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Addressing Food Safety in Animal Source Foods for Improved Nutrition
Speakers:AndrewBisson(USAID),HungNguyen-Viet(ILRI),SilviaAlonso(ILRI),DennisKaramuzi
(LandO’Lakes)
Moderators:CarlaFernandezdeCastro(KDAD)andJenniferLane(LandO’Lakes)
January25,2017
Livestock, Animal Source Foods & Household Nutri;on Learning Series
• May4,2017–AnimalSourceFoods:EvidenceInformedProjectDesignforNutriXonImpact(Nairobi,Kenya)
• June2016-Livestock&Livelihoods:MeasuringandPromoXngNutrientRich-ValueChainCommodiXes
• October2016-LivestockMarkets,AnimalSourceFoods&HumanNutriXon:BalancingProgramTensions,MaximizingImpact&AvoidingHarm
• January2017–AddressingFoodSafetyConcernsinAnimalSourceFoodsforImprovedHouseholdNutriXon
h_ps://www.landolakes.org/Where-We-Work/Africa/Kenya/Livestock-Household-NutriXon-Learning-Series
Andrew Bisson, USAID Bureau for Food Security Andrew Bisson is the Livestock Adviser for the Bureau for Food
Security at USAID. Andrew gained his DVM at Glasgow Veterinary
School, UK and worked in small holder private veterinary practice
before completing an MSc in Tropical Veterinary Medicine at
Edinburgh University. He has field experience working with pastoral
and small holder livestock production systems, strengthening animal
health service delivery including community-based animal health,
transboundary and zoonotic disease control, Avian Influenza control
and One-Health, livestock market system development and resilience
building with a focus on dryland communities. He has lived and
worked in a number of countries in East and West Africa, Asia and the
Middle East through appointments with DFID, Tufts University, FAO,
ACDI-VOCA, FHI and Mercy Corps prior to joining BFS.
Hung Nguyen-Viet, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Hung Nguyen-Viet is the acting regional representative for East and
Southeast Asia and senior scientist in food safety and Ecohealth at the
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). He is based in Hanoi
and a honorary professor at the Hanoi University of Public Health
(HUPH). Prior to HUPH and ILRI, he completed a postdoc with the
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute in Basel, Switzerland. Dr.
Nguyen-Viet’s research focuses on the link between health and
agriculture, food safety, infectious and zoonotic diseases with an
emphasis on the use of integrative approaches (One Health and
Ecohealth). He co-founded and led the Center for Public Health and
Ecosystem Research (CENPHER) at the HUPH until 2013. Since 2012
he has been coordinating the regional program “Ecohealth Field
Building Leadership Initiative in Southeast Asia.
Silvia Alonso, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Silvia Alonso works for ILRI, as a Scientist epidemiologist in the Animal
and Human Health team. She is a veterinarian with postgraduate
training in epidemiology and public health. She graduated in veterinary
medicine in Spain and completed a PhD in food safety at the University
of Bologna, Italy, where she also worked for few years as a research
assistant. She holds a MSc in Epidemiology from the London School of
Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and is a Diplomate of the European
College of Veterinary Public Health. Before joining ILRI, Silvia worked
for 5 years as a lecturer at the Royal Veterinary College where she
gained experience in teaching and training at undergraduate and
postgraduate level, both nationally and internationally. Her research
looks at the interface between livestock production and human health,
including nutrition.
Dennis Karamuzi, USAID Rwanda Dairy Sector Competitiveness Project II Dennis Karamuzi will outline the steps taken by the
Government of Rwanda (GoR) and RDCPII in increasing the
supply of clean milk for both rural and urban consumers.
Working directly with milk collection centers and farmer
cooperatives, the USAID Feed the Future funded RDCPII
and GoR increased the supply of clean milk available to
processors while decreasing the overall supply of adulterated
milk. Using a multipronged approach, the project tackled the
issue of improving accountability of producers and
processors for clean milk while also increasing the supply
and affordability of milk.
