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Adnan Shihab-Eldin
The need for additional Financing Resources & Mechanisms for R&D (S&T) in the Arab Region
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
On the Issues and Problems of Scientific Research in the Arab World
14-15 November, 2006Alexandria - Egypt
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Outline
BackgroundStatus of RD and Financing in the Arab Region
Role of State and private SectorAdditional novel mechanismsNational vs. Regional/International : Is there a need for a pan-Arab Financing of RD?
For What and How
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Background
Financing is Necessary but not Sufficient for success of Knowledge-Based Economy
R&D and Innovation within modern Knowledge Economy
What we learn from recent experiences: The case of Finland
Implications for Developed, Developing (including Arab) Countries and Region
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Development of Knowledge Economy: Lessons From Finland
The Finnish approach to the broad innovation system, including the creation of new knowledge and the commercialization of that knowledge, is very relevant for the larger and more technologically advanced countries with a critical mass of scientists and engineers, as well as a critical mass of R&D expenditures,
It is also relevant for middle-income countries, as the ever-increasing globalization (in particular the increasing importance of technology and information) means developing effective strategies of tapping into the rapidly growing stock of global knowledge, ( Finland still doing);
However, for the majority of developing the focus needs to be somewhat different (modified) than Finland’s.
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Lessons LearnedBecause DC are still very far from technological frontier, still
need to put priority on developing effective means of tapping preexisting and rapidly growing stock of global knowledge.
DC should conceive of innovation system broadly & include all of the relevant actors. However, DC need to put more weight than they do now on understanding, acquiring, adapting, diffusing, and using existing knowledge, including indigenous knowledge.
This priority includes putting in place basic technological infrastructure such as norms and standards, metrology, testing, and quality control, as well as strong dissemination mechanisms and institutions such as technical information centers, productivity organizations, and agricultural and industrial extension agencies.
DC also need to set up/develop public research institutes that can help them access what global technologies may be relevant and help them adapt these technologies to their circumstances.
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Implications I Importantly, utilizing their existing knowledge involves creating
technological capability in their productive firms and in getting them to invest in improving and eventually creating their own technologies in their most advanced sectors.
DC will have to pay more attention to all levels of education. DC will have to pay more attention to strengthening universal
basic and secondary education as well as higher and secondary education for their citizens to become effective users of technology, & to keep up with and make effective use of the rapidly expanding technological frontier.
Developing an effective innovation system also involves attracting FDI that can bring in relevant new technology to advance local economies.
Attracting FDI can be an important tool if properly utilized! It includes getting into global value chains controlled by multinational companies and trying to move up those value chains. It also includes developing linkages & networks between domestic public & private research institutes and universities & foreign ones, and among all of these domestic institutions.
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Implications II A final implication for all countries is the importance of focusing
not only on what can be learned from the past but on anticipating and preparing for the future. ;
This Finnish example explains why Finland not only was able to make such a dramatic transformation to a knowledge-based economy but also why it has been able to remain competitive;
as a result of the rapid advances in knowledge & continuous challenge of globalization, the world is not standing still;
What worked in the past may not work in future prerequisites for being successful seem to be rising ever higher &demanding
importance of looking forward to see how to be better prepared for future challenges & opportunities.
Arab countries in particular need to monitor this aspect closely because there may be important new areas that can be exploited; One must be ready to take advantage of them.
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Study Knowledge Economy Index and Its Components at www.worldbank.org/kam
What Institutional Changes are Needed for Improved Innovation System?
What Model Would Best Advance Economic Development?
