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"Our lives begin to end the day we become silent
about things that matter." Martin Luther King
Name Information
A
Abietic Acid
Obtained from pine
rosin. Used as a
texturiser and
foaming in soaps,
making vinyls,
lacquers and
plastics. Can cause
allergic reactions;
skin and mucous
membrane
irritation; harmful
to marine life.
Abrasives
The most frequently
used are calcium
carbonate (chalk)
and, in toothpaste,
di-calcium
phosphate
dihydrate.
Absolutes Pure essential oils
acquired from
plants (mostly
flowers) and used in
products as natural
fragrance additives.
Acetamide MEA
Used in lipsticks
and cream blusher
to retain moisture.
Causes adverse
reactions, and is
toxic, carcinogenic,
and mutagenic.
Acetal
Fruit flavouring
solvent; synthetic
perfumes, hypnotic
in medicine. Central
nervous system
depressant,
respiratory,
cardiovascular
collapse; no known
skin toxicity,
possible high blood
pressure. On NIH
list.
Acetaldehyde
Fragrance in
cosmetics, perfume,
silvering of mirrors,
synthetic rubber.
Mucous membrane
irritation, liver
damage, kidney,
respiratory,
neurotoxicity; CNS
depression; skin
irritation;
tetragenic;
carcinogenic;
harmful to aquatic
organisms.
Acetamide MEA - n-acetyl
ethanolamine
Antistatic agent,
humectant in hair
shampoos and
conditioners, skin
cream, hair tonic.
Mild skin irritation,
caused liver cancer
in rats, may contain
DEA.
Acetaminopropyl
trimonium chloride
Antistatic agent in
shampoos, bath
soaps, conditioners
Acetarsol - acetarsone
Antimicrobial used
in mouthwash,
toothpaste, feminine
hygiene products.
Causes
sensitisation,
allergic reactions;
lethal dose in mice
is only 0.004g/kg of
body weight.
Acetate
An acetic acid salt ;
the word that
follows or precedes
acetate on an
ingredient list
determines the
function.
Acetic Acid
Acid found in
vinegar, some
fruits, and human
sweat. Used in hair
dyes and hand
lotions, and in
lotions for
bleaching freckles.
Skin irritant and
toxic to lungs.
Acetone
Colourless,
flammable liquid.
Used in cologne,
dishwashing liquid
and detergent, nail
polish, nail polish
removers. It is
excessively toxic.
Inhalation can cause
dryness of the
mouth and throat;
dizziness, nausea,
incoordination,
slurred speech,
drowsiness, and, in
severe exposures,
coma. Acts
primarily as a
central nervous
system (CNS)
depressant.
Acetonitrile - methylacynide Precursor of
cyanide. Solvent
used in artificial
nail remover,
extraction
processes. Nervous
system poison, skin
irritant,
gastrointestinal and
liver toxicity,
teratogenic, fatal if
swallowed. On
Canadian Hot list.
Acetylated Lanolin
Found in baby
products, lipsticks,
cosmetic creams,
eye makeup, hair
conditioner as an
emulsifier/emollient
. Undergoing safety
for safety. May be
contaminated with
pesticide reside.
Acetylated Lanolin Alcohol
Helps soften skin
and has anti-
allergenic
tendencies; is
highly prone to
comedogenicity
(causes blackheads
and/or white heads)
- this is an example
of an alcohol that
may be drying to
the skin.
Acetylmethionyl
methylsilanol elastinate
Antistatic agent.
Considered safe in
cosmetics such as
hair conditioner and
skin conditioners.
Acetyl tyrosine
Biological additive
used in cosmetics,
suntan creams and
liquids, dietary
supplement. Non-
essential amino
acid, generally
recognised as safe.
Acid colours - black, blue,
brown, green, orange, red
violet, yellow
Tints and dyes for
hair colouring.
Many can cause
skin, eye and
mucous membrane
irritation. See Azo
Dyes. See Coal Tar.
Acid Rinse
Extremely useful
for eliminating soap
films from the hair
after shampooing.
A mixture of
vinegar or lemon
juice and water is a
common one.
Acrylates Copolymer
Active ingredient in
an oil-absorbing
gel.
Acrylates/Octylpropenamid
e Copolymer
A binder, film
former used in nail
polish, blusher,
hairspray, mascara.
Creates a water-
repelling basis for
cosmetics claiming
water-proof
properties. A strong
irritant.
Acylamide copolymer A film former,
thickener used in
nail enamels,
cosmetics. Causes
liver, reproductive
and neurotoxicity.
Toxic by skin
absorption.
Hazardous to the
environment,
especially harmful
to fish.
After Shave
A perfumed liquid
usually containing
alcohol used to
soothe the skin after
shaving. May
contain menthol to
cool irritated skin.
After Shave Balm
After shave with a
thicker consistency
containing lotion
for increased
moisturizing
capabilities.
Ahnfeltia concinna Botanical additive
used in skin
conditioners and
beauty aids.
Albumin
Type of protein
found in blood, egg
whites, milk, fruits,
and vegetables.
Alchemy
The study and
practice of
chemistry in the
Middle Ages which
focused primarily
on the
transmutation of
metals into gold and
the finding of a
universal remedy
for disease.
Alcohol
A group of
compounds that
includes ethanol,
methanol, and
others. Acts as
carrying and
antifoaming agent
as well as a water
and oil solvent. It
dries quickly, and if
synthetically
produced is
carcinogenic,
mutagenic, toxic
and can cause
adverse reactions.
Algae/Seaweed Extract
An emollient,
restoring moisture
content to skin;
claims to have
antioxidant
properties.
Alkyl Benzine Sulphonate
A detergent used in
shampoos, bubble
baths. Believed to
be non-toxic orally,
drying of the skin,
may cause skin
irritation.
Alkyloamides
Groups of synthetic
fatty acids
designated as DEA,
MEA, MIPA, and
PEG. Used for
thickening, gelling,
emulsifying,
emolliency, skin
and hair
conditioning, foam
boosting, foam
stabilizing, wetting,
opacifying,
lubricating, powder
binding, skin
protecting,
fungicidal
properties, and
super-fatting. Found
in shampoos,
bubble baths, and
liquid hand and
body cleansers.
Harmful when
contaminated by
nitrosamines and
harmful to the
environment.
Alkyl-phenol-ethoxylades Has been found to
reduce male sperm
count, and to mimic
estrogens in the
body. It is widely
used in shampoo,
causes adverse
reactions and has
been shown to be
toxic, mutagenic
and carcinogenic.
Allantoin
Anti-microbial, oral
care agent reported
to have healing,
soothing, and anti-
irritating properties.
Extracted from
urea, which is
derived from the
urine of most
animals, and from
herbs like comfrey
or uva ursi.
Aloe Vera/ Gel
Is a compound
expressed from the
leaf of the aloe
plant, which is a
South African lily-
like plant. A
moisture storehouse
for enzymes,
vitamins, proteins,
and minerals that
support skin
functions, Aloe
Vera helps maintain
the skin's moisture
balance and
stimulates blood
circulation.
Tightens and
rejuvenates skin
leaving it silky
feeling.
Alpha Hydroxy Acids
(AHA)
Do not use on
children or infants.
Group of acids that
appear naturally in
fruit. AHA’s
include: citric acid
(citrus fruits),
glycolic acid (sugar
cane), lactic acid
(milk), and the less
common AHA's
used in cosmetics
malic acid (apples)
and tartaric acid
(wine). Used in
toners, creams. Skin
is exfoliated
chemically instead
of mechanically via
abrasion, dries and
increases skin
aging. Supposed to
be anti-wrinkle,
found in many skin
and hair care
products. Higher
risk of skin cancer.
Used as a solvent
originally in
cleaning
compounds and for
tanning leather. A
smooth finish is
developed by
stripping the outer
layer of the
epidermis, which
causes the irritated
skin to puff up and
thus fill in the lines
and wrinkles. The
US FDA warns that
strengths over 3%
may thin the skin.
Can be a skin
irritant causing
redness and rashes.
Alpha Lipoic Acid
An antioxidant; is
both water and fat
soluble so it can go
to many areas of a
cell.
Alpha-Terpineol
Perfumery ?In lilac
and lily of the
valley type
fragrances. Also in
apple blossom,
fougere and
specialty perfumes.
In addition to
concentrates and
luxury fragrances,
alpha-Terpineol is
used extensively in
fragrances for bath
preparations, soaps,
detergents, polishes
and other household
products
Pharmaceutical
?Material
complying with the
BP 1980 can
usually be supplied.
Flavour ?Used in
moderate amounts
in berry flavours,
and in lemon, lime,
nutmeg, orange,
peach and various
spice and floral
types. Alpha-
Terpineol is a
nature-identical
flavouring
substance as
defined by the
International
Organization of the
Flavour Industry
(IOFI).
Causes central
nervous system
disorders. Highly
irritating to mucous
membranes.
Aspiration into the
lungs can produce
pneumonitis or even
fatal oedema. Can
also cause
"excitement, ataxia
(loss of muscular
coordination),
hypothermia, CNS
and respiratory
depression, and
headache. Prevent
repeated or
prolonged skin
contact.
Alum
Usually in crystal or
powder form; has
strong astringent
properties; used in
stypic sticks,
popular with men
who often nick
themselves shaving.
Aluminium
Used as a colour
additive in
cosmetics,
especially eye
shadows. Another
form of Aluminium
is used in
deodorants and
antiperspirants.
Listed as
carcinogenic, toxic
and mutagenic.
Ingestion or
inhalation can
aggravate kidney
and lung disorders,
cardiovascular,
reproductive,
neurotoxicity.
Evidence of link to
Alzheimer's disease.
EU Parliament said
aluminium should
be banned.
Aluminium acetate
Anti-microbial used
in antiperspirants,
deodorants, barrier
creams,
waterproofing,
fabric finishes, dye
for furs. Causes
skin rashes, severe
sloughing of the
skin, ingestion of
large doses can
cause diarrhoea,
nausea, vomiting
and bleeding. See
aluminium.
Aluminium Chloride
Used as a deodorant
agent and can be
found in lipsticks,
antiperspirants.
Causes skin
irritation, allergic
reactions,
reproductive and
neurotoxicity,
teratogenic, harmful
to aquatic
organisms. See
aluminium.
Aluminium Chlorohydrate
Used as a deodorant
agent and can be
found in
deodorants,
antiperspirants.
Causes contact
allergic reactions,
hair follicle
infections, irritation
of abraded skin. See
aluminium.
Aluminium Hydroxide
Is less toxic than
mercury, arsenic,
lead or cadmium,
but it appears to be
more persistent than
most of them. The
danger is one that
only manifests itself
over long periods of
time.
"Aluminium
hydroxide is used in
vaccines to increase
the body's
production of
antibodies, though
no one knows how
it works," says
Purdue researcher
Stanley Hem,
professor of
industrial and
physical pharmacy.
Aluminium is a
protoplasmic poison
and a deadly,
persistent
neurotoxin. No
living systems use
aluminium as part
of a biochemical
process. Ironically,
the American
Academy of
Paediatrics admits
that Aluminium is
now being
implicated as
interfering with a
variety of cellular
and metabolic
processes in the
nervous system and
in other tissues. As
of today, it is still in
vaccines.
Aluminium is a
known toxin that
can cause
encephalitis, bone
disease and anemia
in susceptible
people. The kidneys
eliminate
Aluminium from
the body and so
people with renal
problems are at risk
of Aluminium
toxicity. All infants
have reduced renal
function and may
not be able to
effectively excrete
excessive
Aluminium. Kidney
function is low at
birth and reaches
adult level by 1-2
years of age. The
presence of
Aluminium in a
vaccine can cause
small nodules to
develop under the
skin of some babies.
Aluminium zirconium
octachlorohydrate
Used as a deodorant
agent in non-aerosol
antiperspirants,
deodorants.
Harmful, contact
allergic reactions,
skin irritation, lung
damage,
granulomas. See
aluminium.
Ambergris
A fixative and
flavouring found in
perfumes, food,
beverages,
cigarettes. It is 80%
cholesterol, no
know side effects.
Amino Acids
Every living cell in
the body contains
protein and cannot
function properly
without it.
Approximately 80
amino acids are
found in nature;
only 20 are
necessary for
human metabolism.
Some must be
supplied by food
and are called
"essential". Amino
acids are rapidly
absorbed in the
blood stream, and in
combination with
vitamins, provide
essential nutrients
to a wound area to
promote healing.
Aminomethyl propanol
An emulsifier used
in hairspray,
shaving cream,
cosmetic creams,
deodorant.
Considered safe up
to 1%
concentration. May
cause skin irritation.
2-Amino-4-Nitrophenol
4-Amino-2-Nitrophenol
Used as a hair
colourant in orange-
red and medium
brown hair dyes. On
a list of substances
facing a ban in the
EU. Compound
descriptor:
Tumorigenic,
Mutagen, Primary
Irritant
Aminophenol
A colourant used in
hair dyes.
Compound
descriptor:
Tumorigenic,
Mutagen, Primary
Irritant
Ammonium carbonate
Used as a
neutraliser, buffer
in permanent wave
solutions and
creams, fire
extinguishers.
Causes skin rash on
scalp, forehead and
hands, contact
dermatitis.
Ammonium chloride
Used as a acidifier,
buffer in bubble
baths, hair bleach,
shampoos, batteries,
dies, medicines.
Possible skin and
eye irritation in
some people. Toxic
to aquatic animals.
Compound
descriptor : Drug,
Mutagen, Primary
Irritant.
Ammonium cocoyl
isethionate
Used as a cleanser
in soaps, shampoos.
Considered safe in
cosmetic use, may
cause skin rashes.
Ammonium cocoyl
sarcosinate
A surfactant used in
shampoos and
dentifrices. May be
contaminated with
carcinogenic
nitrosamines.
Possible mutagen.
Ammonium hydroxide
A buffering agent,
denaturant used in
hair dyes, hair
straightener, barrier
cream, mascaras,
cigarettes, stain
removers,
detergents. Irritating
to the eyes and
mucous
membranes; may
cause hair breakage;
toxic by ingestion;
harmful to the
environment.
Compound
description :
Mutagen, Primary
Irritant
Ammonium laureth
sulphate (ALES)
A surfactant used in
shampoos, bubble
baths, hand wash,
dishwashing liquid,
detergent. May be
contaminated with
carcinogenic
nitrosamines.
Ammonium lauryl sulphate
(ALS)
A surfactant,
foaming agent used
in shampoos,
bubble baths, liquid
hand and body
wash, toothpaste,
bath gel,
dishwashing liquid,
car wash detergent.
Possibly derived
from natural
coconut alcohols.
Acts as a mild
cleanser
replacement of SLS
in a number of skin
care products.
Effects are
considered milder
than SLS and
doesn't have the
chronic toxicity
problems of SLS
however this may
be due to the lack of
research carried out
on this ingredient.
One study showed
that at only 2% it
was deemed as
extremely irritating
and just as irritating
as SLS.
See Anionic
Surfactants
See Sodium Laureth
Sulphate
See Nitrosating
Agents
Ammonium lauroyl
sarcosinate
A surfactant used in
shampoos and
dentifrices. May be
contaminated with
carcinogenic
nitrosamines.
Ammonium persulphate
A preservative,
oxidiser used in
cosmetics, dyes,
skin lightener, soap,
detergents. Can
cause asthma,
mucous membrane
and skin irritation,
brittle hair.
Ammonium sulphate
A surfactant,
cleanser used in
permanent wave
lotions, tanning,
filler in vaccines.
Liver, neuro and
respiratory toxicity,
dry and denatured
hair. Compound
descriptor:
Agricultural
Chemical, Mutagen
Ammonium thioglycolate
An antioxidant used
in hair
straighteners,
depilatories,
permanent wave
solutions. Can
cause severe burns
and blistering of the
skin, hair breakage,
cumulative irritant,
severe allergic
reaction.
Amyl acetate
A solvent,
flavouring used in
perfumes, nail
polish, nail polish
remover, banana
flavouring in foods,
perfuming shoe
polish. May cause
headache, fatigue,
chest pain, CNS
depression, neuro
and respiratory
toxicity, mucous
membrane
irritation.
Compound
descriptor: Primary
Irritant.
Amyl dimethyl PABA
A UV absorber
used in sunscreen
preparations. May
cause sensitisation,
increase breast
cancer cell division,
estrogenic,
endocrine
disruption,
carcinogenic.
Compound
descriptor: Primary
Irritant.
Anethole
A flavouring,
denaturant used in
perfume,
toothpaste,
mouthwash. Can
cause hives, skin
blistering and
scaling, gum and
throat irritation.
Compound
descriptor:
Tumorigenic
Animal Fat tallow
A type of animal
tissue made up of
oily solids or
semisolids that are
water-insoluble
esters of glycerol
with fatty acids.
Animal fats and lye
are the chief
ingredients in bar
soap, a cleansing
and emulsifying
product that may
act as a breeding
ground for bacteria.
Anionic Surfactants
Anionic refers to
the negative charge
these surfactants
have. They may be
contaminated with
nitrosamines, which
are carcinogenic.
Surfactants can
pose serious health
threats. They are
used in car washes,
as garage floor
cleaners and engine
degreasers - and in
90% of personal-
care products that
foam.
Sodium Lauryl
Sulphate (SLS)
Sodium Laureth
Sulphate (SLES)
Ammonium Lauryl
Sulphate (ALS)
Ammonium
Laureth Sulphate
(ALES)
Sodium Methyl
Cocoyl Taurate
Sodium Lauroyl
Sarcosinate
Sodium Cocoyl
Sarcosinate
Potassium Coco
Hydrolysed
Collagen
TEA
(Triethanolamine)
Lauryl Sulphate
TEA
(Triethanolamine)
Laureth Sulphate
Lauryl or Cocoyl
Sarcosine
Disodium Oleamide
Sulfosuccinate
Disodium Laureth
Sulfosuccinate
Disodium Dioctyl
Sulfosuccinate etc
Anise Oil
Known for its
warm, spicy
liquorice-like scent.
An antiseptic and
stimulant.
Antioxidants
Substances that
slow the breakdown
of nutrients and
counteract the
destructive effect of
free radicals
(chemically reactive
compounds) in the
body. There are
several types which
include vitamins A,
E, C complex, and
B complex, the
minerals selenium
and zinc, and the
synthetic
compounds BHT
and BHA. Vitamins
A, C, and E as well
as BHA and BHT
are used as
preserving agents in
cosmetics.
Apothecary
A person who
prepares and sells
medications, a
pharmacist. A
system of weights
used in the
pharmacy.
Apricot Kernel A natural exfoliant
especially when
finely ground.
Aqua
A solvent used in
many cosmetics,
personal care
products, canned
and bottled food
beverages. No
adverse health
affects, provided
that it is pure and
not contaminated
with chlorine,
sodium fluoride,
etc.
Arnica Extract
Herbal extract made
from the dried
flowers of a
mountain-loving
plant. Has reviving
and firming
qualities.
Aroma
The pleasing odour,
many times
recognizable, given
off by a substance.
Aromatherapy
The use of essences
that are extracted
from different parts
of a plant - Root,
Seed, Flower, Leaf,
Bark, Fruit. These
essences are called
essential oils.
Essential oils have
numerous
properties and
various scents that
affect us on a
mental, emotional,
spiritual and
physical level. The
art of using the
essential (odour
producing) oils
from roots, barks,
and herbs for
treating the skin and
body.
Ascorbic Acid Acid occurring
naturally in many
fruits. Also known
as vitamin C; used
as an antioxidant in
its L-ascorbic acid
form, can have skin
lightening effect in
certain preparations,
is important to
keeping as well as
rebuilding healthy
collagen fibres.
Used as a
preservative and
antioxidant in food
and cosmetics.
Non-toxic and not a
skin irritant.
Ascorbyl Palmitate
Preservative with
antioxidant
properties: its
presence helps
make possible the
blending of
vitamins A, C, and
D into a suspension
for cosmetic creams
and lotions.
Astringent
A clear liquid
containing alcohol
used mostly to
cleanse oily skin,
closes pores with its
property of
contracting the skin.
Azuki Beans
Traditional
Japanese beans
which, when
ground, are
excellent natural
exfoliant's. Protein
and mineral rich.
Azo dyes
A colourant used in
non-permanent hair
rinses and tints,
foods, beverages.
Skin contact can
cause hives,
urticaria, asthma,
hay fever, allergic
reactions, bladder
cancer. May be
absorbed through
the skin.
Cosmetic Ingredients
Reference Guide &
Dictionary Understanding Labels, Descriptions,
Warnings, and Safety
Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
"Doctors put drugs of which they know little,
into bodies of which they know less, for
diseases of which they know nothing at all."
Voltaire
Name Information
B
Balm Mint Extract A fragrant herb with
soothing properties
Balsam Peru, benzyl cinnamate
As an antiseptic used
in face masks,
perfumes and cream
hair rinses. A
common sensitiser,
may cause contact
dermatitis and may
cross-react with
many substances
including benzoin,
benzyl alcohol,
essential oils and
wood tars.
Compound
descriptor: Natural
Product, Primary
Irritant
Barium sulphate
A depilatory agent
used in depilatories,
cosmetics. Often
causes skin irritation,
poisonous if
ingested. Compound
descriptor :
Tumorigenic, Drug,
Mutagen
Barium sulphide
An opacifier,
depilating agent
used in depilatories,
hair relaxers,
cosmetics. May
cause skin rashes,
chemical burns,
never apply to
inflamed skin,
poisonous if
ingested. Toxic
effects: Peripheral
Nerve and Sensation
- flaccid paralysis
without anaesthesia
(usually
neuromuscular
blockage),
Behavioural - muscle
weakness, Lungs,
Thorax, or
Respiration -
dyspnea
Base Notes
The infusion of
fragrance with your
personal body
chemistry.
Bath Gels
A perfumed foaming
product used in the
bath for its soothing,
cleansing and
emollient qualities.
Bath Oils
A perfumed liquid,
usually containing
mineral or vegetable
oil, designed to
moisturize the skin
in the bath. Can be
foaming or non-
foaming.
Bath Powder
Scented loose
powder applied to
the body with a
powder puff after
bathing.
Bath Salts
Rock salts used in
the bath to colour,
scent and, or
chemically treat the
water.
Bee Pollen
A natural substance
that is prominent in
pantothenic acid.
European research
suggests it may be
beneficial in fighting
the effects of
radiation exposure.
It is not, however,
particularly valuable
as a topical.
Beeswax
Waxy component in
many skin care
products,
confectionary, soft
drinks, chewing
gum. Provides
moisture as well as a
barrier mechanism.
Allows for oil and
water blending
(emulsion). Can
cause mild allergic
reactions and
contact dermatitis.
Behentrimonium chloride
A preservative. See
Quaternary
Ammonium
compounds.
Benzyl cinnamate, Balsam Peru
used in face masks,
perfumes and cream
hair rinses. A
common sensitiser,
may cause contact
dermatitis and may
cross-react with
many substances
including benzoin,
benzyl alcohol,
essential oils and
wood tars.
Bentonite
Clay that is an
effective skin
clarifier used in
facial masks,
makeup, colourant
in wine. It takes its
name from Fort
Benton where
bentonite deposits
are found. Inert and
generally non-toxic,
may clog skin pores
inhibiting proper
skin function,
venous injection
causes blood clots
and possibly
tumours.
Benzaldehyde
A solvent, flavouring
found in perfume,
cologne, hairspray,
laundry bleach,
deodorants,
detergent, vaseline
lotion, shaving
cream, shampoo,
bar soap,
dishwasher
detergent, sweets,
cordials, ice cream,
cigarettes. Narcotic.
Sensitiser. Local
anaesthetic, central
nervous system
depressant. Irritation
to the mouth,
throat, eyes, skin,
lungs, and GI tract,
causing nausea and
abdominal pain. May
cause kidney
damage. Do not use
with contact lenses.
Benzalkonium Chloride
A preservative,
detergent used in
shampoos, hair
conditioner, mouth
washes, eye lotions,
antiseptic and
detergent in medical
use. Highly toxic,
primary skin irritant.
See Cationic
surfactants
From Material
Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS):
Material is highly
toxic via oral route.
Effects of
overexposure:
Mists can cause
irritation to the
skin, eye, nose,
throat and mucous
membranes. Avoid
direct contact.
Symptoms:
Muscular paralysis,
low blood pressure,
central nervous
system depression,
and weakness.
Benzene
It is a known bone-
marrow poison, yet
is widely used and
combined with other
chemicals in many
personal care
products. A solvent
used in nail polish
removers,
detergents, nylon,
artificial leather,
varnish, lacquers,
oven cleaner,
paint. Causes
adverse reactions, is
carcinogenic,
mutagenic and toxic.
Benzethonium chloride
A preservative,
antistatic agent used
in cosmetics,
feminine hygiene
products. Possibly
has endocrine
toxicity, skin
irritation, toxic to
aquatic organisms.
See Quaternary
ammonium
compounds.
Compound
descriptor:
Agricultural
Chemical,
Tumorigenic, Drug,
Mutagen, Primary
Irritant
Benzin
A solvent, coating
used on fruit and
vegetables. Chronic
exposure can cause
dizziness,
headaches, loss of
appetite. Compound
descriptor:
Agricultural
Chemical,
Tumorigenic,
Primary Irritant
Benzophenones - 15 or more
exist
A flavouring, fixative,
UV absorber used in
hair sprays, soaps,
sunscreen, perfume,
flavourings. May
cause hives,
photoallergic
reactions, contact
sensitivity, toxic
when injected, on NI
hazards list.
Compound
descriptor:
Tumorigenic,
Mutagen.
Benzoyl Peroxide
A bleaching and
drying agent,
antibacterial agent
kills p. acnes, the
germ responsible for
acne flares. Can be
drying and/or
irritating. Corrosive.
Some reports of
benzoyl peroxide
skin allergies.
Available in both
prescription and
over the counter
forms ranging from 2
?-10%. Also found in
artificial nail kits.
Compound
descriptor:
Tumorigenic,
Mutagen, Primary
Irritant
Benzyl Acetate
A flavouring, solvent
used in perfume
formulations, soaps,
ice cream, baked
gods, chewing gum,
cellulose nitrate and
cellulose acetate.
Carcinogenic (linked
to pancreatic
cancer). From
vapours: irritating to
eyes and respiratory
passages, exciting
cough. In mice:
hyperaemia of the
lungs. Can be
absorbed through
the skin causing
systemic effects. Do
not flush to
sewer. On NIH
hazards list.
MSDS: Inhalation:
Burning sensation.
Confusion.
Dizziness.
Drowsiness.
Laboured
breathing. Sore
throat.
Ingestion: Burning
sensation.
Convulsion.
Diarrhoea.
Drowsiness.
Vomiting.
Effects of Short-
term Exposure:
The vapour is
irritating to the
eyes and the
respiratory tract.
The substance may
cause effects on the
central nervous
system. Exposure
far above the OEL
may result in
unconsciousness.
Effects of Long-
term or repeated
exposure: The
liquid de-fats the
skin. The substance
may have effects
on the kidneys.
Benzyl alcohol
A solvent,
preservative,
denaturant used in
perfumes, hair dyes,
shampoos, nail
varnish, fruit
flavourings, fabric
softener, cigarettes.
The use of benzyl
alcohol in neonates
has been associated
with a high level of
morbidity and
mortality. Benzyl
alcohol is most
commonly used as a
preservative in
injectable products.
On NIH hazards list.
Summary toxicity to
humans, including
carcinogenicity,
reproductive and
developmental
toxicity,
neurotoxicity, and
acute toxicity.
MSDS:
Ingestion:
Abdominal pain.
Diarrhoea.
Drowsiness.
Nausea. Vomiting.
Inhalation:
Cough. Sore throat.
Benzyl carbinol
A preservative found
in most rose
perfume, cosmetics,
synthetic fruit
flavouring. Causes
eye irritation, toxic if
ingested, sensitiser,
birth defects in rats,
CNS injury in mice.
Compound
descriptor: Mutagen,
Reproductive
Effector, Primary
Irritant
Benzyl Cinnamate
A UV absorber,
additive in
cosmetics,
perfumes,
cigarettes,
pesticides. Can cause
a stinging sensation
in some people. On
NIH hazards list.
Compound
descriptor: Natural
Product, Primary
Irritant
Benzylhemiformal
A preservative used
in cosmetics.
Prolonged skin
contact may be
harmful.
Benzyl salicylate
A UV absorber used
in sunscreens,
perfumes,
cigarettes. Can cause
skin rash and
swelling on exposure
to sunlight.
Betaglucans
A thickener used in
facial powders, skin
conditioners. No
known adverse
affects. May have
beneficial effects.
Beta-naphthol
A solvent used in
hair tonics, hair
dyes, skin peels,
perfumes. Can cause
kidney damage, eye
injury, convulsions,
anaemia and death
from ingestion, skin
damage, contact
dermatitis.
Compound
descriptor: Drug,
Mutagen, Primary
Irritant
Beta Hydroxy Acid - BHA An exfoliant used in
exfoliant creams,
skin peels, skin
masks, moisturisers,
acne therapy. Can
cause
photosensitivity, skin
reactions if skin is
dry or sensitive,
changes skin pH, not
to be used on
children. New term
for salicylic acid.
BHA (Butylated Hydroxyanisole)
BHT (Butylated
Hydroxytoluene)
Synthetic
antioxidants used as
preservatives.
Known to cause
allergic contact
dermatitis. Animal
studies showed BHA
& BHT to cause
metabolic stress,
depression of
growth rate, loss of
weight, damage to
the liver, baldness &
foetal abnormalities.
Dr Benjamin
Feingold claims BHA
& BHT are causes of
hyperactivity and
behavioural
disturbances in
children. Whilst
difficult to
substantiate,
observations have
shown that
avoidance of BHA &
BHT has significantly
improved children's
conditions. BHA &
BHT both act as a
synthetic oestrogen
or xeno-oestrogen.