Animal Source Foods and Food Borne Diseases: The Good, the Bad and the Challenges
Speaker:AndrewBisson,USAIDBureauforFoodSecurity
Animal Source Foods (ASF) and Food borne diseases: The Good, the Bad and the Challenges
Outline
• Rising Demand for Animal Source Foods
• Animal Source Foods and their contribution to the burden of food borne disease
• Key challenges of informal ASF marketing systems
The important role of livestock and animal source foods
• Increasing incomes and poverty alleviation
• Improved nutritional outcomes
• Building resilience
Photocred
it:LandO’Lakes
Photocredit:LandO’Lakes
Drivers shaping ASF systems
GovernanceandEnablingenvironment
• Policies• InsXtuXons• RegulaXon• Infrastructure• CommunicaXons/
educaXon
StrugglingtokeeppacewithsurginggrowthindemandforASF
PopulaXongrowth&urbanizaXon
FoodSystem
Economicdevelopment
AgriculturalintensificaXon
GlobalizaXon
NutriXonaltransformaXon
Causes of foodborne disease?
• Microbialpathogens(viruses,bacteria)
• Foodborneparasites(Helminthsandprotozoa)
• Toxins(includingmycotoxins&chemicals)(linkageswithstunXngandimmunosuppression)
30-80%ofFBDareASForigin
Diarrhoealdiseasesresponsiblefor>½globalburdenofFBD
WHO Global Estimates and Regional Comparisons of the Burden of Foodborne Disease in 2010 (Havelaar et al, 2015)
Africa S&EAsia
Europe
RegionalvariaXoninburdenofFBDandtheunderlyingcauses
Wet markets and the informal sector • MostFBDistheresultofconsuming
fresh,perishablefoodsfrominformalmarkets
(formalmarketsnotnecessarilysafe)
• Regulatorycontrolisdifficultininformalmarkets(Donoharm!)
• Needtobalancetrade-offsbetweenfoodsafety,livelihoodsandaccesstoASFs(‘meatinthemiddle’)
Practical solutions in low resource settings: • ‘Farmtofork’approach
• Useofriskmanagement
• Recognize/supporttheriskladeninformalsector
• Stakeholderengagementandtraining
• CreateinclusivepathwaystoformalizaXon
• AlignimprovedpoliciesandpracXcestoincenXvesandmoXvaXonsofactorsandconsumers
• Useofappropriatetechnologies
• Strengthenpolicy/foodsystemgovernance
Photo:LandofLakes
Risk assessment for food safety management in Vietnam
Speaker: Hung Nguyen-Viet, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) & Hanoi
University of Public Health
ContribuXon• DeliaGrace
• FredUnger
• MaxBarot
• LucyLapar
• DangXuanSinh
• TranTuyetHanh
• PhamDucPhuc
• HoangVanMinh
• TranThiNgan
• NaXonalFoodSafetyRiskAssessmentTaskforce
Outline
• AnimalsourcefoodandfoodsafetyininformalmarketsinVietnam
• Evidencefromriskassessmentforfoodsafety:porkandfishvaluechainswithinaOnehealth/Ecohealthcontext
• FromfoodsafetyresearchtopolicytranslaXon
FoodsafetyinVietnam
• FoodsafetyamongthemostpressingissuesforpeopleinVietnam,moreimportantthaneducaXonorhealthcare
• Vietnamhasamodernfoodsafetylegisla9onsystembuttheuseofriskbasedapproachislimited
• RiskpercepXontowardschemicalhazardsisimportant
• Willingtopay5-10%premiumforfoodsafety
• FoodexportsrelaXvelywellmanagedbutdeficitsindomes9cmarkets
ImportanceofporkforfoodsecurityinVietnam
PorkisanimportantcomponentoftheVietnamesediet• Morethan70%ofconsumedmeatispork,27kg/capita/year
• 83%producedbyverysmallorsmallfarms
• 76%ofpigsareprocessedinsmallslaughtering,nearly30,000
• Preferenceforfresh“warm”porksuppliedinretail
