-ing and -ed participles as adjectives, adjectives + dependent prepositions, adjectives + to infinitive

ARIES March 21 April 20You have a passionate, caring nature, but sometimes you like to be alone and you are often jealous of your privacy. Some people think you are cold and reserved. This is not true, although you dont like talking about your feelings to people you dont know very well. Youre a doer not a talker. Youre happy when youre active and working with your hands. You get irritated with boring, repetitive household chores. Youre not very good at sitting still at a desk. You get bored with paperwork and you often find it difficult to concentrate on administrative tasks.

Present and past participles as adjectivesYou can use the present participle (-ing) and past participle (-ed) of some verbs as adjectives: you get irritated with household chores; household chores are irritating.

PRESENTATION

-ing adjectives describe a characteristic of a person or thing. They are often used before a noun: boring household chores; a caring nature.

-ed adjectives describe a persons emotional or physical state. They are often used with copula verbs: some people think you are reserved; Im really tired today.

-ed adjectives are often followed by dependent prepositions (i.e. these adjectives are always used with the same preposition):about: excited about, worried aboutin: interested in, involved inof: frightened of, scared of, terrified of, tired ofwith: bored with, pleased with, satisfied with

You use prepositions when you want to explain the relationship between the adjective and an object, person or situation. The preposition is followed by a noun or gerund: You get bored with paperwork. (noun)Im tired of working (gerund) on this. PAST PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVES AND DEPENDENT PREPOSITIONS

The dependent preposition comes at the end of a sentence or question when the object, person or situation it refers to has already been mentioned:

This is the present I was so pleased with.

Who are you so angry with?

Other adjectives also have dependent prepositions: youre often jealous of your privacy

About: angry about, anxious about, passionate aboutAt: good at, bad atIn: successful in, lucky inOf: afraid of, fond of, proud ofOn: dependent on, fair on, hard on, keen onTo: accustomed to, close to, friendly to, kind toWith: angry with, happy with, honest withOther adjectives with dependent prepositions

Some adjectives have more than one dependent preposition, e.g.Angry: Im angry with you. (the person who had made me angry)

Im angry about working overtime. (the specific situation)

Honest: He wasnt honest with me. (the person)

He wasnt honest about the money. (what he lied about)

You can use to + infinitive following an adjective used after a copula verb. The adjective describes the infinitive.

You sometimes find it difficult to concentrate on paperwork.(Concentrating on paperwork is difficult for you.)

Common adjectives which can be followed by to + infinitive include: difficult, easy, free, glad, good, hard, likely, lucky, nice, pleased, proud, ready, sorry.ADJECTIVES + TO+INFINITIVE

Choose the correct options. Then listen and check.Taurus April 21 May 21If youre getting tired/tiring of the day-to-day routine, dont sit at home feeling depressed/depressing. Plan a special treat for yourself! Try an exciting/excited new sport or buy a ticket to see something interested/interesting at the theatre. Remember, keep active and your life wont seem so bored/boring!

Gemini May 22 May 22Not satisfying/satisfied with the way things are going at work at the moment? These are worrying/worried times for everyone, but dont sit brooding at your desk. Talk to your boss about the situation. You may be surprising/surprised by how understanding she can be!EXERCISES

1) He always gets bored with in class.2) She had a happy, satisfied look on her face.3) Im terrified of spiders!4) What are you so pleased about?5) Why are you angry with?6) Theres nothing to be worried about.7) Thats the woman he got irritated with.8) I always find it difficult to deal with worried about parents.

Cross out the unnecessary dependent preposition in four sentences.

The boss gets really angry about us when were late for work.I dont think youve been completely honest with what happened yesterday.Philip is very interested of maritime history.Soraya is really good on cooking.He isnt accustomed in working on his own.Id be really happy to looking after your dog for you.Each sentence has a mistake in it. Find the mistakes and correct them.