Causes allergic
contact dermatitis. Is
a skin & eye irritant
and slowly corrodes
metals. Up to 13% of
the BHT is absorbed
through the skin
Biochemistry
The learning of the
chemical compounds
workings that occur
in living plants and
animals.
Biotin
A texturiser,
moisturiser found in
cosmetic creams,
hair conditioner. It is
one of the B
vitamins that assists
in dermatitis and
hair loss.
Bismuth compounds
Used in bleaching
and freckle creams,
nail polish, hair dyes.
Toxic effects include
memory loss,
convulsions,
confusion,
intellectual
impairment, kidney
and cardiovascular
toxicity.
Bisphenol A
A hardener used in
nail polish,
cosmetics, some
plastic storage
containers for food
and cosmetics.
Neurological
diseases, learning
difficulties, birth
defects in mice,
endocrine
disruption, persists
in the environment.
Compound
descriptor:
Tumorigenic,
Mutagen,
Reproductive
Effector, Primary
Irritant
Blackhead
The plug of a
clogged oil gland
(pore) exposed to
the surface of the
skin with a black tip.
Easily visible.
Blend
A thorough mixture
of two or more
substances so that
neither is
distinguishable from
the other. In makeup
application, shading.
Blue 1 Coal tar dye. Overt
Carcinogen
Body Lotion
A non-oily product
applied to the skin to
moisturize, soothe
and scent. Can be
stored in a tube or
bottle.
Borates
This common term
refers to salts
describable to boric
oxide or orthoboric
acid.
Borax
An emulsifier,
texturiser in cold
cream, shaving
cream, water
softener, insecticide.
Chronic exposure
can cause red
peeling skin,
seizures, kidney
failure, harmful to
aquatic animals.
Compound
descriptor:
Agricultural
Chemical, Mutagen,
Reproductive
Effector. Lowest
published lethal
dose of human
infant at 1 gm/kg,
man at 709 mg/kg
Boric Acid
Also known as
acidum boricum.
Found in baby
powder, bath
powder, eye cream,
mouthwash, soap.
Used widely as an
eyewash. Odourless,
white crystalline
powder. It can be
used around
windows and doors
as a bug repellent or
fungus control on
citrus fruit. Should
not be used in baby
cosmetics or baby
powder. It is
poisonous at doses
1-3g for babies, 5g
for children, and 15-
20g for adults.
Causes
gastrointestinal,
liver, kidney,
reproductive, blood
and neurotoxicity,
severe poisoning has
occurred after
ingestion and
application to
abraded skin.
Botanical Any substance
acquired from plants
which has medicinal
or similar uses.
Brewers Yeast
Rich in vitamins and
proteins, this proven
moisturizer helps
keep skin soft and
supple.
Bromates
A maturing agent in
permanent wave
neutraliser, bread
making. Can cause
respiratory
depression, skin
eruptions, kidney
dysfunction and
failure, effects the
central nervous
system. Compound
descriptor:
Tumorigenic.
Bromochlorophene A preservative in
cosmetics. Acutely
toxic when ingested.
Bronopol, BNDP
2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3
diol
Toxic alcohol,
preservative. It is
used in fabric
softeners,
detergents,
shampoo, mascara,
eye makeup, liquid
hand wash, nail
polish, face creams,
hair dressings and
bath oils. It is a
white crystalline
powder that can
cause eye and skin
irritation at
concentrations of
.25%. Nitrosamine
Precursor.
Formaldehyde
Releaser.
Bronidox L
5-bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane
A preservative found
in shampoo,
mascara, eye
makeup, liquid hand
wash. Skin and eye
irritation, can
release
formaldehyde, can
form nitrosamines.
Butane
A propellant used in
aerosol cosmetics,
refrigerant. Natural
inert gas.
Acceptable daily
intake (ADI): None
determined. Side
effects: None
known by use in
foods (943a).
Butyl Acetate A toxic solvent,
flavouring used in
perfume, nail polish
remover, eye
shadow, soap,
synthetic flavouring,
cigarettes. Toxic, can
cause skin and eye
irritations,
conjunctivitis,
irritation of the
respiratory tract.
Compound
descriptor:
Reproductive
Effector, Primary
Irritant.
Butyl alcohol
A solvent, clarifier in
shampoos, nail
products, synthetic
flavouring, waxes,
shellac, resin,
cigarettes.
Compound
descriptor: Mutagen,
Reproductive
Effector, Primary
Irritant
Butylated hydroxanisole
A preservative found
in cosmetics, foods
(320).
Butylated hydroxytoluene
A preservative,
antioxidant found in
lipsticks, eyeliner,
baby oils and lotions,
foods (321).
Compound
descriptor:
Tumorigenic,
Mutagen,
Reproductive
Effector, Primary
Irritant
Butylene glycol A humectant,
solvent in hairsprays,
setting lotions. Not
on the GRAS list of
the US FDA,
ingestion may cause
renal damage,
vomiting,
drowsiness,
depression, kidney
damage, coma,
death.
Butyl myristate
An emollient in
lipstick, face cream,
nail polish, nail
polish remover. Eye
and skin irritant, can
promote acne.
Butylparaben
A preservative found
in cosmetics and
shampoo. Allergic
reactions, skin
irritations. See
Paraben's.
Butyrolactone
A solvent in nail
polish and polish
remover, cosmetics,
making
Polyvinylpyrrolidone.
Toxic, possible
human carcinogen,
on NIH hazard list.
Compound
descriptor:
Tumorigenic, Drug,
Mutagen,
Reproductive
Effector
Butyl Stearate
An artificial chemical
found in face creams
and other facial care
products. Compound
descriptor:
Reproductive
Effector, Primary
Irritant
20060608
Cosmetic Ingredients
Reference Guide &
Dictionary Understanding Labels, Descriptions,
Warnings, and Safety
Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
"I don't always go into details about the
possible side effects of drugs. I tell them all
drugs are poisons with possible beneficial side
effects." - Dr Jay Gordon
Name Information
C
C13-14 isoparaffin A solvent used in
moisturisers,
soaps, shaving
products,
sunscreen.
Impurities can
cause eczema and
irritation. Pure
paraffin is thought
to be harmless to
the skin.
Caffeine
A flavouring in
lipsticks, helps
other ingredients
penetrate the skin,
liqueurs, soft
drinks, chocolate,
cigarettes. Used
to alleviate
puffiness under
eyes. Causes liver,
neuro,
gastrointestinal,
kidney and
musculoskeletal
toxicity,
teratogenic. Not
recommended for
children. On NIH
hazards list.
Compound
descriptor:
Tumorigenic, Drug,
Mutagen,
Reproductive
Effector, Natural
Product.
Calamine
A pink powder that
is made of zinc
oxide with a small
amount of ferric
oxide. It is used in
lotions, ointments,
and liniments. It is
a customary
mixture that is
soothing and
healing to the skin.
It is great for itchy
rashes such as
poison ivy. It is
natural but some
formulas contain
phenol which can
cause poisoning
when applied to
the skin. A blend
of natural
calamine and aloe
vera is a good,
pure skin
treatment for
burns, rashes, and
insect bites.
Calcium acetate
An emulsifier in
fragrances in
cosmetics, dying,
tanning and curing
skins. Compound
description:
Mutagen
Calcium Alginate
Non-toxic. It is
used in many
foods for binding.
Also used as a film-
former in peel-off
masks. It is a
stabilizer for oil-in-
water emulsions.
Calcium Carbonate
Natural occurring
salt that is found in
limestone, chalk,
and marble. It is
used as a pigment
and for pigment
prolonging. It has
no known toxicity.
Calcium Chloride Customarily used
in road salt and
antifreeze. It is
used in cosmetics
as an emulsifier
and texturiser. If
taken internally, it
can cause
constipation and
stomach problems.
It can also cause
lung difficulties if
inhaled during
manufacturing or
processing. It's
toxicity in
cosmetics is
unknown.
Calcium myristate
A surfactant in
cosmetics.
Considered safe,
can promote acne.
Calcium silicate An anti-caking
agent in face
powders, baking
powder, limeglass.
Practically non-
toxic orally,
irritation of the
lungs and
respiratory tract,
allergic skin
reactions.
Calcium stearate
An opacifier,
colourant, in
shampoos, hair
conditioners,
paints, printing
ink, pesticides.
Considered safe
for cosmetics, but
being reviewed.
Calcium sulphide
A depilating agent
in depilatories and
luminous paints.
Possibly toxic, skin
and eye irritation,
can cause allergic
reactions,
corrosive.
Calcium thioglycolate
A depilating agent
in permanent
wave lotions,
cream
depilatories,
tanning leather.
Harmful, skin
problems on hands
or scalp,
haemorrhaging
under the skin,
severe allergic
reactions, thyroid
problems in
experimental
animals.
Calomel A bleaching agent
in skin bleaches,
freckle cream,
"beauty creams".
Teratogenic,
mercury
poisoning, persists
in the
environment, very
toxic to aquatic
animals. See
mercury
compounds.
Calendula Extract
Marigolds are the
source for this
wonderful
emollient oil which
has a soothing
effect on skin.
Camphor Oil
Distilled from the
wood, roots and
branches of an
evergreen tree
native to China
and Japan. Used to
treat acne,
inflammation, oily
conditions, spots.
Found in: perfume,
shaving cream, nail
enamel, fabric
softener,
dishwasher
detergent, nail
colour, stickup air
freshener - local
irritant and central
nervous system
stimulant, readily
absorbed through
body tissues,
irritation of eyes,
nose and throat,
dizziness,
confusion, nausea,
twitching muscles
and convulsions.
Avoid inhalation of
vapours.
Candelilla Wax
A herbal wax. It is
used in lipsticks, in
creams, and as a
replacement for
rubber.
Canthaxanthin
A pink colourant in
artificial tanning
aids, chicken feed
to colour yolk.
Aplastic anaemia,
oral intake can
cause loss of night
vision.
Caprylic acid
An oil liquid made
by the oxidation of
octanol for use in
perfumery. Occurs
naturally in palm
and coconut oil.
Caprylic/ capric/ lauric An emollient
triglyceride solvent used in
lipstick, bath oil,
perfume, soap,
hair spray. Low
toxicity, mild eye
and skin irritation.
Capsicum Oleoresin
An oil from the
pepper family that
is used in hair
tonics to arouse
the scalp. It is said
to upgrade hair
growth. It may
however cause
allergic reactions
in some people.
Captan
A preservative
used in soap,
shampoo,
cosmetics,
agricultural
fungicide. Causes
immuno and
neurotoxicity,
reproductive
o\disorders,
teratogenic, may
be hazardous to
aquatic and soil
organisms.
Compound
descriptor:
Agricultural
Chemical,
Tumorigenic,
Mutagen,
Reproductive
Effector
Caramel
A concentrated
solution of heated
sugar or glucose. It
is used in
cosmetics as a
colour and in skin
lotions as a
soothing agent. In
1981, the US FDA
ruled caramel
generally
recognized as safe.
Carbitol
A humectant,
solvent used in
sunscreen, nail
enamel and
lacquers.
Hazardous at
concentrations
over 5%, more
toxic than
polyethylene
glycol. Compound
descriptor:
Mutagen,
Reproductive
Effector, Primary
Irritant.
Carbomer 934, 940, 941, 960, 961, Used as a
980, 981 thickener and
stabilizer in
creams,
toothpaste, eye
makeup, bathing
products. It is a
known allergen
that has a high
acidic PH in 1%
water solution.
Synthetic
emulsifier that can
cause eye
irritations and
should be avoided.
Carboxymethyl cellulose
A stabiliser,
emulsifier used in
shampoos, hand
creams, shaving
creams, hair
grooming aids, ice-
cream, beverages,
laxatives. Toxicity
in cosmetics
unknown. Has
caused cancer and
tumours in some
animal tests.
Carmine
Natural red colour
comes from the
dried female
cochineal beetle. It
is sometimes used
to colour lip gloss,
lipsticks, and other
cosmetics, and it
can be irritating.
Carotenoids
Develops in plants
and in the bodies
of plant-eating
animals. They are
precursors to
vitamin A.
Carrot Oil
Rich in vitamins
and minerals, this
oil has many
antiseptic
properties.
Smoothes and
tones skin. Used
for skin conditions
such as dermatitis,
eczema, psoriasis
and rashes.
Castor oil
As a plasticiser in
lipsticks, bath oils,
shaving cream, nail
polish, face masks,
embalming fluid,
laxatives, lamp oil.
Can cause allergic
reactions,
ingestion can
cause pelvic
congestion and
induce abortion.
Compound
descriptor:
Tumorigenic,
Primary Irritant.
Catechol
A modifier in hair
colouring, skin
care preparations.
Liver,
cardiovascular,
neuro and
immunotoxicity,
contact dermatitis,
teratogenic,
carcinogenic, toxic
to aquatic
organisms.
Compound
descriptor:
Agricultural
Chemical,
Tumorigenic,
Mutagen
Reproductive
Effector.
Cationic surfactants
These chemicals
have a positive
electrical charge.
They contain a
quaternary
ammonium group
and are often
called "quats".
These are used in
hair conditioners,
but originated
from the paper
and fabric
industries as
softeners and anti-
static agents. In
the long run they
cause the hair to
become dry and
brittle. They are
synthetic,
irritating,
allergenic and
toxic, and oral
intake of them can
be lethal.
Stearalkonium
chloride
Benzalkonium
chloride
Cetrimonium
chloride
Cetalkonium
chloride
Lauryl dimonium
hydrolysed
collagen
See Quaternary
Ammonium
Compounds.
CA 24
Used as an
antimicrobial in
shampoos and
bath lotions at
concentrations of
up to .3%. Humans
have had allergic
reactions to a .1%
water solution of it
within 24, 48, or
72 hours of use.
CA 24 contains
70%
chloroacetamide
and 30% sodium
benzoate.
Caviar (Roe Extract)
Fish eggs high in
mineral and
vitamin content
(B1,2,6, as well as
A, E & D).
Promoted as
useful for
improving the
health and
appearance of
maturing skin.
Cell Renewal
The orderly
replacement of the
skin cells from the
basal layer to the
stratum corneum,
a process which
ordinarily takes
from 28 - 35 days
although this time
increases with age.
Cellulose
The fibre in the
cell walls of all
plants. Gum that is
made from it is
used as an
emulsifier,
stabilizer, and
binder in
cosmetics. There is
no known toxicity.
Inhaling the
powder during
manufacturing or
processing can be
harmful to the
lungs.
Ceramides
Epidermal
hydrating agent;
expensive due to
its scarcity.
Ceresin wax
A thickener,
antistatic agent
used in barrier
creams, hair
conditioner, cream
rouge, lipstick,
waxed paper and
cloth, dentistry.
Considered safe in
cosmetics, may
cause sensitisation
in some people.
Certified Colours A colour "certified"
by the TGA as safe.
However, various
colours (coal tar
dyes) have been
found to cause
cancer. But, hair
dyes are exempt
from even this
regulation.
Cetalkonium chloride
A preservative,
antibacterial used
in hair
conditioners,
deodorant
cosmetics,
antiperspirants.
Contact allergies,
dry/ brittle hair,
ingestion can be
fatal. See Cationic
surfactants.
Ceteareth-3, -6, -12, -20, -25, -30, - Used as an
33 emulsifier and
emollient in
cosmetics, suntan
products,
shampoo,
moisturisers, hair
conditioners. Dries
out the skin and
causes numerous
allergic reactions,
can be
contaminated with
carcinogens 1,4-
dioxane and
ethylene oxide.
Cetearyl Alcohol
May be natural or
artificial. An
emulsifier and
emollient for hair
tints, lipsticks,
shampoos, suntan
preparations. May
cause contact
dermatitis and
contact
sensitisation in
some people.
Cetearyl Glucoside
An emulsifier used
in hand and body
creams. See
Cetearyl alcohol.
May be GM.
Cetearyl Palmitate
An emollient used
in hand lotion.
May cause contact
dermatitis.
Ceteth-1, -2, -4, -6, -10, -20, -30
An emulsifier,
surfactant used in
hair products, skin
care preparations,
moisturisers,
detergents. May
be contaminated
with carcinogens
1,4dioxane and
ethylene oxide.
Cetrimonium bromide
A preservative
used in shampoo,
deodorant, skin
cleaning products.
Ingestion can be
fatal, can cause
skin and eye
irritation,
reproductive
effects,
teratogenic, toxic
to mice embryos.
Cetrimonium chloride
A preservative in
shampoo, hair
conditioner.
Compound
descriptor:
Agricultural
Chemical, Drug,
Reproductive
Effector, Primary
Irritant. See
Cationic
surfactants.
Cetyl Alcohol
Used as an
opacifier,
emollient,
emulsifier,
thickener, and
carrying agent for
other ingredients.
Found in baby
lotions, mascaras,
foundations,
deodorant,
antiperspirants,
shampoo,
laxatives. Can be
derived naturally,
as in coconut fatty
alcohol, or
synthetically. Is
not related to
isopropyl alcohol.
Not supposed to
be acne-forming.
Considered to
have a low risk
orally and on the
skin, may cause
hives and contact
dermatitis, skin
disorders.
Cetyl Lactate
Natural or
synthetic
compounds used
as emollients and
texturiser in
cosmetics,
pharmaceutical
preparations. No
known toxicity or
reactions.
Cetyl Myristate
Natural or
synthetic
compounds used
as emollients and
texturiser in
cosmetics. No
known toxicity,
may promote
acne in some
people.
Cetyl octanoate
Used in cosmetic
creams, lipsticks,
pesticides. See
cetyl alcohol.
Cetyl Palmitate
Natural or
synthetic
compounds used
as emollients and
texturiser in eye
shadow, skincare
preparations,
manufacture of
lubricants. Some
palmitates can
cause contact
dermatitis.
Cetyl ricinoleate
Natural or
synthetic
compounds used
as emollients and
texturiser in
tanning
preparations.
Considered safe,
may cause eye
irritation.
Cetyl Stearate
Natural or
synthetic
compounds used
as emollients and
texturiser as skin
conditioner in
cosmetics.
Chamomile Oil Known for its
calming effect.
Soothing and anti-
inflammatory for
the skin and the
spirit.
Chloroacetamide
A preservative
used in Cold
creams, mud
packs, shampoo,
cleansing lotions.
See acetamide,
Quaternary
Ammonium
compounds.
Chloramine-T
A preservative,
antiseptic in
mouth washes,
nail bleaches. Can
cause skin
irritation, allergic
reactions.
Chlorhexidine
A preservative,
topical antiseptic
in liquid cosmetics,
feminie hygiene
sprays, deodorant.
Can cause contact
dermatitis,
respiratory and
immunotoxicity,
has cause
anaphylactic
shock. Compound
descriptor:
Mutagen,
Reproductive
Effector, Primary
Irritant
Chloroacetamide
A preservative in
Cosmetics. Allergic
reactions, contact
dermatitis,
immunotoxicity.
Chlorobutanol
A preservative,
antioxidant in eye
lotions, baby oil.
Acute oral toxicity,
central nervous
system depression,
allergic reactions,
harmful if inhaled,
can be absorbed
into the skin.
Compound
descriptor: Drug,
Mutagen, Primary
Irritant
Chloroform
Neurotoxic.
Anaesthetic.
Carcinogenic. On
US EPA's
Hazardous Waste
list. Avoid contact
with eyes, skin,
clothing. Do not
breathe vapours.
Inhalation of
vapours may cause
headache, nausea,
vomiting,
dizziness,
drowsiness,
irritation of
respiratory tract
and loss of
consciousness.
Inhalation can be
fatal. Chronic
effects of
overexposure may
include kidney
and/or liver
damage. Medical
conditions
generally
aggravated by
exposure: kidney
disorders, liver
disorders, heart
disorders, skin
disorders.
p-Chloro-m-cresol
A preservative in
skincare, and
suntan cosmetic
products. Can
cause kidney
damage and
adrenal tumours in
male rats, unsafe
in cosmetics.
2-Chloro-p-phenylene-
diamine
An intermediate
used in hair dyes.
See
Phenylenediamine.
Chloromethylisothiazolinone Causes contact
dermatitis
Chlorothymol An oral care agent,
deodorant in
mouthwash, hair
tonic, baby oils,
topical
antibacterial
medication.
Combined with
chlorine can cause
mucous
membrane
irritation and skin
rashes, may be
absorbed by the
skin.
Chloroxylenol
A preservative,
antibacterial used
in brush-less
shaving creams,
shampoo,
deodorant,
germicides,
antifungal
preparations. Toxic
by ingestion, liver
and
immunotoxicity,
skin irritation, may
be absorbed by
the skin. MSDS:
Potential Acute
Health Effects:
Hazardous in case
of skin contact
(irritant), of eye
contact (irritant),
of ingestion.
Slightly hazardous
in case of skin
contact
(sensitiser), of
inhalation.
Choleth -10-24
An emulsifier used
in hand creams.
No known adverse
reactions
Chromium compounds A colourant in
green eye shadow,
greenish mascara.
Dust inhalation
can cause irritation
and ulceration,
lung cancer years
after exposure,
allergic reactions.
Ci (number) - colour index
A colourant used
in dyes. Many can
be harmful and
cause skin, eye
and mucous
membrane
irritation. See Azo
dyes. See coal tar.
Cinnamyl alcohol
A flavouring,
fragrance in
synthetic
perfumes,
deodorants, food
flavouring,
cigarettes. May
cause allergic
reactions
Cinoxate
A flavouring, UV
absorber in
sunscreens,
perfumes. Allergic
skin rashes,
photoallergic
reactions.
Citric Acid
Used as a
flavouring agent in
foods and
pharmaceuticals,
and as a
preservative
sequestering
agent. Foam-
stabilizer and pH-
adjuster in
cosmetics. It is
non-toxic.
Citronella oil
A flavouring,
fragrance in soaps,
cosmetics,
perfumes, insect
repellent, food
flavouring.
Extracted from
fresh grass.
Asthma, skin rash,
hay fever stuffy
nose.
b-Citronellol
Cosmetics and
Toiletries.
Moderate reaction
in the eye and skin
tests. Details of
toxic effects not
reported other
than lethal dose
value for animals.
Dangerous for the
environment.
Clover Blossom Extract
Soothes and
conditions the
skin.
Coal Tar
A topical anti-
eczematic. Coal is
a mineral of
organic origin,
formed from the
remains of
vegetation which
over millions of
years has changed
to coal. From early
times, people
relied on the
strength of the sun
and the use of coal
tar as their only
form of treatment
for psoriasis.
Found in
shampoos, hair
dyes, facial
cosmetics,
vitamin enriched
creams, powder
blush containing
sesame oil,
lipsticks, hand &
body lotions,
toothpastes,
adhesives,
insecticides,
creosotes,
phenols. Many
kinds of shampoo
designed to treat
dandruff & flaky
scalp contain it.
Disguised with
names FD, FDC
or FD&C colour.
Coal tar causes
potentially severe
allergic reactions,
asthma attacks,
fatigue,
nervousness,
headaches,
nausea, lack of
concentration,
and Overt
Carcinogen.
Associated with
birth defects.
Blue 1, Green 3,
etc
Cocamide DEA, MEA, and MIPA
A thickener and
foam booster in
cleansers, body
washes,
shampoos.
Nitrosamines can
form in all
cosmetic
ingredients
containing amines
and amino
derivatives with
nitrogen
compounds. When
DEA is applied to
skin known
carcinogens can
form. See
Alkyloamides.
Cocamidopropyl Betaine
Artificial substance
frequently
referred to as a
natural substance
made "from
coconuts" on the
labels of
shampoos, body
washes, liquid
hand soaps and
other personal
cleansers. It's a
secondary
surfactant, used in
combination with
other, stronger
surfactants.
Known to cause
occupational
allergic dermatitis
in hairdressers. A
potential allergen.
Not as toxic as SLS
or SLES. MSDS:
Can cause eye and
skin irritation
Cocamidopropyl dimethylamine
An antistatic agent
in hair
conditioners.
Contact allergies,
contact dermatitis
in some people.
Cocoamidopropyl hydroxysultaine
A surfactant,
thickener used in
shampoo, hair and
skin creams. May
cause allergic skin
rash, may contain
nitrosamines.
Cocoa butter An emollient,
emulsifier in soap,
eyelash cream,
rouge, nail
whitener, lipstick,
sweet sauces,
confectionary,
suppositories.
Soften and
lubricates the skin,
may cause allergic
skin reactions and
cosmetic acne.
Coco-betaine
A surfactant in
shampoo, face and
hand gel. May
cause skin rash in
sensitive people.
Coco-polyglucose
A surfactant in
cosmetics. May
cause skin
irritation in
sensitive people.
Coconut acids, oils and alcohols
A surfactant,
emollient solvent
in shampoo, baby
soaps, massage
cream, margarine,
chocolate,
cigarettes. May
alleviate dry skin,
may cause allergic
skin rashes, eye
and skin irritation.
Cocoyl Sarcosine See Nitrosating
agents
Cod Liver Oil
A rich source of
vitamins A and D.
When vitamin A
deficiency occurs
the most
outstanding
symptom is dry,
scaly skin,
particularly on the
hands and soles of
the feet.
Collagen
70% of the body's
connective tissue
in the dermis is
made of collagen.
Gerontologists
have discovered
that is where the
aging process of
the skin takes
place. Young
connective tissue
is made up of
soluble collagen
whose molecules
are disordered in
relation to each
other. As the skin
ages, and is
exposed to
sunlight, chemicals
(like makeup, coal
tar dyes, etc., and
various foods), the
soluble collagen
becomes "cross-
linked," so the
molecules are no
longer displaced in
relation to each
other. Cross-
linking makes the
collagen insoluble
and inflexible. As
this happens, the
connective tissues
becomes strained,
dry, wrinkled, and
worn.
Cologne Fragrance applied
to the skin, usually
with a floral or
citrus base.
Originally named
after a town in
Germany, it
usually contains an
alcohol content
higher than that of
perfume.
Fragrance
concentration of 2-
5%.
Cologne (Men)
The most
concentrated form
of fragrance for
men. A blend of
ingredients which
can include
alcohol, essential
oils and natural or
man-made scents
combined for a
unique fragrance
experience.
Comfrey
A plant that
produces
Allentoin, an
ingredient that
promotes skin
healing. This
extract is anti-
inflammatory,
astringent and
emollient.
Corn flour
An absorbent used
in baby powder,
face and bath
powders. Used as
a safer alternative
to talc, when moist
it can promote
fungal and
bacterial growth.
Cornflower
Cornflower can be
used for cuts,
scrapes, skin
eruptions, acne,
and bruising of the
skin. Herbalists use
Cornflower as a
remedy for
conjunctivitis, eye
swelling, puffiness,
and pain related to
the eye area. The
petals are taken as
a bitter tonic and
an appetite
stimulant, and for
supporting liver
function. It is
thought by some
that the petals of
the Cornflower
help improve
resistance to
infection. The
seeds are used as
a mild laxative for
children. The
leaves can be used
in decoctions for
rheumatic
complaints and as
a hair rinse to
treat scalp
eczema. A douche
is used to treat
vaginal candida
infections.
Corn oil
An emollient in
cosmetic creams,
toothpaste. May
cause allergic skin
reaction in some
people.
Corn starch A dusting powder
and used in
demulcent
medication. May
be GM. May cause
allergic reactions,
skin rashes,
asthma. See corn
flour.
Coumarins
A fragrance,
additive in acne
preparations,
soap, deodorant,
hair dye, shampoo,
sunscreen,
perfume. Allergic
contact dermatitis,
toxic by ingestion,
photosensitivity,
carcinogenic,
teratogenic. On
NIH hazards list.
Compound
descriptor:
Agricultural
Chemical,
Reproductive
Effector.
p-Cresol
A preserving,
flavouring in
mouthwashes,
cosmetics,
synthetic nut an
vanilla flavouring.
Can cause skin
burns, dermatitis,
respiratory failure,
blood, endocrine,
kidney, liver and
neurotoxicity, less
toxic than phenol,
toxic to aquatic
organisms.
Compound
descriptor:
Tumorigenic, Drug,
Mutagen, Natural
Product, Primary
Irritant
Crystalline silica
An abrasive used
in blusher, lip
pencils, facial
powder, "kitty"
litter, cleansers,
paints. Eye skin
and lung irritation
when used in dry
form,
carcinogenic.
Compound
descriptor:
Tumorigenic,
Mutagen
Crystallins
A biological
derivative used in
hair and skin care
products. No know
side effects in
cosmetic use.
Cucumber
Has soothing
effects on the skin
and improves
moisture
retention.
Cyclic Acid
A new term for
Hyaluronic Acid: a
strong hydrating
complex holds
1000 times the
water in skin.
Cyclohexylamine
An additive, buffer
used in Hairsprays.
Cardiovascular,
respiratory,
reproductive,
immuno and
neurotoxicity, skin
burns. Compound
descriptor:
Agricultural
Chemical,
Tumorigenic,
Mutagen,
Reproductive
Effector, Primary
Irritant
Cyclomethicone
Used in hair
conditioner,
lipsticks,
deodorants, skin
fresheners,
waterproofing
lubricants.
Emollient skin
conditioning agent
derived from silica.
Water repellent,
skin-adherent and
stable over a wide
range of
temperatures. See
Silicone derived
emollients. No
known toxicity, but
coats the skin
which may inhibit
proper
functioning.
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Name Information
D
Dandruff
A chronic non-
inflammatory
scaling of the scalp.
The absence of
inflammation sets
dandruff apart from
other scaling
conditions of the
scalp, namely,
psoriasis and
seborrheic
dermatitis. Dandruff
can be confused
with dry scalp. Dry
scalp is caused by
drying conditions.
Wind, indoor heat,
sap moisture from
the scalp, causing
flaking. Dandruff is
the result of
accelerated cell
turnover and people
with oily scalps tend
to suffer most from
dandruff. The
dandruff test: brush
or shake hair over
dark paper. If you
see powdery flakes,
it's dry scalp. If you
see clumps, you may
have dandruff.