Then decide on additional resources needed for key targeted interventions, sources & mechanisms;
For Each Country:
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Sources, Targets & Mechanisms for Financing RD/ST in Arab region
State of Arab RD/ST, State Financing vs. Private Financing in the Arab Region:Additional financing by Arab States : Must establish strategic goals of additional financing (intervention) in priority areas
Targets & Sources for additional intervention (priority areas for Knowledge economy)
Sources for Additional Financing by Private Sector
Additional Financing by Regional and International sources
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Additional Sources and Mechanisms for Financing RD/ST National Level:
National Sect oral Funds Redirect “Corporate Tax” for direct support of RD/ST/TD•Brazil•Pakistan Telecommunication (1% of gross income for national ST)
National Budgets must be increases for targeted interventions •Education•Innovation/knowledge-based economy•KFASNOC Direct small part of Oil revenues to support both energy and other targeted research; Direct IOC to allocate part of revenue to support targeted research (KISR)
Encourage Private Sector funding of innovations to increase profit (TDI UK Scoreboard 2006)
Role of VC Funds (national, regional & international)
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Additional Sources and Mechanisms for Financing RD/ST II
Regional Level: ( An AFSTD again?)Centers of excellenceSupport programs in priority areas of regional dimension
International LevelGlobal Institutional and Program Funds (p 42)Maintain open RD/ST system in DC Debt SwapFDI (Partnerships)Support capacity building
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
The case for an Arab Fund for RD/ST
1976 CASTARAB Decision to Establish an Arab Fund:ObjectiveCapitalMissionGoals reason for failure
Have conditions changed? Is there a need now? The case for reviving the
AFSTD
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
AFSTD Detailed Feasibility Study carried out by AFSED, KF and
KISR 1976-1978 proposed the establishment of a regional body to assist Arab countries in their efforts to overcome ST ”backwardation” and dedicate ST efforts to Development;
Among key objectives for the fund were the following:Using available capacities effectively;Developing ST capacities;Assist in formulating appropriate policy of ST development;
Support initiatives of Arab Cooperation Scope was found too broad and Role fo AFSTD was
seen as partial: supplementary, promoting and catalysts through:Grants, Technical Assistance, loans, etc…through support for specific objectives avoiding provisions for general support;
To be capitalized at 150 m KD (500 $ m KD)
Reason for not failures: Mainly political disagreements among key Governments on HQ location and Governance structure
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
AFSTD II?
Reasons for Failure of prior effort:Conditions changed? Yes and no!Reasons for renewed effort:
Capacity Building at regional levelCenters of excellenceCommon Regional Priorities that may be best addressed through regionally/sub-regional coordinated efforts
Call for AFSED to take a lead and call for, initially, creating a 10-y regional funding program that could be a nucleus for such a FUND open for participation by other concerned national/international funds (OFID,IDB, etc..
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Features of RD in Arab Region : Then and Now
Common: quantitative growth in numbers in most Arab Countries, institutional, manpower and coverage; However
Evolving quality paths and expenditure differ dramatically:Retreated in some,Advanced rapidly and then stagnated/retreated, etc.. Continued advance (slow and fast) (Ups and downs)
Overall capacity converged with small average growth positive but behind OECD and emerging developing countries;Need for strong intervention to produce results; Some additional financing is needed: Targets for and Sources of additional financing: national, regional, international
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
The End
Thank You
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
GDP and Average Growth (WB WDR 2006)
DGP Avg. growth,
$ million2004 % (2000-2004)
World 40,887,837 t 2.5 % Low income 1,253,353 5.4% Middle income 6,930,704 4.4 % Upper middle income 2,988,438 2.7% Lower middle income 3,941,575 5.7% Low & middle income 8,183,030 4.6% East Asia & Pacific 2,367,508 7.5% Europe & Central Asia 1,768,088 5.0 % Latin America & Carib. 2,018,715 1.5 % Middle East & N. Africa 600,256 4.5 % South Asia 878,785 5.8 % Sub-Saharan Africa 543,990 3.9% High income 32,715,777 2.0%
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Sharing Knowledge between Companies and Universities
R&D Coopera
tion
Recruitment
Recruitment
Education and training
