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Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

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Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity. Structure of my presentation. Insecurity, poverty and inequality – the scale and the nature Pro-poor politics and achieving safety and security - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

Page 2: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

Structure of my presentation• Insecurity, poverty and inequality – the scale and

the nature

• Pro-poor politics and achieving safety and security

• Three critical collective capabilities (by collective to include local govt., urban poor communities and interested professionals): vision, knowledge, accountability

Page 3: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

1. Understanding the problem

• How should we understand the problems of urban poverty and inequality

• What is the nature of insecurity?• What are the complexities of urban

disadvantage?

Page 4: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

The urban challengeProjected growth in the world's population 2005-2025

38

1317

103

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

High-income nations,total population

Low- and middle-income nations urban

population

Low- and middle-income nations rural

population

Po

pu

lati

on

(m

illio

ns)

Page 5: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

Urban realities

Page 6: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

Urban povertyNation Poverty line as a multiple of

‘minimum food basket’ costs

Percent of the urban population below the poverty line

Democratic Rep. of Congo (2006) 1.24 61.5Cambodia (2004) Phnom Penh 1.32; Other

urban 1.245 (PP); 21 (other urban)

Mozambique (2003) 1.43 51.6Zambia (2004) 1.43 53.0Cameroon (2001) 1.54 17.9 (10.9 for Douala; 13.3 for

Yaounde)Nepal (2003/4) 1.63 9.6Malawi (2007) 1.61 25.4Ethiopia (2005) 1.96 70.0Kenya (2005/6) 1.98 34.4Dominican Republic (2004) 2.0 34.7Haiti (2001) 2.0 45 (Port au Prince), 76 (other urban

areas)Liberia (2007) 2.09 55.0Kenya (1997) 2.1 49.0Brazil (2002/3)** 2.1 17.5Costa Rica (2004) 2.18 20.8

Page 7: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

What is clear…

• Est. 1 billion living in informal settlements• UN Habitat estimates that 62 per cent of

urban dwellers in sub-Saharan Africa live in informal settlements

• Multiple forms of disadvantage…. In a context in which everything is commodified

Page 8: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

Urban livelihoods

Page 9: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

Per cent of nations’ non-agricultural employment in informal employment

Countries

Above 70 per

cent

Bolivia, Honduras, India, Madagascar, Mali, Paraguay, Peru, Zambia

50-70 per cent Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Liberia, Mexico,

Nicaragua, Sri Lanka, Timor Leste, Uganda, Vietnam, West Bank

and Gaza, Zimbabwe

30-50 per cent Brazil, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Lesotho, Namibia, Panama,

South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, Uruguay, Venezuela

Below 30 per

cent

Armenia, Azerbaijan, Macedonia, Moldova, Serbia, Slovakia,

Page 10: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

Proximity

Page 11: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

And distance

Page 12: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

Basic services

Page 13: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

Lack of access to improved sanitation in urban areas - 1990 to 2010

• Bangladesh 32 per cent 33 per cent • Burkina Faso 57 per cent 50 per cent• Colombia 21 per cent 18 per cent• Ghana 88 per cent 81 per cent • India 49 per cent 42 per cent • Kenya 73 per cent 68 per cent• Nicaragua 41 per cent 37 per cent• Nigeria 61 per cent 65 per cent • Uganda 68 per cent 66 per cent

NOTE – definitions of improved and unimproved DO NOT CONSIDER DENSITY

World Health Organization and UNICEF (2012)

Page 14: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

Risks

Page 15: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

Problems of low-lying land

• the low elevation coastal zone accounts for only about 2 per cent of the world’s land area,

• BUT about 10 per cent of the world’s population and 13 per cent of the world’s urban population live in the zone.