D&C (number)
This abbreviation
preceding the name
of a colour means
that the US FDA has
certified it as safe
for use in drugs and
cosmetics, but not
in food. D&C means
that the colour can
only be used
externally and not
around the eyes or
inside the mouth.
D&C colours are
usually man-made.
Most can cause
health effects
including skin rash,
allergic reactions,
asthma. Se Azo
dyes.
Dantoin 685
A preservative used
in shampoos and
deodorants.
Contains
formaldehyde and
N-acetal. Highly
toxic. Also listed as
DMDM hydantoin.
DEA
A solvent,
emulsifier. See
Diethanolamine.
DEA cetyl phosphate
A surfactant. May
contain DEA. See
Diethanolamine.
DEA cocamide A surfactant. See
Cocamide DEA
DEA laureth sulphate
A surfactant used in
cosmetics, liquid
soaps, shampoos,
hair conditioners.
See Diethanolamine.
See Quaternary
ammonium
compounds.
DEA lauryl sulphate
A surfactant used in
cosmetics, liquid
soaps, shampoos,
hair conditioners.
See Diethanolamine.
See Quaternary
ammonium
compounds.
Decyl alcohol An anti-foamer,
fixative used in
cosmetics,
perfumes, fruit
flavouring in foods.
Made from liquid
paraffin. Low
toxicity on the skin
in animal testing.
Compound
descriptor:
Agricultural
Chemical,
Tumorigenic,
Reproductive
Effector, Natural
Product, Primary
Irritant
Decyl myristate An emollient
Decyl oleate
An emollient,
emulsifier in hand
creams, suntan
products. May
promote acne in
some people, safety
under review.
Decyl polyglucose
A surfactant in
cosmetics. May
cause skin irritation
in sensitive people.
DEET
Found in insect
repellents. May
cause neurological
problems,
particularly in
children, in
excessive or
prolonged use. A
skin and eye irritant
Deodorant
A product that
reduces perspiration
odour. There are
natural deodorants
containing herbs like
marigold and
vitamin E.
Deodorants do not
stop perspiration.
Dehydration
Loss of
water/moisture
from the body or
skin.
Depilatories
Destroy hair by
breaking the
chemical bonds that
hold it together.
After using any hair
removal method, a
moisturizer should
be applied to soothe
the skin.
Dermatitis
Inflammation of the
skin covering a wide
variety of skin
disorders and
evidenced by
itching, redness and
various skin lesions.
Can be due to one
of several causes -
systemic disease,
skin irritants such as
poison ivy,
corrosives, acids and
alkalies or
hypersensitivity.
Dermis
The second or
middle layer of skin.
contains the blood
vessels, elastin and
collagen, etc.
Detergent
These artificial
soaps may be made
with a variety of
chemicals and are
frequently not
biodegradable.
Dexpanthenol
A anti-inflammatory.
See Panthenol.
Compound
descriptor: Drug,
Primary Irritant.
2,4-Diaminoanisole
A hair dye. Allergic
contact dermatitis,
mutagenic,
carcinogenic.
MSDS: Can affect
you when breathed
in. Should be
handled as a
CARCINOGEN--
WITH EXTREME
CAUTION.
Contact can irritate
the skin and eyes.
High exposure
may cause
tremors, weakness,
increased saliva,
difficulty
breathing, and
diarrhoea.
Repeated exposure
may damage the
liver and affect the
thyroid.
2,4-Diaminophenol A hair dye. See
Phenylenediamine
Diazolidinyl urea
Established as a
primary cause of
contact dermatitis
(American
Academy of
Dermatology).
Contains
formaldehyde, a
carcinogenic
chemical, is toxic
by inhalation, a
strong skin irritant
and sensitiser & a
suspected human
carcinogen (known
rodent
carcinogen).
See
Formaldehyde
From Material
Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS):
Causes severe
eye irritation. May
cause skin
irritation.
Signs and symptoms of Exposure: Symptoms of Inhalation: If misted, will cause irritation of mucous membranes, nose, eyes, throat. Coughing,
difficulty in breathing. Symptoms of Skin Contact: Contact causes smarting and burning sensations, inflammation, burns, painful blisters. Profound damage to skin tissue.
Dibehenyldimonium chloride
See Quaternary
ammonium
compounds.
Dibenzothiophene
An additive to
antidandruff
shampoos, acne
products, psycho-
pharmaceutical
products. Central
nervous system
disorders, blood
pressure problems,
blood
disorders. Banned in
Italy in cosmetics.
Dibenzoylmethanes
A UV absorber in
sunscreens.
Photoallergy,
contact allergy.
Dibromofluresein
A colourant in
indelible lipsticks.
Sensitivity to light,
skin rash, skin and
eye inflammation,
respiratory and
gastrointestinal
symptoms.
Dibromosalan An antiseptic,
fungicide in toilet
soaps, creams,
lotions, powders,
detergents. Light
sensitivity resulting
in skin rash and
swelling.
Dibucaine
A local anaesthetic
in wax depilatories.
Highly toxic to rats
when injected into
the abdomen
Dibutyl oxalate
A chelating agent in
products restricted
to professional use.
Oxalates are toxic.
MSDS: Potential
Health Effects
Eye: May cause
eye irritation.
Skin: Harmful if
absorbed through
the skin.
Ingestion: May
cause irritation of
the digestive tract.
May be harmful if
swallowed.
Inhalation:
Harmful if inhaled.
Dibutyl phthalate
A film former in
perfume, nail polish,
deodorant,
antiperspirant,
insect repellent.
Banned in nail polish
in the EU.
MSDS: Very toxic
to aquatic
organisms. May
cause harm to the
unborn child.
Possible risk of
impaired fertility.
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: May cause
eye irritation.
Causes redness
and pain.
Skin: May cause
skin irritation.
Causes redness
and pain. May be
harmful if
absorbed through
the skin.
Ingestion: May
cause irritation of
the digestive tract.
May be harmful if
swallowed.
Inhalation: May
cause respiratory
tract irritation.
May be harmful if
inhaled.
Chronic:
Prolonged or
repeated exposure
may cause nausea,
dizziness, and
headache.
Dicetyldimonium chloride See Quaternary
ammonium
compounds.
Dichloromethane - methylene
chloride
A solvent. See
Methylene Chloride.
MSDS:
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: Contact with
eyes may cause
severe irritation,
and possible eye
burns.
Skin: Exposure
may cause
irritation and
possible burns.
May be absorbed
through the skin.
Ingestion: Causes
gastrointestinal
irritation with
nausea, vomiting
and diarrhoea.
May cause central
nervous system
depression,
characterized by
excitement,
followed by
headache,
dizziness,
drowsiness, and
nausea. Advanced
stages may cause
collapse,
unconsciousness,
coma and possible
death due to
respiratory failure.
Inhalation:
Inhalation of high
concentrations
may cause central
nervous system
effects
characterized by
nausea, headache,
dizziness,
unconsciousness
and coma. Causes
respiratory tract
irritation.
Chronic:
Prolonged or
repeated skin
contact may cause
dermatitis.
Dichlorophene
An anti-microbial in
shampoo,
antiperspirant,
deodorant.
Dicocodimonium chloride
A surfactant. See
Quaternary
ammonium
compounds.
Dicyclohexyl sodium
sulphosuccinate
A surfactant. See
Quaternary
ammonium
compounds.
Didecyldimonium chloride A surfactant. See
Quaternary
ammonium
compounds.
Diethanolamidooleamide DEA
A surfactant. See
Quaternary
ammonium
compounds. See
DEA
Diethanolamine - DEA
A solvent, buffer.
More commonly
known by its
abbreviation, DEA.
One of many
artificial detergents.
It may be
contaminated with
nitrosamines and
should be avoided.
Often used in
cosmetics to adjust
the pH, and used
with many fatty
acids to convert acid
to salt (stearate),
which then becomes
the base for a
cleanser. These
chemicals are
already restricted in
Europe due to
known carcinogenic
effects.
MSDS: Harmful if
swallowed.
Irritating to skin.
Risk of serious
damage to eyes.
Harmful : danger
of serious damage
to health by
prolonged
exposure if
swallowed.
Hygroscopic
(absorbs moisture
from the air).
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: Causes
severe eye
irritation. May
cause
inflammation of
the cornea and iris.
Skin: May cause
skin irritation.
May be absorbed
through the skin.
Ingestion: Causes
gastrointestinal
irritation with
nausea, vomiting
and diarrhoea.
May be harmful if
swallowed.
Inhalation:
Causes respiratory
tract irritation.
May cause lung
damage.
Chronic: May
cause liver and
kidney damage.
May cause
reproductive and
foetal effects.
Diethylene glycol
A humectant,
solvent in cosmetic
creams, hairsprays,
paracetamol elixirs.
MSDS: Harmful if
swallowed.
Hygroscopic
(absorbs moisture
from the air).
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: May cause
mild eye irritation.
Skin: May cause
mild skin
irritation. May be
absorbed through
the skin.
Ingestion: May
cause liver and
kidney damage.
May cause central
nervous system
depression,
characterized by
excitement,
followed by
headache,
dizziness,
drowsiness, and
nausea. Advanced
stages may cause
collapse,
unconsciousness,
coma and possible
death due to
respiratory failure.
Human fatalities
have been reported
from acute
poisoning.
Inhalation: May
cause respiratory
tract irritation.
May be harmful if
inhaled. Inhalation
of heated or misted
form may cause
pulmonary
oedema.
Chronic: Adverse
reproductive
effects have been
reported in
animals. A long
term rat feeding
study showed that
1% diethylene
glycol in the diet
over a 2-year
period resulted in
slight growth
depression, a few
calcium oxalate
phenybladder
stones, minimal
kidney damage,
and occasional
liver damage. At
4% dietary level,
there was
increased
mortality, a
marked depression
of growth rate,
bladder stones,
severe kidney
damage, and
moderate liver
damage. In
addition, bladder
tumours appeared
rather frequently.
Diethyl phthalate
A solvent, fixative,
denaturant in
perfumes, nail
polish, insect
repellent. Central
nervous system
depression, mucous
membrane,
irritation, skin liver,
endocrine,
respiratory and
neurotoxicity,
teratogenic, may me
hazardous to the
environment.
Dihexyl adipate An emollient,
solvent used in
moisturisers, skin
care products,
makeup. Adipic acid
has no known
human toxicity,
large oral doses to
rats are lethal to
rats.
Dihydroxyacetone
A colouring,
humectant in
artificial tanning
preparations.
Allergic contact
dermatitis, lethal in
rats when injected.
Diisopropanolamine
An acid-alkali
adjuster used in hair
dyes, permanent
waves, tonics, hair
grooming aids,
corrosion inhibitor.
On NIH hazards list.
Can combine with
nitrosating agents to
form nitrosamines.
MSDS: Irritating
to eyes.
Hygroscopic
(absorbs moisture
from the air).
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: Causes eye
irritation. Causes
redness and pain.
Skin: Causes mild
skin irritation.
Causes redness
and pain.
Ingestion:
Expected to be a
low ingestion
hazard. May cause
nausea and
vomiting.
Inhalation: May
cause respiratory
tract irritation.
Inhalation may be
fatal as a result of
spasm,
inflammation,
oedema of the
larynx and
bronchi, chemical
pneumonitis and
pulmonary
oedema.
Dimethicone
An antifoaming
agent, emollient,
giving a smooth feel
to a cosmetic cream
or lotion. Various
allergic reactions
and internal
problems make
them questionable
as cosmetic
ingredients.
Although they're
still widely used,
they should be
avoided. Many
herbal oils, such as
vegetable glycerine,
can easily replace
this chemical. See
Silicone derived
emollients.
Dimethicone Copolyol See Silicone derived
emollients
Dimethyl phthalate
A film former,
solvent in musk,
calamine lotion,
insect repellent,
insecticides.
Phthalate linked
with testicular
cancer and cell
mutations,
neurotoxicity,
teratogenic, can be
absorbed through
the skin.
MSDS: Irritating
to eyes and
respiratory system.
Potential Health
Effects The toxicological
properties of this
material have not
been investigated.
Use appropriate
procedures to
prevent
opportunities for
direct contact with
the skin or eyes
and to prevent
inhalation.
Dioctyl phthalate
A flim former,
solvent in perfumes,
ail enamels,
pesticides.
Phthalate linked
with testicular
cancer and cell
mutations, central
nervous system
depression,
teratogenic,
bioaccumulation
may occur in
seafood.
MSDS: May
impair fertility.
May cause harm to
the unborn child.
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: May cause
eye irritation.
Causes redness
and pain.
Skin: May cause
skin irritation.
Causes redness
and pain. May be
harmful if
absorbed through
the skin.
Ingestion: May
cause irritation of
the digestive tract.
May be harmful if
swallowed. May
cause central
nervous system
depression.
Inhalation: May
cause respiratory
tract irritation.
May be harmful if
inhaled.
Chronic:
Prolonged or
repeated exposure
may cause nausea,
dizziness, and
headache.
Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
A surfactant used in
hair styling
products.
Considered safe as
presently used in
cosmetics.
Dioform
Many tooth pastes
and other tooth
whiteners contain it.
Damages your teeth
enamel weakening
their protective
shell.
Dioxins
A potentially
carcinogenic by-
product that results
from the process
used to bleach
paper at paper mills.
Dioxin-treated
containers
sometimes transfer
dioxins to the
product itself. (see
Sodium Laureth
Sulfate). According
to Dr. Epstein, "The
Health Protection
Branch of Canada
has reported dioxin
levels in the parts
per trillion range in
several samples of
milk and cream
packaged in
bleached milk
cartons
manufactured in the
United States.
Dioxin has migrated
from the cartons to
the milk. Very likely
U.S. milk products
are similarly
contaminated with
dioxin. Dioxin's
carcinogenicity is up
to 500,000 times
more potent than
that of DDT."
http://www.chej.org
Disodium Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate See Anionic
surfactants
Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate
See Anionic
surfactants
See Ethoxylated
surfactants
Disodium Oleamide
Sulfosuccinate
See Anionic
Surfactants
1,4-Dioxane
A carcinogenic
contaminant of
cosmetic products.
Almost 50% of
cosmetics
containing
ethoxylated
surfactants were
found to contain
dioxane. See
Ethoxylated
surfactants
From Material
Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS):
1,4-Dioxane may
exert its effects
through inhalation,
skin absorption and
ingestion.
1,4-Dioxane is listed
as a carcinogenic.
Effects of
Overexposure:
1,4-Dioxane is an
eye and mucous
membrane irritant,
primary skin
irritant, central
nervous system
depressant,
nephrotoxin and
heptatoxin. Acute
exposure can cause
irritation,
headache,
dizziness and
narcosis. Chronic
inhalation
exposure can
produce damage to
the liver and
kidneys, and blood
disorders.
Medical condition
aggravated by
exposure. Preclude
from exposure
those individuals
with disease of the
blood, liver,
kidneys, nervous
system, and those
susceptible to
dermatitis.
Dioxin
A contaminate
which may be
present in
processed foods,
chlorine bleach
paper, plastic lined
cartons and cans,
newsprint,
pesticides, released
when plastic is
burnt.
Diphenyl methane
A fragrance in
perfumed soaps.
Local skin irritation,
reaction to sunlight
(prickling, swelling,
pigmentation).
MSDS: Potential
Health Effects
The toxicological
properties of this
material have not
been investigated.
Use appropriate
procedures to
prevent
opportunities for
direct contact with
the skin or eyes
and to prevent
inhalation.
Diphenyl oxide
A chelating agent in
perfumery,
perfumed soaps.
Vapour toxic if
inhaled.
MSDS: Irritating
to eyes, respiratory
system and skin.
Toxic to aquatic
organisms, may
cause long-term
adverse effects in
the aquatic
environment.
Disodium lauryl sulfosuccinate
A surfactant in
shampoo, body
wash, bubble bath,
household
detergent. May be
contaminated with
carcinogenic
nitrosamines.
Disodium oleamide
sulfosuccinate
A surfactant in
shampoo, body
wash, bubble bath,
household
detergent. May be
contaminated with
carcinogenic
nitrosamines.
Distearyldimonium chloride
An antistatic agent.
See Quaternary
ammonium
compounds.
DMAE
An emollient,
firming agent in skin
toners, face and eye
cream, "anti-aging"
creams, oral
supplements.
Supplemental DMAE
is considered to
have beneficial
effects on health.
DMDM Hydantoin
Found as a
preservative in
many cosmetics,
shampoo, mascara,
cream conditioners..
Can be a skin and
eye irritant, allergic
reactions,
dermatitis, may
release
formaldehyde.
See Dantoin 685.
See Formaldehyde
Dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid
A surfactant in
shampoo,
detergent. Skin
irritation and
sensitisation,
vomiting if ingested,
toxic to aquatic
organisms.
Dodecylbenzene trimonium
chloride
A surfactant. See
Quaternary
ammonium
compounds.
Dodecylhexadecyltrimonium
chloride
An antistatic agent.
See Quaternary
ammonium
compounds.
Dried egg yolk
A colouring protein
in cosmetics, root
beer, soups, coffee.
Allergic reaction
may include hives,
eczema, anaphylaxis
Drometrizole
A solvent, UV
absorber in nail
polish, cosmetics.
Determined not to
be safe in cosmetics
use by US CIR Expert
panel. See Benzene.
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Name Information
E
Eau de Parfum
Women’s fragrance with a
lighter scent concentration
than perfume (8 to 15%).
Can be used in a spray
application.
Eau de Toilette See Toilet Water
Eczema
Acute or chronic weeping,
crusting and inflammatory
skin conditions. Eczema is
more the description of a
symptom than of a
disease. The word has
become synonymous with
dermatitis.
EDC Eau de Cologne. See
Cologne
EDP See Eau de Parfum
EDT See Toilet Water
EDTA An artificial chemical that
is used as an antioxidant
and as a "complexing"
agent in shampoos, which
means that it binds
metallic irons so that the
surfactants can work more
effectively. Potential for
causing contact dermatitis.
See Ethylene Diamine
Tetraacetic Acid
Elastin
A biological additive fibre
within the dermis similar
to collagen, gives support
and “snap?to the skin. In
topical's, it cannot
penetrate the skin, but is
great for protecting against
moisture loss, but may
inhibit skin function. Found
in shampoo, hair
conditioner, skin creams
and lotions.
Elder Flowers
Elder flower has been used
for generations to keep
complexion soft. It both
tones and protects the
skin.
Ellagic Acid
This naturally occurring
ingredient helps to inhibit
the formation of sun and
age spots.
Emollients
Prevent water loss and
have a softening and
soothing effect on the skin.
They can be natural, like
almond oil, or
manufactured, like mineral
oil.
Emulsion
A stable combination of oil
and water phases
accomplished with the use
of surfactants.
Emu oil
A biological additive in
hand cream, cosmetics.
Reported to have
beneficial effects.
Endocrine (hormonal)
Disruptors
Alkylphenol Ethoxylates
Benzophenone-3 (Bp-3)
Butyl Benzyl Phthalate
Butylated Hydroxyanisole
(BHA)
Butyl-
methoxydibenzoylmethane
(B-MDM)
Dibutyl Phthalate
Diethyl Phthalate
Homosalate (HMS)
Methyl-benzylidene
Camphor (4-MBC)
Nitro Musks
Octyl-dimethyl-PABA (OD-
PABA)
Octyl-methoxycinnamate
(OMC)
Paraben's
Polycyclic Musks
Resorcinol
Epidermis The outer layer of skin.
EPO - Evening primrose oil See evening primrose oil
Essential Fatty Acids
Sometimes known as
vitamin F, these
substances can't be
manufactured by the body
and must be consumed in
the diet. There are three
types: linoleic, linolenic
and arachidonic. The
primary fatty acids fulfil
many functions in our
bodies. They lubricate, aid
in the transportation of
oxygen to the cells, and
help thicken the blood.
Essential Oils
Oily liquids obtained from
plants. Complex mixtures
of alcohols, ketones,
phenols, acids, ethers,
aldehydes, esters, oxides,
and sulphur compounds
(among others). They're
also called volatile oils,
ethereal oils, essences, or
absolutes.
Ethanol (or ethyl alcohol)
Colourless, vaporizable
liquid. Has a burning taste.
Well-known to most of us
as the active ingredient in
alcoholic beverages.
Commonly called simply
"alcohol," although there
are many other kinds of
alcohols. Ethanol is widely
used in cosmetics as a
solvent and as an
antibacterial agent. As a
preservative, it's effective
at concentrations of 15%
to 20%. It's an antitoxin in
concentrations of 60% to
70%, with a bactericidal
effect within 45 seconds.
It's also used in acne
treatments and in rinses
for oily hair. Ethanol
absorbs water and thus
can be very drying in fast-
drying skin lotions (at
concentrations of 15%);
the lotions need to include
glycerols and vegetable
oils to minimize the drying
effect. Provokes a late
allergic reaction in some
people when used
topically. Taken orally,
ethanol is toxic in doses
above 80g. Ethanol is often
purposely made poisonous
by the addition of
methanol and it is then
known as SDA (specially
denatured alcohol).
Ethanolamines (mono, di,
tri)
A preservative, emulsifier
in hair dye, cold
permanent-wave lotions,
soap.
MSDS: Irritating to eyes,
respiratory system and
skin. Harmful by
inhalation.
Potential Health Effects The toxicological
properties of this
material have not been
investigated. Use
appropriate procedures
to prevent opportunities
for direct contact with
the skin or eyes and to
prevent inhalation.
Ethers Used as a solvent. A mild
skin irritant. Inhalation or
ingestion causes central
nervous system
depression.
Ethoxyethanol
A solvent in cosmetics, nail
enamel, shampoo.
Flammable. Harmful by
inhalation, in contact with
skin and if swallowed.
Irritating to respiratory
system. Central nervous
system depression,
developmental,
reproductive and
neurotoxicity, can
penetrate the skin.
Ethoxyethanol acetate
2-Ethoxyethanol acetate
A solvent in nail polish.
Toxic, but less than
ethoxyethanol.
2-Ethoxyethyl-p-
cinnamate
A UV absorber. See
Cinoxate.
4-Ethoxy-m-phenylene-
diamine sulphate
A hair dye. See
Phenylenediamine.
Ethoxylated Alcohols May contain carcinogenic
contaminates
Ethoxylated surfactants
Ethoxylated surfactants
are widely used in
cosmetics as foaming
agents, emulsifiers and
humectants. As part of the
manufacturing process the
toxic chemical 1,4-dioxane,
a potent carcinogen, is
generated.
On the label, they are
identified by the prefix
"PEG", "polyethylene",
"polyethylene glycol",
"polyoxyethylene", "-eth-",
or "-oxynol-".
See 1,4-Dioxane
Ethyl Acetate
A solvent, flavouring
compound made from
acetic acid and ethyl
alcohol, used in after
shave, cologne, perfume,
shampoo, nail colour, nail
enamel remover, fabric
softener, dishwashing
liquid. May irritate skin.
Narcotic. On US EPA
Hazardous Waste list;
irritating to the eyes and
respiratory tract, may
cause headache and
narcosis (stupor), defatting
effect on skin and may
cause drying and cracking,
may cause anaemia with
leukocytosis and damage
to liver and kidneys. Wash
thoroughly after handling.
Ethyl alcohol A solvent. See ethanol.
Ethylenediamine
A solvent, pH control in
thigh creams, cosmetics,
metal polish, pesticides.
Toxic if inhaled or
absorbed by the skin,
severe eye and skin
irritation, asthma, contact
dermatitis, sensitisation,
harmful to aquatic
organisms.
MSDS: Flammable.
Harmful in contact with
skin and if swallowed.
Causes burns. May cause
sensitisation by
inhalation and skin
contact. Corrosive. The
toxicological properties
of this material have not
been fully investigated.
Ethylenediamide A sequestrant,
tetraacetic acid
EDTA
preservative, chelating
agent in hair dyes, shower
gel, shampoo, bar soap,
face and hand gels, oral
supplements, carbonated
beverages, dishwashing
liquid, pesticides. Reported
to have health benefits
when used in chelated
therapy, adverse affects
include asthma, skin and
mucous membrane
irritation, kidney damage,
teratogenic. On NIH hazard
list. Harmful to aquatic
organisms.
Ethylene glycol
A solvent in perfume,
liquid soap, cosmetics,
insect repellent,
antifreeze, car wax, shoe
products. Central nervous
system depressant,
immuno, liver, respiratory,
gastrointestinal and kidney
toxicity, contact dermatitis.
Ethylene oxide
A humectant in cosmetics,
shampoo, fumigant used
on ground spices and other
processed natural
seasonings. Liver,
gastrointestinal, neuro,
respiratory and kidney
toxicity, headache,
vomiting, spontaneous
abortion, teratogenic,
mutagenic, carcinogenic.
MSDS (extract from
Shell Chemicals): Toxic
by inhalation. Irritating
to eyes, respiratory
system and skin.
Vapours may cause
drowsiness and
dizziness. May dull the
sense of smell and has a
high odour threshold, so
do not rely on odour as
an indication of hazard.
Exposure to rapidly
expanding gases may
cause frost burns to eyes
and/or skin. Irritating to
skin. Liquid solutions of
ethylene oxide cause
serious chemical burns
of the skin and eye
lesions. The severity of
injury will vary
depending on the
concentration and
duration of skin contact.
Concentrations of around
50% are the most
dangerous, however a
1% solution of EO in
water and gaseous EO
dissolved in sweat can
also cause damage to the
skin. The onset of effects
may be delayed for
several hours.
Causes burns.
Possibility of organ or
organ system damage
from prolonged
exposure. Target organ
(s): Peripheral nervous
system.
Causes serious nerve
damage by prolonged
exposure resulting in
sensory loss. May cause
cancer. May cause
heritable genetic
damage.
Ethyl ester of PVM/PA
copolymer
A film former in hair
setting preparations.
Considered safe as
currently used in
cosmetics.
Ethyl methacrylate A thickening agent used in
nail polish, artificial nails.
Skin irritation, allergic
reactions, neurotoxicity,
allergic contact dermatitis,
teratogenic
Ethyl myristate
An emollient, flavouring in
cosmetics, foods,
cigarettes. Considered
safe. Can promote acne.
Ethyl palmitate
An emollient, flavouring in
cosmetics, foods,
cigarettes. Considered
safe. can cause contact
dermatitis.
Ethylparaben
ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate
A preservative used in
cosmetics, makeup,
shampoo, deodorant.
Allergic reactions, skin
irritation, contact
dermatitis, moderate
potential for bio-
accumulation. See
Paraben's.
Ethyl salicylate
A flavouring used in
perfumes, foods,
cigarettes. Allergic
reactions especially in
people allergic to
salicylates.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects:
The toxicological
properties of this
material have not been
investigated. Use
appropriate procedures
to prevent opportunities
for direct contact with
the skin or eyes and to
prevent inhalation.
Ethyl thioglycolate
A depilatory agent.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Causes eye
irritation.
Skin: Causes skin
irritation. May be
harmful if absorbed
through the skin.
Ingestion: May cause
irritation of the digestive
tract. Toxic if
swallowed.
Inhalation: May cause
respiratory tract
irritation. May be
harmful if inhaled.
Eucalyptus Extract/ Oil
Stimulating and antiseptic
oil. Aids in the formation of
healthy skin tissue. Very
healing.
Eugenol
A additive, fixative in
perfumes, dentifrices,
foods. Allergic reactions,
vomiting and gastric
irritation, large oral doses
(1 tsp) can be fatal.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: May cause eye
irritation.
Skin: Causes skin
irritation.
Ingestion: Harmful if
swallowed.
Inhalation: May cause
respiratory tract
irritation. The
toxicological properties
of this substance have
not been fully
investigated.
Euxyl K-400
This is one of the newer,
more modern
preservatives used in skin
creams. There are
increasing reports from
physicians regarding
patients who are sensitive
to it, and physicians are
being encouraged to test it
with their patients for
allergic contact dermatitis.
Data are sufficient for
classification as a
hazardous substance with
respect to Sensitisation by
Skin Contact according to
the NOHSC Approved
Criteria for Classifying
Hazardous Substances
(1999). A concentration
cut-off of ≥ 1% is
recommended.
Evening Primrose Oil
A tonic used in cosmetics.
Believed to have beneficial
health effects.
Exfoliant
A product used to shed the
superficial cells of the
outer layer of skin.
Exfoliate/Exfoliant To remove the outermost
layer of dead skin cells
with a scrub or cleanser.
Ext. D&C
When followed by a
colour, means that the US
FDA has certified it as safe
for use only in drugs and in
cosmetics used externally
and not around the eyes or
inside the mouth. It is not
safe for foods.
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Name Information
F
Farnesol
An additive, flavouring in
perfumery, foods, cigarettes.
Considered safe in current
use, mildly toxic by ingestion,
caused mutations in
laboratory animals.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: May cause eye
irritation.
Skin: May cause skin
irritation.
Ingestion: Expected to be
a low ingestion hazard.
Inhalation: May cause
respiratory tract irritation.
Fats
Acquired from animal fat, oil
seeds, or fruit pulp. They are
used as lotion or salve in
cosmetics. They can be solid,
semisolid, or liquid.
Fatty Acids
Organic oils found in
vegetable and animal fats.
Excellent skin emollients and
an important part of the
diet.
Fatty Alcohols
Thick to semi-thick syrup-like
liquids. Give high emolliency.
Can be natural or man-made.
Sometimes used in hair and
skin-conditioners, creams,
lotions, and conditioning
shampoos.
FDA
The US Food and Drug
Administration. The federal
agency responsible for
managing the safety and
strength of all foods and
drugs, and cosmetics sold in
the US.
FD&C
Synthetic colours made from
coal tar. Contain heavy metal
salts that deposit toxins onto
the skin, causing skin
sensitivity and irritation.
Animal studies have shown
almost all of them to be
carcinogenic. Their
absorption can cause
depletion of oxygen in the
body and even death.
(Consumer's Dictionary of
Cosmetic Ingredients).