tradiXonalmarkets(80%ofallporkmarketed)• affordable,addresslocaldemands• orenescapeeffecXvecontrol
– f
• ConsumpXonofriskyporkproductsiscommon
(rawfermented/bloodpudding)
Riskassessment• Salmonellariskpathwaysdevelopedforproducers,slaughterhouseand
consumers,quanXtaXvemicrobialriskassessment(QMRA)riskforconsumer• Chemicalriskassessment
1275samples(farms,slaughterhouse,market)collectedduring1year
PigRISK:PorksafetyinVietnam(2012-2017)
Farm Transporta+ontoSH Slaughterhouse Consumers Retailer
• Feedinbags,remainingfeedsatthecages,environment
• Pork• Liver• Kidney
• ConsumpXonsurvey
Actor Sampletype Prev(%)Producer Drinkwater 19.4
Producer Floorswab 36.1
Producer Wastewater 38.9
Slaughterhouse Carcassswab 38.9
Slaughterhouse Feces 33.6
Slaughterhouse Mesenteric 35.6
Slaughterhouse Floorswab 22.4
Slaughterhouse Water 20.4Market Overall 34.1
PigRISK-microbial(Salmonella)contamina9on
Selectedkeyresults:QMRA
Streptococcussuisinslaughterpigs(N=147):S.suistype2,lowprevalence(1.4%)
Poten9alriskbehaviorssuchasconsumpXonof“Tietcanh”(rawpigbloodfood)wascommoninslaughterhouseworkers(43.1%)
Cross-contamina9onsurvey(Salmonella)(N=153):usingthesamecuwngboardinducedthehighestriskofcross-contaminaXonwithSalmonella(66.7%),followedbythesameknife(11.1%)respecXvely
HealthriskbyQMRA:
- Theannualincidencerateofsalmonellosis:12.6%(90%CI:0.5–42.6).
- Thefactorsmostinfluencingtherisk:householdporkhandlingprac9ceandprevalenceinporksoldinthemarket.
DangXuanSinhetal,2017,IJPH
PigRISK-chemicalhazards
514pigfeed,kidney,liverandporksampleswerepooledinto18sampleswereanalyzedforanXbioXcresidues,β-agonists,andheavymetals,comparedwithcurrentregulaXons.Presenceofbannedsubstances(e.g.chloramphenicolandthegrowthpromotersalbutamolinpigfeedandsoldpork)
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TuyetHanhetal,2017,IJPH
Selectedkeyresults:Chemicalriskassessment
Mostofsamples:negaXveordidnotexceedcurrentMRL
TuyetHanhetal,2017,IJPH
Contaminatedfishandhealthriskinanintegratedagriculturesystem
Health and environmental issues & livestock?
Crop Livestock
Fishery
Nguyen-Vietetal,2014
Riskassessment:fishfromwastewaterinHanamprovince
• WastewaterfromHanoiandsanitaXonsystemàcanalàfishcontaminatedbyheavymetalandpathogensàhealthrisk
• ConducXngariskassessmentoftapalia
Toanetal(2014)
Riskassessment:fishfromwastewaterinHanamprovince
• TilapiafromNhueriver.
• HighlycontaminatedPblevel,butlowriskforXlapia
• Localpeopleseemtobeawareoftherisk,theysellcontaminatedfish/vegetablestoothertowns
Toanetal(2014)
Pb Cd
NOAEL 1 , 4 m g / k g /day(2)
0,01mg/kg/day
LOAEL 0 , 5 m g / k g /day(2)
3,5-7,5 mg/kg/day2)
MRL 10µg/dl(3) 0,1µg/kg/day TDI 25µg/kg/week 25µg/kg/day
TDI Talapiaconsump9onper
Time/day month
Pb(µg) 7,8±4,61 9,7±5,76
Cd(µg) 0,35±0,206 1,88±1,113
Mẫu n Posi9ve(%) Pb(µg/kg) Cd(µg/kg)
Pb Cd µ µ Canalwater 27 100 40,7 3,7 0,04 Talapia 27 100 96,3 149 5,6
Keymessagesfromporkandfishriskassessment
• “OneHealth”foodsafetyriskassessment
• RiskmispercepXon:whatpeopleworryaboutandwhatmakesthemsickarenotthesame
• Chemicalriskislowinbothporkandfish• Salmonellariskishigh(annualincidencerate
ofsalmonellosiswasesXmatedtobe12.6%)• ThefactorsmostinfluencingtheesXmatewere
householdporkhandlingpracXcefollowedbyprevalenceinporksoldinthecentralmarket.
