ADHDBy Regina Salice

ADHD

• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

• Affects children and adolescents and can continue into adulthood for some

• It is the most common neurobehavioral disorder among children

• Increased risk of childhood depression & anxiety disorders

• According to the Learning Disabilities Association of America, it is estimated that between 3% to 5% of kids have ADHD or approximately 2 million children in the United States.

• Also, many children with ADHD, approximately 20 to 30 percent also have a specific learning disability.

CITE: Attention Deficit Disorder/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD/ADHD). (n.d.). Retrieved 2011, from Learning Disabilities Association of America website: http://www.ldanatl.org/aboutld/teachers/understanding/adhd.asp

Symptoms

For Children• Inattention

• Hyperactivity

• Impulsivity

For Adults• Anxiety

• Procrastination

• Mood swings

• Chronic boredom

Causes

• Heredity

• Chemical Imbalance

• Brain Changes

• Poor Nutrition, Infections and Substance Abuse

• Exposure to Toxins

• Injury to the Brain or a Brain Disorder

Effects on Student

• Low self esteem

• Learning disabilities

• Academic struggles

• In ability to focus and pay attention

• Social problems

• Sleep Issues

• Poor Handwriting

• Disorganized

• Note taking, study skills, and time management

Effects on Family

• Parental stress

• Anxiety

• Attention

• Discipline

• Finances

Effects on School

• Most children with ADHD are educated in standard classrooms

• Some are better in more structured environment.

• Special education is a type of schooling that is tailored to meet the specific needs of children with learning disabilities or behavioral disorders

• Not all children with ADHD qualify for special education

Cite: Special Education For ADHD. (2011). Retrieved from Webmd website:      http://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/ss/slideshow-adhd-in-children

Ability to Learn

• Planning & Prioritizing

• Time Management

• Organization

• Memory

• Metacognition

• Flexibility

• Response Inhibition

• Self-Regulation of Affect

• Task Initiation

• Disengaging Attention

• Goal-Directed Persistence

• Sustained Attention

• Regulation of Processing Speed

Treatment: Medications

Stimulants• Methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin,

Concerta, Metadate)

• Dexmethylphenidate (e.g. Focalin)

• Amphetamine / Dextroamphetamine (e.g., Adderall, Dexedrine, Dextrostat)

• Lisdexamfetamine (e.g., Vyvanse)

Non-Stimulants• Atomoxetine (brand

name: Strattera)

• Modafinil (brand name: Provigil)

Treatment Alternatives

Therapy & Counseling

• Monitor Behavior

• Builds Strengths

• Sets structure

Educational Trends

• For students who have difficulty organizing time, materials and information, a variety of approaches can be used, including:

• a quiet, uncluttered homework space;

• alarm watch;

• purchased texts that can be marked with a highlighter;

• a homework assignment diary coordinated between home and school;

• study skills instruction; and

• a personally-developed date-book or scheduler.

CITE: Accommodations, Techniques and Aids For Learning. (2011). Retrieved from Learning Disabilities Association of America website: http://www.ldanatl.org/aboutld/teachers/understanding/accommodations.asp

References • About AD/HD Causes and Brain Chemistry. (n.d.). Retrieved from National

Resource Center on AD/HD website: http://www.help4adhd.org/en/about/causes

• Accommodations, Techniques and Aids For Learning. (2011). Retrieved from Learning Disabilities Association of America website: http://www.ldanatl.org/aboutld/teachers/understanding/accommodations.asp

• ADHD May Have Lingering Effects. (2012, October 16). Retrieved from CNN website: http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/16/health/adhd-long-term-effects/index.html

• Attention Deficit Disorder/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD/ADHD). (n.d.). Retrieved 2011, from Learning Disabilities Association of America website: http://www.ldanatl.org/aboutld/teachers/understanding/adhd.asp

• Fowler, M. (2002). ADHD: School Issues and Interventions. Retrieved from Family Education website: http://school.familyeducation.com/add-and-adhd/learning-disabilities/57658.html

CONT.• Harpin, V. A., Dr. (n.d.). The effect of ADHD on the life of an individual, their

family, and community from preschool to adult life. Disease In Childhood, 90(1). Retrieved from http://adc.bmj.com/content/90/suppl_1/i2.full

• How to treat AD/HD. (n.d.). Retrieved from National Center for Learning Disabilities website: http://www.ncld.org/types-learning-disabilities/adhd-related-issues/adhd/how-to-treat-adhd

• Miller, K., Dr. (2011). Understanding the Mental Skills Affected by ADD and ADHD. Retrieved from Miller Educational Excellence website: http://millereducationalexcellence.com/adhd-add-autism-learning-disabilities/understanding-mental-skills-affected-by-add-adhd

• Sousa, D. A. (2007). How The Special Needs Brain Learns (Second ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.

• Special Education For ADHD. (2011). Retrieved from Webmd website: http://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/ss/slideshow-adhd-in-children

• Symptoms and Types. (n.d.). Retrieved from National Center for Learning Disabilities website: http://www.ncld.org/types-learning-disabilities/adhd-related-issues/adhd/adhd-general-information