When preceded by the
name of a colour, the Food
and Drug Administration
has certified the colouring
safe for use in food, drugs,
and cosmetics.
Ferrous sulphate
An antiseptic, flavouring
used in hair dye, cosmetics,
foods, treatment of anaemia.
Gastrointestinal, liver,
kidney, cardiovascular and
neurotoxicity, teratogenic,
carcinogenic?
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: May cause mild eye
irritation.
Skin: May cause skin
irritation.
Ingestion: May cause
digestive tract
disturbances.
Inhalation: May cause
respiratory tract irritation.
Ficin
A meat tenderiser used in
cosmetics as a protein
digestant, to clot milk in
cheese. An enzyme from in
the latex of tropical trees,
may be GM. Skin, eye and
mucous membrane irritant.
Flacon
A small bottle with a stopper
used to hold perfume,
usually a decorative or
collectible item.
Fluid Ounces
Unit of volume in the U.S.
system of weights and
measures. Used to measure
liquid, one fluid ounce is
equal to 29.57 millilitres.
Fluorescein
A colouring used in indelible
lipstick, nail polish, dying
wool, silk and paper. Lip
inflammation,
photosensitivity, respiratory
and gastrointestinal
symptoms. The toxicological
properties of this material
have not been investigated.
Use appropriate procedures
to prevent opportunities for
direct contact with the skin
or eyes and to prevent
inhalation.
Fluoride
Fluoride is toxic. It is
however used in toothpaste
as an antienzyme ingredient
to slow down tooth decay. It
is added to the water supply
in some states and sites.
Researchers linked it to
cancer years ago. No one is
listening. Fluoridated
toothpaste is especially
dangerous to young children
who tend to swallow it after
brushing their teeth.
Supposed to stop tooth
decay. Scientists are now
linking fluoride to, arthritis,
allergic reactions, can lead to
Crohn's disease,
hypothyroidism,
osteoporosis, carpal tunnel
syndrome, impaired brain
function, birth defects, hip
fractures, stress fractures,
liver, kidney, musculoskeletal
and neurotoxicity, dental
and skeletal fluorosis,
teratogenic, carcinogenic. A
toxic manufacturing by-
product. Overt Carcinogen.
Dr. Epstein states, "There
have been several studies
incriminating fluoride in
bone cancer. The
important point about this
is that the public have been
given no information on
this and fluoride in
toothpaste is particularly
dangerous because kids
swallow a significant
amount of the fluoride,
especially when toothpaste
contains saccharin as many
toothpastes do."
http://www.nofluoride.com
Fluorocarbons
Can produce mild upper
respiratory tract irritation. A
colourless, non-flammable
gas or liquid commonly used
as a propellant in hairspray.
Formaldehyde
Is a known carcinogen
(causes cancer). Due to it's
bad name it is sometimes
hidden under the name
DMDM hydantoin or MDM
hydantoin. Its trade-name is
Formalin. Released by
imidazolidinyl urea. Causes
dermatitis, and ingestion can
cause severe abdominal
pain, internal bleeding,
vertigo, coma, and a loss of
ability to urinate. It is very
toxic when inhaled, a severe
skin irritant, and a suspected
carcinogen that is linked to
cancer. Its use in cosmetics is
banned in Japan and
Sweden. The vapour is
extremely irritating to the
eyes, nose and throat
(mucous membranes).
Colourless, harsh, irritating
substance that is found in
many preservatives. It is
severely toxic when inhaled
or swallowed. 44% of all
people whose skin is
exposed to it get an irritating
reaction. It is used in
shampoos at concentrations
of .1% to .2%. Methanol is
sometimes added to
formaldehyde at a 15%
concentration to prevent
polymerisation.
MSDS: Limited evidence
of a carcinogenic effect.
May cause sensitisation by
skin contact. Possible risks
of irreversible effects.
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Causes eye irritation.
May result in corneal
injury.
Skin: Causes skin
irritation. Harmful if
absorbed through the skin.
May cause skin
sensitisation, an allergic
reaction, which becomes
evident upon re-exposure
to this material.
Ingestion: Causes
gastrointestinal irritation
with nausea, vomiting and
diarrhoea. May be harmful
if swallowed.
Inhalation: Harmful if
inhaled. Causes respiratory
tract irritation. May cause
allergic respiratory
reaction.
Chronic: May cause
cancer according to animal
studies.
Formalin
Used in vaccines to initiate
antibody formation. In the
body, the Formalin coating
around the injected material
dissolves, releasing all
bacterial and viral particles
from animal culture sources.
Substances such as these
adjuvant chemicals irritate
body tissues and increase
the action of accompanying
bacteria and viruses, as well
as the reaction of the
immune system to the
foreign protein antigens.
However, it potentially
damages neurological
membranes where the
myelin sheath has only
partially protected the
nervous system. This can
result in mild to severe
neurological damage, leading
to learning disabilities and
other nervous system
disorders, or death,
especially upon subsequent
injections, since body has
already been sensitised,
promoting allergic reactions
of increasingly severe
nature.
Formalin is a derivative of
formaldehyde. Formalin is a
mixture of 37-40 percent
formaldehyde, water, and
usually 10 percent methanol.
It is often used as a working
solution for tissue fixation, or
as a preservative holding
solution for fixed tissues or
organ specimens in
pathological laboratories. It
is also used to inactivate
bacterial products for toxoid
vaccines. It will also kill
unwanted viruses that might
be found in the culture as
well as serve as an
embalming agent.
Formaldehyde is a
neurotoxin and carcinogen It
effects the nervous system
and known to cause cancer.
It may cause insomnia,
coughing, headaches,
nausea, nosebleeds, and skin
rashes.
Fragrance
Sweet pleasing odour used
to enhance products of all
kinds, especially in the
beauty industry. May be
used in differing
concentrations for various
products.
Fragrance on a label can
indicate the presence of up
to five thousand separate
ingredients, many toxic or
carcinogenic. Symptoms
reported to the USA FDA
include headaches,
dizziness, allergic rashes,
skin discoloration, violent
coughing and vomiting,
and skin irritation. Clinical
observation proves
fragrances can affect the
central nervous system,
causing depression,
hyperactivity, and
irritability to cope and
other behavioural changes.
Unfortunately, the
ingredients of 'fragrance'
do not have to be
disclosed, so we cannot
assess their effects. Many
of the compounds are
carcinogenic or otherwise
toxic. CLICK LINK ON
LEFT
In general those products
which use natural
fragrances tend to disclose
the actual fragrance.
Fragrance-Free
No added fragrances; just
the natural aroma of the
ingredients.
Fragrance Oil
A concentrated product used
in the creation of perfume,
cologne or toilet water.
Free Radical
Circulating substances in the
body that could cause a
breakdown of the immune
system and lead to disease
processes or infection.
Free Radicals
Unstable or chemically
incomplete molecules which
can be formed within skin as
a result of sun, pollution and
stress. These molecules may
"steal" particles from other
molecules thus creating
more unstable compounds
and setting off a chain
reaction that can damage
cells. Anti-oxidants such as
Vitamins C and E fight free
radical action that can
weaken epidermal support,
resulting in wrinkling of skin,
dryness, loss of skin elasticity
and premature aging.
Fruit Acids
Found in various fruits and
herbs. They are used in
masks and moisturizers for
their ability to moisturize
and exfoliate the skin. Fruit
acids are used in
concentrations as low as
.25% and as high as 8%. The
higher concentrations
increase the "heat" of the
product and the peeling
action. It can also cause skin
irritation in some people.
Full Bodied A rich-scented fragrance.
2010-01
Cosmetic Ingredients
Reference Guide &
Dictionary Understanding Labels, Descriptions,
Warnings, and Safety
Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
It’s a strange law that compels children to be
vaccinated in order to attend school, and then
disables them so they cannot attend ?anything.
Name Information
G
Gamma Linolenic Acid
A fatty acid.
Found in evening
primrose oil,
black currant
seeds, borage oil,
and mother's
milk.
Gelatin/e
Refined protein
from animal
origin. Used as a
thickener and
film-forming
agent. People
with severe
allergies to
gelatine should
consider skin
testing prior to
receiving a
gelatine-
containing
vaccine. The
problem is that
most gelatine's in
foods come from
boiled cows,
while the gelatine
used in vaccines is
from boiled pigs.
Geraniol and geranyl compounds
A additive,
flavouring in
perfume,
shampoo,
cosmetics,
chewing gum,
cigarettes.
Allergic reactions,
contact
dermatitis, toxic if
ingested.
Geranium Oil
A botanical
additive. An
effective anti-
inflammatory,
antiseptic and
astringent derived
from the aromatic
plant. For use on
acne and oily skin,
tooth powder,
dusting powder,
perfume,
ointments.
Contact
dermatitis and
skin irritation in
some people,
ingestion can be
fatal.
Ginger Oil
Revered in Asia
since the earliest
of times, ginger
acts as an
antiseptic and
stimulant.
Gingko Biloba Oil
Gingko, thought
to be the oldest
tree on the
planet, has long
been used in
Chinese medicine.
Used for its anti-
inflammatory and
antiallergenic
properties.
Glutaral
A preservative,
germicide. See
Glutaraldehyde.
Glutaraldehyde
A preservative,
germicide used
in antiperspirant,
hair spay,
deodorant,
setting lotion,
waterless hand
soaps, food
flavouring,
disinfectant
used in hospitals
and dentistry.
Contact allergic
reactions,
contact
dermatitis,
immuno,
developmental,
reproductive,
skin and
respiratory
toxicity, nausea,
headache,
aches and
pains,
palpitations,
mood swings,
asthma,
teratogenic, very
toxic to aquatic
organisms.
MSDS: Harmful
in contact with
skin. Toxic if
swallowed.
Irritating to
eyes, respiratory
system and skin.
May cause
sensitisation by
skin contact.
Potential
Health Effects
Eye: May cause
severe eye
irritation. May
result in corneal
injury.
Skin: May cause
skin
sensitisation, an
allergic reaction,
which becomes
evident upon re-
exposure to this
material. May be
absorbed
through the skin.
May cause
dermatitis.
Ingestion: May
cause irritation
of the digestive
tract. May cause
haemorrhaging
of the digestive
tract. May cause
corrosion and
permanent tissue
destruction of
the esophageus
and digestive
tract.
Inhalation: May
cause respiratory
tract irritation.
May cause
asthmatic
attacks due to
allergic
sensitisation of
the respiratory
tract. May cause
liver
abnormalities.
Chronic:
Prolonged or
repeated
exposure may
cause adverse
reproductive
effects.
Repeated
exposure may
cause
sensitisation
dermatitis.
Repeated
exposure may
cause allergic
respiratory
reaction
(asthma).
Glycereth
A polyethylene
glycol ether of
glycerine. It is an
artificial form of
glycerine.
Glycerin, Glycerine, Glycerol
Sweet, syrupy
alcohol that can
be produced
artificially from
propylene alcohol
or naturally
derived from
vegetable oils.
Used in cosmetics
for thousands of
years as a solvent,
plasticizer,
humectant,
emollient, and
lubricant. A
concern is
clogging of pores
when present in
high
concentrations.
Glyceryl Coconate, Dilaurate,
Erucate, Hydroxystearate,
Monostearate, Ricinoleate,
Sesquioleate, , Trimyristate, etc.
Largely artificial
chemicals with a
drop or two of
some natural
fatty acid. Used as
a texturiser in
pasta products
and as a
opacifying agent
in shampoos,
lotions, and
creams.
Glyceryl distearate An emulsifier,
emollient in skin
freshener,
mascara,
shampoo, cuticle
softeners.
Glyceryl myristate
An emulsifier,
stabiliser used in
baby cream, face
mask, hand
lotion. May cause
contact
dermatitis, may
promote acne.
Glyceryl Oleate
An emulsifier,
emollient used
in cosmetic
creams and
lotions. May
cause contact
dermatitis and
skin allergies.
Glyceryl PABA A UV absorber in
sunscreens. May
cause contact
dermatitis and
skin allergies.
Glyceryl Stearate
An emulsifier,
emollient used
in makeup,
cuticle
softeners. May
cause skin
allergies,
contact
dermatitis.
Glyceryl thioglycolate
A depilatory
agent, reducing
agent used in
permanent wave
solutions,
depilatories.
Contact
dermatitis,
thioglycolate can
cause hair
breakages, skin
irritations, severe
allergic reactions.
MSDS:
POTENTIAL
HEALTH
EFFECTS:
EYE: This
material causes
severe eye
irritation which
may result in
permanent eye
injury.
SKIN: Possible
skin irritant. Can
cause
sensitisation or
dermatitis upon
prolonged
contact with
unprotected and
stressed skin.
Neutralizers can
result in
defatting and
drying of the
skin.
INHALATION:
Repeated or
prolonged
inhalation may
be harmful.
INGESTION:
This material is
toxic and is
harmful if
swallowed
Glycine
Amino acid vital
to collagen
composition and
production.
Glycogen
Building block of
sugar, acts as a
conditioner.
Glycol Stearate Thickening agent
helps give
products a
luminescent or
opalescent
appearance.
Glycolic Acid
An alpha hydroxy
acid helpful for
acne-prone skin,
resolves dry skin
conditions; used
in chemical peels
as well as to help
reduce the
appearance of
pores and
wrinkles;
exfoliates excess
flaking or crusty
skin. It may
irritate mucous
membranes and
cause allergic
reactions.
Compound
descriptor:
Tumorigenic,
Reproductive
Effector, Primary
Irritant
MSDS: Harmful
if swallowed.
Causes burns.
Corrosive.
Potential
Health Effects
Eye: Causes eye
burns.
Skin: Causes
skin burns.
Ingestion: May
cause severe and
permanent
damage to the
digestive tract.
Causes
gastrointestinal
tract burns. May
be harmful if
swallowed.
Inhalation:
Causes chemical
burns to the
respiratory tract.
Grapefruit Oil
A natural
bactericide,
preserver and
stabilizer. Both a
tonic and
astringent.
Grape Seed Extract
A botanical
extract shown to
be an effective
antioxidant.
2010-01
Cosmetic Ingredients
Reference Guide &
Dictionary Understanding Labels, Descriptions,
Warnings, and Safety
Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
..discussing vaccination with a doctor is like
discussing vegetarianism with a butcher...........
George Bernard Shaw
Name Information
H
Health The state of physical
and mental well-
being, free from
disease.
Hectorite
An absorbent,
antistatic agent
used in hair
bleaches, eye liners,
foundations,
pesticides.
Considered safe in
cosmetic use, dust
can cause lung
irritation.
Hedera helex
A botanical toning
agent used in bath
products, face and
hand creams. Can
cause severe skin
rashes, blistering,
itching, contact
dermatitis.
Heliotropin (piperonal, purple An additive,
diazo dye) flavouring used in
perfumes, soap,
cherry and vanilla
flavouring. Allergic
skin reactions, skin
irritation, central
nervous system
depression on
ingestion of large
amounts.
Hemp Seed Oil
A natural source of
essential fatty acids
vital in preventing
cell loss, regulating
skin's moisture
barrier and
maintaining
elasticity. This oil
absorbs directly into
the skin and
provides important
amino acids, linoleic
acid, protein and
highly prized Omega
oils. Skin visibly
responds to this rich
nourishment.
Henna
Used as hair dye,
conditioner and
rinse. One of the
safest hair dyes,
may cause allergic
skin rash, avoid use
near eyes.
Herb
Particularly used in
medicine,
cosmetics, or foods.
A plant without
woody tissue that
withers and dies
after flowering.
Herbal The fragrance blend
from the
herbaceous family
of plant life. This is a
fresh scent that can
be used successfully
in shampoos and
body products.
Herbalist
Person who is in the
business of
cultivating and
processing herbs for
use in industry, both
beauty and health.
Hexachlorophene
A preservative used
in antiperspirants,
deodorants, baby
oils, shampoos,
toothpaste, cold
cream, baby
powder, fruit
washing,
detergents, animal
products.
MSDS
(International
Programme on
Chemical Safety
and the European
Commission):
AVOID ALL
CONTACT!
AVOID
EXPOSURE OF
PREGNANT
WOMEN!
AVOID
EXPOSURE OF
ADOLESCENTS
AND
CHILDREN!
Ingestion: Fever.
Tremors. Absence
of light reflex.
Abdominal
cramps.
Convulsions.
Diarrhoea.
Drowsiness.
Nausea. Shock or
collapse.
Vomiting.
Weakness.
Effects of short-
term exposure:
The substance may
cause effects on
the central nervous
system, resulting
in convulsions,
respiratory failure.
Effects of long-
term or repeated
exposure: Repeated or
prolonged contact
with skin may
cause dermatitis,
skin
sensitisation, may
cause asthma,
effects on the
nervous system,
resulting in tissue
lesions, blindness.
Animal tests show
that this substance
possibly causes
malformations in
human babies.
Hexylene glycol
A solvent, viscosity
controlling agent
used in cosmetics,
pesticides. Contact
dermatitis, eye,
skin, and mucous
membrane
irritation,
gastrointestinal,
liver, neuro and
respiratory toxicity.
MSDS:
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: Causes eye
irritation. Vapours
may cause eye
irritation.
Skin: Causes skin
irritation.
Ingestion: May
cause
gastrointestinal
irritation with
nausea, vomiting
and diarrhoea.
Inhalation: May
cause irritation of
the respiratory
tract with burning
pain in the nose
and throat,
coughing,
wheezing,
shortness of breath
and pulmonary
oedema.
Hexylresorcinol
An antioxidant,
antiseptic in
mouthwash,
sunburn creams,
anti-worming
medicine,
antiseptic.
Homeopathy
The practice of
natural medicine,
using herbal
substances rather
than conventional
medications.
Homosalate
A UV absorber.
Artificial chemical
that is used to
replace the phenolic
compounds that are
used in sunscreens.
Possible endocrine
disruptor, possible
poisoning through
skin absorption.
Humectant
Used to retain
moisture. Using a
natural humectant
in a cosmetic
product helps speed
miniaturization to
the skin.
Hyaluronic Acid
A humectant,
antistatic agent in
skin moisturisers,
eye creams, hair
conditioners, oral
supplements. Lately
referred to as a
Hyaluronan can
hold 1000 times its
own weight in
water; also helps to
draw in active
ingredients deeper
into the skin. It is
the body's natural
lubricant and part of
the natural
moisturizing factor.
Hydantoin DMDM Used in the
synthesis of
lubricants and
resins, and is
derived from
methanol. Causes
dermatitis. Acts as a
preservative and
may release
formaldehyde and is
a suspected
carcinogen. Rats
develop cancer
when injected with
this chemical.
Hydrate
As a noun, this
means a compound
formed by the union
of water with
another substance.
As a verb, it means
to supply water to
something that
absorbs it.
Hydrazine
A reducing agent
used in cosmetics.
Toxic if inhaled,
ingested or
absorbed through
the skin, kidney,
liver, cardiovascular,
immuno and
neurotoxicity,
carcinogenic,
teratogenic, very
toxic to aquatic
organisms.
MSDS:
Acute Health
Effects: May be
fatal if inhaled,
swallowed, or
absorbed through
skin. Material is
extremely
destructive to
tissue of the
mucous
membranes and
upper respiratory
tract, eyes and
skin. Inhalation
may be fatal as a
result of spasm,
inflammation and
oedema of the
larynx and
bronchi, chemical
pneumonitis and
pulmonary
oedema.
Symptoms of
exposure may
include burning
sensation,
coughing,
wheezing,
laryngitis, and
shortness of
breath, headache,
nausea and
vomiting. May
cause allergic
reaction. Can
cause CNS
depression. May
cause convulsions.
EXPOSURE
CAN CAUSE:
Damage to the
eyes. Damage to
the liver. Damage
to the kidneys.
Damage to the
lungs. Blood
effects.
INHALATION:
Inhalation may
irritate the
respiratory tract.
Symptoms may
include coughing,
shortness of
breath, sore throat
and runny nose. If
sufficient amounts
are inhaled and
absorbed,
symptoms may
resemble those in
acute ingestion.
SKIN
CONTACT: Skin
contact may cause
irritation with
symptoms of
redness, swelling,
itching and pain.
EYE CONTACT:
Eye contact may
cause irritation
with symptoms of
redness, swelling,
itching, tearing
and pain.
INGESTION:
Ingestion may
cause
gastroenteritis
(inflammation of
the lining
membrane of the
stomach and
intestines) with
abdominal pain,
nausea, vomiting
and diarrhoea.
Systemic effects
may follow and
may include
ringing of the ears,
dizziness, elevated
blood pressure,
blurred vision and
tremors
Hydrocortisone
A hormone from the
adrenal gland.
Synthesized for
medical use,
particularly for
application to
inflamed skin. It can
adversely affect the
skin by damaging
the collagen of the
connective tissues.
Hydrogen peroxide
A preservative,
oxidising agent in
mouthwash, skin
bleach, toothpaste,
cold cream, hair
bleach, cheddar and
Swiss cheese,
medicinal antiseptic
and germicide.
Generally
recognised as safe
in cosmetics,
corrosive to the
skin, eyes and
respiratory tract
when undiluted,
may cause allergic
reactions.
MSDS:
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: Contact with
liquid is corrosive
to the eyes and
causes severe
burns.
Skin: Contact with
liquid is corrosive
and causes severe
burns and
ulceration.
Ingestion: Causes
gastrointestinal
tract burns. May
cause vascular
collapse and
damage.
Inhalation: May
cause severe
irritation of the
respiratory tract
with sore throat,
coughing,
shortness of breath
and delayed lung
oedema.
Chronic:
Prolonged or
repeated skin
contact may cause
dermatitis.
Hydrolysed Protein
A flavouring, flavour
enhancer in
cosmetics, shampoo
and hair treatments,
animal feed.
Improves hair,
repairs spilt ends,
and gives lustre to
the hair. See
Nitrosating agents.
Contains MSG (621).
Hydrolysed vegetable protein
A flavour enhancer,
antistatic agent in
hair care products,
canned tuna, soup,
sauces, packet
meals. Contains 10-
30% MSG (621),
may be GM.
Concerns associated
with HVP include
decreased body
weight, organ
atrophy,
behavioural
overactivity and
bladder and bowel
incontinence.
Hydrophilic
Cosmetic ingredient
that will attract
moisture to the
skin.
Hydroquinone
An antioxidant,
bleaching agent in
freckle creams,
suntan lotion, hair
colouring,
pesticides. Skin
pigment lightening
agent.
MSDS:
DANGER! MAY
BE FATAL IF
SWALLOWED.
AFFECTS
CENTRAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM.
CAUSES
SEVERE SKIN
AND EYE
IRRITATION.
HARMFUL IF
INHALED. MAY
CAUSE
ALLERGIC SKIN
REACTION.
CAUSES
IRRITATION TO
RESPIRATORY
TRACT.
Potential Health
Effects
Inhalation:
Causes irritation to
the respiratory
tract. Symptoms
may include
coughing,
shortness of
breath. Systemic
effects have not
been proven by
this route.
Ingestion: Highly
Toxic. May cause
hyperactivity,
stupor, fall in
blood pressure,
hyperpnea,
abdominal pain,
diarrhoea, intense
thirst, sweating,
tinnitus, nausea,
dizziness, a
sensation of
suffocation, an
increased rate of
respiration,
vomiting, pallor,
muscular
twitching,
headache,
cyanosis, delirium,
and collapse (from
respiratory
failure). Estimated
lethal dose lies
between 5 to 12
grams (usually
because of
respiratory failure
from
methemoglobin
formation which
leaves the blood
unable to carry
oxygen). May
cause green to
brownish-green
urine.
Skin Contact:
Causes severe
irritation, redness
and pain. Alkaline
solutions can
cause skin
sensitisation.
Eye Contact:
Causes severe
irritation and
possible corneal
ulceration.
Chronic
Exposure:
Repeated exposure
to vapour or dust
(typically 10 to 30
mg/m3) for > 5
years has caused
brownish staining
of the conjunctiva
which may be
followed by
changes to the
cornea leading to
loss of visual
acuity. Repeated
exposure may also
cause skin effects.
Aggravation of
Pre-existing
Conditions:
Persons with pre-
existing skin or
eye disorders or
impaired
respiratory
function may be
more susceptible
to the effects of
this substance.
p-Hydroxyanisole
An antioxidant
found in hair
colouring products
(particularly
permanent hair
colours), lipsticks,
antiseptic. Affects
the female
reproductive
system. Increase the
risk of cancer,
particularly non-
Hodgkin's
lymphoma, multiple
myeloma &
Hodgkin's disease &
increase the risk of
breast cancer.
Compound
descriptor:
Mutagen, Primary
Irritant.
MSDS: Harmful if
swallowed.
Irritating to eyes.
May cause
sensitisation by
skin contact.
Hygroscopic
(absorbs moisture
from the air).
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: Causes eye
irritation. May
result in corneal
injury. May cause
eye injury. Causes
redness and pain.
Skin: Harmful if
absorbed through
the skin. May be
absorbed through
damaged or
abraded skin in
harmful amounts.
May cause
reddening of the
skin. If absorbed,
may cause central
nervous system
effects. May cause
depigmentation of
the skin. Produces
primary irritant
dermatitis,
sensitisation
dermatitis, and
skin ulcerations.
Ingestion:
Harmful if
swallowed. May
cause irritation of
the digestive tract.
May cause liver
damage. May form
methemoglobin
which in sufficient
concentration
causes cyanosis
(bluish
discoloration of
skin due to
deficient
oxygenation of the
blood). May cause
necrotic changes
in the
gastrointestinal
tract.
Inhalation:
Harmful if
inhaled. May
cause irritation of
the respiratory
tract with burning
pain in the nose
and throat,
coughing,
wheezing,
shortness of breath
and pulmonary
oedema. May
cause cardiac
abnormalities.
Chronic:
Prolonged or
repeated contact
may cause
possible eczema.
Hydroxyethylcellulose
Artificial polymer
(binder, film former)
is used as an
emulsifier and
plasticizer in
shampoos, tanning
products, mascara,
hand and body
lotions. Considered
safe.
Hydroxymethyl glycinate
A preservative in
cosmetics that may
release
formaldehyde. See
formaldehyde.
MSDS:
WARNING!
CAUSES
MODERATE
SKIN
IRRITATION.
CAUSES MILD
EYE
IRRITATION.
MAY CAUSE AN
ALLERGIC SKIN
REACTION.
Hazard Overview
Target Organs:
Skin / Eyes
Primary Entry
Routes: Dermal -
skin. Eyes.
Acute Health
Hazards: Causes
moderate skin
irritation. Causes
mild eye irritation.
May cause an
allergic skin
reaction.
Chronic Health
Hazards:
Unknown
Signs and
Symptoms of
Overexposure
Eye Contact:
Causes mild eye
irritation .
Skin Contact: Causes moderate
skin irritation.
May cause an
allergic skin
reaction.
Ingestion: Not a
hazard under
normal use
conditions.
Inhalation: May
cause allergic
respiratory
reaction
Hydroxymethylcellulose
A thickener,
additive in
cosmetics, hair care
products.
Considered safe
Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
A film former in
bubble bath, hair
care products,
tanning
preparations.
Considered safe in
cosmetics, mild eye
and skin irritation,
allergic reactions.
Hypericum Extract
Also known as St.
John's Wort. An
extract of the leaves
of the stem of the
Hypericum
Perforatum which is
known for its ability
to purify and soothe
the skin.
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that good men do nothing"...Edmund Burke
Name Information
I
Imidazolidinyl Urea
After paraben's,
this is the second
most commonly
used preservative
in cosmetics. It is
colourless,
tasteless and
odourless. Used in
powders, baby
shampoo, bath
oils, colognes, eye
shadows, blushes,
hair tonics,
lotions.
Commonly used
cosmetic
preservative. a
strong skin irritant
and sensitiser & a
suspected human
carcinogen
(known rodent
carcinogen).
The trade name
for this chemical
is Germall 115.
Releases
formaldehyde, a
carcinogenic
chemical, into
cosmetics at
over 10x Toxic.
See
Formaldehyde
Infusion
The addition of an
herb or other
natural substance
to an oil or other
liquid to extract
the fragrance or
flavour into that
liquid.
In Vitro
Experiments
carried out in an
artificial
environment,
outside of living
organisms.
In Vivo
Within a living
organism, as
opposed to in
vitro.
Iodine
Non-metallic
element. Occurs
in seawater and in
plants and
animals that grow
in the sea. When
applied topically,
it has antiseptic
benefits.
Irish Moss
Also known as
carrageenan. A
seaweed that
looks like moss
which is used as a
soothing
emollient.
Iron Oxides
Compounds of
iron that are used
as colourings in
some cosmetics.
Also known as
jewellers' rouge
or rust.
Isobutanol
Isobutyl alcohol
A solvent used in
shampoos,
fragrances,
synthetic fruit
flavouring,
cigarettes. Toxic
by inhalation, skin
and mucous
membrane
irritation,
dermatitis,
neurotoxicity..
Isobutyl myristate An emollient in
cosmetics.
Myristate's can
promote acne.
Isobutyl Palmitate
An emollient used
in cosmetics.
Palmitates can
cause contact
dermatitis in
some people.
Isopropanol
Isopropyl Alcohol (SD-40)
Found in hair
colour rinses,
body rubs, hand
lotions, after-
shave lotions and
many other
cosmetics
Artificial fatty
alcohol. Used as
an antiseptic, a
solvent, a rubbing
alcohol, and as a
source for
acetone,
antifoaming
agent. A very
drying and
irritating solvent
and dehydrator
that strips your
skin's natural acid
mantle, making us
more vulnerable
to bacteria,
moulds and
viruses. It is made
from propylene, a
petroleum
derivative.
Ingestion or
inhalation of large
quantities may
cause flushing,
headache,
dizziness, mental
depression,
nausea, vomiting
etc. No known
toxicity to the
skin. It may
promote brown
spots and
premature aging
of skin.
MSDS:
Potential
Health Effects
Eye: Produces
irritation,
characterized by
a burning
sensation,
redness, tearing,
inflammation,
and possible
corneal injury.