Policytransla9on:foodsafety
MeeXngwithDeputyPrimeMinisterVietnam,2Dec2016(Photo:TuyetHanh)
2011 2012
2016
MeeXngwithVFA,Photo:CENPHERMeeXngwithDAHPhoto:CENPHER
TopTakeaways
PorkandfishareimportantforVietnamesediet.Balancebetweenformaland“wet/tradiXonal”marketsRiskassessment:usefultoolforfoodsafetymanagementbutadaptaXonandcapacityareneededRiskmispercepXon:whatpeopleworryaboutandwhatmakesthemsickarenotthesameControl&commandapproachesdon’tworkbutsoluXonsbasedonworkingwiththeinformalsectormorepromisingFoodsafetypolicyinfluence:persistence,opportunisXcandXmesensiXve
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Improving markets to protect food access: an intervention in informal dairy markets in Kenya
Speakers: Silvia Alonso, International Livestock Research Institute
Milk–thewhitegold
HighlynutriXous:• Macro/micronutrients• Highbioavailability• improveanthropometricindices• reducenutriXonaldeficienciesamong
undernourishedchildren
ComparedtootherASF:• Verysuitableforchildren• Moreavailable• Moreaffordable
Rawmilk
Mostavailableandaffordableformofdairyinmanylowincomecountries
InruralareasinLICfreshrawmilkiseasilyavailable(incl.self-producXon)
Inurbanareasco-existswithpasteurizedmilk:
q WidedistribuXonchannels(incl.doortodoor)q Cheaperq Tastepreferenceq Culturalvalues
Rawmilkandpublichealth
Concernsoverthesafetyofrawmilk
v IsitahealthriskinKenya?
v Ispasteurizedmilksafer?
Rawmilkandpublichealth
Concernsoverthesafetyofrawmilk
v IsitahealthriskinKenya?
v Ispasteurizedmilksafer?
PUBLICHEALTHINTERVENTIONSINKENYA
• BasedonincreasedregulaXonandpenalizaXonofrawmilk
VCactors(unsuccessful)
• PromoXngsellingofboiledmilk
• BanrawmilkVCandpromotepasteurizaXon
The“informal”(rawmilk)dairysector
Ø Poorinfrastructure,lackofcoldchain,informalagreementmechanismsbetweenactors,orenunlicensed,poorlyregulated(governmentandself-regulaXon)
The“informal”(rawmilk)dairysector
Ø Poorinfrastructure,lackofcoldchain,informalagreementmechanismsbetweenactors,orenunlicensed,poorlyregulated(governmentandself-regulaXon)
Ø But…InformaldairymarketshaveanessenXalroleinatleastthreemainaspects:
q Foodsecurity(especiallydietandnutriXonneedsofchildren)q SourceoflivelihoodsforthepopulaXon(higherpricesforproducers,
givesjobstoagoodamountofpeople)q Supportwomenandyouth
Abanintheinformalsector
Ø Abanofrawmilkcouldhaveunintendedconsequences
Ø livelihoodsofmanypeopleØ accesstonutriXousfoodØ Increasedpriceofpasteurizedmilk
Abanintheinformalsector
Ø Abanofrawmilkcouldhaveunintendedconsequences
Ø livelihoodsofmanypeopleØ accesstonutriXousfoodØ Increasedpriceofpasteurizedmilk
Whileinthelongtermmarketswillformalize,intheshortandmediumtermsintervenXonsthat
seektosuppressinformalmarketscanbeineffec9ve,an9-poorandgender-inequitable
Sodowin-winop9onsexistthatwillprotectnutri9onandlivelihoodsprovidedbythesemarketsands9llprotectpublichealth?
Upscalingtheinformalmarket
TrainingandcerXficaXon
Milkquality/milkhygienebusinessskills/valueaddiXonSustainable/self-sustained
Upscalingtheinformalmarket
TrainingandcerXficaXon
Milkquality/milkhygienebusinessskills/valueaddiXonSustainable/self-sustained
FINDINGS:
• Improvedmilksafety
• Happytraders/customers
• Limitedgovernmentbuy-in
• Successfulinothercontexts
GivingT&Canotherchance!