She quietly picked up the gun. She turned to face him and spoke remarkably calmly.Luckily, you knew Matthews was the murderer, she said. She held the murder weapon firmly in her hand, And you led me straight to him.Apparently I did, he answered slowly, as he looked at the newly dead body of Matthews, lying on the floor beside him.But does that mean Im next? he thought to himselfADVERBS 1: -ly adverbs

You can add ly to a number of adjectives to form adverbs: bad/badly, loud/loudly, sudden/suddenlySometimes you need to make changes to the spelling:True/truly, full/fully, happy/happily, terrible/terribly, realistic/realistically.

-ly adverbs with verbsAdverbs of manner describe how something is done, or how something happens: He answered slowly. She quietly picked up the gun. PRESENTATION

Adverbs of manner can come in three positions in a sentence or clause:They usually come after the verb they describe. If the verb has an object, the adverb comes after the verb + object:She spoke calmly. She held the gun firmly.

They can also come in the middle of the sentence, between the subject and the main verb: She calmly spoke to the man in the chair. She quietly picked up the gun.

They can also come at the beginning of the sentence:Calmly, she spoke to the man in the chair. Quietly, she picked up the gun.You dont normally use adverbs of manner between the subject and the verb, or at the beginning of the sentence, when no other additional information is given after the verb (e.g. an object, a prepositional phrase).Say, She spoke calmly do not say She calmly spoke or Calmly she spoke.

You can use ly adverbs to add information about, or comment on, an adjective or another adverb. The ly adverb always comes before the adjective or adverb.Her voice was remarkably calm. He was incredibly relieved. He moved surprisingly quickly.

-ly adverbs commenting on a clause or sentenceYou can use an ly adverb to comment on a whole sentence or clause. These adverbs usually come:at the beginning of the sentence or clause: Luckily, he knew Matthews was the murderer.or at the end of the sentence or clause: He knew Matthews was the murderer, luckily.Use commas to separate the comment adverb from the rest of the sentence.

-ly adverbs with adjectives and adverbs

The meaning of the sentence sometimes changes when the position of the adverb changes. This happens when the focus of the adverb changes.Slowly, we realised that he had taken all our money. (Slowly refers to the whole sentence.)

We realised that he had slowly taken all our money. (Slowly refers to the way he took the money.)Change of position and meaning

Add ly in the gaps. Sometimes you will need to make some changes to the spelling.

He looked at her critical She looked true.. Awful and he was sure she was going to sing horrible. But lucky, when she opened her mouth, he was amazed. She sang beautiful and she immediatewon everyones hearts. When she finished, the crowd stood on their feet and clapped enthusiastic..EXERCISES

I was sitting comfortably on the sofa.I heard a loud suddenly noise from outside. I went quickly to the door.I looked up and carefully down the street.Then I stepped out slowly and cautiously extremely.The street outside was silent completely.There was nothing or nobody there, apparently.So I closed quietly the door and went back to the TV.The adverbs in five of the sentences below are in the wrong position. Move them to a better position. Sometimes there is more than one correct position.

AHonestly, I cant speak to him. B..AI dont think hell have the courage to tell her personally. B..ANormally, I cant work if theres music on. B...AHe laughed happily when he heard the joke. B....AWe quickly realised that I couldnt walk . BAI said something incredibly stupid. B..Change the position of the adverbs so that the sentence has a different meaning.

I find it difficult to tell him the truth...2) Hell probably get someone else to tell her.3) I find I work more slowly with music on.4) I was worried that he might think it was offensive..5) So we all slowed down to his walking pace.6) I dont normally say anything stupid.Match the explanations to either a or b in 1-6 in the previous exercise.

Is that Ral Gmez, the football player, over there?Yes, it is. We often see him in the neighbourhood.I didnt know he lived locally.Yes, hes just bought a house in the next street. He moves there last week. Sometimes we see him playing football in the park.Wow! Ill have to come with you next time.ADVERBS 2: adverbs of place and timeword order

Adverbs of placeAdverbs of place explain where something is or happens:Is that Ral Gomez over there? He lives nearby.