Cooperation benefits both parties, but independent basic and applied research in unversities is equally important
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Cooperation between companies
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Italy
Greece
Portugal
Spain
Germany
Austria
EU
Belgium
Netherlands
France
Great Britain
Ireland
Denmark
Sweden
Finland
Source: Towards a European Research Area - Key Figures, Special Edition. EU 2001
%
Docs 3611004-2002
Share of cooperating companies of all innovating companies
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
JapanKorea
IrelandSweden
SwitzerlandUnited States
BelgiumFINLAND
OECDGermany
Czech Rep.EU
DenmarkUK
NorwayAustriaCanada
NetherlandsFrance
AustraliaSpain
ItalyIcelandTurkey
HungaryPoland
N. ZealandPortugal
GreeceMexico
R&D financing in 1999R&D expenditures by source of funds
Source: OECD, MSTI database, April 1999
0 20 40 60 80 100 %
J07/ 00-06
Business enterprisesPublic sectorOther nationalresourcesAbroadNo breakdown
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Services in the Mobile Information Society
Information
Entertainment
e-shoppingand banking
Voice
Corporate access and e-mail
e-education
Video
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Second ECA Education Conference
Tertiary Education: Quality, Financing and
Linkages with Innovation and Productivity
Dubrovnik, Croatia, October 2-4, 2005
CREATIVITY, INNOVATION AND ROLE OF
HIGHER EDUCATION IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Professor Jorma Routti
CIM Creative Industries Management & Helsinki University of Technology
[email protected] [email protected]
Former President of Sitra & Director General of Research DG of European Commision
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
15 Largest Economies: GDP 2002 (Trillions of international $)
United States$10.14t
China$5.73t
South Korea$0.78t
India $2.69t
Indonesia$0.66t
Mexico $0.88t
Brazil $1.31t
Spain $0.85t
United Kingdom$1.51t
Italy $1.48t
France$1.55t
Germany $2.17t
Canada$0.90t
Japan 3.26
-3
-1
1
3
5
7
9
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000
GDP per capita (international $) 2002
Ave RGDP per capita growth 1990-2002 (%)
Russia $1.41t
©Knowledge for Development, WBI©Knowledge for Development, WBI
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Real GDP (PPP): Projections 2004-2015 (Using 1991-2003 Average Growth Rates)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Trillions of 1995 international $
India China Brazil
Canada France Germany
Italy Japan Mexico
Russian Federation United Kingdom United States
India
China
United States
JapanGermany
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Canada
Mexico
Russian Federation
Brazil
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Telecommunications and Nokia's Change
1988 1998
Mobile Phones 60% Infrastructure 33% Other 7%
Floorings 1%
Chemicals 2%
Machinery 4%
Electrical Wholesale 4%
Rubber 6%
Information Systems 23%
Cables 9%
Paper 10%
Consumer Electronics 31%
Mobile Telephones 5%Telecommunications 5%
Mobile Telephones 5%Telecommunications 5%
2000
Net sales USD 5.2 billion 1988 Market capitalization USD 1.4 billion at year end 1988
Net sales USD 19.9 billion 1999Market capitalization USD 236.5 billion, as of February 28th 2000
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Services in the Mobile Information Society
Information
Entertainment
e-shoppingand banking
Voice
Corporate access and e-mail
e-education
Video
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
FOCUS IN THE VALUE CHAIN
CONSUMERCONTENTCREATORS
CONTENTPRODUCERS
CONTENTDISTRIBUTORS
CREATES IDEA
HOLDS IPRs
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN IDEAS
DEVELOPSCOPYRIGHTS
PACKAGES IPRs
PROGRAMMINGCONTENT
DISTRIBUTESCOPYRIGHTS
MARKETS / BRANDS IPRs
DISTRIBUTIONPLATFORMS
TICKETSMAGAZINESBOOKS, CD,VIDEO, DVD,RADIO, TV
NET, WAP/3G
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Innovation – Weighted by Population
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Education and Innovation Keys to Competitiveness
Education is the fundamental enabler of the knowledge economy and a key to competitiveness and growth
Critical; no longer basic or even secondary but higher education and the constant upgrading of skills
Increasing competition for people with high level skills
Education couples with research and innovation
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
R&D input in some OECD countries
Sources: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators database, Statistics Finland (Finland 2002) and Statistiska centralbyrån (Sweden 2001, estimate). Docs 36109
02-2003
USA
Japan
Germany
Sweden
Great Britain
France
Austria
FINLAND
Denmark
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02
OECD total
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
4.0
Percentage of GDP
est.