Skin: Prolonged
and/or repeated
contact may
cause defatting
of the skin and
dermatitis. May
cause irritation
with pain and
stinging,
especially if the
skin is abraded.
Ingestion: May
cause
gastrointestinal
irritation with
nausea, vomiting
and diarrhoea.
May cause
kidney damage.
May cause
central nervous
system
depression,
characterized by
excitement,
followed by
headache,
dizziness,
drowsiness, and
nausea.
Advanced stages
may cause
collapse,
unconsciousness,
coma and
possible death
due to
respiratory
failure.
Inhalation:
Inhalation of
high
concentrations
may cause
central nervous
system effects
characterized by
nausea,
headache,
dizziness,
unconsciousness
and coma.
Inhalation of
vapour may
cause respiratory
tract irritation.
Chronic:
Prolonged or
repeated skin
contact may
cause defatting
and dermatitis.
Isopropyl Isostearate, Lanolate,
Laurate, Oleate, Palmitate,
Stearate, and
A fatty acid from
palm oil combined
with synthetic
alcohol. All or
some could be
used in cosmetics,
skin creams,
lipstick,
pesticides.
Industry tests on
rabbits indicate
the chemical can
cause skin
irritation and
dermatitis. Also
shown to be
comedogenic
(acne promoting).
Isopropyl Myristate
This synthetic
chemical is used
to reduce the
greasy feel caused
by the high oil
content of other
ingredients.
Found in suntan
lotions, bayh oil,
shampoo, hand
lotions,
deodorants,
pesticides.
Isostearyl neopentanoate
An emollient used
in eye makeup,
foundation.
Considered safe,
may promote
acne.
Isostearyl palmitate
A surfactant,
emollient used in
hand cream,
shaving cream,
soap, protective
cream. May be a
sensitiser for
those who suffer
allergies, may
cause contact
dermatitis.
Isothiazolinone
A preservative in
cosmetics. May
cause contact
dermatitis and
allergic reactions.
MSDS:
Eye Contact:
Corrosive to the
eyes with possible
permanent
damage.
Skin Contact:
Corrosive to the
skin, possibly
resulting in third
degree burns. Can
be harmful if
absorbed. Can
cause allergic
contact dermatitis
in susceptible
individuals.
Ingestion: Can be
Fatal.
Inhalation: Can be
corrosive to the
mucous
membranes and
the lungs. Can
cause allergic
reaction in
susceptible
individuals.
Isostearic Acid Fatty acid that
forms film on skin.
Ivy Extract
An extract of the
climbing plant.
Used for its anti-
septic properties.
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"Tell a lie loud enough and long enough and
people will believe it." - Adolph Hitler
Name Information
J
Jasmine Oil
Often used as a
source of
perfume. The oil
is considered
antidepressant
and relaxing,
and is used
externally to
soothe dry or
sensitive skin.
Jojoba Butter and Oil
Extracted from
the edible seeds
of the desert
shrub Simondsia
californica. Used
as a lubricant
and hair
conditioner.
Often used in
shampoos,
moisturizers,
and sunscreens.
May cause
allergic
reactions.
Juniper Extract
Extract obtained
from the sweet
pulp of the
juniper berry.
Works as a
natural skin and
hair freshener,
and has anti-
itching qualities.
Juniper Oil
Has a slightly
warming effect
on the skin and
is thought to
promote
removal of
waste products
from underlying
tissues.
Effectively tones
skin.
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"What good fortune for those in power, that the
people do not think?~ Adolf Hitler
Name Information
K
Kaolin (China Clay)
Used in
manufacturing
high-grade
porcelain, paper,
paint, cloth,
soaps, and many
powdered and
covering
cosmetics. It's
also used for its
dehydrating and
astringent
effect, inhibit
skin function by
blocking pores,
chronic
inhalation can
affect lungs and
cause fibrosis.
Kathon CG
methylisothiazolinone
methylchloroisothiazolinone
A preservative
used in
shampoo,
cosmetics,
leather
preservation.
Contact
dermatitis,
potent
sensitiser,
bacterial
mutagen, skin
cancer.
Compound
descriptor:
Mutagen
Keratin
As a film former,
additive in
permanent
wave, shampoo,
hair rinse,
conditioner.
Considered safe
for most people
when used in
cosmetics. This
insoluble
albumoid (fibre
protein) can be
found in horny
tissues like the
hair and nails.
High in sulphur,
it's quite strong,
but it is subject
to chemical
penetration.
Ketones
These are
odorous
substances, used
in nail polish
removers, are
toxic.
Kojic Acid
skin lightener;
touted as a
bleaching agent
for ethnic skin.
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"It also gives us a very special, secret pleasure
to see how unaware the people around us are of
what is really happening to them." ~ Adolf Hitler
Name Information
L
Labelling Helping consumers
become aware of what
they put into their hair
and rub onto their faces.
It requires that
ingredients be listed, in
descending order of
concentration, on the
labels of most cosmetics.
Soap, however, excluded,
and flavours, fragrances
and trade secrets don't
have to be listed
specifically.
Lactic Acid
Naturally occurs in
products made by
bacterial fermentation.
Produces pH levels like
those of the hair and skin.
Alpha hydroxy acid used
in dermatology to
hydrate and smooth dry,
flaking skin. May
occasionally be used in
higher concentrations
(well above 12% medical
grade) as a chemical peel.
Lake Colours
These solid forms of dyes
are made by mixing liquid
dye with an insoluble
powder like aluminium
oxide. They may be
natural, but they're
usually manufactured
and are made from coal
tar.
Lanolin
This yellow, semisolid,
fatty discharge from
sheep's wool is used as
an emulsifier, a base, and
an ointment. A sensitiser
like other wool
derivatives, in eczema-
prone individuals.
Any chemicals used on
sheep will contaminate
the lanolin obtained
from the wool. The
majority of lanolin used
in cosmetics is highly
contaminated with
organo-phosphate due
to frequent sheep
dipping to control
parasites & diseases.
Diazanon, a neurotoxic
organophosphate
pesticide, was found in
21 of the 25 samples
analysed where a total
of 16 pesticides were
found. It is advised to
not be used by breast
feeding mothers due to
the high concentrations
of chemical residues
found.
Latex
A film former used in
beauty masks. May cause
skin rash, allergic
reactions, anaphylaxis,
ingredients of latex
compounds can be
poisonous.
Lauralkonium chloride
A preservative that
should not be in products
that contain nitrosating
agents. Can cause eye
irritation, may form
nitrosamines.
Lauramide DEA
Lauric Acid derived
mostly from coconut oil
and laurel oil. This white,
waxy, non-ionic, artificial
chemical is used in
shampoos, bubble baths,
and detergents as a
thickener, surfactant and
foam-builder.
Nitrosamines can form in
all cosmetic ingredients
containing amines and
amino derivatives with
nitrogen compounds and
nitrosamines are known
carcinogens. It may be
mildly irritating to the
skin. Can cause itchy
scalp, allergic skin
reactions, dry hair. See
Diethanolamine
Lauramidopropyl betaine
An antistatic agent. See
Quaternary ammonium
compounds.
Lauramine oxide
An antistatic agent in air
care products. Can form
carcinogenic
nitrosamines.
Laurimide MEA
An antistatic agent in
shampoo, hair
conditioner, dishwashing
detergent. May cause
mild skin irritation. See
Diethanolamine
Lauroyl lysine A viscosity controlling
agent in facial powders.
Considered safe.
Lauryl Alcohol
This fatty alcohol, often
derived from coconut oil,
is used to make anionic
surfactants. It may be
natural or man-made.
Lauryl dimonium
hydrolysed collagen See Cationic surfactants
Lauryl Sarcosine See Anionic Surfactants
Lauryl sulphate
A foam booster in
shampoos. Skin
sensitisation, moderate
toxicity by ingestion, may
contain formaldehyde.
Lavender Oil Known for its sweet,
floral-herbaceous scent.
Lavender has significant
antiseptic and
antibacterial actions
which help promote
healing. Used in baths to
relax, revive and soothe.
For use on all skin types.
Found in shampoos, skin
fresheners, mouth wash,
perfumes, dentifrices,
antiseptic oils, creams
and lotions, cigarettes.
Layering
The ability of a person to
wear different forms of
the same fragrance at the
same time. For example,
bath gel, bath powder
and cologne all used at
the same time, it
surrounds the user with a
fragrance experience.
Lecithin
A water-attracting agent
used in products to help
hydrate the skin and
improve the texture and
ease of spread onto the
skin. High in the B
vitamins choline and
inositol. It's found in egg
yolk and manufactured
from soy oil.
Lead acetate
A hair dye, colour
restorer for men, skin
treatment in animals,
printing. Lead
poisoning, liver, kidney,
and neurotoxicity,
effects brain
development in infants
and children,
carcinogenic, toxic to
aquatic organisms,
bioaccumulates in
plants and animals,
persists in the
environment.
MSDS:
Emergency Overview
POISON! DANGER!
MAY BE FATAL IF
SWALLOWED,
INHALED OR
ABSORBED
THROUGH SKIN.
SUSPECT CANCER
HAZARD. MAY
CAUSE CANCER.
Risk of cancer depends
on level and duration of
exposure. CAUSES
IRRITATION TO
SKIN, EYES AND
RESPIRATORY
TRACT.
NEUROTOXIN.
AFFECTS THE GUM
TISSUE, CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM,
KIDNEYS, BLOOD
AND
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM.
Potential Health
Effects
Inhalation: Lead can
be absorbed through the
respiratory system.
Local irritation of
bronchia and lungs can
occur and, in cases of
acute exposure,
symptoms such as
metallic taste, chest and
abdominal pain, and
increased lead blood
levels may follow. See
also Ingestion.
Ingestion: POISON!
The symptoms of lead
poisoning include
abdominal pain and
spasms, nausea,
vomiting, headache.
Acute poisoning can
lead to muscle
weakness, "lead line"
on the gums, metallic
taste, definite loss of
appetite, insomnia,
dizziness, high lead
levels in blood and
urine with shock, coma
and death in extreme
cases.
Skin Contact: Lead
and lead compounds
may be absorbed
through the skin on
prolonged exposure; the
symptoms of lead
poisoning described for
ingestion exposure may
occur. Contact over
short periods may cause
local irritation, redness
and pain.
Eye Contact:
Absorption can occur
through eye tissues but
the more common
hazards are local
irritation or abrasion.
Chronic Exposure:
Lead is a cumulative
poison and exposure
even to small amounts
can raise the body's
content to toxic levels.
The symptoms of
chronic exposure are
like those of ingestion
poisoning; restlessness,
irritability, visual
disturbances,
hypertension and grey
facial colour may also
be noted.
Aggravation of Pre-
existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-
existing kidney, nerve
or circulatory disorders
or with skin or eye
problems may be more
susceptible to the
effects of this
substance.
Lemon Oil From the fruit of the
citrus lemon. Known for
its astringent and anti-
irritant qualities.
L-Ergothioneine Naturally occurring
antioxidant.
Lime Oil
Shares many qualities
with lemon oil. Has many
antiseptic and restorative
properties.
Limonene
Found in: perfume,
cologne, disinfectant
spray, bar soap, shaving
cream, deodorants, nail
colour and remover,
fabric softener,
dishwashing liquid, air
fresheners, after shave,
bleach, paint and varnish
remover) - Carcinogenic.
Prevent its contact with
skin or eyes because it is
an irritant and sensitiser.
Always wash thoroughly
after using this material
and before eating,
drinking, applying
cosmetics. Do not inhale
limonene vapour.
Limonene oxide,
eucalyptol, eucalyptole,
1,8-cineole
Used in flavouring,
perfumery, constituent of
eucalyptus oil. Harmful
by ingestion. May be
harmful by inhalation or
through skin contact.
May act as an irritant.
Linalool
Found in: perfume,
cologne, bar soap,
shampoo, hand lotion,
nail enamel remover,
hairspray, laundry
detergent, dishwashing
liquid, vaseline lotion, air
fresheners, bleach
powder, fabric softener,
shaving cream, after
shave, solid deodorant,
foods, cigarettes, fabric
softener. Narcotic.
Respiratory disturbances.
Attracts bees. In animal
tests: ataxic gait, reduced
spontaneous motor
activity and
depression, development
of respiratory
disturbances leading to
death. Depressed frog-
heart activity. Causes
central nervous system
disorder.
Linden Extract
From the flowers of the
Linden tree. The flowers
contain essential oils
which are celebrated for
their brightening and
soothing qualities.
Linoleamide DEA
An emulsifier which
should not be in products
that contain nitrosating
agents. See
Diethanolamine.
Linoleamide MEA
An antistatic agent used
in hair care products.
May be irritating to the
skin and eyes. See
Diethanolamine.
Linoleic Acid
Essential fatty acid, found
in cold pressed oils, used
as an emulsifier,
antistatic agent in
cosmetics, vitamins,
digestive aids, cheese
making. Cosmetic
vernacular refers to it as
Vitamin F. No known
side effects in
cosmetics, nausea and
vomiting if taken large
amounts.
Linseed oil
An emollient in shaving
cream, medicinal soap,
paint, varnish, linoleum.
Cosmetic acne, allergic
reactions.
Lipids
These materials are
soluble in alcohol (and
other solvents) but not in
water. Includes fatty
acids, fats, waxes, fixed
oils, phosphatides,
cerebrosides, and
sometimes steroids and
carotenoids. Along with
proteins and
carbohydrates, lipids
constitute the structure
of cells. When used on
the skin, they have a
moisturizing and cream
action.
Liposomes
Microscopic sacs
obtained from natural or
synthetic sources.
Because these can easily
penetrate the skin, in
lotions and creams
liposomes are used to
deliver substances,
contained within the sac,
to internal skin layers.
Liquidum Paraffinum
Liquidum Paraffinum is
an exotic sounding way
to say mineral oil. See
Mineral Oil
Liquorice Extract
Skin lightener; deemed as
more potent than kojic
acid or vitamin C for this
function.
Lysine Amino acid incorporated
to condition skin.
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"Lethal injections are for criminals. We need to
keep it that way."
Name Information
M
Magnesium aluminium
silicate
Flaky white solid. Used as a
filler and thickener in
cosmetics. Especially used
in antiperspirants, creams,
and shaving creams.
Magnesium laureth
sulphate
A surfactant used in
shampoos. May cause
mild irritation to skin and
eyes, may contain 1,4
dioxane and ethylene
oxide.
Magnesium myristate
An opacifier in cosmetics.
May promote acne in some
people.
Magnesium oleth
sulphate
A surfactant in cosmetics.
May con carcinogens 1,4
dioxane and ethylene
oxide, See both.
Magnesium Stearate Used as a filler in
cosmetics.
Matricaria Oil Oil obtained from the dried
flower heads of the plant
Matricaria Chamomilla.
Celebrated as a source of
azulene, the blue substance
known for its reviving
quality.
4-MBC
methyl-benzylidene
camphor
A UV absorber in
sunscreens. An endocrine
disruptor, estrogenic,
increased uterine activity in
pre-pubescent rats.
MEA -
Monoethanolamine
See Monoethanolamine.
See Alkyloamides. See
Nitrosating agents
Melon Extract
Melon has natural
cleansing properties as well
as the ability to soften and
soothe the skin.
Menthol A natural or synthetic
flavouring used in skin
fresheners , perfumes,
mouth wash, chewing gum,
cigarettes, pesticides. Has
soothing properties if used
in concentrations of 1% or
less. Allergic reactions, skin
irritation, concentrate toxic
if ingested. On NIH hazards
list.
Mercaptans
A fragrance in depilatories.
Highly toxic, skin irritation,
allergic reactions,
infections of hair follicles.
Mercury compounds
A preservative in
medicated soap, cosmetics,
freckle cream, face masks,
hair tonic, eye
preparations, dyes, paints,
fungicide, plastic, vaccines.
Extremely toxic, blood liver,
kidney, neuro, respiratory
and reproductive toxicity,
autism, epilepsy,
teratogenic, can be
absorbed through the skin,,
very toxic to aquatic
organisms, bio-
accumulates especially in
fish. Prohibited in most
cosmetic products in the
USA.
MSDS:
Emergency Overview DANGER!
CORROSIVE. CAUSES
BURNS TO SKIN,
EYES, AND
RESPIRATORY
TRACT. MAY BE
FATAL IF
SWALLOWED OR
INHALED. HARMFUL
IF ABSORBED
THROUGH SKIN.
AFFECTS THE
KIDNEYS AND
CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM. MAY CAUSE
ALLERGIC SKIN
REACTION.
Potential Health
Effects Inhalation: Mercury
vapour is highly toxic via
this route. Causes severe
respiratory tract damage.
Symptoms include sore
throat, coughing, pain,
tightness in chest,
breathing difficulties,
shortness of breath,
headache, muscle
weakness, anorexia,
gastrointestinal
disturbance, ringing in
the ear, liver changes,
fever, bronchitis and
pneumonitis. Can be
absorbed through
inhalation with
symptoms similar to
ingestion.
Ingestion: May cause
burning of the mouth and
pharynx, abdominal pain,
vomiting, corrosive
ulceration, bloody
diarrhoea. May be
followed by a rapid and
weak pulse, shallow
breathing, paleness,
exhaustion, tremors and
collapse. Delayed death
may occur from renal
failure. Gastrointestinal
uptake of mercury is less
than 5% but its ability to
penetrate tissues presents
some hazard. Initial
symptoms may be thirst,
possible abdominal
discomfort.
Skin Contact: Causes
irritation and burns to
skin. Symptoms include
redness and pain. May
cause skin allergy and
sensitisation. Can be
absorbed through the skin
with symptoms to
parallel ingestion.
Eye Contact: Causes
irritation and burns to
eyes. Symptoms include
redness, pain, blurred
vision; may cause serious
and permanent eye
damage.
Chronic Exposure:
Chronic exposure
through any route can
produce central nervous
system damage. May
cause muscle tremors,
personality and
behaviour changes,
memory loss, metallic
taste, loosening of the
teeth, digestive disorders,
skin rashes, brain damage
and kidney damage. Can
cause skin allergies and
accumulate in the body.
Repeated skin contact
can cause the skin to turn
grey in colour. A
suspected reproductive
hazard; may damage the
developing foetus and
decrease fertility in males
and females.
Aggravation of Pre-
existing Conditions:
Persons with nervous
disorders, or impaired
kidney or respiratory
function, or a history of
allergies or a known
sensitisation to mercury
may be more susceptible
to the effects of the
substance.
Methacrylic acid
A primer in artificial nail
kits, nail products.
Poisonous if ingested, skin
and nail damage,
inflammation, burns,
infection, neurotoxicity.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Causes eye burns.
Causes redness and pain.
Skin: Harmful if
absorbed through the
skin. Causes skin burns.
May cause dermatitis.
Ingestion: Harmful if
swallowed. Causes
gastrointestinal tract
burns.
Inhalation: May cause
severe irritation of the
respiratory tract with sore
throat, coughing,
shortness of breath and
delayed lung oedema.
Causes chemical burns to
the respiratory tract.
Methanol A solvent. See Methyl
alcohol.
Methenamine
A preservative made from
formaldehyde and
ammonia for deodorant
creams and powders,
mouthwash, medicines.
Can release formaldehyde,
nitrosamine precursor, skin
rash.
Methicone
An antistatic, emollient in
lipstick, blusher,
mascara, aftershave.
See Diethicone.
Methoxyethanol
A solvent. fragrance.
MSDS:
Emergency Overview
WARNING!
FLAMMABLE LIQUID
AND VAPOUR. MAY
FORM EXPLOSIVE
PEROXIDES IN AIR.
HARMFUL IF
SWALLOWED,
INHALED OR
ABSORBED
THROUGH SKIN.
AFFECTS CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM,
BLOOD AND BLOOD
FORMING ORGANS,
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM AND
KIDNEYS. POSSIBLE
BIRTH DEFECT
HAZARD. MAY
CAUSE BIRTH
DEFECTS BASED ON
ANIMAL DATA. MAY
CAUSE IRRITATION
TO SKIN, EYES, AND
RESPIRATORY
TRACT.
Potential Health
Effects
Inhalation: Inhalation of
vapours may cause
irritation, headache,
dizziness, fatigue,
nausea, vomiting, and
loss of appetite.
Weakness,
incoordination and
tremors may occur.
Ingestion: Moderately
toxic. Can cause
headache, fatigue,
nausea, vomiting,
dizziness, and weakness.
Hemorrhagic gastritis,
liver damage, pancreas
damage and brain
oedema resulting in death
has occurred in human
exposure of 3 g/kg.
Damage to kidneys is
possible from ingestion
of large quantities.
Skin Contact: May
cause irritation with
redness and pain. May be
absorbed through the skin
with possible systemic
effects.
Eye Contact: May cause
irritation, redness and
pain.
Chronic Exposure:
Prolonged exposure may
cause injury to bone
marrow, blood cells,
kidney, liver and testes.
A suspected human
reproductive hazard and a
birth defect hazard.
Severe neurological
disabilities has been
reported from chronic
industrial exposure.
Symptoms have included
headache, dizziness,
lethargy, weakness,
personality changes,
apathy, unequal pupil
size, and disorientation.
Aggravation of Pre-
existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing
blood or central nervous
system disorders may be
more susceptible to the
effects of this substance.
4-Methoxy-M-phenylene-
diamine
4MMPD
A hair dye. See
Phenylenediamine. It is
unsafe as a cosmetic
ingredient.
4-Methoxy-M-
phenylene-diamine
A hair dye. See
Phenylenediamine. It is
sulphate
4MMPD sulphate unsafe as a cosmetic
ingredient.
5-Methoxypsoralen
5-MOP
A UV absorber in
sunscreens, suntan
accelerators. Contact
allergy, photoallergy,
neurotoxic, carcinogenic.
Compound descriptor:
Tumorigenic, Mutagen,
Reproductive Effector.
Banned in EU cosmetics.
¡¡
8-Methoxypsoralen
8-MOP
A UV absorber in
sunscreens, suntan
accelerators. Contact
allergy, photoallergy,
neurotoxic, carcinogenic,
increased risk of skin
cancer. Banned in EU
cosmetics.
MSDS: Harmful if
swallowed. Causes burns. May cause cancer. May cause heritable genetic damage. Light sensitive. Potential Health Effects Eye: Causes eye burns. Skin: Causes skin burns. May be harmful if absorbed through the skin. Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. Causes gastrointestinal tract burns. Inhalation: Causes chemical burns to the respiratory tract. May be harmful if inhaled. Chronic: May cause cancer in humans.
Methoxysalen A UV absorber in
sunscreens, suntan
accelerator. See 8-
Methoxypsoralen.
4-Methoxytoluene -2, -5,
diamine HCL
A fragrance, flavouring, in
perfumes, food. See
Toluene.
Methyl acetate
A solvent in perfumes,
toilet waters. Neurotoxic,
skin dryness, chafing and
cracking.
Methyl alcohol
A solvent, denaturant in
shampoos, antifreeze, ink,
paint, varnish, shellac,
paint stripper. Eczema,
dermatitis, cardiovascular,
liver, respiratory, endocrine
and neurotoxicity,
teratogenic.
MSDS:
Emergency Overview
POISON! DANGER!
VAPOUR HARMFUL.
MAY BE FATAL OR
CAUSE BLINDNESS IF
SWALLOWED.
HARMFUL IF
INHALED OR
ABSORBED
THROUGH SKIN.
CANNOT BE MADE
NON-POISONOUS.
FLAMMABLE LIQUID
AND VAPOUR.
CAUSES IRRITATION
TO SKIN, EYES AND
RESPIRATORY
TRACT. AFFECTS
CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM AND LIVER.
Potential Health
Effects
Inhalation: A slight
irritant to the mucous
membranes. Toxic effects
exerted upon nervous
system, particularly the
optic nerve. Once
absorbed into the body, it
is very slowly eliminated.
Symptoms of
overexposure may
include headache,
drowsiness, nausea,
vomiting, blurred vision,
blindness, coma, and
death. A person may get
better but then worse
again up to 30 hours
later.
Ingestion: Toxic.
Symptoms parallel
inhalation. Can intoxicate
and cause blindness.
Usual fatal dose: 100-125
millilitres.
Skin Contact: Methyl
alcohol is a defatting
agent and may cause skin
to become dry and
cracked. Skin absorption
can occur; symptoms
may parallel inhalation
exposure.
Eye Contact: Irritant.
Continued exposure may
cause eye lesions.
Chronic Exposure:
Marked impairment of
vision has been reported.
Repeated or prolonged
exposure may cause skin
irritation.
Aggravation of Pre-
existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing
skin disorders or eye
problems or impaired
liver or kidney function
may be more susceptible
to the effects of the
substance.
Methyl anthranilate
A flavouring, fragrance in
perfumes, suntan lotion,
food, cigarettes.
MSDS: Irritating to eyes,
respiratory system and
skin. Light sensitive.
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Causes eye
irritation.
Skin: Causes skin
irritation. May be
harmful if absorbed
through the skin.
Ingestion: May cause
irritation of the digestive
tract. May be harmful if
swallowed.
Inhalation: Causes
respiratory tract irritation.
May be harmful if
inhaled.
Methylchloroisothiazolin
one
a common ingredient in a
variety of cosmetics:
foundations, powders,
concealers, bronzers, self-
tanners, makeup removers,
moisturizers, sunscreens,
eye shadows, and
mascaras. It is also found in
shampoos, hair
conditioners, gels, bubble
baths, soaps, baby wipes,
creams, lotions, and over-
the-counter and
prescription medicines.
Other sources of exposure
include detergents, fabric
softeners, cleansers,
pesticides, polishes, and
some toilet papers.
Cl+ Me–Isothiazolinone is
found in the engineering
industry, where it may
serve as a preservative in
cutting fluids. It also may
be found in air
conditioning,
metalworking, water-
cooling, and latex
emulsions such as paints. In
industrial situations, it is
called Kathon?and used in
curing agents, adhesives
and glues, jet fuels, printing
inks, radiography, and
slime control agents in
paper mills. May cause
allergic reactions, contact
dermatitis, mutagen?
Methyldibromo
glutaronitrile
A preservative in hair
conditioner, bubble bath,
indoor tanning preparation,
dishwashing liquid.
Considered unsafe for use
in cosmetic products,
allergic reactions, contact
dermatitis, skin
sensitisation.
Methylene chloride
A fragrance in nail enamel,
hair conditioner, shampoo,
hairspray, cleansing
creams, tablet coatings,
anaesthetic in medicine,
decaffeinating of some
coffees. Nausea, dizziness,
eye and skin irritation,
dermatitis, neuro, liver,
cardiovascular, kidney,
endocrine and respiratory
toxicity, carcinogenic,
teratogenic, environmental
hazard. Absorbed, stored in
body fat, it metabolises to
carbon monoxide, reducing
oxygen-carrying capacity of
the blood. Banned by the
US FDA in 1988! No
enforcement possible due
to trade secret laws
protecting chemical
fragrance industry. On US
EPA, RCRA, CERCLA
Hazardous Waste lists.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Contact with eyes
may cause severe
irritation, and possible
eye burns.
Skin: Exposure may
cause irritation and
possible burns. May be
absorbed through the
skin.
Ingestion: Causes
gastrointestinal irritation
with nausea, vomiting
and diarrhoea. May cause
central nervous system
depression, characterized
by excitement, followed
by headache, dizziness,
drowsiness, and nausea.
Advanced stages may
cause collapse,
unconsciousness, coma
and possible death due to
respiratory failure.
Inhalation: Inhalation of
high concentrations may
cause central nervous
system effects
characterized by nausea,
headache, dizziness,
unconsciousness and
coma. Causes respiratory
tract irritation.
Chronic: Prolonged or
repeated skin contact
may cause dermatitis.
Methyl ethyl ketone
(MEK)
A solvent, fragrance in
shampoo, hair conditioner,
nail polish, perfume, paint
thinners, adhesive.
Irritating to the eyes, skin
and mucous membranes,
central nervous system
depression, headache, liver
and neurotoxicity,
dermatitis.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Causes eye
irritation. May result in
corneal injury.
Skin: Prolonged and/or
repeated contact may
cause irritation and/or
dermatitis.
Ingestion: Aspiration
hazard.
Inhalation: Inhalation of
high concentrations may
cause central nervous
system effects
characterized by nausea,
headache, dizziness,
unconsciousness and
coma. Causes respiratory
tract irritation.
Chronic: Chronic
inhalation may cause
effects similar to those of
acute inhalation.
Prolonged or repeated
skin contact may cause
defatting and dermatitis.
Methyl isobutyl ketone
A flavouring, fragrance in
perfumes, synthetic fruit
flavour in foods, solvent
for cellulose lacquer.
Hazardous by ingestion
or inhalation, kidney,
gastrointestinal,
respiratory, liver and
neurotoxic, dermatitis,
birth defects,
carcinogenic.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Vapours may cause
eye irritation. May cause
painful sensitisation to
light. Contact produces
irritation, tearing, and
burning pain.
Skin: Causes skin
irritation. May be
absorbed through the skin
in harmful amounts.
Prolonged and/or
repeated contact may
cause irritation and/or
dermatitis.
Ingestion: Causes
gastrointestinal irritation
with nausea, vomiting
and diarrhoea. May cause
effects similar to those
for inhalation exposure.
Inhalation: Causes
respiratory tract irritation.
Exposure produces
central nervous system
depression. May cause
liver abnormalities.
Chronic: Prolonged or
repeated skin contact
may cause defatting and
dermatitis.
Methylisothiazolinone
A preservative in baby
products, hand wash,
shampoo, dishwashing
liquid. Can be a skin
sensitiser. Animal studies
show high toxicity from
ingestion and moderate
toxicity when applied to
the skin. See
Isothiazolinone. See
Methylchloroisothiazolino
ne.
MSDS:
Potential Health
Effects:
Inhalation: Aerosol
inhalation may cause
sneezing, coughing or
irritation of the nasal
passages and throat.
