Adjustments & the Ten-Column WorksheetChapter 18

04/21/23

1

Completing end-of-period work In this chapter, you will prepare a ten-

column work sheet for a merchandising business organized as a corporation

This work sheet is the basis for preparing end-of-period financial statements, adjusting entries, & closing entries

04/21/232

Ten-column work sheet How is the ten-column work sheet different from

the six-column work sheet?

Additional columns are for Adjustments & Adjusted Trial Balance sections.

The ten-column work sheet has five amount sections instead of three:

Trial Balance Adjustments Adjusted Trial Balance Income Statement Balance Sheet

04/21/233

Completing the trial balance section Proves the equality of debits & credits in

the general ledger

Accounts are listed in the order that they appear in the general ledger

Every general ledger account is listed, even those with zero balances

04/21/234

Calculating adjustments Not all changes in account balances

result from daily business transactions

Some result from internal business operations or the passage of time

Some assets are used gradually over the accounting period (ex. Supplies & prepaid insurance)

04/21/235

Permanent & temporary accounts There are no source documents for changes in account

balances caused by the internal operations of a business or the passage of time.

Such changes are recorded through adjustments made at the end of the period to the account balance

Adjustment- amount that is added to or subtracted from an account balance to bring that balance up to date.

Every adjustment affects at least one permanent account & one temporary account

04/21/236

At the end of the period, adjustments are made to transfer the costs of the assets consumed from the asset accounts (permanent accounts) to the appropriate expense accounts (temporary accounts)

Accountants say these accounts are “expensed” because the costs of consumed assets are expenses of doing business

Thus when an adjustment is recorded, the expenses for a given period are matched with the revenue for that period.

04/21/237

Determining the adjustments needed Review each account balance in the

work sheet’s trial balance section

If the balance is not up to date as of the last day of the fiscal period, that account balance must be adjusted

04/21/238

The amount of merchandise on hand is constantly changing during the period

The changes are not recorded in the Merchandise Inventory account

During the period, the cost of merchandise purchased is recorded in the Purchases account

As merchandise sales reduce inventory, the amount of each sale is recorded in the Sales account, not Merchandise Inventory

At the end of the period, the balance in the Merchandise Inventory account does not reflect the amount of merchandise on hand. So the Merchandise Inventory account must be adjusted

04/21/239

Adjusting the Merchandise Inventory Account Merchandise Inventory is an asset account used by

merchandising businesses

Beginning inventory – merchandise a business has on hand and available for sale at the beginning of a period.

Ending Inventory – merchandise on hand at the end of a period. The ending inventory for one period becomes the beginning inventory for the next period.

The account balance for Merchandise Inventory does not change during the period. It is changed only when a physical inventory is taken.

04/21/2310

Physical Inventory An actual count of all merchandise on hand and available

for sale.

Can be taken at any time

One is always taken at the end of the period

Cost of Inventory = quantity of each item * unit cost

After physical inventory has been taken, ending inventory amount replaces the beginning inventory amount recorded in Merchandise Inventory. This is accomplished by an adjustment to Merchandise Inventory.

04/21/2311

Calculating the adjustment for Merchandise Inventory When calculating the adjustment for Merchandise

Inventory, you need to know (1) the Merchandise Inventory account balance and (2) the physical inventory amount

See Adjustment Example on page 521.

The effect of all the purchases and sales during the period is a decrease to Merchandise Inventory

This reduction in inventory needs to be recorded as an adjustment in the accounting records

The two accounts affected by the inventory adjustment are Merchandise Inventory & Income Summary.

04/21/2312

If the ending inventory is higher than beginning inventory, Merchandise Inventory is debited & Income Summary is credited

Entering the adjustment for Merchandise Inventory on the Work Sheet

Adjustments are entered in the Adjustments column of the work sheet.

