Administrative Thinkers

AdministrAtive thinkers

Sangit Kumar Ragi

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ADMINISTRATIVE THINKERS

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First Edition: 2015ISBN 978-93-5138-090-0

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Preface

The journey to this book begun in 2006. Drawing from experiences of teaching public administration over a decade I committed to myself to pen down the work on administrative thinkers in style and the way I teach the subject in classroom in order to make it easier for the students of political science and public administration to understand it. But then I lost the commitment. As I do read and write for my own pleasure and satisfaction I started working on another project.

Then all of a sudden a senior editor from a publication approached me knowing that I had worked on a manuscript on Administrative Thinkers and I again committed to do it in time. I worked very hard but when I was about to complete the project I lost the draft with my Laptop in a train journey somewhere between Mugalsarai and Varanasi. This shook me but gave me also the strength and determination to wind up this project in a time bound manner. I committed to Macmillan India which was sending mail after mail reminding me of my commitment, to send the complete draft but by the time I finished the work Macmillan took me to Trinity, an Imprint of Laxmi Publication. I am really thankful to the owner of the Trinity for agreeing to publish the manuscript. I also express my thanks to the entire editorial team which brought in the work in a profound professional manner.

This book comprises of sixteen chapters, each dealing with an administrative thinker. It has been taken care of that all the thinkers which are taught at graduate and post-graduate level in the universities in India are included. Discussions have been built to accommodate all the relevant conceptual constructs of these thinkers from public administration perspectives. The language has been kept suitable and illustrations have been introduced to make it easier for the students to grasp the theme. I

am sure this is going to be an important reading text for those who are pursuing public administration and political science from universities as well as those who aspire to write civil services examinations. Quotations, summary of the thinkers at the end of each chapter and quotations have been conscientiously included to help the students who are writing or are willing to write such examinations in future.

Author

viii Preface

Acknowledgements

I must acknowledge my sincere thanks to my friend and critic Himanshu Roy who first encouraged me to work on the manuscript and introduced me to the world of book publication. I came across him while I was working on the Bhartiya Janata Party for my doctoral degree. Himanshu’s blunt ideological observations which always happened to be wrapped in Marxist jugglery have always provoked me to intellectual stimulations and creativity. The more he would criticise the more powerfully I would come out with arguments and facts to prove him wrong. Though this is not his field of specialization but he would always be encouraging to get it published soon.

I sincerely thank my student Surbhi Sharma whom I punished for hours to draw pleasure in reading and editing the draft. I used to write and leave it for Surbhi to check the whole draft, suggest changes, and identify abstraction, discontinuity and also references. I chose her because one more reason. I wanted to see whether the work is student friendly or not. She did it selflessly and painstakingly. This work would not have been possible without her support. Over the years she has turned out to be a good editor of academic works. My best wishes/all blessings to her, for a bright career ahead and happiness in life.

I sincerely extend my gratitude to my friend Sunil and his wife Susmita and their son Shreyak. Susmita and Shreyak too had to cancel many of their outings because of my visit to their residence and asking Sunil to go through the draft. There is hardly any draft which has not gone through his eyes. Sunil would always advise me to consolidate the works rather than jumping from one project to another without completing either. He has always been my strength and source of support and motivation in my academic endeavours.

I owe a lot to my children Raghav and Madhav and wife Reena. Though I never admitted this, probably I was waiting for this time to come; I spoiled several of their social evenings, visits to family get-together, for I was in hurry to conclude this work. They all have arrived at one conclusion that I go deaf to the world when I am at work. They would check it and make fun of it when I am in chair with my laptop on dining table.

I draw my strength and inspiration from my parents who have always been the force behind all that I have accomplished in my life till date. Their pleasure on every success of mine instils a drive within me to look further and march ahead.

Author

x Acknowledgements

Contents

Preface viiAcknowledgements ix

Chapter 1 Kautilya 1

The Idea of State 5Swamin (King) 6Amatya 9

Administrative Structure 11Janapada 12

Financial Administration 13Importance of Kosha 13

Tax Exemption 14Financial Policy During Emergency 14Protecting Consumer Interests 17Segregation of Foreign and Indigenous Goods 18Giving Protection to the Trades 18Weight and Measures 19Checking Financial Embezzlement by the Government Officials 20Law and Administration of Justice 21Managing Defense and Inter-State Relations 23

Danda 23Conclusion 28Endnotes 30

Chapter 2 Woodrow Wilson 33

Democracy and the Science of Administration 37Politics–Administration Dichotomy 39Democracy, Public Opinion and Administration 40Borrowing Administrative Models and Learning from 42Others’ Experiences 42Conclusion 44Summary 47Glossary/Terms 48Quotations 48Endnotes 49

xii Administrative Thinkers

Chapter 3 Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915) 50

Scientific Management 52Contribution of Taylor to the Management Science 67Summary 72Glossary/Terms 72Important Works 73Quotations 73Diagrammatic Representation of Scientific Management 74Endnotes 75

Chapter 4 Henri Fayol 77Organisation Activities 79

Technical Activities 79Commercial Activities 80Financial Activities 80Security Activities 80Accounting Activities 81Managerial Activities 81

Principles of Management 88Fayol and Taylor: A Comparison 95Critical Assessment 96Contribution of Fayol to Management Science 97Summary 98Quotations 99Glossary/Terms 99Endnotes 101

Chapter 5 George Elton Mayo 103The Hawthorne Studies (1927-1932) 104The Mica-Room Experiment (1928-1930) 110Interviewing Programme: Understanding Human 111Attitudes and Sentiments (1928-31) 111Bank Wiring Room Experiments (1931-32) 114

Criticism 117Conclusion 122Summary 123Glossary/Terms 123Quotations 124Endnotes 125

Chapter 6 Max Weber 127

Rise of Modern Bureaucracy 133Democracy vs Bureaucracy 134Bureaucracy and the Class Interests 136Bureaucracy and its Impact on the Social System 137

Contents xiii

Criticism 138Concluding Remarks 141Summary 142Glossary/Terms 142Quotations 143Endnotes 143

Chapter 7 Fred W. Riggs 144

Features of Prismatic Society 153Administrative System in Prismatic Society 157Bazaar-Canteen Model: Price Indeterminacy in Prismatic Society 161Riggs and Comparative Public Administration 163Development Administration and Riggs 168Development and Differentiation 171Criticism 173Summary 177Glossary/Terms 178Endnotes 179

Chapter 8 Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) 182

Maslow’s Need Hierarchy 185Physiological Needs 185Security Needs 186Social Needs 187The Esteem Needs 188Need for Self-actualization 189

Critical Evaluation 195Summary 199Glossary/Terms 200Quotations 200Endnotes 200

Chapter 9 Frederick Herzberg(1923-2000) 201

Achievement 208Recognition 208Job 208Responsibility 209Advancement 209Evaluation 212Summary 216Glossary/Terms 216Quotations 216Endnotes 217

Administrative Thinkers

Publisher : Laxmi Publications ISBN : 9789351380900 Author : Sangit Kumar Ragi

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