Eye: Eye exposure may
cause irritation, redness,
watering and pain.
Skin: Skin contact may
cause irritation, redness,
dryness and itching.
Ingestion: If large
amounts are ingested,
symptoms could include
gastric irritation, nausea
and diarrhoea.
Chronic Effects:
Chronic effects from
repeated or long-term
occupational exposure to
this preparation are
unknown. Prolonged or
repeated skin contact
may cause dermatitis
Methyl methacrylate A film former in nail polish,
artificial nails, medical and
dental orthopaedic
cement, adhesives.
MSDS:
Potential Health
Effects:
EYE: Liquid and vapours
can cause moderate
irritation (tears, blurred
vision and redness).
SKIN: May cause skin
irritation. Can cause skin
sensitisation.
INGESTION: Causes
irritation, a burning
sensation of the mouth,
throat and
gastrointestinal tract and
abdominal pain.
INHALATION: High
concentration is irritant to
the respiratory tract and
may cause dizziness,
headache and anaesthetic
effects.
CHRONIC (CANCER)
INFORMATION: Prolonged and/or
repeated exposure may
lead to kidney, lung,
liver, and heart damage.
Unlikely to present a
cancer hazard to man.
TERATOLOGY
(BIRTH DEFECT)
INFORMATION:
Developmental toxicity
observed in animal tests
but only at levels toxic to
the mother.
Methyl methacrylate
crosspolymer
A film former in nail
products. See Methacrylic
acid.
Methylparaben
methyl p-
hydroxybenzoate
A preservative in many
cosmetics and personal
care products. See
Paraben.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: May cause
moderate eye irritation.
Skin: May cause skin
sensitisation, an allergic
reaction, which becomes
evident upon re-exposure
to this material.
Ingestion: May cause
irritation of the digestive
tract.
Inhalation: May cause
respiratory tract irritation.
Chronic: Repeated
exposure may cause
sensitisation dermatitis.
Methyl salicylate
Oil of Wintergreen
A flavouring, disinfectant in
toothpaste, mouthwash,
sunburn lotion, foods,
detergents, cigarettes.
Strong irritant to the skin
and mucous membranes,
blood, liver, neuro,
reproductive and
respiratory toxicity,
teratogenic, harmful to
aquatic organisms.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: May cause eye
irritation.
Skin: Causes moderate
skin irritation. May be
absorbed through the skin
in harmful amounts.
Ingestion: May cause
nausea and vomiting.
May be harmful if
swallowed.
Inhalation: Causes
respiratory tract irritation.
Irritation may lead to
chemical pneumonitis
and pulmonary oedema.
May cause effects similar
to those described for
ingestion. May cause
lung damage.
Chronic: May cause
liver and kidney damage.
Repeated exposure may
cause metabolic
disturbances.
Mexenone
2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4'-
methyl
-benzophenone
A UV absorber in
sunscreens. Photoallergy,
hives, contact allergy,
chronic actinic dermatitis,
can mimic or exacerbate an
illness. See
Benzophenones.
Mica
An opacifier, colouring.
Somewhat shiny silicate
minerals split into very thin
sheets. Used in face
powder, eye cosmetics,
lipstick, shampoo, mascara
to provide sparkle.
Middle Note
The second stage of
fragrance development on
the skin. Individuals react
to different chemicals
causing variations in scent.
Milk An emollient in bath
preparations, facemasks,
face wash, hidden in
foods(?) items with casein.
May cause allergic
reactions from mild to
severe, in cosmetics it can
cause pimples and acne if
not rinsed properly from
the skin.
Milk Bath
A bath preparation made
with milk products as the
base. A natural product, it
is soothing to the skin.
Milk Protein
Obtained from a whole
cow's milk. For centuries,
milk has been used as a
natural, soothing skin
cleanser and softener.
Mineral Oil A liquid mixture of
hydrocarbons gathered
from petroleum. Light
mineral oil is an ingredient
of choice as an essential
moisturizer for psoriasis,
primarily functioning as an
occlusive barrier to retard
moisture loss without
restricting essential
ingredient absorption. In
the case of a psoriatic
condition the water loss
from the external skin
layers can exceed the rate
of replacement from
below, hence as part of
formulation.
It coats the skin like
plastic, clogging the
pores. Interferes with
skin's ability to eliminate
toxins, promoting acne
and other disorders.
Slows down skin
function and cell
development, resulting in
premature aging. Used in
many products (baby oil
is 100% mineral oil!)
Any mineral oil
derivative can be
contaminated with cancer
causing PAH's
(Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons).
Manufacturers use
petrolatum because it is
cheap.
See:
Liquidum Paraffinum
(also known as posh
mineral oil!)
Paraffin oil / wax
Petrolatum
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Vapours may cause
eye irritation.
Skin: Prolonged and/or
repeated contact may
cause irritation and/or
dermatitis.
Ingestion: May cause
gastrointestinal irritation
with nausea, vomiting
and diarrhoea. Aspiration
of material into the lungs
may cause chemical
pneumonitis, which may
be fatal.
Inhalation: May cause
respiratory tract irritation.
Chronic: Prolonged
inhalation may cause
respiratory tract
inflammation and lung
damage. Prolonged or
repeated skin contact
may cause dermatitis.
May cause cancer
according to animal
studies.
Mixed fruit acids An exfoliating agent. See
Alpha hydroxy acids.
Moisturizer
When externally used on
the hair or skin raises the
moisture content.
Monoethanolamine
(MEA)
Liquid amino alcohol that is
used as an humectant and
emulsifier in cosmetics.
Often used in cosmetics,
soaps, detergents, paint
stripper to adjust the pH,
and used with many fatty
acids to convert acid to salt
(stearate), which then
becomes the base for a
cleanser. These chemicals
are already restricted in
Europe due to known
carcinogenic effects.
MSDS:
Potential Acute Health
Effects:
Very hazardous in case
of eye contact (irritant),
of ingestion, . Hazardous
in case of skin contact
(irritant, permeator), of
inhalation (lung irritant).
Slightly hazardous in
case of skin contact
(corrosive), of eye
contact (corrosive).
Liquid or spray mist may
produce tissue damage
particularly on mucous
membranes of eyes,
mouth and respiratory
tract. Skin contact may
produce burns. Inhalation
of the spray mist may
produce severe irritation
of respiratory tract,
characterized by
coughing, choking, or
shortness of breath.
Inflammation of the eye
is characterized by
redness, watering, and
itching.
DEVELOPMENTAL
TOXICITY: Not
available. The substance
may be toxic to kidneys,
lungs, liver, central
nervous system (CNS).
Repeated or prolonged
exposure to the substance
can produce target organs
damage. Repeated or
prolonged contact with
spray mist may produce
chronic eye irritation and
severe skin irritation.
Repeated or prolonged
exposure to spray mist
may produce respiratory
tract irritation leading to
frequent attacks of
bronchial infection.
Montan wax
An emulsifier in lipsticks,
foundations. Considered
OK in cosmetics.
Morpholine An emulsifier, surfactant in
cosmetics, coating on fresh
fruit and vegetables. Skin,
eye, and mucous
membrane irritation,
kidney, liver, respiratory
and neurological toxicity.
See Diethanolamine.
MSDS:
Potential Health Effects
Eye: May cause severe
eye irritation. Vapour or
mist may cause irritation
and severe burns. Contact
with liquid is corrosive to
the eyes and causes
severe burns.
Skin: Contact with liquid
is corrosive and causes
severe burns and
ulceration. Substance is
rapidly absorbed through
the skin.
Ingestion: Aspiration
hazard. May cause severe
gastrointestinal tract
irritation with nausea,
vomiting and possible
burns. May cause liver
and kidney damage.
Inhalation: Irritation
may lead to chemical
pneumonitis and
pulmonary oedema. May
cause liver and kidney
damage. May cause
severe irritation of the
upper respiratory tract
with pain, burns, and
inflammation.
Chronic: Chronic
inhalation and ingestion
may cause effects similar
to those of acute
inhalation and ingestion.
Moskene Fragrance. See Musk
moskene.
Musk
A fragrance used in
perfumes and flavouring
food. Generally safe and
non-toxic, can cause
allergic reactions in some
people.
Musk Ambrette
A fixative, flavouring in
cosmetic creams,
aftershave lotions, soaps,
dentifrices, food flavouring,
detergents. Neurotoxic,
photosensitivity, contact
dermatitis, serious brain
damage in animals. In a
monograph published in
1975 musk ambrette was
found to have neurotoxic
properties. However, use
as a flavour was generally
below 1 ppm and thought
not to pose
any health risks at these
levels. Later studies found
musk ambrette was readily
absorbed through the skin
and slowly excreted. Levels
used in fragrances were
much higher than those
used in flavours. Levels safe
for GRAS status in foods did
not ensure safety at the
levels used in fragrances
and did not take into
account a different route of
exposure.
Musk Moskene
A fragrance used in
perfumes and rouges. Can
cause non-permanent
hyperpigmentation,
pigment cont dermatitis.
b-Myrcene
Natural Occurrence: Anise
seed, basil beer black
currant, gin laurel,
rosemary, thyme.
MSDS:
In case of contact with
eyes, rinse immediately
with plenty of water and
seek medical advice.
Wear suitable protective
clothing.
Irritating to the eyes.
Irritating to the
respiratory system.
Irritating to the skin
Myristalkonium chloride
A surfactant, preservative.
See Quaternary ammonium
compounds.
Myristamide DEA A viscosity control. See
Diethanolamine.
Myristic acid
An emulsifier in shampoos,
shaving creams and soaps,
food flavouring, cigarettes.
20060608
Cosmetic Ingredients
Reference Guide &
Dictionary Understanding Labels, Descriptions,
Warnings, and Safety
Home Page
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only thing that ever has" Margaret Mead,
Anthropologist
Name Information
N
Nail Polish Remover Highly flammable. Can
dissolve many plastics.
It can be fatal if
swallowed. The
conditioning
ingredients do little to
mitigate acetone's
strongly drying and
degreasing effects.
Nanoparticles A UV absorber in
cosmetics, barrier
creams, sunscreen.
1-Naphthol
A hair dye in hair dyes
and perfume,
treatment for skin
disease.
MSDS: Harmful by
inhalation and if
swallowed. Very
toxic to aquatic
organisms.
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: Causes eye
irritation.
Skin: Causes skin
irritation.
Ingestion: May
cause
gastrointestinal
irritation with
nausea, vomiting
and diarrhoea.
Inhalation: May
cause respiratory
tract irritation.
Natural
Ingredients produced
entirely from extracts
taken from plants or
animals, with no
synthetic substances
or additives. It does
not mean that it
cannot harm.
Natural Spray
A spray in pump form,
using no aerosol or
chemical additives.
Neem seed oil
An antibacterial,
antiviral in skin cream,
soap, lipstick,
shampoo, insect
repellent. Improves
dry skin, eczema, acne
and dandruff.
Teratogenic(?)
Neomycin
An antibiotic may be
used in some
underarm deodorants.
Can cause allergic
reactions,
photoallergy, kidney
toxicity, may promote
staph infections.
Neotame
A sweetener. See
Neotame (961) in food
guide
Nerol Used as sweetener,
fresh citrus rose
fragrance. Irritating to
the eyes. Irritating to
the respiratory
system. Irritating to
the skin. In case of
contact with eyes,
rinse immediately
with plenty of water
and seek medical
advice. Take off
immediately all
contaminated clothing
After contact with
skin, wash
immediately with
plenty of ... (to be
specified by the
manufacturer). Do not
empty into
drains Never add
water to this
product Take
precautionary
measures against
static discharges. This
material and its
container must be
disposed of in a safe
way. Wear suitable
protective clothing
Nettle Leaf
Primarily used as a
cleansing, detoxifying
agent. Helps many
skin conditions.
Niacinamide
An additive in hair
conditioners, "anti-
aging" products,
cereal flours. Being a
form of vitamin B3 it is
considered to be
beneficial.
Nickel sulphate An additive in hair
dyes, eye pencils,
cosmetics,
astringents, mineral
supplement, nickel
plating. Skin rash,
kidney, endocrine and
immunotoxicity,
vomiting if ingested,
contact dermatitis.
Nitrates
A preservative, colour
fixative in cured
meats, matches,
tobacco. May
combine with amines
found in the stomach,
saliva, foods and
cosmetics to form
carcinogenic
nitrosamines.
Nitrites
A preservative,
colour fixative in
cured meats,
matches, tobacco.
May combine with
amines found in the
stomach, saliva,
foods and cosmetics
to form carcinogenic
nitrosamines.
Sodium nitrite is
used as an
anticorrosive in
some cosmetics.
Nitrobenzene
essence of mirabane
A fragrance, solvent
used in cheap scented
soaps, making analine
a base for dyes and
drugs, shoe polish.
Cyanosis, drowsiness,
headaches, nausea,
reproductive, kidney,
liver, respiratory, and
neurotoxicity;
absorbed through the
skin; teratogenic.
MSDS: Toxic by
inhalation, in contact
with skin and if
swallowed. Limited
evidence of a
carcinogenic effect.
Toxic danger of
serious damage to
health by prolonged
exposure through
inhalation and in
contact with skin.
Possible risk of
impaired fertility.
Toxic to aquatic
organisms, may
cause long-term
adverse effects in the
aquatic environment.
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: May cause eye
irritation. May cause
conjunctivitis.
Skin: May cause
skin irritation.
Absorption into the
body may cause
cyanosis (bluish
discoloration of skin
due to deficient
oxygenation of the
blood). Toxic in
contact with skin.
Ingestion: May
cause irritation of
the digestive tract.
Effects may be
delayed 2 to 4 hours.
May cause dizziness,
nausea, sense of
suffocation,
increased respiratory
rate, vomiting,
pallor, muscle
twitching, cyanosis
(bluish discoloration
of skin due to
deficient
oxygenation of the
blood), delirium,
collapse. Toxic if
swallowed.
Inhalation: Effects
may be delayed.
May cause
respiratory tract
irritation. Toxic if
inhaled.
Chronic: May cause
methemoglobinemia,
which is
characterized by
chocolate-brown
colored blood,
headache, weakness,
dizziness, breath
shortness, cyanosis
(bluish skin due to
deficient
oxygenation of
blood), rapid heart
rate,
unconsciousness and
possible death. May
impair fertility.
2-Nitro-p-phenylene diamine A hair dye. See Coal
tar.
Nitrocellulose
Flammable man-made
substance. Used as an
emulsifier and
protective film in
cosmetics, especially
nail polish.
Nitrosamines
A contaminant in
cosmetic products and
shampoos with DEA,
MEA, and TEA
compounds unless
removed by the
manufacturer. It is
also found in the air,
tobacco smoke,
pesticides, water,
cured meats.
Carcinogenic
compounds formed
from secondary
amines (nitosating
agents) and nitrous
acid. Typical
nitrosating agents
used in cosmetic
formulations are DEA,
MEA, and TEA.
Nitrosating Agents
The following
chemicals can cause
nitrosamine
contamination, which
have been determined
to form cancer in
laboratory animals.
There are wide and
repeated concerns in
the USA and Europe
about the
contamination of
cosmetics products
with nitrosamines.
2-bromo-2-
nitropropane-1,3-
diol
Cocoyl Sarcosine
DEA compounds
Imidazolidinyl Urea
Formaldehyde
Hydrolysed Animal
Protein
Lauryl Sarcosine
MEA compounds
Quaternium-7, -15, -
31, -60, etc
Sodium Lauryl
Sulphate
Ammonium Lauryl
Sulphate
Sodium Laureth
Sulphate
Ammonium Laureth
Sulphate
Sodium Methyl
Cocoyl Taurate
TEA compounds
Non-acnegenic
Will not clog oil glands
to produce a break-
out on people prone
to acne.
Non-comedogenic Does not clog oil
glands to cause
blemishes.
Nylon
A thickener used in
mascara, eye shadow,
highlighter, eyelash
lengtheners. Generally
considered safe, may
cause allergic reaction
in some.
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Name Information
O
Oatmeal
Ground oat
kernels (after
husks have been
removed). A
natural, mild
exfoliant.
Soothing to the
skin. Found in
Oatmeal-
Lavender
Cleanser and
Oatmeal-Mint
Cleanser.
Octyl dimethyl PABA
A UV absorber in
sunscreen,
makeup. May
cause
sensitisation;
increase breast
cell cancer
division;
estrogenic;
endocrine
disruption;
carcinogenic.
Octyl dodecanol
A solvent,
surfactant in hair
conditioners,
lipsticks.
Generally
considered safe.
Octyl Methoxycinnamate
Chemical
sunscreen with
photosensitivity
contact
dermatitis
potential in
some
individuals;
endocrine
disruption.
Related to
Balsam of Peru
with cross
reactions
possible for
those with
contact
dermatitis to
either agent.
Octyl Palmitate
Allows hydration
and works as a
solvent without
giving skin a
greasy texture.
Generally
regarded as safe.
Octyl Salicylate
Commonly
incorporated
into sunscreens
for its
antibacterial
abilities and
helps prevent
product from
turning rancid.
Oil-based A product in
which oil soluble
solutions are the
major part.
Oil Glands
Oil/Sebaceous
glands produce a
waxy-fatty
substance called
sebum which
lubricates the
skin and
protects it from
moisture loss.
Oleamide DEA
A viscosity
control in
shampoo,
bubble bath,
lipstick, soap.
Urticaria; can
cause
carcinogenic
nitrosamine
formation. See
Diethanolamine
Oleic Acid
Fatty acid that is
a common
constituent of
many animals
and vegetables.
It is a common
cosmetic
ingredient as an
emollient or
defoaming
agent; used in
cigarettes.
Oleoyl sarcosine
An antistatic
agent, surfactant
in soaps,
cosmetics,
lubricants, hair
conditioners,
polishing
compounds. Can
cause mild skin
irritation;
sarcosine can
enhance
absorption of
other
ingredients
through the skin
and can cause
nitrosamine
contamination.
Olestra More info
An artificial fat
substitute used
as a low fat
spread, french
fries, ready to
eat savoury
snacks.
Abdominal
cramps; nausea;
flatulence;
muscular
degeneration;
inhibits
absorption of
nutrients. In
Procter &
Gamble's two
eight-week
clinical studies,
the lowest level
tested -- 8
gm/day
(equivalent to 16
olestra-
containing
potato chips)
?caused
dramatic
depletion of fat-
soluble vitamins
within two
weeks. Got sick
from Olestra?
follow this link.
Oleth-2 to Oleth-50 These
polyethylene
glycol ethers of
oleic alcohol are
used as
surfactants,
emulsifier in a
range of
cosmetics and
personal care.
Oleyl Alcohol
Fatty alcohol.
Oily,
unsaturated
liquid found in
fish oils. Is used
to make surface-
active agents.
Olive oil
A n emollient,
emulsifier in
shampoo,
lipstick, soap,
hair oil, massage
oil. Generally
safe; may cause
allergic reactions
and acne.
Orange oil
A fragrance,
flavouring in
perfumes, soap,
colognes,
cigarettes,
pesticides.
Allergic
reactions if
hypersensitive;
severe reactions
to concentrated
oil of orange.
Organic
Natural chemical
compounds
found in nature,
void of synthetic
substances. Also
known as all-
natural.
Orris absolute
A fragrance in
perfumes.
Generally safe;
can cause
allergic reactions
Orthophenylphenol
O-phenylphenol
An anti-
microbial in
cosmetics and
disinfectant
sprays. Very
toxic;
mutagenic; skin
irritation;
carcinogenic.
MSDS:
Eyes:
Corrosive. Will
cause corneal
damage.
Skin: Strong
irritant.
Repeated
contact may
cause
dermatitis.
Inhalation:
Overexposure
can cause liver
and kidney
injury.
Dizziness,
headache and
nausea may be
symptomatic.
Swallowing:
Stomach pain,
dizziness,
headache and
nausea may be
symptomatic.
Ingestion of
excessive
amounts may
result in central
nervous system
depression and
death may
occur. If
vomiting,
aspiration into
the lungs may
result in
aspiration
pneumonitis.
Oxybenzone
Sun screening
UVA absorbing
agent derived
from
isopropanol.
Photosensitivity;
chronic actinic
dermatitis;
contact allergy.
Oxyquinoline sulphate
See Phenol.
MSDS:
Caution! May
be harmful if
inhaled. May
be harmful if
swallowed.
May cause eye
and skin
irritation. May
cause
respiratory tract
irritation. The
toxicological
properties of
this material
have not been
fully
investigated.
Potential
Health Effects
Eye: May
cause eye
irritation.
Skin: May
cause skin
irritation.
Ingestion: May
cause irritation
of the digestive
tract. The
toxicological
properties of
this substance
have not been
fully
investigated.
May be
harmful if
swallowed.
Inhalation:
May cause
respiratory tract
irritation. The
toxicological
properties of
this substance
have not been
fully
investigated.
May be
harmful if
inhaled.
Ozokerite
Naturally
occurring
waxlike mineral.
An emulsifier
and thickening
agent used in
lipstick and
cream rouge.
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but will interest his patients in the care of the
human frame, in diet and in the cause and
prevention of disease." - Thomas Edison
Name Information
P
PABA (p-aminobenzoic acid) It is a water-soluble
vitamin found in B
complex. UVB absorber
used in sunscreens
during the 1970’s;
became a frequent
cause of contact
dermatitis, therefore it
is now out of favour.
See Para-aminobenzoic
Acid.
Padimate A
A UV absorber in
sunscreens. See Amyl
dimethyl PABA.
Padimate O
A UV absorber in
makeup, sunscreens.
See Amyl dimethyl
PABA. Nitrosamine
Precursor.
Palmitate Used in baby oils, bath
oils, eye creams, hair
conditioners, and
moisturizers. It can
cause allergic reactions
in some people.
Palmitic Acid Fatty acid from palm
oil.
Palm Oil
White to yellowish fat.
Used to make soaps,
shampoos, ointments,
and margarine.
Panthenol
A B vitamin (B5), works
as a humectant (holds
water in the skin). May
promote healing.
Papain
An additive in skin
creams, skin scrubs,
skin masks, meat
tenderiser. From
papaya; may be GM.
Considered to have
health benefits.
Para-aminobenzoic Acid
(PABA)
Found in Vitamin B
complex. Used in
sunscreen formulations
and as an anaesthetic in
sunburn products,
shampoo, hair
conditioner, arthritis
treatment. Can cause
allergic reactions. Helps
prevent UV damage to
skin and hair;
photosensitivity;
contact dermatitis;
eczema; increase risk of
skin cancer.
MSDS: Cancer
suspect agent.
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: May cause eye
irritation.
Skin: May cause skin
irritation.
Ingestion: May cause
gastrointestinal
irritation with nausea,
vomiting and
diarrhoea.
Overexposure may
cause
methemoglobinemia.
Inhalation: May
cause respiratory tract
irritation.
Chronic: May cause
reproductive and
foetal effects. Cancer
suspect agent.
Para-Phenylenediamine
MSDS: Toxic by
inhalation, in contact
with skin and if
swallowed. Irritating to
eyes. May cause
sensitisation by skin
contact. Very toxic to
aquatic organisms, may
cause long-term
adverse effects in the
aquatic environment.
Air sensitive. Light
sensitive.
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Causes eye
irritation. May cause
conjunctivitis and
keratitis.
Skin: Causes skin
irritation. May be
absorbed through the
skin in harmful
amounts. May cause
skin sensitisation, an
allergic reaction, which
becomes evident upon
re-exposure to this
material. May produce
eczematoid contact
dermatitis.
Ingestion: Harmful if
swallowed. May cause
irritation of the
digestive tract. May
cause liver and kidney
damage. Ingestion may
cause gastritis, vertigo,
tremors, convulsions,
and possible coma.
Inhalation: Dust is
irritating to the
respiratory tract. May
cause asthmatic attacks
due to allergic
sensitisation of the
respiratory tract. May
cause rhinitis
(inflammation of the
mucous membrane of
the nose).
Chronic: Prolonged or
repeated skin contact
may cause dermatitis.
Prolonged or repeated
exposure may cause
adverse reproductive
effects.
Paraben's (methyl, propyl,
butyl, and ethyl)
A preservative. Toxic.
Allergenic. Artificial
chemicals. Used as
inhibitors of microbial
growth and to extend
shelf life of products.
They are not effective
with shampoos or with
products that contain
proteins.
From Material Safety
Data Sheet (MSDS):
Emergency
Overview:
WARNING! Harmful
if swallowed or
inhaled. Causes
irritation to skin, eyes
and respiratory tract.
May cause allergic
skin reaction.
Skin Contact: Causes
irritation to skin.
Symptoms include
redness, itching, and
pain. May cause
allergic skin reaction.
Eye Contact: Causes
irritation, redness and
pain.
Paraffin Wax/Oil
Waxy, crystalline
mixture. Used as a
thickener for cosmetics.
See Mineral Oil
Parfum See Perfume
Patchouli
Native to Malaysia and
the Philippines,
Patchouli has been
used extensively in
Asian Medicine. Its
most common use has
been as an aphrodisiac.
It is thought to have a
regenerative effect.
Patch Test
Apply a small amount
of cosmetic to your
inner arm, cover it with
a bandage and leave it
for 24 hours, if you are
concerned with allergic
reactions.
PBSA
2-
phenylbenzimidazolesulphoni
c acid
A UV absorber in
sunscreens. May cause
skin damage; increase
the risk of cancer.
MSDS: Appearance:
white crystalline
powder. Caution!
May cause eye and
skin irritation. May
cause respiratory and
digestive tract
irritation. Light
sensitive. The
toxicological
properties of this
material have not
been fully
investigated.
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: Dust may cause
mechanical irritation.
Skin: May cause skin
irritation.
Ingestion: May cause
irritation of the
digestive tract. The
toxicological
properties of this
substance have not
been fully
investigated.
Inhalation: May
cause respiratory tract
irritation. The
toxicological
properties of this
substance have not
been fully
investigated.
Pectin
Natural substance.
Used in cosmetics,
toothpaste, hair setting
lotion, barrier cream,
foods, anti-diarrheal
medicines as an
emulsifier and
thickener. Contains
partially methoxylated
polygalacturonic acids.
PEG Compounds (4-200)
(polyethylene glycol or
polymers of ethylene oxide)
A solvent, emulsifier,
bases, carriers, and
dispersants. A
manufacturing by-
product. Dangerous
levels of the toxin
dioxane has been found
in this product. Many
allergic reactions, as
well as hives and
eczema are known to
occur from these
synthetic plant glycols.
Artificial. Used as
solvents.
Pentane - Amyl hydride
Used in hair spray and
car care products.
Vapours irritating to the
eyes and respiratory
system. Skin contact
may cause irritation
and dermatitis.
Inhalation of vapours
may cause dizziness,
headache and nausea.
High concentrations
paralyse the central
nervous system,
causing loss of
consciousness and
respiratory paralysis.
Vapours and liquid
extremely flammable.
Peppermint Oil An excellent antiseptic,
anti-inflammatory,
flavouring. Soothes and
tones blemished,
irritated skin. Cooling.
Peptides
Natural or artificial.
Composed of amino
acids linked by peptide
bonds. When peptide
bonds in the hair are
broken, the result is
damaged hair.
Perfume
The most concentrated
form of synthetically
prepared fragrance,
applied to the skin to
enhance the nature of
one’s image. Dating
back to ancient times,
perfume was created
by the Egyptians of
resins and wood mixed
with oils and water.
Today’s perfumes are
an enhanced blend of
essential oils, alcohol
and water, and the
“secret?ingredients of
its creator.
Petrolatum
Heavy bland base, most
commonly known for
its use in Vaseline; good
for sensitive skin
however it is occlusive
and can cause plugging
of the pores and acne
in prone individuals.
Also used in Wax
depilatories, cold
creams, eye shadow,
lipsticks, glazing agent
on some foods,
pharmaceuticals.
MSDS:
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: Vapours may
cause eye irritation.
Skin: Prolonged
and/or repeated
contact may cause
irritation and/or
dermatitis.
Ingestion: May cause
gastrointestinal
irritation with nausea,
vomiting and
diarrhoea. Aspiration
of material into the
lungs may cause
chemical
pneumonitis, which
may be fatal.
Inhalation: May
cause respiratory tract
irritation.
Chronic: Prolonged
inhalation may cause
respiratory tract
inflammation and
lung damage.
Prolonged or repeated
skin contact may
cause dermatitis. May
cause cancer
according to animal
studies.
Petroleum Jelly
Semisolid mixture.
Obtained from
petroleum. See
Petrolatum.
PHA (Poly Hydroxy Acid)
Derived from the buds
of fruit trees, claims to
be gentler yet as
effective as AHA's; still
debatable.
PHB's
These are preservatives
widely used in many
cosmetics and
shampoo. Another
name is paraben.
Phenol Shaving creams and
hand lotions. Obtained
from coal tar. Fatal
when ingested in
minute amounts, and
also fatal poisonings
can occur through skin
absorption. Commonly
used at a concentration
of 1% or less. At these
levels, swelling,
pimples, hives and
other skin rashes have
been reported. A
concentration of 2%
causes gangrene,
burning and numbness.
Phenoxyethanol
A preservative in
shampoo, liquid soap,
bubble bath, cosmetics,
perfume, insect
repellent, antifreeze,
filler in vaccines. Mild
allergic skin rashes in
sensitive people;
concentrated solutions
can cause headache,
nausea, renal failure.
Phenylalanine
An artificial sweetener,
antistatic agent in hair
conditioners, artificial
sweeteners in food,
cigarettes. Sufferers of
phenylketonuria (PKU),
melanoma or cirrhosis
need to restrict intake;
PKU, if not detected
early can lead to mental
deterioration in
children.
Phenylbenzimidazole
sulphonic acid
A UV absorber. See
PBSA.
Phenylenediamine (m-, o-, p-
)
A hair dye used in
home and beauty
parlour hair dyes,
eyelash dye. Eczema;
asthma; skin rash,
contact dermatitis;
blindness; cancer;
death; very toxic to
aquatic organisms.
