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ADJECTIVE
• * SOME RULES FOR FORMING COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
A. Comparative:
• 1. short A/Adv:
• Add “er” after them: shorter, longer, higher,….
• Some exceptions:
• end with “y” change into “I” then add “er”: lovelier, prettier, happier, …
• end by consonant preceded with vowel, double consonant : thinner, fatter, slimmer,….
• end with “w, er, t” add only “er” : slower, cleverer, quieter, smarter, …..
2. long A/ Adv: more + A/ Adv
Ex: more intelligent, more beautiful, …
B. Superlative:
1. short A/Adv:• Add “the A+est” after them: the shortest,
longest, highest,….• Some exceptions:• end with “y” change into “I” then add “est”: the
loveliest, prettiest, happiest, …• end by consonant preceded with vowel,
double consonant : the thinnest, fattest, slimmer,
• end with “w, er, t” add only “er” : slower, cleverer, quieter, smarter, …..
• 2. long A/ Adv: more + A/ Adv
• Ex: the most intelligent, the most beautiful, ……….
Some irregular As:
comparison
Adjectives
Comparative Superlative
GoodBadFarlittle
BetterWorseFarther
less
The bestThe worstThe farthestThe least
SOME OTHER KINDS OF COMPARISON:
1. Double comparative:
+ short A: [the short A + er]
Ex: the higher the sun, the shorter the shadow.
+ long A: [the more A, the more/ A+ er]
Ex: the more modest you are, the more successful you can get.
+ V: [the more S+ V]
Ex: The more he works, the thinner he will be.
+ N: the more N , the more N/ A+ er
Ex: The more money I got, the more industrious I am.
There are 8 kinds of A:1. Proper: describe a thingEx: Chinese language, Italian Watch,…2. Descriptive: show what quality, in which state
of a thing or a personEx: a good man, an old book, an ill person,…3. Quantitative: show an amount or number of sthEx: much, some, few, little,…4. Demonstrative: show which or what thing is
meantEx: this, that these, those, such, same,…
5. Interrogative: used for asking questions
Ex: whose, what, which, when,…6. Distributive: show a person or thing
are taken singly or separate lots (every, each, either, neither…)
7. Possessive: show possession (my, her, his, its, their, your, our)
8. Limiting or Articles: the, a, an (a man, the cat, an orange…)
Position of A:
• + often in front of N, pronoun
+ Some exceptions:+ Modified by a phrase, the A as common thing.ex: He’s a prison worthy of death.
Qualifying the compound of some, any, no (one/ thing/ body)Ex: Is there anything new today?
When it’s formed by prefix “a”Ex: I saw a boy asleep in his room.
Used in a complement of O to a V(make, keep, urge,….)Ex: U made me happy.
- Used as a Subjective complement after V understood.Ex: All people (that were) present was astonished by his coming late.I booked the most expensive seat (that was) available.
- Denoting measure or ageEx: she is 10 years old.+ This table is 1 meter long and a half of meter wide.
ORDER OF ADJNUMBER
QUALITY
AGE
MATERIAL
ORIGIN
COLOR
NOUN
SIZE
Ex: a small black plastic bag
Ex: an old Korean song
SHAPE
note
SIZE AND LENGHT SHAPE AND WIDTH
EX:
a tall thin man
a short fat woman
note
Two or more A of colour, use AND
EX:
a pink and yellow scarf
a red , blue and white flag
Some examples of adjective order
Opinion
Size Age Shape Colour OriginMateria
lPurpos
e
a sillyyoun
gEnglis
hman
a huge round metal bowl
asmal
lred
sleeping
bag
Exercise 1: Choose the best answer:
1. Which is the correct order?
• a small Canadian thin lady
• a Canadian small thin lady
• a small thin Canadian lady
• a thin small Canadian lady
•
2. Which is the correct order?
• a carving steel new knife
• a new steel carving knife
• a steel new carving knife
• a new carving steel knife
3. Which is the correct order?
• a beautiful blue sailing boat
• a blue beautiful sailing boat
• a sailing beautiful blue boat
• a blue sailing beautiful boat
4. Which is the correct order?
• an old wooden square table
• a square wooden old table
• an old square wooden table
• a wooden old square table
5. Which is the correct order?
• an new French exciting band
• a French new exciting band
• an exciting French new band
• an exciting new French band
6. Which is the correct order?
• a red big plastic hat
• a big red plastic hat
• a plastic big red hat
• a bit plastic red hat
7. Which is the correct order?
• a small Japanese serving bowl
• a Japanese small serving bowl
• a small serving Japanese bowl
• a serving small Japanese bowl
8. Which is the correct order?
• a cotton dirty old tie
• a dirty cotton old tie
• an old cotton dirty tie
• a dirty old cotton tie
Exercise 2: Give the correct order:
1. round small reading lamp.
2. German old yellow car
3. wooden huge sailing ship
Exercise 2: Give the correct order:
4. physics boring old teacher
5. slim Canadian handsome snowboarder
6. sugar blue round bowl
Exercise 3: Choose the best answer:
1. He was wearing a ________ shirt.
– dirty old flannel
– flannel old dirty
– old dirty flannel
2. Pass me the ________ cups.
• plastic big blue
• big blue plastic
• big plastic blue
3. All the girls fell in love with the ________ teacher.
• handsome new American
• American new handsome
• new handsome American
4. I used to drive ________ car.
• a blue old German
• an old German blue
• an old blue German
5. He recently married a ________ woman. • young beautiful Greek
• beautiful young Greek
• beautiful Greek young
6. This is a ________ movie.
• new Italian wonderful
• wonderful Italian new
• wonderful new Italian
7. She is a ________ supermodel.
• beautiful slim Brazilian
• Brazilian beautiful slim
• slim Brazilian beautiful
8. It's in the ________ container.
• large blue metal
• blue large metal
• blue metal large
9. He sat behind a ________ desk.
• big wooden brown
• big brown wooden
• wooden big brown
10. She gave him a ________ vase.
• small Egyptian black
• black Egyptian small
• small black Egyptian
FORMING AJECTIVES
• -able: có thể, có thể được (thành lập adjective) [abolishable, acceptable, attractable, drinkable, eatable, livable, lovable…]
-al = -ial = -ic = -ical: thuộc về (thành lập adjective) [disciplinal, electronic, facial, financial, geologic, governmental, professional, romantic, scenical…]
-an = -ean = -ian: thuộc về (thành lập adjective) [african, American, Anglican, European…]
-ar: thuộc về, trông giống như (thành lập adjective) [angular, lunar, solar, spicular, tubercular…]
-ary: thuộc về, có sự liên quan đến (thành lập adjective) [alimentary, biliary, disciplinary, evolutionary, military, voluptuary…]
-ative: liên quan đến, có quan hệ với (thành lập adjective) [affirmative, authoritative, cogitative, discriminative, exclamative, imitative, imputative, inspirative, meliorative, qualitative, quantitative…]
-ative: hướng về, hướng tới (thành lập adjective) [imbricative, ruminative, talkative…]
-ative: liên quan đến, có quan hệ với (thành lập adjective) [affirmative, authoritative, cogitative, discriminative, exclamative, imitative, imputative, inspirative, meliorative, qualitative, quantitative…]
-ative: hướng về, hướng tới (thành lập adjective) [imbricative, ruminative, talkative…]
-en: làm bằng (thành lập adjective) [ashen, earthen, golden, silken, wooden…]