Canada
Israel4.5
0.5
Iceland
South Korea
Singapore
China
Norway
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Exports of Finnish high tech products totalled9.9 billion euros in 2001, i.e. 21 % of total exports of goods.
Exports of Finnish high tech products totalled9.9 billion euros in 2001, i.e. 21 % of total exports of goods.
Source: Statistics Finland, according to the OECD product catalogue defined in 1995
The share of high tech exportsin some OECD countries 1988-2001
Norway
USAJapanUnitedKingdomNetherlandsFINLANDSwitzerlandFranceSwedenGermanyDenmark
Docs 32187B 03 /02-03
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
% of total exports of goods
EU
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
MARKETS quality
competitiveness price
competitiveness environmental
expertise
F O R E S T I N D U S T R Y
Pulp and paper technology
Wood products industry
Machines, machinery and processes
A11/ 99-08
Securing competitiveness inthe Forest Industry
FORESTRY
CONSTRUCTION AND WOOD TECHNOLOGY modification of wood construction
technology andarchitecture
logistics, assembly
MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY forestry machines process and production machinery material technology
BIOTECHNOLOGY enzymes rot prevention gene technology
ENERGY AND ENVIRON-MENTAL TECHNOLOGY biofuels, combustion technology ecobalances closed cycles energy-saving and
emissions
CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY paper and bleaching chemicals surface treatment
substances pigments, adhesives
INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY sensors, measuring
and control computational
intelligence,simulation andmachine vision
multimedia and telecommunication tomography
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Co-operation between companies and universities and research institutes
Norway
UK
Sweden
FINLAND
Portugal
Austria
Netherlands
Ireland
Italy
France
Denmark
Germany
Belgium
EU
Norway
UK
Sweden
FINLAND
Portugal
Austria
Netherlands
Ireland
Italy
France
Denmark
Germany
Belgium
EU
0 20 40 60 %
Share of innovative companieshaving co-operation agreements
with universities (1994-1996)
Share of innovative companies havingco-operation agreements with public
research institutes (1994-1996)
Source: Eurostat, Enterprise DG, 2nd Community Innovation Survey
J05/ 00-06
0 20 40 60 %
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Forest Industry Cluster
Brasil, South Africa, China, Indonesia
Manufacturing and Operations
Valmet Paper Machines
• Design, manufacturing and remote operations
Production • Focus on specific
market segments and products
World wide marketing
Paper, cardboard, packaging material
Poyry Design and Consulting
Pulp Mills Sunds
Design, manufacting and maintenance
Timberjack Forest Harvestors
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Composition of Regional Economies United States, 2001
Traded ClustersTraded ClustersTraded ClustersTraded Clusters Local ClustersLocal ClustersLocal ClustersLocal Clusters Natural Resource-Natural Resource-Driven IndustriesDriven Industries
Natural Resource-Natural Resource-Driven IndustriesDriven Industries
31.6%31.6%
1.7%1.7%
$44,956$44,956
133.8133.8
4.5%4.5%
144.1144.1
21.721.7
590590
31.6%31.6%
1.7%1.7%
$44,956$44,956
133.8133.8
4.5%4.5%
144.1144.1
21.721.7
590590
67.6%67.6%
2.8%2.8%
$28,288$28,288
84.284.2
3.7%3.7%
79.379.3
1.31.3
241241
67.6%67.6%
2.8%2.8%
$28,288$28,288
84.284.2
3.7%3.7%
79.379.3
1.31.3
241241
0.8%0.8%
-1.0%-1.0%
$33,245$33,245
99.099.0
2.0%2.0%
140.1140.1
7.27.2
4848
0.8%0.8%
-1.0%-1.0%
$33,245$33,245
99.099.0
2.0%2.0%
140.1140.1
7.27.2
4848
Share of Employment
Employment Growth, 1990 to 2001
Average Wage
Relative Wage
Wage Growth
Relative Productivity
Patents per 10,000 Employees
Number of SIC Industries