“MoreMilk:makingthemostofmilk”project(2016-2021)
TCMschemetoimprovemilksafetyandhealth&nutri=onoutcomesinchildreninperi-urbanNairobi
• Training:milkquality,safetyandhygiene
• CerXficaXon:“qualitymark”
• MarkeXng:milkconsumpXonmessagestomothers/consumers
MoreMilkforbe_erhealthandnutriXon
Milksafetyandquality
PromoXonmilkconsumpXon
Traders
MoreMilkforbe_erhealthandnutriXon
Milksafetyandquality
-Pathogens
-AdulteraXon+Quality
PromoXonmilkconsumpXon
Traders
MoreMilkforbe_erhealthandnutriXon
Milksafetyandquality
-Pathogens
-AdulteraXon+Quality
-Diarrhea/FBD-Waste
Be_ernutriXon
PromoXonmilkconsumpXon
Traders
MoreMilkforbe_erhealthandnutriXon
Milksafetyandquality
-Pathogens
-AdulteraXon+Quality
-Diarrhea/FBD-Waste
Be_ernutriXon
PromoXonmilkconsumpXon
+ConsumpXon
-Waste
Traders
MoreMilkforbe_erhealthandnutriXon
Milksafetyandquality
-Pathogens
-AdulteraXon+Quality
-Diarrhea/FBD-Waste
Be_ernutriXon
PromoXonmilkconsumpXon
+ConsumpXon
-Waste
Traders
Higherreturns
Moreloyalcustomers
Takehomemessages
• Rawmilkandrawmilkmarkets–essenXalrolesinmanycountries(nutriXon,health,livelihoods)
• Can’tlookatfoodsafetyinisolaXon• FoodsafetyintervenXons:onesizeDOESNOTalwaysfitall.IntervenXonsthatpenalizeinformalactorscandomoreharmthangood.
• TakeholisXclookatproblemandfindinnova9veapproaches
• Light-touchinterven9onsininformalmarketscanimprovefoodsafety,andcontributetoimprovedhealthandnutriXonoutcomes.
A Multipronged Approach to Cleaning Up the Milk Supply in Rwanda
Speaker:DennisKaramuzi,LandO’LakesInternaXonalDevelopment
RDCPIIPartnership:A10-yearInvestment
q USAID:projectfunder$14,999,988q LandO’LakesInterna9onalDevelopment:leadprojectimplementerq ABS-TCM,NairobiKenya:trainingonanimalhusbandryq INSPIRED:DevelopingfinancialproductsfordairyfarmerswithRwandan
banksq UniversityofCalifornia,Davis:TrainingonmasXXsprevenXon,animalcare
andmilksafety.
RDCPI(2007-2012): RDCPII(2012-2017):Limitedregionalfocus,fewmilkingcows,lowsectormarke9ngcapacity,nascentconsumerdemand
BuildsonGORsectorpolicy,sector-levelleadership,growingurbaniza9onandmiddleclassdemand,newinvestmentintransport,processing,retail
Sejngtheagenda-NDS
RDCPIIGoal“RwandanDairyProductsCompe99veinregionalmarkets’’
NDSGoal
“A compe99ve dairy sector providing quality dairy productswhichareaffordable,availableandaccessibletoallRwandansand other consumers in the region (Dairy Sector WorkingGroup,July2012).”