-ern: thuộc về (dung cho phương hướng) (thành lập adjective và noun) [eastern, northern…]
-esque: kiểu, loại, giống như (thành lập noun và adjective) [arabesque, picturesque, statuesque…]
-eth: số thứ tự (đặt sau một nguyên âm, thành lập adjective và noun) [ninetieth, thirtieth, twentieth…]
-ey: như, có vẻ như, đặc điểm (thành lập adjective) [clayey, homey…]
-ferous: chứa đựng, truyền, chuyển (thành lập adjective) [auriferous, carboniferous, coniferous, metalliferous, pestiferous…]
-fic: làm cho, làm ra (thành lập adjective) [colorific, felicific, pacific, prolific, soporific…]
-fid: chia ra, phân ra (thành lập adjective) [bifid, muftifid, sexifid, trifid…]
-fold: phần (thành lập adjective và adverb) [fivefold, fourfold, hundredfold, manifold…]
-form: hình, hình dáng (thành lập adjective) [conifrom, coralliform, cruciform, falciform, multiform, oviform, triform, uniform…]
-ful: tính chất (thành lập adjective) [awful, beautiful, careful, shameful, thoughtful…]
-ful: đầy, nhiều (thành lập adjective và noun) [colorful, cupful, handful, mouthful, roomful, spoonful…]
-ful: có khuynh hướng (thành lập adjective) [eventful, grateful, harmful…]
-ible: có thể được (thành lập adjective) [credible, legible, perfectible, reducible, visible…]
-ile: có thể được (thành lập adjective) [contractile, docile, ductile, extensile, facile, fertile, fragile, tensile, volatile…]
-ine: giống như, tính chất (thành lập adjective) [asinine, coralline, crystalline, equine, feline, marine…]
-ious: đầy, nhiều (thành lập adjective) [commodious, compendious, conscientious, contentious, ferocious, prodigious…]
-ish: thuộc về, quốc tịch, dân tộc, ngôn ngữ (thành lập adjective và noun) [British, Danish, English, Finnish, Spanish, Turkish…]
-ish: giống như, có khuynh hướng (thành lập adjective) [babyish, buckish, cattish, mulish, thievish…]
-ish: hơi hơi, gọi là (thành lập adjective) [coolish, dampish, oldish, prettyish, reddish, sweetish…]
-ish: độ chừng (thành lập adjective) [eightyish, fortyish…]
-ive: tính chất (thành lập adjective) [constructive, defensive, impeditive, imperative, retaliative…]
-less: không có (thành lập adjective) [ceaseless, childless, countless, dauntless, fadeless, homeless, numberless, peerless, resistless, witless…]
-like: giống như (thành lập adjective) [childlike, homelike, husbandlike, lifelike, wolflike, womanlike…]
-ly: giống như (thành lập adjective) [brotherly, fatherly, manly, queenly, saintly…]
-most: nhất, cùng (thành lập adjective) [foremost, headmost, inmost, topmost, utmost…]
-oid: giống, giống như, như nhau (thành lập adjective và noun) [anthropoid, cuboid, rhomboid…]
-ous: đầy, nhiều (thành lập adjective) [amorous, clamorous, garrulous, glamorous, glorious, joyous, ferilous…]
-ous: tính chất (thành lập adjective) [blasphemous, circuitous, dangerous, frivolous, generous, idolatrous, nervous, parsimonious, poisonous, wondrous, zealous…]
-ory: nhiệm vụ, có khuynh hướng (thành lập noun và adjective) [compulsory, conciliatory, contributory, declaratory, directory, justificatory…]
-ose: đầy, có nhiều, giống như (thành lập adjective) [jocose, otiose, schistose, verbose…]
-proof: chống lại, bảo vệ (thành lập adjective) [bombproof, fireproof, soundproof, waterproof…]
-some: có khuynh hướng (thành lập adjective) [awesome, burdensome, frolicsome, handsome, lonesome, meddlesome, quarrelsome, tiresome, troublesome…]
-teen: số đếm từ 30 đến 90 (thành lập adjective và noun)
-ty: từng nhóm mười (thành lập adjective và noun) [fifty, forty…]
-y: đầy, nhiều, gồm có, sức chứa đựng (thành lập adjective) [airy, cloudy, dewy, icy, juicy, salty, steepy, watery, windy…]
-y: có khuynh hướng (thành lập adjective) [chatty, dreamy, fidgety, sleepy…]