MSDS: EMERGENCY OVERVIEW Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Irritating to eyes. May cause sensitisation by skin contact. Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Air sensitive. Light sensitive.
Potential Health Effects Eye: Causes eye irritation. May cause conjunctivitis and keratitis. Skin: Causes skin irritation. May be absorbed through the skin in harmful amounts. May cause skin sensitisation, an allergic reaction, which becomes evident upon re-exposure to this material. May produce eczematoid contact dermatitis. Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. May cause irritation of the digestive tract. May cause liver and kidney damage.
Ingestion may cause gastritis, vertigo, tremors, convulsions, and possible coma. Inhalation: Dust is irritating to the respiratory tract. May cause asthmatic attacks due to allergic sensitisation of the respiratory tract. May cause rhinitis (inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose). Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis. Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause adverse reproductive effects.
Phenylmercuric acetate
A preservative,
fungicide in mascara,
shampoos, paint.
Allergic reactions; skin
irritation; very toxic
internally; very toxic to
aquatic organisms;
bioaccumulates in the
food chain.
MSDS: Toxic if
swallowed. Causes
burns. Toxic : danger
of serious damage
to health by
prolonged exposure in
contact with skin and
if swallowed. Very
toxic to aquatic
organisms, may cause
long-term adverse
effects in the aquatic
environment. Light
sensitive.
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: Causes eye
burns.
Skin: Causes skin
burns. May be
absorbed through the
skin. Toxic in contact
with skin. May cause
sensitisation by skin
contact.
Ingestion: Poison by
ingestion. Causes
gastrointestinal tract
burns.
Inhalation: Dust is
irritating to the
respiratory tract.
Causes chemical
burns to the
respiratory tract.
Exposure produces
central nervous
system depression.
Inhalation may be
fatal as a result of
spasm, inflammation,
oedema of the larynx
and bronchi, chemical
pneumonitis and
pulmonary oedema.
May cause burning
sensation, coughing,
wheezing, laryngitis,
shortness of breath,
headache, nausea, and
vomiting.
Chronic: Chronic
inhalation and
ingestion may cause
effects similar to
those of acute
inhalation and
ingestion. Possible
risk of irreversible
effects.
Phosphoric Acid
Clear, viscous liquid.
Use in cosmetics as an
antioxidant,
sequestrant, and
acidifier.
Phthalates
Toxic gender bending
chemical used as a
plasticizer in food
wraps and many pliable
plastics and containers.
Also used in hairsprays
and some cosmetics
including nail varnishes
from where it is readily
absorbed into the
system. All 289 people
in a recent test for body
load of chemicals
tested positive for
phthalates. Phthalates
are implicated with low
sperm counts and also
causing sexual
abnormalities and
deformities. An in
depth article on
phthalates can be
found on the
www.health-
report.co.uk website.
The CDC's John
Brock, the head
researcher on the
phthalate study, said
that his "biggest
concern was that the
highest levels of
exposure were in
women of child-
bearing age."
("Concerns over
chemicals in
cosmetics", Francesca
Lyman, October 4,
2000) Phthalates are
regulated as toxic
substances under
environmental laws
that limit their
discharge into air,
land, and water, but
there are NO
limitations on the
amount of phthalates
used in consumer
products, including
cosmetics. Health
effects of phthalates
include damage to the
liver and kidneys,
birth defects,
decreased sperm
counts, testicular
cancer, early puberty
onset in girls, early
breast development in
girls and boys, and
other reproductive
disorders.;
Phthalates are
suspected in being at
fault in reduced
fertility in males.
("Identification of
phthalate esters in the
serum of young
Puerto Rican Girls
with premature breast
development", Colon
et al, Environmental
Health Perspectives;
Vol. 108, No. 9, Sept,
2000) "Metabolites of
diethyl phthalate,
used in volatile
components of
cosmetics like
perfumes, nail
polishes and
hairsprays were found
at levels about 70
times higher than
metabolites of (one
of) the chemicals
banned in soft plastic
toys...."
MSDS: WARNING!
HARMFUL IF
SWALLOWED.
CAUSES SEVERE
EYE IRRITATION.
CAUSES SKIN
IRRITATION. MAY
CAUSE ALLERGIC
SKIN REACTION.
MAY CAUSE
RESPIRATORY
TRACT
IRRITATION. MAY
BE HARMFUL IF
INHALED.
Potential Health
Effects
Inhalation:
Inhalation of vapours
or mists is not
expected unless this
material is heated or
misted. If inhaled,
material may cause
irritation to
respiratory tract.
Ingestion: Causes
irritation to the
gastrointestinal tract.
Symptoms may
include nausea,
vomiting and
diarrhoea. Accidental
ingestion of 10 g (ca.
40 mg/kg) in one
person produced
nausea and vomiting,
dizziness, light
sensitivity, swelling
of the eyelids,
watering of the eyes,
and kidney effects
(red and white blood
cells and oxalate
crystals in the urine).
Skin Contact:
Irritation and contact
burns are possible,
but do not occur
frequently. Allergic
dermatitis has been
reported after using
antiperspirants and
contact with plastics
containing dibutyl
phthalate (such as a
watchband).
Eye Contact: Vapour
or mist causes eye
irritation. Splashes
cause severe irritation
with stinging pain and
tears.
Chronic Exposure:
Workers in the
artificial leather
industry were studied
and it was found that
exposure to 1.7 to 66
mg/m3 over a period
of 19 years showed
central nervous
system toxicity after 6
to 7 years. Symptoms
included pain,
numbness, weakness
and spasms in the
extremities. Because
there was concurrent
exposure to other
phthalates and a few
adipates and
sebacates, dibutyl
phthalate cannot be
singled out as the
direct cause.
Photo damage/ photo-aging
Changes the
appearance and
function of the skin due
to repeated sun
exposure and not to the
passage of time; may
result in skin cancer.
Sun protection is the
principle means of
protecting photo-aging
changes. Skin cancer
incidence can also be
reduced.
Phototoxic
Medications or food
which render the skin
sensitive to light (sun)
thereby causing an
adverse reaction.
Phytocosmetic
A cosmetic made
mainly from vegetable
sources.
Pineapple Extract Pineapple's anti-
inflammation and anti-
irritation qualities,
combined with its
ability to refine the skin
make it excellent for
face care products.
a-PINENE
Found in: bar and liquid
soap, cologne,
perfume, shaving
cream, deodorants,
dishwashing liquid, air
freshener - Sensitiser
(damaging to the
immune system).
Piperonal
An additive, flavouring
used in soaps, lipstick,
perfumes, food,
cigarettes. Skin rash;
skin irritations central
nervous system
depression; marking of
the lips;. On NIH
hazards list.
Placenta
An organ present in all
mammals except
marsupials and
monotremes, unites
the foetus to the
mother and is expelled
at birth. Bovine
placenta liquid,
obtained from cows, is
used in some cosmetics
as a moisturizer.
Polyacrymide
A thickener, film
former in moisturising
creams, nail polish,
tanning cream,
makeup, adhesives,
plastics, pesticides.
Central nervous
system paralysis;
highly toxic and
irritating to skin; can
be absorbed through
the skin.
MSDS: Liquid.
Causes respiratory
tract, skin and eye
irritation. Avoid
breathing vapour or
mist. Avoid contact
with eyes,
skin and clothing.
Keep container tightly
closed. Wash
thoroughly after
handling. Use only
with adequate
ventilation.
POTENTIAL
HEALTH
EFFECTS
INHALATION: Ma
y cause irritation.
Additional effects
may include
coughing, chest pain
and difficulty
breathing.
SKIN: May cause
irritation.
EYE: May cause
irritation. Additional
effects may include
eye damage.
INGESTION: May
cause gastrointestinal
irritation. Additional
effects may include
burns, digestive
disorders and
weakness.
Polybutene Helps make liquids
texturally viscous.
Polyethylene
A binder, antistatic
agent, stabiliser in hand
lotions, skin fresheners,
suntan products,
underarm deodorants,
chewing gum, sheets
for packaging. No
known skin toxicity;
large dose caused
cancer in rats; ingestion
in large doses cause
liver and kidney
damage.
Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)
compounds
Potentially carcinogenic
petroleum ingredient
that can alter and
reduce the skin's
natural moisture factor.
This could increase the
appearance of aging
and leave you more
vulnerable to bacteria.
Used in cleansers to
dissolve oil and grease.
It adjusts the melting
point and thickens
products. Also used in
caustic spray-on oven
cleaners and face
cleansers. See
Ethoxylated
surfactants.
Poly Hydroxy Acid (PHA)
Derived from the buds
of fruit trees, claims to
be gentler yet as
effective as AHA's; still
debatable.
Polymers, polymeric,
polymerisation
Used in cosmetics to
keep sunscreens from
washing off, in hair-
setting products, and as
binders in skin creams.
Plastic fingernails are
also produced by
polymerisation.
Polyoxyethylene compounds
An emulsifier in hand
cream, hand lotion, air
freshener. Can cause
sensitivity reactions;
eye and skin irritation;
may be contaminated
with 1,4-dioxane.
Polypropylene Glycol
A humectant in liquid
makeup, pesticides. See
Propylene glycol
MSDS: Hygroscopic
(absorbs moisture
from the air).
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: May cause mild
eye irritation.
Skin: May cause mild
skin irritation.
Ingestion: May cause
irritation of the
digestive tract.
Inhalation: May
cause respiratory tract
irritation.
Polyquaternium
Followed by any
number they are
carcinogenic,
mutagenic, toxic and
cause adverse
reactions. Induced
contact dermatitis,
causes fatal drug allergy
(anaphylactic shock),
may cause increased
sensitivity to muscle
relaxants.
Polysorbates
Fatty acid esters. Used
in many cosmetics as
emulsifiers.
Polysorbates are
assigned different
numerical values
according to their
formulas and whether
they're intended to be
used in foods or
cosmetics.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone - PVP
A faintly yellow, solid,
plastic resin resembling
albumen. Used to give a
softer set in shampoos,
hairsprays, and
lacquers; also a carrier
in emollient creams,
liquid lip rouge, and
face rouge; also a
clarifier in vinegar and a
plasma expander in
medicine. Inhaled
particles may cause
problems in the lungs
of sensitive people.
Suspected human
teratogenic &
carcinogen.
MSDS:
Inhalation: Chronic
inhalation of dusts
can cause pulmonary
damage, blood effects
and abnormal liver
function.
Skin: Can cause
allergic dermatitis.
Potassium bromate An antiseptic,
astringent in
toothpaste,
mouthwash, improving
additive in bread.
MSDS:
Emergency
Overview:
DANGER! STRONG
OXIDIZER.
CONTACT WITH
OTHER MATERIAL
MAY CAUSE FIRE
OR FORM SHOCK
SENSITIVE
MATERIALS. MAY
BE FATAL IF
SWALLOWED.
HARMFUL IF
INHALED OR
ABSORBED
THROUGH SKIN.
CAUSES
IRRITATION TO
SKIN, EYES AND
RESPIRATORY
TRACT. MAY
CAUSE KIDNEY
DAMAGE.
Potential Health
Effects
Inhalation: Causes
irritation to the
respiratory tract.
Symptoms may
include coughing,
shortness of breath.
Ingestion: Causes
irritation to the
gastrointestinal tract.
Symptoms may
include nausea,
vomiting and
diarrhoea. May cause
abdominal pain,
reduced urinary
output, low blood
pressure,
methemoglobinemia,
convulsions, liver and
kidney damage, and
coma. Cyanosis may
occur as a later
symptom. Death may
occur from renal
failure, within 1 to 2
weeks. Estimated
lethal dose is 4
grams.
Skin Contact: Causes
irritation to skin.
Symptoms include
redness, itching, and
pain. In the presence
of moisture, it is
slowly absorbed in
toxic amounts.
Prolonged exposure
may cause burns.
Eye Contact: Causes
irritation with
redness, pain. May
cause eye damage.
Chronic Exposure:
Overexposure may
cause kidney
damage.
Aggravation of Pre-
existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-
existing skin
disorders or eye
problems, or impaired
liver, kidney or
respiratory function
may be more
susceptible to the
effects of the
substance.
Potassium carbonate
A buffer in freckle
lotions, shampoos,
soaps.
MSDS:
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: Contact with
eyes may cause
severe irritation, and
possible eye burns.
Skin: Contact with
skin causes irritation
and possible burns,
especially if the skin
is wet or moist.
Ingestion: Harmful if
swallowed. May
cause severe
gastrointestinal tract
irritation with nausea,
vomiting and possible
burns.
Inhalation: Causes
respiratory tract
irritation.
Potassium chlorate
An oxidising agent in
toothpaste, freckle
lotions, mouthwash,
bleach, fireworks,
pesticides, matches.
MSDS:
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: May cause
moderate eye
irritation. May cause
eye burns.
Skin: Contact with
skin causes irritation
and possible burns,
especially if the skin
is wet or moist.
Ingestion: May cause
gastrointestinal
irritation with nausea,
vomiting and
diarrhoea. May cause
methemoglobinemia,
cyanosis (bluish
discoloration of skin
due to deficient
oxygenation of the
blood), convulsions,
and death.
Methemoglobinemia
is characterized by
dizziness, drowsiness,
headache, shortness
of breath, cyanosis
(bluish discoloration
of skin due to
deficient oxygenation
of the blood), rapid
heart rate and
chocolate-brown
colored blood.
Inhalation: Dust is
irritating to the
respiratory tract. May
cause
methemoglobinemia,
cyanosis (bluish
discoloration of skin
due to deficient
oxygenation of the
blood), convulsions,
tachycardia, dyspnea
(laboured breathing),
and death.
Chronic: Prolonged
or repeated skin
contact may cause
dermatitis. May cause
liver and kidney
damage.
Potassium Coco Hydrolysed
Collagen See Anionic Surfactants
Potassium hydroxide
An emulsifier, buffer in
liquid soap, barrier
cream, hand lotion,
cuticle removers,
household cleaners,
button batteries.
MSDS:
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: Causes severe
eye burns. May cause
irreversible eye
injury. Contact may
cause ulceration of
the conjunctiva and
cornea. Eye damage
may be delayed.
Skin: Causes skin
burns. May cause
deep, penetrating
ulcers of the skin.
Ingestion: Harmful if
swallowed. May
cause circulatory
system failure. May
cause perforation of
the digestive tract.
Causes severe
digestive tract burns
with abdominal pain,
vomiting, and
possible death.
Inhalation: Harmful
if inhaled. Irritation
may lead to chemical
pneumonitis and
pulmonary oedema.
Causes severe
irritation of upper
respiratory tract with
coughing, burns,
breathing difficulty,
and possible coma.
Chronic: Prolonged
or repeated skin
contact may cause
dermatitis. Prolonged
or repeated eye
contact may cause
conjunctivitis.
Potato starch
An emollient used in
dry shampoos, baby
powders, dusting
powders.
Potpourri A mixture of dried,
sweet smelling flowers,
leaves, and or spices
used as a sachet or
pomander. Potpourri
has become a favourite
fragrance mixture for
various home craft
projects.
PPG compounds
Used in various
cosmetics. See
Propylene glycol and
ethylene oxide.
Preservatives
Researchers have
become increasingly
aware of the dangers
associated with
microbial
contamination of
topical skin products
and know more today
than ever about the
sources of
contamination.
Unfortunately the
battle against
contamination is far
from won as adaptable
organisms continue to
cause problems
resulting in bacterial
infections of the skin.
Pre-Shave
A fragranced liquid
used by men before
shaving to lubricate the
face and prepare the
skin.
Proline
Amino acid vital to the
composition and
production collagen.
Propylene Glycol
PG
1,2- Propanedial
It is the most common
moisture-carrying
vehicle other than
water that is used.
Found in most
shampoo and
conditioners, after
shaves, deodorants,
mouthwashes and
toothpastes, even
foodstuffs such as cakes
& muffins. Derived
from petroleum
products. Also used in
anti-freeze, de-icer,
latex, paint, and
laundry detergent,
remove barnacles from
boats. It can cause
irritation of nasal and
respiratory passages
and if ingested, can
cause nausea, vomiting,
and diarrhoea. It is
documented to cause
liver abnormalities and
kidney damage.
Research also shows it
is mutagenic, and a
contributor to cardiac
arrest. Japanese studies
show it damages cell
DNA (genetic code).
Strongly degreases and
dries the skin.
Permeates skin better
than glycerine, but
causes more sensitivity
reactions.
MSDS: CAUTION!
MAY CAUSE
IRRITATION TO
SKIN AND EYES.
Potential Health
Effects
Inhalation: No
adverse health effects
via inhalation.
Ingestion: Relatively
non-toxic. Ingestion
of sizable amount
(over 100ml) may
cause some
gastrointestinal upset
and temporary central
nervous system
depression. Effects
appear more severe in
individuals with
kidney problems.
Skin Contact: Mild
irritant and defatting
agent, especially on
prolonged contact.
Eye Contact: May
cause transitory
stinging and tearing.
Chronic Exposure:
Lactic acidosis, stupor
and seizures have
been reported
following chronic
ingestion.
Aggravation of Pre-
existing Conditions:
Kidney disorders.
Propylene glycol alginate A stabiliser, binder used
in cosmetics, foods. See
Propylene Glycol
Alginate (405) in the
Food Guide.
Propylparaben
A preservative in
shampoo, beauty
masks, nail cream,
foundation creams,
baby creams.
MSDS: WARNING!
HARMFUL IF
SWALLOWED OR
INHALED. MAY
CAUSE ALLERGIC
SKIN REACTION.
CAUSES
IRRITATION TO
SKIN, EYES AND
RESPIRATORY
TRACT. MAY
FORM
COMBUSTIBLE
DUST
CONCENTRATION
S IN AIR.
Potential Health
Effects
Inhalation: Causes
irritation to the
respiratory tract.
Symptoms may
include coughing,
shortness of breath.
Ingestion: Large oral
doses may cause
irritation to the
gastrointestinal tract.
Skin Contact: Causes
irritation to skin.
Symptoms include
redness, itching, and
pain. May cause
allergic skin
reactions.
Eye Contact: Causes
irritation, redness, and
pain.
Chronic Exposure:
No information
found.
Aggravation of Pre-
existing Conditions:
Individuals sensitive
to other paraben's
may show cross-
sensitivity to this
substance.
Protein
Protein consists of
amino acids and
constitutes about 15%
of human body weight.
Protein is of critical
importance in the
structure and function
of cells. Recently the
use of proteins has
been broadened to skin
care since many skin
problems such as
chapping and dryness
appear to be associated
with damage to or
actual loss of skin
protein.
Psoralen
A UV absorber in
sunscreens, perfumes,
treatment of vitiligo.
Psoriasis
A chronic inflammatory
skin disease of
unknown cause in
which skin cells
replicate at a rapid rate.
Psoriasis cannot be
passed from one
person to another,
though it is more likely
to occur in people
whose family members
have it. The rash usually
consists of scaly red
patches that can cause
itching. Certain
conditions, e.g.,
infection, some drugs,
climate and perhaps
hormonal factors and
smoking, may trigger
attacks.
Pulse Points
The areas on the body
where the pulse of the
heart is felt close to the
skin. The pressure of
the pulse will generate
heat, therefore forcing
the fragrance applied at
these points to be
enhanced. Pulse points
are located behind the
earlobes, at the wrists,
behind the knees, on
the neck, and in
between the breasts.
Pumice
An abrasive cleaner in
toothpaste, hand
cleansing pastes, skin
cleansers.
PVP/ VA - A petroleum-derived
Polyvinylpyrrolidone chemical, faintly yellow,
solid, plastic resin
resembling albumen.
Used to give a softer
set in shampoos,
hairsprays, and
lacquers; also a
carrier in emollient
creams, liquid lip
rouge, and face
rouge; also a clarifier
in vinegar and a
plasma expander in
medicine. Inhaled
particles may cause
problems in the lungs
of sensitive people.
Suspected human
teratogenic &
carcinogen.
MSDS: Inhalation: Chronic inhalation of dusts can cause pulmonary damage,
blood effects and abnormal liver function. Skin: Can cause allergic dermatitis.
Pycnogenol
An antioxidant in "anti-
aging" products,
chewing gum,
supplements.
Considered safe and
beneficial.
Pyrocatechol
An antiseptic, oxidiser
used in hair dyes,
blonde type dyes, skin
care preparations.
MSDS:
Extremely hazardous
in case of skin contact
(corrosive, irritant), of
eye contact (irritant),
of ingestion, of
inhalation.
Very hazardous in
case of skin contact
(sensitiser,
permeator). The
amount of tissue
damage depends on
length
of contact. Eye
contact can result in
corneal damage or
blindness. Skin
contact can produce
inflammation and
blistering. Inhalation
of dust will produce
irritation to gastro-
intestinal or
respiratory tract,
characterized by
burning,
sneezing and
coughing. Severe
over-exposure can
produce lung damage,
choking,
unconsciousness or
death.
Inflammation of the
eye is characterized
by redness, watering,
and itching. Skin
inflammation is
characterized by
itching, scaling,
reddening, or,
occasionally,
blistering.
Potential Health
Effects
Inhalation: Causes
irritation to the
respiratory tract.
Symptoms may
include coughing,
shortness of breath.
Breathing vapour or
dust results in
digestive disturbances
(vomiting, difficulty
in swallowing,
diarrhoea, loss of
appetite). Systemic
poisoning may occur
with symptoms
similar to those of
ingestion.
Ingestion: Poison.
Symptoms may
include burning pain
in mouth and throat,
abdominal pain,
headache, dizziness,
muscular weakness,
irregular breathing,
coma, and possibly
death. May interfere
with blood's
capability to carry
oxygen
(methemoglobinemia)
, as evidenced by
bluish colour to skin
and lips. With
catechol exposure,
convulsions are more
marked than with
phenol exposure, and
blood dyscrasias
(imbalance of
components of the
blood) have been
noted.
Skin Contact:
Corrosive. May be
absorbed through the
skin with systemic
poisoning effects to
follow. Discoloration
and severe burns may
occur. May cause
allergic skin
reactions.
Eye Contact:
Corrosive. Redness,
pain, blurred vision
may occur. May
cause severe damage
and blindness.
Chronic Exposure:
Repeated exposure
may cause symptoms
described for acute
poisoning as well as
liver damage.
Aggravation of Pre-
existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-
existing skin
disorders or eye
problems or impaired
liver or kidney
function may be more
susceptible to the
effects of the
substance.
Pyrogallol
An antiseptic, colouring
used in permanent hair
dye, skin care
preparation, anti-
microbial soothing
irritated skin.
MSDS: harmful by
inhalation, in contact
with skin and if
swallowed.
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: Contact with
eyes may cause
severe irritation, and
possible eye burns.
Skin: May be
absorbed through the
skin in harmful
amounts. May cause
skin sensitisation, an
allergic reaction,
which becomes
evident upon re-
exposure to this
material. May cause
severe skin irritation
with possible burns,
especially if skin is
wet or moist.
Ingestion: Harmful if
swallowed. May
cause gastrointestinal
irritation with nausea,
vomiting and
diarrhoea.
Inhalation: May
cause respiratory tract
irritation. Causes
severe irritation of
upper respiratory tract
with coughing, burns,
breathing difficulty,
and possible coma.
Chronic: Repeated
exposure may cause
sensitisation
dermatitis.
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There's no such thing as a free lunch. Nature
bats last." - by Ernest Callenbach
Name Information
Q
Quaternary Ammonium Salts
QUATS
Used as water
repellents,
fungicides,
emulsifiers,
paper and fabric
softeners,
antistatic agents,
and corrosion
inhibitors. Their
use in cleaners &
laundry fabric
softeners,
aerosol
deodorants,
aftershave
lotions, anti-
dandruff
shampoos, hair
colourings,
mouthwashes,
hand creams,
shampoos &
much more,
came from the
paper and fabric
industries. Eye &
skin irritants.
Concentrations
as low as 0.1
percent are
irritating to the
eye & mucous
membranes .
Ingestion can be
fatal.
Quaternium-7, 15, 31, 60, etc
Toxic chemical,
causes skin
rashes and
allergic
reactions.
Formaldehyde
releasers. More
effective against
bacteria than
against moulds
and yeast.
Found in
dishwashing
products and
some cosmetics.
See Nitrosating
agents
See
Formaldehyde
From Material
Safety Data
Sheet
(MSDS):
Skin:
Prolonged or
repeated
exposure may
cause skin
irritation. May
cause more
severe response
if the skin is
damp.
May be a week
skin sensitiser
in susceptible
individuals at
greater than 1%
in aqueous
solution.
Quercetin
A colourant,
antioxidant in
dark brown
shades of hair
dyes, food
additives, dyeing
hair pieces,
supplements.
Considered safe;
may cause
allergic
reactions;
teratogenic. On
NIH hazards list.
Quillia Extract
Many plants
(soap plants)
contain
substances
called saponins
which form a
natural lather in
water that is a
gentle but
effective natural
cleaner and
some have been
used as an
alternative to
soap in
shampoos, skin
cleaners, soaps,
food and
beverage
flavour.
Generally
regarded as safe
Quinine
An anaesthetic,
flavouring in hair
tonics,
sunscreen
preparations,
tonic water,
"bitter lemon"
drinks, cold and
headache
remedies. Large
or long-term
dosages can
cause
headaches, skin
rashes, intestinal
cramps, tinnitus;
cardiovascular
and liver
toxicity;
teratogenic.
Quinoline A solvent,
colourant used
in manufacture
of cosmetic
dyes,
preservative for
anatomical
specimens.
MSDS:
Harmful in
contact with
skin and if
swallowed.
Irritating to
eyes.
Hygroscopic
(absorbs
moisture from
the air). Light
sensitive.
Potential
Health Effects
Eye: Causes
severe eye
irritation.
Causes redness
and pain.
Skin: Causes
moderate skin
irritation.
Harmful if
absorbed
through the
skin.
Ingestion:
Harmful if
swallowed.
May cause
severe
gastrointestinal
tract irritation
with nausea,
vomiting and
possible burns.
Inhalation:
May cause
severe irritation
of the
respiratory tract
with sore
throat,
coughing,
shortness of
breath and
delayed lung
oedema. The
toxicological
properties of
this substance
have not been
fully
investigated.
Chronic:
Possible cancer
hazard based
on tests with
laboratory
animals. May
cause liver and
kidney damage.
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even amid scientific controversy, cannot be
questioned openly without persecution or
ridicule."
Name Information
R
Rancid Natural Emollients
Natural oils used
in cosmetics
should be cold
pressed. The
refined
vegetable oils
found on
supermarket
shelves and
many health
food stores
which lack
colour, odour
and taste are
devoid of
nutrients,
essential fatty
acids, vitamins
and un-
saponifiables -
all valuable skin
conditioning
agents! They
also contain
poisonous
"trans" fatty
acids as a result
of the refining
process.
Another
important factor
to consider with
creams made
from plant oil is
the use-by date.
The most
beneficial plant
oils (like rosehip,
borage and
evening
primrose oils)
are
polyunsaturated,
which means
they oxidise and
go rancid fairly
quickly (about 6
months). Most
off-the-shelf
cosmetics have a
shelf life of three
years. Rancid
oils are harmful,
they form free-
radicals, which
damage and age
your skin.
Remedy
A substance
used to cure or
heal an illness,
pain or disorder.
This can be a
prepared
medication, a
natural
substance found
in nature, or a
combination of
the two.
Resveratrol
Antioxidant
which supports
and protects
collagen.
Retin A (Also called retinoic acid)
Retinoic Acid
A prescription
drug for the
treatment of
acne. Is also
believed to help
repair sun
damage. A
derivative of
Vitamin A.
Retinoids/Retinol
A series of
compounds
derived from
Vitamin A. These
compounds are
found in skin
and aid in its
normal
functioning; fat
soluble;
depending upon
concentration,
estimated to be
approximately
10 times less
effective than
tretinoin.
Retinol
A preservative,
additive in
massage creams
and oils, skin
care
preparations,
topical acne
treatments.
Considered to
have beneficial
health effects;
excess levels can
cause yellow
skin, birth
defects and liver
toxicity.
Retinyl Palmitate
A form of
Vitamin A (also
known as
Vitamin A
Palmitate) that is
included in skin
formulations
and considered a
more stable
alternative to
retinal for
normalizing the
skin’s texture
and helping
smooth out fine
lines. Is the ester
of retinol
combined with
palmitic acid;
thought to be
less irritating
than retinol.
Retinyl Palmitate Polypeptide
Water soluble
formulation of
Vitamin A.
Rice starch
An emollient in
baby powders,
face powders,
foods. Allergic
reactions; can
clog pores
inhibiting proper
skin function;
acne.
Ricinoleamide DEA
An antistatic
agent in
cosmetics.
Contains DEA
see
Diethanolamine.
Ricinoleic acid
An emollient,
emulsifier in
soaps, lipsticks,
contraceptive
jelly. Allergic
reactions;
dermatitis. On
NIH hazards list.
Rose Oil
The healing
virtues of the
rose have been
known since
antiquity. Helps
soothe dry,
sensitive skin.
Found in skin
creams, sun care
products. Food
flavouring.
Rose Hips
Scarlet fruit
(called "hips") or
botanical extract
of rose petals
found to have
high
concentrations
of vitamin C.
Rosemary oil / extract
A physical and
mental
stimulant, and
an astringent
healer used to
treat muscle
soreness. Found
in bubble bath,
skin cream,
shampoo, food
flavouring.3.
Rosin A viscosity
control in soaps,
mascaras, wax
depilatories,
chewing gum,
varnishes.
Royal bee jelly
A biological
additive in
cosmetics or
food.
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I have no medical training, but I can read.
Name Information
S
Saccharin
Dental care products,
lipsticks. Overt
Carcinogen. According
to Dr. Epstein, "The
evidence on the
carcinogenicity of
saccharin is literally
overwhelming."
MSDS: Limited
evidence of a
carcinogenic effect.
Cancer suspect agent.
The toxicological
properties of this
material have not
been fully
investigated. Possible
risks of irreversible
effects.