Prepositional phrases (preposition + noun phrase), also called adverbial phrases, can also describe where something is or happens:Hes bought a house in the next street. They play football in the park.

Position of adverbs of place.Adverbs of place usually come after the verb (and object if there is one): We live here. We play football in the park.

PRESENTATION

Adverbs (and adverbial phrases) of time tell us when, or how often, something happens:We often see him in the neighbourhood. He moved there last week.Position of adverbs of timeAdverbs of time can come in three different positions in the sentence:at the beginning: Recently, we saw him in the park.between the subject and the verb: We recently saw him in the park.after the verb (and object if there is one): We saw him in the park recently.Tip The following adverbs can be used in all three positions: now, recently, usually, sometimes, occasionally, often, soon, still and already.Often, soon, still and already are less frequent at the beginning of the sentence.Some adverbs are only used after the verb, e.g. yet, early, late: I havent seen him yet.

ADVERBS OF TIME

Other adverbs can only be used between the subject and the verb, e.g. always, never, just (=very recently): Ive just seen him. Some adverbs cannot be used between the subject and the verb, e.g. today, tomorrow, yesterday, nowadays:Yesterday, I saw him in the supermarket. Adverbial phrases such as last year, now and then, three days ago, at night do not usually go between the subject and the verb.

Word order with auxiliaries.Adverbs used in the middle of a sentence come after the subject (and the auxiliary verb if there is one) and before the other verbs:He always shops here. He doesnt always shop here. He hasnt always shopped here.They come after the verb to be in the present simple or past simple. Hes always late for class.Adverbs of certainty (e.g. possibly, probably, certainly) also go between the subject and the verb. They come after an affirmative auxiliary, but before a negative one:Hell probably be there tonight. He probably wont be there tonight.

Adverbs of place usually come before adverbs of time when both are being used after the verb:We saw them here (place) last night (time).TipNever use an adverb between a verb and its object:They are playing (tonight) football.POSITION OF ADVERBS OF PLACE AND TIME TOGETHER.

Write the words in the correct order to make sentences.at lives the end the street he of.school to nearby children go thethere parked car over is my.here live you near do ?parents locally both work my ofarea parks there are in the any ?working ten years abroad spent thedoor outside the my shoes left I. EXERCISES

1He 2 bought a new car 3. (last week) They 1 play 2 football in the park 3 . (often)I 1 have to get up 2 tomorrow. (early)Hes 1 got into his car 2 . (just)They 1 have 2 lived here. (always)1 Were 2 going to the football match 3 . (tomorrow) I 1 get up 2 at 6.30 3 . (every morning)Sorry, I 1 havent 2 finished the book 3. (yet) In which position can the adverbs in brackets not be used?

AlreadyjustsoonstillyetConversation 1A:Why arent Tom and Luke here?B:Tomscalled. He says Luke is..looking for his football boots.A:What? But the other team are.on the field. We have to start now!B:Well have to play with nine players and hope they both get hereWrite the adverbs in the conversations. Then listen and check.

AgoalreadyherenowConversation 2C:Hurry up Luke! We need to go..this minute! The rest of the team were there ages..D:OK. Call Dan and tell him well be late.C:Heknows! Ive called him twice. Maybe theyre in your bedroom?D:Good idea. Ill have a look Youre right! Theyre

Look at each pair of sentences. Tick the correct sentence. In one pair of sentences, both are correct.AThat famous actor locally lives. BThat famous actor lives locally.AHave you been to see yet your tutor? BHave you been to see your tutor yet?AAn old lady used to live long ago in the house. BAn old lady used to live long ago in the house.AYou were seen walking last night here. BYou were seen walking here last night.AEveryone else has just arrived. BEveryone else has arrived just.AElaine is currently visiting friends. BCurrently, Elaine is visiting friends.