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www.ammhu.com A categorized blogging website and an Online Resource Centre For CBSE, RBSE, and Other State Boards — Raj Kumar Parashari, Head Science @ JPHS, Jaipur-302021
SCHOOL NAME SCHOOL NAME SCHOOL NAME
ADDRESS WITH PINCODE AND PHONE NUMBER
PHYSICS PROJECT
Submitted by Guided by
Student Name [ ]
Class With Section Teacher Name
Class Roll No. Designation
Board Roll No.
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www.ammhu.com A categorized blogging website and an Online Resource Centre For CBSE, RBSE, and Other State Boards — Raj Kumar Parashari, Head Science @ JPHS, Jaipur-302021
INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM
4. APPARATUS REQUIRED
5. PRINCIPLE / THEORY
6. RAY DIAGRAMS & IMAGES
7. PROCEDURE
8. OBSERVATIONS
9. CALCULATIONS
10. RESULT
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www.ammhu.com A categorized blogging website and an Online Resource Centre For CBSE, RBSE, and Other State Boards — Raj Kumar Parashari, Head Science @ JPHS, Jaipur-302021
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that _______________________ student of
______ school name _______, class XII Sc __ has carried out his
work for the investigatory project entitled
______________________ _________________
under my guidance and supervision.
Signature of the Teacher
Designation
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www.ammhu.com A categorized blogging website and an Online Resource Centre For CBSE, RBSE, and Other State Boards — Raj Kumar Parashari, Head Science @ JPHS, Jaipur-302021
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I __________________________ a student of _______
_____________________________,__________ would like to pay my
sincere gratitude to my Physics teacher Mr. _______________________
For helping and guiding me throughout the completion of the project
report. I would like to thank Mr./Mrs. ___________________________
_____________ our school Principal/Director for making school such a
wonderful place of learning. I also would like to thank Mr. ___
________________ our lab assistant for the timely assistant in
completion of the project.
I would also like to thank my parents and friends, without whom, it was
impossible to complete this project within time frame.
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www.ammhu.com A categorized blogging website and an Online Resource Centre For CBSE, RBSE, and Other State Boards — Raj Kumar Parashari, Head Science @ JPHS, Jaipur-302021
AIM :
To determine the efficiency of an electric Bulb and an Electrical
Immersion Rod.
APPARATUS:
One light bulb of 100W, One immersion rod of 1.5 KW, a deep vessel, a
plastic bucket, a thermometer, a bulb holder, a thick cloth to cover the
apparatus, a clamp stand and a watch.
THEORY
An incandescent light bulb is an electric light which produces light with
a filament wire heated to a high temperature by an electric current
passing through it, until it glows. The hot filament is protected from
oxidation with a glass or quartz bulb that is filled with inert gas or
evacuated. This is done because if there isn’t vacuum or an inert gas
inside the bulb the filament material will catch fire due to presence of
oxygen and heat.
Light bulbs commonly used in households given out both light and
heat. The light efficiency of a light bulb can be understood as the
fraction of the total energy input (i.e. wattage of the bulb) that is given
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www.ammhu.com A categorized blogging website and an Online Resource Centre For CBSE, RBSE, and Other State Boards — Raj Kumar Parashari, Head Science @ JPHS, Jaipur-302021
out as light. Here we present a simple experiment to measure the light
bulbs available in the market.
Energy Efficiency of a Light Bulb
Consider a bulb of power P is switched on, total energy released by it in
time t
E1 = P × t
This energy will be in the form of light energy and heat energy, amount
of heat energy is measured in the experiment
E2 = 𝒎𝐜∆𝑻
Here, m = mass of water in which bulb is deposited
c = specific heat of water
∆T = rise in temperature of water in time t
Now, the efficiency of water will be given by
UsefulLight EnergyEfficiency
Total Input Energy
1 2
1
E E
E
1 2
1
E E100%
E
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www.ammhu.com A categorized blogging website and an Online Resource Centre For CBSE, RBSE, and Other State Boards — Raj Kumar Parashari, Head Science @ JPHS, Jaipur-302021
An immersion rod is made up of an element, which becomes hot
when electric current flows through it. And if we keep immersion rod
inside water, it heats up water. Rise in temperature can be found with
the help of thermometer.