• In terms of the regional distribution, Asia stands out, as it contains about three-quarters of the population in the zone and two-thirds of the urban population

Page 16: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

Risks

Page 17: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

2. A pro-poor politics• Challenge clientelist politics through universalism • Establish and strengthen public legitimacy for the

organized urban poor• Coproduction of services to demonstrate

modalities of improvement AND protect autonomy (and address material needs)

• Centre the process on women• Build relations with the City (city-wide) and link

to national govt.• Strengthen political capabilities (collective and

individual) – build institutions of learning (because politics is dynamic …)

Page 18: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

Challenge clientelism with universalism

• The problems with clientelism are acknowledged – partial, specific, reinforcing existing power relations, creating dependencies

• Build city wide networks able to share information - and challenge particularity as a response to resource scarcity (eg. Kitwe )

• Use Funds to establish the principle of universality – support for all with effective networks and alliance building – how to use resources to reach everyone (even in the longer term)

Page 19: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

Secure legitimacy for the urban poor and recognition of their citizenship

• Through profiles (9000) and 200 plus cities completed• Through enumerations (4000 settlements), maps (1000) and plans • Through savings and self-help • Through representations of partnership and collaboration• Through alliance building • Issues of rights and justice are critical to people’s perspectives but

used cautiously. Why? Because they are used to marginalise, and the organized urban poor are cleverer than that – avoid the politics of contention.

• Information helps to establish legitimacy • Networks and vision are critical to the management of information• Same political effect as a demonstration can be realised by a

collaborative event – with advantages to the urban poor

Page 20: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity
Page 21: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

Co-production and alternative practice

• Co-production used in many ways to refer to many practices

• For SDI and ACHR/ACCA processes used to refer to joint planning, financing, implementation and evaluation – also used for joint policy making processes after the project finishes – create alternative practices

• Also used to protect community autonomy – the co-productive processes designed to strengthen local organizations and contest individualised approaches eg. Toilet management

Page 22: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity
Page 23: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

The central role of women

• How to make a process inclusive ? – take the most disadvantaged and put them in the centre.

• Idea is that if it works for this group, then it is more likely to work for others who are disadvantaged

• Aspiration is that the relations that women build with each other will help to challenge dominant patterns of relationships. Leaders will be supportive rather than authoritative

• Example of savings as an alternative practice

Page 24: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity
Page 25: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

A city-wide vision• Universalism requires more than just a discourse

of inclusion at the local level. It also requires a very different way of thinking about a planning process for the city.

• How can all settlements be included ?• How can all income groups be included ?• How can landlord and tenants be included ?• How do micro-level actions add up to something

that is more than the sum of the parts ?• Kitwe – 70-80,000 hhs in need of sanitation

Page 26: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

3. Build political capabilities

The anti-thesis of inclusive urban planning

•No vision•No learning •No accountability

Page 27: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

What does this add to? Reflections on collective capabilities…

• New vision – central to a new urban planning and practice is a new vision of urban development.

• New learning – reflection matters. Think of networks and federations as learning centres – places in which the urban poor can reflect and consolidate their experiences in new practices.

• New accountabilities – not well understood but this does not mean that it is not important.

Page 28: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

Which accountabilities (in the shift away from the particular) ?

• Local council accountable to citizens for neglect (documented in enumerations and surveys)

• Co-productive partners responsible for investments and costs to residents – information about what informal settlement upgrading really costs

• Individual organizational leaders accountable to members for participating in network and making case

• Network participants accountable to local organizations for sharing information and putting in place citywide plans

• Network leaders accountable to local organizations for their communication with politicians

• Politicians accountable to informed communities for their decisions

Page 29: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

Finally from the global North ….

• Agree values of inclusion and scale and support learning processes. Hold agencies accountable for this – taking risks, supporting organizations of the urban poor, metrics around inclusion (of those who are most disadvantage) and scale.

• Flexibility is key – predetermine and you determine failure. Inclusive planning and practices require new kinds of political relations between organized low-income communities and the state.

• Everything that works takes time.

Page 30: Addressing poverty, inequality and insecurity

Thank you ….