Producer
Producer
ProducerAggrega9on
PointMilk
Collec9onCenter
LargeProcessors
RawMilkVendors
CooageProcessors
PrimaryProducer
MilkCollec9onCenter
MilkProcessingPlants
MilkSellers,Supermarkets,MilkBars&
KiosksEndUser
InputsupportFeedplans
BreedingplansHerdHealth
QualityTrainingEquipment&
KiwngIncenXvesSystem
QualityTrainingEquipment&
KiwngQMS
QMSIncenXvebased
pricingRelaXons
PUSHeffect-produc9on PULLeffect-consump9on
Policy–enablingenvironment
RDCPII
NaXonalDairy
StrategyMasXXscontrolstrategy
MinisterialOrder
Appropriatepolythenepackaging
advocacyfordairysector
DairySectorWorkingGroups
RNDP
Schoolfeeding/MilkconsumpXonprogram
REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL RESOURCES (MINAGRI)
National Dairy Strategy
April 2013
MilkQualitychallenges
q Lackofenforcementofmilkqualityregula9ons
q Noincen9vesprovidedforimprovedqualitymilk
q Limitedcoldchainq Tradi9onalconsumerpreferences
dictatequalityexpecta9onsq Limitedprocessingfacili9esq Lackofelectricityinsomeareasq LimitedPackagingmaterials
Qualityofmilkapriority
MilkQuality
q Combining‘Sorware’and‘Hardware’toachievequalitygoals
q DevelopmentoftheSealofQualityConcept
q Distribu9onofmilkqualitytes9ngkits
q Enhancingmilktransportlogis9csq Advoca9ngforcer9fica9on
servicesthroughsupporttoRALISq Trainedcheesemakersandtheir
staffaboutmilkquality,tes9ng,processingandmarke9ngoftheirdairyproducts.
SOQ-enabledMilkCollectors
q IndividualMCCsaggregatemilkfromhundredsofsmallproducerswith1or2cows–highriskofcontaminatedmilkenteringbulkcoolingtanks
q SOQ-enabledmilkcollectors–“Gate-keeper”forrawmilkqualitypushedtoaggrega=onpointsthatcanensurecompliancefromproducers
q LessmilkrejectedfromMCCs
q Providesinstantfeedbacktoproduceronmilkquality
FROMHERE(Usingbansandbamboo) TOHERE(BatchPasteurizer–1000liters)
FROMHERE(Pooropera9ngarea) TOHERE(Cleanarea,Qualitybuoer)
MilkZones
q Kigali’srawmilktradi9onallymarketedthrough“kiosks”–shopswithstainlesssteeltanksthatdon’talwaysproperlycoolmilk.
q Cost-effec9veforconsumers,whocanavoidcostlypackagingbypurchasingsmallquanXXesofmilk
q BeforeRDCPII,kioskshadveryliolesanita9onoversightbyauthoriXes
q BulkmilksoldintheMilkZoneisscreenedandpasteurized
q Linksbestprac9cesforrawmilksafetywithconsumerdemandforlowcostandconvenience
.
ShishaWumva
q Milkconsump9oncampaignthatassociatesmilkwithahealthybody
q Backedbybestprac9cesatfarm,MCC,processorandretailoutlet
q Linkstheen9resectoraroundbestpracXcesformilksafetyandquality
q Allowsfordifferen9a9onfrom“informalmarket”
q Promotesconsumerdemandq Promotesinvestorconfidence
Shisha Wumva: Feel the Goodness
Complementaryto“onecupperchild”
Multipronged Approach
Seal Of Quality
Cleaner
Safer Affordable Available
Accessible
MILK products for ALL
2 ON-FARM testing of MILK – extended accountability along value chain
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Bulk tank sales of clean MILK into consumer container at desired amount
Processor collaboration with milk collection centers
1 Increased access to affordable, nutritious, cleaner MILK
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8 Nationwide Milk Consumption Promotion Campaign
Balance between PUSH & PULL elements is ESSENTIAL
Incentive Based Payments for adhering to MILK safety standards
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5 Government policy enforcement of clean MILK standards
Thankyou
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Nutri9ousANDSafeAnimalSourceFoodsTherearestrongdemanddriversbutalsosignificantmicrobialfoodbornediseaserisks.Integratefoodsafetyintoag-nutriXonprogramming
Useriskassessmentandriskmanagementtoachievegreatestimpact
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FarmtoFork-Implementcontrolmeasures(goodpracXces,technologies,behaviorsandregulaXon)acrossthefoodsystem
Bigcarrots,smalls9cks-BalancelighttouchregulatoryapproacheswithposiXvesupporttostakeholdersandcreateincenXvestomeetrealisXcstandards
Workwiththeinformalsector;idenXfyincenXvestocontrolrisksandprovideaninclusivepathwaytoformalizaXonappropriatetocultureandcontext
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Contact: [email protected] or [email protected]
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