Energy Efficiency of an Immersion Rod
Take an immersion rod of power P and switched on the power, total
energy released by it in time t
E1 = P × t
This energy will be in the form of light energy and heat energy, amount
of heat energy is measured in the experiment
E2 = 𝒎𝐜∆𝑻
Here, m = mass of water in which bulb is deposited
c = specific heat of water
∆T = rise in temperature of water in time t
Now, the efficiency of water will be given by
UsefulHeat EnergyEfficiency
Total Input Energy
2
1
E
E
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www.ammhu.com A categorized blogging website and an Online Resource Centre For CBSE, RBSE, and Other State Boards — Raj Kumar Parashari, Head Science @ JPHS, Jaipur-302021
2
1
E100%
E
BASIC STRUCTURE OF LIGHT BULB AND IMMERSION ROD
PROCEDURE
1. Fixed the bulb/immersion rod in the bulb holder
2. Attached the bulb holder/ immersion rod to the clamp stand.\
3. Connected the 220 V supply to the bulb.
4. Take suitable amount of water in a deep container (to measure
efficiency of bulb, I tool pot of a Lechlance cell and pored 800 ml
of water in to it t and for immersion rod a small plastic bucket).
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www.ammhu.com A categorized blogging website and an Online Resource Centre For CBSE, RBSE, and Other State Boards — Raj Kumar Parashari, Head Science @ JPHS, Jaipur-302021
5. Place a thermometer in the pot insuring only ¾ part of bulb
remains immersed in water during experiment.
6. Noted the initial temperature using a thermometer.
7. As soon as switched on the supply, started stopwatch .
8. After exactly 15 minutes, switched off the supply and immediately
took the final temperature.
9. Repeated this process for bulbs of different wattages and of
different manufacturers.
10. Calculated the efficiency of the bulbs and compared the same of
different manufacturers
Observations/ Readings With a 100 W Philips Bulb
Total Light Energy Emitted E1 = P × t = 100 ×15× 60 = 90000 J
Mass of Water m = 800 g
Specific heat of Water c = 4.18 J/g
Initial temperature of water = T1 = --- ° C
Final temperature of water = T2 = ----° C for 100 W bulb
Rise in temperature = ∆T = ----° C
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www.ammhu.com A categorized blogging website and an Online Resource Centre For CBSE, RBSE, and Other State Boards — Raj Kumar Parashari, Head Science @ JPHS, Jaipur-302021
Heat Evolved E2 = m × c × ∆T = --- × --× --- = ----- J
The Efficiency Of the bulb
1 2
1
E E100%
E
90000J .........J
100% .................%90000 J
Observation/Readings using an Immersion Rod
Mass of Water m = 5000 g
Specific heat of Water c = 4.18 J/g
Initial temperature of water = T1 = ° C
Final temperature of water = T2 = ° C
Rise in temperature = ∆T = ° C
Heat Evolved E1 = (m × c × ∆T) = 5000 × 4.18 × 38 = 794200 J
Total Energy Consumed E2 = P × t = 15000 × --5×-- = -------J
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www.ammhu.com A categorized blogging website and an Online Resource Centre For CBSE, RBSE, and Other State Boards — Raj Kumar Parashari, Head Science @ JPHS, Jaipur-302021
The Efficiency Of the bulb
2
1
E ........100% 100% ..........%
E 900000
RESULTS
The efficiency of Philips 100 W bulb is ……..…. %.
The efficiency of Immersion rod is ………….. %.
PREACAUTIONS
1. Water should be heated for a significant span of time to produce
a noticeable rise in temperature.
2. Connecting wires should be cleaned with sand paper.
3. All connection should be tight.
4. Conditions should remain same for all observations.
5. Initial and final temperature should be taken carefully.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Some water may get evaporated.
2. Error in measuring water may occur due to some water droplets
getting left behind in the measuring cylinder.
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www.ammhu.com A categorized blogging website and an Online Resource Centre For CBSE, RBSE, and Other State Boards — Raj Kumar Parashari, Head Science @ JPHS, Jaipur-302021
References
1. NCERT Practical Lab Manual
2.
3.
For VIVA
Joule : 1 Joule is defined the work done when a force of 1 N
displaces an object through a distance of 1 metre in the
direction of force.
Calorie : It is the approximate amount of energy needed to raise
the temperature of one gram of water is one degree Celsius.
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www.ammhu.com A categorized blogging website and an Online Resource Centre For CBSE, RBSE, and Other State Boards — Raj Kumar Parashari, Head Science @ JPHS, Jaipur-302021
Note: — Hand written Investigatory Project Report
should be submitted. Work should be neat and clean.
Avoid unnecessary fancy decoration of the project
report.
Note: — Learn theory, working and related viva for
board practical examination.
Warning !!!!
Readings are for the purpose of demonstration only.
Take your own readings.
Wish you all the best.