Note: 2001 data, except relative productivity which is 1997 data.Source: Cluster Mapping Project, Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, Harvard Business School
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
$15,000
$25,000
$35,000
$45,000
$55,000
50 100 150 200 250 300
Average Regional Wage, 2001
Share of Traded Employment in Strong Clusters (LQ > .8), 2001
y = 96.736x + 16218R2 = 0.377
New York, NYBay Area, CA
Boston, MA
Determinants of Regional Prosperity Cluster Strength and Wage Levels
Source: County Business Patterns; Michael E. Porter, The Economic Performance of Regions”, Regional Studies, Vol. 37, 2003
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
s
SOCIAL & HUMAN CAPITAL
TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION
RE
SE
AR
CH
CA
PA
CI
TY A
BS
OR
TIO
N C
AP
AC
ITY
SUPPLY USERS
CREATORS DEMAND
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
s
SOCIAL & HUMAN CAPITAL
TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION
RE
SE
AR
CH
CA
PA
CI
TY
AB
SO
RT
ION
CA
PA
CIT
Y
SUPPLY USERS
CREATORS DEMAND
JAPAN
USA
IRL
ITA
SWE
DE
FR
UK
FIN
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
ECONOMIC POLICY MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS SINCE 1977
Participants: Members of Parliament, Media Leaders, Civil Servants
Labour Movement, Industry Organizations, Academia
Objectives: Growth, Employment, Balance, Low Inflation
Instruments: Fiscal Policy, Taxation, Incentives, Echange Rates, Interest Rates
Topics: Globalization, Integration, Trade, Social Policy, Regional Policy, Education, Research,
Industry, Agriculture, Banking, Environment, etc.
Government: Consencus Building, Trade-offsSimulation Models, Economic Advisors
Adoption: Baltic Countries, New EU Members, Latin America, WB
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
TIME – ENERGY - INFORMATION
E = 0
I = 0 T = 0
I = maxT = max
E = max [email protected]
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Summary of Finland KE experience
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Sharing Knowledge between Companies and Universities
R&D Coopera
tion
Recruitment
Recruitment
Education and training
Cooperation benefits both parties, but independent basic and applied research in unversities is equally important
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Evaluations of the Finnish Science, Technology &Innovation Environment
According to WEF Finland is ranked 2nd both in growth competitiveness and microeconomic competitiveness. In technology Finland is ranked 3rd. WEF also ranks Finland first in the Networked Readiness Index (NRI), boosted by the best performance in terms of technology usage by its citizens, businesses and the government.
IMD ranks Finland 2nd in overall competitiveness in 2002. In technological infrastructure Finland ranks 2nd and scientific infrastructure 6th.
The Lisbon Review measures and ranks annually the performance of the European Union in achieving the goals laid out in the EU's Lisbon Strategy. Based on the Lisbon Review Finlandis the only consistently leading country in the EU. The dimensions of the Lisbon diamond are information society, innovation and R&D, liberalization, network industries, financial services, enterprise environment, social inclusion and sustainable development.
Docs 20377
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
R&D input in some OECD countries
Sources: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators database, Statistics Finland (Finland 2002) and Statistiska centralbyrån (Sweden 2001, estimate). Docs 36109
02-2003
USA
Japan
Germany
Sweden
Great Britain
France
Austria
FINLAND
Denmark
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02
OECD total
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
4.0
Percentage of GDP
est.