The debit & credit parts of each adjustment are given a unique label that consists of a small letter in parentheses placed just above & to the left of the adjustment amounts

The adjustments are labeled as follows: First adjustment (a) Second adjustment (b) Third adjustment (c)

The number of adjustments varies depending on the business

Once the adjustments have been entered, the work sheet provides the information needed to make the adjusting journal entries

04/21/2313

Adjusting supplies, prepaid insurance, & Federal Corporate Income Tax Financial statements must reflect the proper insurance

expenses each period

Supplies & federal corporate income taxes also represent significant expenses that must be reported accurately

Adjusting the supplies account

As supplies are consumed, they become an expense of the business

The Supplies account is updated at the end of the periodSee Adjustment example on pages 524-25 in book.

04/21/2314

Adjusting the prepaid insurance account Prepaid Insurance is an expense paid in

advance.

As coverage “expires,” the value of the unexpired portion of the coverage will decrease

Prepaid Insurance will be adjusted with a credit to update its balance.

The adjustment records the expired portion as a business expense

See Adjustment Example on pages 525-26 in book.

04/21/2315

Adjusting the Federal Corporate Income Tax Accounts Corporations pay Federal Corporate Income Taxes on its

net income

Many states & cities also tax corporate income

A corporation’s accountant estimates its federal corporate income taxes for the coming year & pays that amount to the federal government in quarterly installments

At the end of the year, the exact net income & the tax on that income are determined

Adjustments may need to be made if the corporation paid too much or not enough Federal Corporate Income Tax

04/21/2316

After all adjustments have been entered, the adjustments section of the work sheet is totaled and ruled.

Each adjustment has an equal debit & credit so the totals of the adjustments debit & credit columns should be the same.

04/21/2317

Completing the Work Sheet & Journalizing & Posting the Adjusting Entries After proving the Adjusted Trial Balance

section, the accountant can complete the work sheet

Extending the Work Sheet Balances At this point, the amounts for each

account must be extended to or carried over to the Adjusted Trial Balance, Income Statement, & Balance Sheet sections

04/21/2318

Completing the adjusted trial balance section This work sheet shows the updated balance of all general ledger

accounts

The accountant will combine the balance of each account in the Trial Balance section with the adjustment (if any)

The new balance is entered in the appropriate Adjusted Trial Balance column

See Figure 18.4 on page 530.

The amount of the adjustment is added to or subtracted from the amount in the Trial Balance section.

Add debits to debits; add credits to credits; subtract debits & credits

If total debits equal total credits, this section has been proved

Extending amounts to the balance sheet & income statement sections Each account balance in the Adjusted Trial

Balance section is extended to the appropriate column of either the Balance Sheet or Income statement

Income statement section contains the balances of all temporary accounts

Balance sheet contains the balances of all permanent accounts

Journalizing & posting adjusting entries Adjusting entries – journal entries that update

the general ledger account at the end of the period

Adjustments section of work sheet is source of information for journalizing the adjusting entries

Accounts debited & credited in adjustments section are entered in the general journal

04/21/2321

Journalizing adjustments Before recording the first adjusting entry, write words

adjusting entries in description column

This eliminates the need for an explanation after each entry

Following entries are recorded in Adjustments column of work sheet:

Adjusting merchandising inventory Adjusting supplies Adjusting insurance Adjusting income tax

04/21/2322

Posting adjusting entries to the General Ledger Adjusting entries are then posted to

general ledger

Balances in general ledger accounts all agree with amounts entered on Income Statement & Balance Sheet

04/21/2323

Posting these entries accomplishes the following:1. Supplies expense account has been “charged” with the value of supplies

used in the period

2. Supplies account reflects only the amount of items still remaining in inventory.

3. Merchandise inventory account reflects the correct inventory value

4. Income summary account has been “charged” with the cost of goods sold for the period

5. Insurance expense account reflects the appropriate insurance for the period

6. Prepaid insurance account has been reduced by the amount of insurance expired

7. Federal Corporate Income Tax Payable account has been increased to reflect the appropriate payable amount.

8. Federal Corporate Income Tax Expense account reflects the tax expense for the period.

See Figure 18.7 for general journal & ledger accounts after posting of adjusting entries

04/21/2324