of 539 Zone Time 443,692 Zone Time Calculations 602,605