Canada
Israel4.5
0.5
Iceland
South Korea
Singapore
China
Norway
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
R&D input in some OECD countries
Sources: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators database, Statistics Finland (Finland 2002) and Statistiska centralbyrån (Sweden 2001, estimate). Docs 36109
02-2003
USA
Japan
Germany
Sweden
Great Britain
France
Austria
FINLAND
Denmark
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02
OECD total
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
4.0
Percentage of GDP
est.
Canada
Israel4.5
0.5
Iceland
South Korea
Singapore
China
Norway
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
MARKETS quality
competitiveness price
competitiveness environmental
expertise
F O R E S T I N D U S T R Y
Pulp and paper technology
Wood products industry
Machines, machinery and processes
A11/ 99-08
Securing competitiveness inthe Forest Industry
FORESTRY
CONSTRUCTION AND WOOD TECHNOLOGY modification of wood construction
technology andarchitecture
logistics, assembly
MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY forestry machines process and production machinery material technology
BIOTECHNOLOGY enzymes rot prevention gene technology
ENERGY AND ENVIRON-MENTAL TECHNOLOGY biofuels, combustion technology ecobalances closed cycles energy-saving and
emissions
CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY paper and bleaching chemicals surface treatment
substances pigments, adhesives
INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY sensors, measuring
and control computational
intelligence,simulation andmachine vision
multimedia and telecommunication tomography
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
FOCUS IN THE VALUE CHAIN
CONSUMERCONTENTCREATORS
CONTENTPRODUCERS
CONTENTDISTRIBUTORS
CREATES IDEA
HOLDS IPRs
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN IDEAS
DEVELOPSCOPYRIGHTS
PACKAGES IPRs
PROGRAMMINGCONTENT
DISTRIBUTESCOPYRIGHTS
MARKETS / BRANDS IPRs
DISTRIBUTIONPLATFORMS
TICKETSMAGAZINESBOOKS, CD,VIDEO, DVD,RADIO, TV
NET, WAP/3G
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Source: Statistics Finland
R&D intensity and GDP growthin some countries
A 07B/ 01-06
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
USA
Japan
Germany
Spain
FINLAND
EU average
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
FranceDenmark
Great Britain
Sweden
GreecePortugal
AustriaBelgium
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.00.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
R&D intensity, %
Real growth in GDP 95-99, %
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
INNOVATION SYSTEM
Economic andsocial needs
users
Knowledge baseknowledge producers
absorptivecapacity
interaction- knowledge transfer- user needs
- quality- relevance
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Cooperation between companies
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Italy
Greece
Portugal
Spain
Germany
Austria
EU
Belgium
Netherlands
France
Great Britain
Ireland
Denmark
Sweden
Finland
Source: Towards a European Research Area - Key Figures, Special Edition. EU 2001
%
Docs 3611004-2002
Share of cooperating companies of all innovating companies
Adnan Shihab-Eldin070598/EO/mwe
Council of State
Science and Technology Policy Council
Ministry ofEducation
Ministry ofTrade and Industry
OtherMinistries
TechnologyDevelopment
Centre
Academy ofFinland SITRA Fund
Universities and government research institutes
Enterprises, private research institutes,funds and foundations, learned societies
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Fundamental changes taking place
Globalization
Knowledge-based economies
Digital revolution
Adnan Shihab-Eldin
Features of RD in Arab Region : Then and Now
Common: quantitative growth in numbers in most Arab Countries, institutional, manpower and coverage; However
Evolving quality paths and expenditure differ dramatically:Retreated in some,Advanced rapidly and then stagnated/retreated, etc.. Continued advance (slow and fast) (Ups and downs)
Overall capacity converged with small average growth positive but behind OECD and emerging developing countries;Need for strong intervention to produce results; Some additional financing is needed: Targets for and Sources of additional financing: national, regional, international