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: May cause eye
irritation.
Skin: May cause skin
irritation.
Ingestion: May
cause irritation of the
digestive tract. The
toxicological
properties of this
substance have not
been fully
investigated. May be
harmful if
swallowed.
Inhalation: May
cause respiratory
tract irritation. The
toxicological
properties of this
substance have not
been fully
investigated.
Chronic: May cause
cancer according to
animal studies. May
cause reproductive
and foetal effects.
Laboratory
experiments have
resulted in mutagenic
effects.
Sachets A small decorative bag
filled with fragrant
material used to
enhance one’s home,
used to scent clothing
in drawers, shoes,
furniture, luggage.
Saffron
A colouring, flavouring
in perfumes,
cosmetics, food,
marking ink.
Safrole
A fragrance, flavouring
in cheap soaps,
perfumes and a
possible beverage
flavouring. Safrole was
once widely used as a
food additive in root
beer, sassafras tea, and
other common goods.
However, the FDA
barred the use of
safrole after it was
shown to be mildly
carcinogenic. Today,
safrole is also banned
for use in soap and
perfumes by IFRA. It is
a precursor in the
synthesis of the
insecticide piperonyl
butoxide. More
recently, safrole has
been used as the main
precursor for the
clandestine
manufacture of MDMA
(Ecstasy) and MDEA
(Eve).
MSDS:
Harmful if
swallowed. Limited
evidence of a
carcinogenic effect.
May cause cancer.
Potential Health
Effects The toxicological
properties of this
material have not
been investigated.
Use appropriate
procedures to prevent
opportunities for
direct contact with
the skin or eyes and
to prevent inhalation.
Salicylates
A flavouring in ice
cream, jam, cake
mixes, chewing gum,
antiseptics. See Methyl
Salicylate. Allergic
reactions in people
sensitive to aspirin;
hyperactivity; kidney,
cardiovascular and
neurotoxicity; asthma.
Salicylic Acid
The active ingredient in
aspirin. Classified as a
BHA (beta hydroxy
acid); medically used
as an exfoliant and
debriding agent.
Cosmetically used in
some chemical peels
and to reduce oiliness,
acne and the
appearance of fine
lines, also as an
antiseptic and
preservative. Occurs
naturally in plants but
can be synthetically
created from
phenol. Used in skin
softener, face masks,
make-up, hair dye
remover, deodorant,
suntan lotion, food,
fungicide, topical
treatment for acne.
Avoid contact with
face, genitals and
mucous membranes.
MSDS: WARNING!
HARMFUL IF
SWALLOWED,
INHALED OR
ABSORBED
THROUGH SKIN.
AFFECTS
CENTRAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM,
KIDNEYS, AND
PANCREAS.
CAUSES
IRRITATION TO
SKIN, EYES AND
RESPIRATORY
TRACT.
Potential Health
Effects
Inhalation:
Inhalation of dust
may cause irritation
due to its acidic
character. Coughing,
sneezing, and
shortness of breath
may occur.
Ingestion: Ingestion
of sizable amounts
can cause
"salicylism", as
evidenced by
abdominal pain,
vomiting, increased
respiration, and
mental disturbances.
Fatalities resulting
from respiratory or
cardiovascular failure
are known. Mean
lethal adult dose of
salicylates is between
20 and 30 grams.
Skin Contact: Mild
irritant, may cause
skin rash in sensitive
individuals.
Absorption of large
amounts may
produce symptoms
paralleling ingestion
exposure.
Eye Contact: Severe
irritant by animal
testing.
Chronic Exposure:
Central nervous
system disturbances
such as rapid
breathing, confusion
and even convulsions
may develop.
Kidneys and
pancreas can be
affected by
prolonged ingestion.
Aggravation of Pre-
existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-
existing skin
disorders or eye
problems or impaired
kidney function may
be more susceptible
to the effects of the
substance.
Saponins (Quillia Extract) Many plants (soap
plants) contain
substances called
saponins which form a
natural lather in water
that is a gentle but
effective natural
cleaner and some have
been used as an
alternative to soap.
Sarcosines and sarcosinates
A surfactant in
shampoo, soaps,
dentifrices, lubricating
oils, dishwashing
liquids.
Sandalwood Oil
Deep, soft, sweet,
woody balsamic scent.
Highly esteemed in
China and India. Plays a
part in Hindu ritual.
Sassafras Essential oil obtained
from the roots of the
Sassafras tree. Is a
healing and antiseptic
extract that can reduce
irritation and swelling.
Also used in perfumes,
soaps, dentifrices,
flavour in food, topical
antiseptic.
Saturated Fats
A fat usually of animal
origin. When fatty acid
chains can't
accommodate any
more hydrogen atoms
they become
saturated.
Sebaceous Glands
Glands in the skin that
open into hair follicles
and from which sebum
is secreted.
Seborrhea A condition in which
there is over-activity of
the sebaceous glands.
The distinctive
characteristics of the
disorder are its
common occurrence in
hair areas (especially
the scalp), the
appearance of well-
demarcated, dull
yellowish-red lesions,
and the associated
presence of greasy or
dry scales. Rashes can
occur on the face,
shoulders and chest.
Seaweed
High in vitamins A, B -
complex, C and E. A
skin and scalp nutrient,
soothing and toning.
Selenium Sulphide Anti dandruff
shampoos and tinea
treatments. Can
severely irritate eyes.
May cause dryness or
oiliness of hair or scalp.
MSDS: Toxic by
inhalation and if
swallowed. Danger
of cumulative effects.
Very toxic to aquatic
organisms, may
cause long-term
adverse effects in the
aquatic environment.
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: May cause eye
irritation.
Skin: May cause skin
irritation. May cause
dermatitis.
Ingestion: Poison by
ingestion. May cause
gastrointestinal
irritation with nausea,
vomiting and
diarrhoea. May cause
alopecia (loss of
hair).
Inhalation: May
cause irritation of the
respiratory tract with
burning pain in the
nose and throat,
coughing, wheezing,
shortness of breath
and pulmonary
oedema. The
toxicological
properties of this
substance have not
been fully
investigated.
Inhalation may be
fatal as a result of
spasm, inflammation,
oedema of the larynx
and bronchi,
chemical
pneumonitis and
pulmonary oedema.
Toxic if inhaled.
Chronic: Chronic
ingestion may cause
liver damage.
Chronic ingestion
may cause central
nervous system
failure.
Sesame Oil Softens skin.
Shea Butter
An excellent emollient
for skin moisturizers
made from Mangifolia
Tree Nuts High in
triglycerides and fatty
acids.
Silica
Highly oil absorbent.
Some silica used in
cosmetics, especially
amorphous hydrated
silica, may be
contaminated with
small amounts of
crystalline quartz.
Crystalline silica is
carcinogenic.
Silicone derived emollients
Silicone emollients are
occlusive - that is they
coat the skin, trapping
anything beneath it,
and do not allow the
skin to breathe (much
like plastic wrap would
do.)
Recent studies have
indicated that
prolonged exposure of
the skin to sweat, by
occlusion, causes skin
irritation. Some
synthetic emollients
are known tumour
promoters and
accumulate in the liver
and lymph nodes. They
are also non-
biodegradable, causing
negative
environmental impact.
Dimethicone
Dimethicone
Copolyol
Cyclomethicone
Silicone was and still
is used as breast
implants. Tens of
thousands of women
with breast implants
have complained of
debilitating
symptoms. Anecdotal
evidence indicates
silicone to be toxic to
the human body. For
more detailed
information on the
dangers of silicone
simply key "silicone
toxicity" into a
search engine.
Silk Powder
Incorporated into
cosmetic powders to
help absorb skin
moisture and oils.
Silk Proteins
Prevents dehydration;
commonly found in
eye rejuvenation
creams.
Silver nitrate
A hair dye in metallic
dyes.
MSDS:
Potential Health
Effects
Eye: Contact with
eyes may cause
severe irritation, and
possible eye burns.
Skin: Causes severe
skin irritation. Causes
skin burns.
Ingestion: Harmful if
swallowed. May
cause severe
gastrointestinal tract
irritation with nausea,
vomiting and
possible burns.
Inhalation: Causes
severe irritation of
upper respiratory
tract with coughing,
burns, breathing
difficulty, and
possible coma.
Chronic: May cause
methemoglobinemia,
which is
characterized by
chocolate-brown
colored blood,
headache, weakness,
dizziness, breath
shortness, cyanosis
(bluish skin due to
deficient oxygenation
of blood), rapid heart
rate, unconsciousness
and possible death.
Skin Disease
In the course of
development before
birth, skin is
particularly associated
with the nervous
system. It is therefore
not surprising that so
many skin diseases are
influenced by the
emotional states.
Other causes of skin
disease are infections,
glandular disorders
and vitamin
deficiencies. Early
detection and
treatment improve the
prognosis for many
skin conditions and
medical advice can
lead to beneficial
therapy.
Skin Texture
Appearance of the skin
which may be rough,
smooth, dull, dry and
scaly, etc.
Skintone
Makeup: Consistency
with skin colour.
Skincare: Refers to the
skin's firmness.
Soap
A cleansing material
made of oils,
detergents and
fragrance, used on
skin. Comes in many
different forms; bar
soap, liquid soap, gels,
and flakes. The
detergents in soap
combine with water to
penetrate the skin,
attract the dirt
particles and separate
them from the skin,
making them easier to
then rinse away.
Sodium Alginate
Natural compound.
Mostly used as a
thickener and
emulsifier in foods,
pharmaceuticals, and
cosmetics.
Sodium alpha-olefin
sulphonates
A cleanser in shampoo,
bath and shower
products. May cause
eye and skin irritation
and sensitisation;
foetal abnormalities
Sodium Ascorbate
Used in cosmetics as
an antioxidant and
preservative.
Sodium Bicarbonate Neutralizes acid,
making products less
irritating; commonly
known as baking soda.
Sodium Bisulphite
Artificial chemical that
is used as a hair relaxer
and a preservative.
Sodium Borate
Used in cosmetics as
an emulsifier,
preservative and
detergent builder.
Related to boric acid;
potential irritant.
Sodium Carbonate
Used in cosmetics as a
humectant , buffer,
alkaliser, oxidising
agent in shampoo,
vaginal douches, soaps,
permanent wave
solution, bath salts,
dishwashing liquid,
cigarettes, pesticides.
Breathing difficulty,
abdominal pain,
collapse from
ingestion; liver toxicity;
can cause scalp,
forehead and hand
rash.
MSDS: DANGER!
MAY CAUSE EYE
BURNS. HARMFUL
IF SWALLOWED
OR INHALED.
CAUSES
IRRITATION TO
SKIN AND
RESPIRATORY
TRACT.
Potential Health
Effects
Inhalation:
Inhalation of dust
may cause irritation
to the respiratory
tract. Symptoms from
excessive inhalation
of dust may include
coughing and
difficult breathing.
Excessive contact is
known to cause
damage to the nasal
septum.
Ingestion: Sodium
carbonate is only
slightly toxic, but
large doses may be
corrosive to the
gastro-intestinal tract
where symptoms
may include severe
abdominal pain,
vomiting, diarrhoea,
collapse and death.
Skin Contact:
Excessive contact
may cause irritation
with blistering and
redness. Solutions
may cause severe
irritation or burns.
Eye Contact:
Contact may be
corrosive to eyes and
cause conjunctival
oedema and corneal
destruction. Risk of
serious injury
increases if eyes are
kept tightly closed.
Other symptoms may
appear from
absorption of sodium
carbonate into the
bloodstream via the
eyes.
Chronic Exposure:
Prolonged or
repeated skin
exposure may cause
sensitisation.
Sodium Citrate
Crystalline salt. Used in
cosmetics as a
sequestrant and an
alkaliser, and in foods
as a buffering agent.
Sodium chloride
table salt
A preservative,
viscosity control in
shampoos, liquid hand
wash, bubble baths,
mouthwash, food,
butter, meats,
cigarettes. Can be
irritating and corrosive
to skin and mucous
membranes; dry skin;
skin rash; teratogenic.
Sodium Cocoyl Sarcosinate
A surfactant used in
shampoo, hand and
body wash. See
Anionic Surfactants.
See Sarcosines.
Sodium cocoyl isethionate
A surfactant in bar
soap, body wash, skin
scrubs. Considered
safe.
Sodium Cyanide
Carcinogenic,
mutagenic, toxic and
causes adverse
reactions
Sodium fluoride
A preservative, oral
care in cosmetics,
toothpastes,
dentifrices, cigarettes.
See Fluoride.
MSDS: DANGER!
MAY BE FATAL IF
SWALLOWED OR
INHALED.
AFFECTS
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM, HEART,
SKELETON,
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM,
CENTRAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM AND
KIDNEYS. CAUSES
IRRITATION TO
SKIN, EYES AND
RESPIRATORY
TRACT.
IRRITATION
EFFECTS MAY BE
DELAYED.
Potential Health
Effects
If inhaled or
swallowed, this
compound can cause
fluoride poisoning.
Early symptoms
include nausea,
vomiting, diarrhoea,
and weakness. Later
effects include
central nervous
system effects,
cardiovascular effects
and death.
Inhalation: Causes
severe irritation to
the respiratory tract,
symptoms may
include coughing,
sore throat, and
laboured breathing.
May be absorbed
through inhalation of
dust; symptoms may
parallel those from
ingestion exposure.
Irritation effects may
not appear
immediately.
Ingestion: Toxic!
May cause salivation,
nausea, vomiting,
diarrhoea, and
abdominal pain.
Symptoms of
weakness, tremors,
shallow respiration,
carpopedal spasm,
convulsions, and
coma may follow.
May cause brain and
kidney damage.
Affects heart and
circulatory system.
Death may occur
from respiratory
paralysis. Estimated
lethal dose = 5-l0
grams.
Skin Contact:
Causes irritation,
with redness and
pain. Solutions are
corrosive. Effects
may not appear
immediately.
Eye Contact: Eye
irritant! May cause
irritation and serious
eye damage. Effects
may not immediately
appear.
Chronic Exposure: Chronic exposure
may cause mottling
of teeth and bone
damage
(osteosclerosis) and
fluorosis. Symptoms
of fluorosis include
brittle bones, weight
loss, anaemia,
calcified ligaments,
general ill health and
joint stiffness.
Aggravation of Pre-
existing Conditions:
Populations that
appear to be at
increased risk from
the effects of fluoride
are individuals that
suffer from diabetes
insipidus or some
forms of renal
impairment.
Sodium Hyaluronate
Related to Hyaluronic
acid (salt form), works
to moisturize the skin;
can hold more than
1000 times its own
weight in water.
Sodium Hydroxide
Also known as caustic
soda or lye. A powerful
alkali used in industry
for cleaning drains and
pipe lines also used in
oven cleaners.
Workers exposed to
steam containing
sodium hydroxide have
suffered lung damage
and an increased risk
of throat cancer. Used
in toothpastes and as a
pH adjuster in skin
creams. Causes contact
dermatitis and may
sensitise individuals to
other chemicals. Why
is it included in
toothpastes? The
action of the lye helps
remove stains and
discolorations on
teeth.; This seems to
be an extreme way to
get whiter teeth!
MSDS: POISON!
DANGER! CORROSIVE.
May be fatal if
swallowed. Harmful if
inhaled. Causes burns
to the area of contact.
Reacts with water,
acids and other
materials.
Ingestion: Corrosive!
Swallowing may
cause severe burns of
mouth, throat, and
stomach. Severe
scarring of tissue and
death may result.
Symptoms may
include bleeding,
vomiting, diarrhoea,
fall in blood pressure.
Damage may appears
days after exposure.
Skin
Contact: Corrosive!
Contact with skin can
cause irritation or
severe burns and
scarring with greater
exposures.
Eye
Contact: Corrosive!
Causes irritation of
eyes, and with
greater exposures it
can cause burns that
may result in
permanent
impairment of vision,
even blindness.
Chronic
Exposure: Prolonged
contact with dilute
solutions has a
destructive effect
upon tissue.
Aggravation of Pre-
existing
Conditions: Persons
with pre-existing skin
disorders or eye
problems or impaired
respiratory function
may be more
susceptible to the
effects of the
substance.
Sodium hydroxymethyl
glycinate
A Preservative in
cosmetics. May release
formaldehyde.
Sodium Laureth Sulphate
(SLES)
When combined with
other chemicals, SLES
and ALES (Ammonium
Laureth Sulphate). It is
frequently disguised in
semi-natural cosmetics
with the explanation
"comes from coconut".
May be contaminated
with 1,4 dioxane (a
known carcinogen). At
15% SLES is severely
irritating. Can react
with amines (such as
DEA, TEA, MEA) to
form carcinogenic
nitrosamines. Can be
retained in tissues up
to 5 days even after a
single drop.
See Anionic
Surfactants
See Ethoxylated
surfactants
See Nitrosating agents
MSDS:
WARNING! Causes skin
and eye irritation!
Avoid contact with
eyes, skin and clothing.
Classified as a
moderate to severe
eye irritant.
Acute Effects: Harmful if inhaled or
swallowed.
May be harmful if
absorbed through the
skin.
Causes severe eye
irritation.
Material is irritating
to mucous
membranes and
upper respiratory
tract.
Symptoms of
exposure may
include burning
sensation, coughing,
wheezing, laryngitis,
shortness of breath,
headache, nausea and
vomiting.
May cause allergic
respiratory reaction.
The Sodium Salt of
Dodecyl Sulphate has
been reported to
cause pulmonary
sensitisation resulting
in hyperactive airway
dysfunction and
pulmonary allergy
accompanied by
fatigue, malaise and
aching. Significant
symptoms of
exposure can persist
for more than two
years and can be
activated by a variety
of non-specific
environmental
stimuli such as
automobile exhaust,
perfumes and passive
smoking.
Chronic Effects:
Damage to lungs.
To the best of our
knowledge, the
chemical, physical,
and toxicological
properties have not
been thoroughly
investigated.
Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS)
An ingredient in 90% of
commercially available
shampoo and
conditioner. Corrodes
hair follicle and
impedes hair growth. Is
found in car wash
soap, engine
degreaser, toothpaste,
cream, lotion, and
garage floor cleaners.
Penetrates your eyes,
brain, liver kidneys and
remains there for a
long time. Degenerates
cell membranes and
can change the genetic
information
(mutagenic) in cells
and damage the
immune system. May
cause blindness and
lead to cataracts. Eyes
cannot heal properly.
Retards the eye
healing process.
Studies also show that
these additives react
with the ingredients of
food supplements or
cosmetics, to form
carcinogenic nitrates
and dioxin. All of this
may enter the
circulatory system with
each shampooing or
each oral ingestion.
The end result being
that these harmful
ingredients can be
retained in the liver,
heart, eyes, kidneys
and muscles for several
years after being used.
It is further reported to
cause eye irritations,
skin rashes, hair loss,
dandruff and allergic
reactions. It's damage
to mouth tissues from
use in toothpaste
could lead to an
increase in gum
disease where a trial of
a toothpaste without
SLS reduced mouth
ulcers by 60%. Long
term exposure on the
scalp can cause hair
loss and dandruff.
Research has shown
that SLS, combined
with other chemicals
can be transformed
into nitrosamines, a
potent class of
carcinogens. At only
2% SLS is extremely
irritating.
Sodium lauryl sulphoacetate
A surfactant in cream
shampoos, cleansing
creams, bath bombs.
Mild to strong skin
irritation; slight eye
irritation; slightly toxic
to rats in oral doses.
Sodium Methyl Cocoyl
Taurate
An emulsifier,
surfactant in
cosmetics. May cause
formation of
nitrosamines.
See Nitrosating agents
See Anionic
Surfactants
Sodium myreth sulphate
An emulsifier in
shampoos. Mild to
moderate eye irritation
in animal studies.
Sodium myristoyl sarcosinate
A surfactant, antistatic
agent in moisturisers.
See Sarcosines.
Sodium C14-C16 olefin A surfactant in
cosmetics, hair
conditioner, shampoo.
May cause skin
irritation; hair dryness
and denaturing; may
cause nitrosamine
formation.
Sodium Thioglycolate
A chemical used in
permanents as a hair
relaxer. Is a primary
irritant.
Sodium Oleth Sulphate
An emulsifier in
cosmetics. May
contain dangerous
levels of ethylene
oxide and/or 1,4-
dioxane, both potent
toxins.
Sodium silicate
water glass
An anti-caking agent
used in barrier creams,
soaps, depilatories,
preserving eggs,
laundry detergent. Can
cause skin and mucous
membrane irritation;
vomiting and diarrhoea
when ingested.
Sodium stearate
An emulsifier,
surfactant in
toothpastes, soapless
shampoos, shaving
lather.
Solvents
Found in sunscreens,
some skin and hair
care products. May
increase the
absorption of other
chemicals. Can have
health impacts when
inhaled.
Sorbic Acid Preservative; primarily
protects product from
yeast overgrowth.
Sorbitan laurate
An emulsifier in
cosmetic creams and
lotions. Generally
recognised as safe;
may cause contact
urticaria.
Sorbitan monolaurate
Many cosmetics.
Caused adverse
reproductive effects in
animals & may be a
carcinogen
Sorbitan oleate
An emulsifier,
plasticiser in
cosmetics, eye
shadows. Considered
safe; may cause
contact urticaria and
allergic reactions.
Sorbitan palmitate
Generally recognised
as being safe; may
cause contact
dermatitis.
Sorbitan stearate
Generally recognised
as being safe; may
cause contact
urticaria.
Sorbitol
Derived from fruit or
algae. A humectant
that gives skin a
velvety feel. Gives a
lubricant quality to
lotions.
Soybean Oil
Sugar-based
ingredient; pulls water
by osmosis from the
largest source. Pale
yellow oil. Consists of
mostly glycerides of
linoleic, oleic, linolenic,
and palmitic
acids. Typically this is
the air, so it helps
hydrate skin. In arid
conditions, however,
water will be pulled
out of the skin,
resulting in
dehydration. May be
GM.
Soytimonium chloride
A preservative,
emulsifier in
cosmetics. See
Quaternary
ammonium
compounds.
Spearmint Oil
A fragrance, flavouring
used in perfumes,
toothpaste, perfumed
cosmetics, food,
chewing gum,
cigarettes. Essential oil
obtained from the
fresh spearmint plant.
Known for its healing,
soothing properties.
Spermaceti
An emollient in
shampoos, cold
creams. Considered
non-toxic but may
become rancid and
cause skin irritation.
Squalane
A lubricant, emollient
in skin and hair
cosmetics. Considered
safe.
Squalene
An emollient, antistatic
agent in skin care
products, hair dyes,
fixative in perfumes,
shark liver oil,
supplements.
Considered to have
beneficial health
effects.
Starch
A thickener in dusting
powder, baby
powders, dry
shampoos, processed
foods. Poorly digested;
cosmetics can cause
acne; dermatitis; hay
fever.
Starch - modified
A thickener, binder in
cosmetics, processed
food, baby foods,
cigarette. Safety
concern about the
bodies resistance to
chemicals used to
modify the starch;
diarrhoea in babies;
when used in
cosmetics can cause
acne; hay fever;
dermatitis.
Stannous fluoride An oral care agent. See
Fluoride.
Stearalkonium Chloride
Used almost
universally in hair
conditioners as a
preservative. It was
originally developed by
the textile industry for
use as a fabric softener
, and is a lot cheaper
and easier to use in
hair conditioning
formulas than proteins
or herbals, which do
help hair health. Toxic.
See Cationic
surfactants. See
Quaternary
ammonium
compounds. It also has
antistatic properties.
Stearamide DEA
An opacifier, antistatic
used in shampoo, hair
conditioner. DEA
related ingredient, see
Diethanolamine.
Stearamide MEA
An opacifier,
antistatic used in
shampoo, hair
conditioner. MEA
related ingredient,
see
Monoethanolamine.
Stearamidopropyl betaine
An antistatic agent in
hair conditioners. See
Quaternary
ammonium
compounds
Stearamidopropyl
diethylamine
An antistatic agent,
emulsifier in hair
conditioners. Allergic
dermatitis; may
promote the
formation of
nitrosamines. See
Nitrosamines.
Stearamidopropyl
Tetrasodium EDTA
Nitrosamines can form
in all cosmetic
ingredients containing
amines and amino
derivatives with
nitrogen compounds.
Nitrosamines are
known carcinogens.
Steareth-2,-4,-7,-10,-20,-30 Used as lotions and
emulsifiers.
Stearic Acid Waxy, crystalline fatty
acid used as an
emulsifier, anti-caking
agent used in
deodorants, hand
creams, barrier
creams, soaps,
chewing gum base,
suppositories. Found in
cocoa butter and other
vegetable fats. It is
mainly from tallow and
other animal fats. May
cause irritation; health
effects not adequately
investigated.
Stearoyl sarcosine
An antistatic agent in
shaving gel. See
Sarcosines.
Stearyl alcohol
An emollient, opacifier
in depilatories, hair
rinse, moisturisers,
shampoos,
pharmaceuticals. May
cause allergic reactions
and contact dermatitis
in people with
sensitive skin.
Stevia and stevioside
A natural sweetener,
oral care agent used in
toothpastes, dental
care products, food,
dietary supplements.
No known side effects
Styrene
A binder in the
manufacture of
cosmetic resins,
chewing gum,
manufacture of
plastics. Liver, blood,
endocrine, kidney and
neurotoxicity;
teratogenic and
neurotoxicity;
carcinogenic.
MSDS: DANGER!
FLAMMABLE
LIQUID AND
VAPOUR.
HARMFUL IF
SWALLOWED,
INHALED OR
ABSORBED
THROUGH SKIN.
CAUSES
IRRITATION TO
SKIN, EYES AND
RESPIRATORY
TRACT. AFFECTS
CENTRAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM, LIVER
AND
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM.
Potential Health
Effects
Inhalation: Causes
irritation to the
respiratory tract.
Symptoms may
include coughing,
shortness of breath.
A central nervous
system depressant.
Higher exposures can
cause a build-up of
fluid in the lungs
(pulmonary oedema),
a medical
emergency.
Ingestion: May
cause irritation to the
gastrointestinal tract.
Symptoms may
include nausea,
vomiting and
diarrhoea. May cause
central nervous
system depression.
Symptoms may
include lethargy,
drowsiness,
staggering and
sleepiness. May
cause possible
convulsions and risk
of pulmonary
oedema.
Skin Contact:
Causes irritation to
skin. Symptoms
include redness,
itching, and pain.
May produce blisters.
May be absorbed
through the skin.
Eye Contact: May
cause irritation,
redness, pain, and
corneal damage.
Chronic Exposure:
Repeated exposure
may cause nausea,
vomiting, appetite
loss, a sensation of
drunkenness, general
weakness, and
functional disorders
of the nervous system
and liver. May cause
dermatitis. Women
may experience
ovulation and
menstrual disorders.
May cause mutagenic
and teratogenic
effects.
Aggravation of Pre-
existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-
existing skin
disorders, eye
problems, liver
disease, central
nervous system
disorders, or
impaired respiratory
function may be
more susceptible to
the effects of the
substance.
Styrene/PVP copolymer
A film former, opacifier
used in liquid
eyeliners. See styrene
and
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Stratum Corneum The topmost layer of
cells of the epidermis.
Styrene Monomer
Carcinogenic,
mutagenic, toxic and
causes adverse
reactions. May be
irritating to the eyes
and mucous
membranes.
Subcutaneous
The third and
innermost layer of the
skin.
Sulphate
Artificial liquid. Made
with sulphated oils.
Used to make
manufactured soaps
and detergents.
Harmful to marine life
and the environment.
Sulphites A preservative,
antioxidant used in
hair waves, hair dyes,
artificial tanning
products, foods and
beverages, cellophane
for food packaging.
Asthma; anaphylactic
shock; skin rash;
nausea; stomach
irritation; diarrhoea;
swelling; destroys
vitamin B1.
Sulphonamide
A antibiotic used in
cosmetics, nail polish,
treatment of bacterial
and fungal infections.
Itching; skin rash;
swelling; hives; kidney
toxicity; teratogenic.
On NIH hazards list.
Sulphur
Helps kill normal
bacteria on the skin
improving acne,
seborrhea and
psoriasis conditions.
Typically found in
soaps, shampoos and
some topical acne
medications.
Sugar Cane Extract
Gently removes
damaged, dead and
dry cell so fresh,
healthy-looking skin
can appear.
Sunflower Oil
Extracted from
sunflower seeds it is
rich in essential fatty
acids.
Sunscreen/Sun block
Sunscreens provide
protection from
damaging/ harmful
effects of UVB/ UVA
rays. Sunscreens with a
high Sun Protection
Factor (SPF) can
minimize the danger of
photo damage and skin
cancers. Sun blocks
provide 100%
protection from the
sun and therefore do
not enable one to tan.
Super oxide dismutase
A biological additive,
antioxidant used in
hair care products, skin
screens, encapsulated
and injectable
pharmaceuticals.
Considered safe and
beneficial.
Surfactant
A material (substance)
that helps oil and
water to mix so that
the two will not
separate and will
remain a smooth
stable cream or lotion
(Emulsifier). They are
also are important for
cosmetics where
mildness is needed
such as shampoos and
lotions.
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Name Information
T
Talc (more info)
It is derived in powder form
from the mineral magnesium
silicate. It can be hazardous
to one’s health, and is toxic
with prolonged inhalation.
Some talc found to contain
amphibole particle
distribution typical to
asbestos, which is cancer
causing and a known lung
irritant. Scientific studies
have shown that women
who use talc in the genital
area are 3.28 times more
likely to contract ovarian
cancer (Journal Cancer 1982)
Talcum powder An absorbent. See Talc.
TEA - Triethanolamine
Used in cosmetics as a pH
adjuster, an emulsifier, a
preservative, and in soap
formulations. May be
harmful when contaminated
by nitrosamines. Causes
allergic reactions including
eye problems, dryness of hair
and skin, and could be toxic
if absorbed into the body
over a long period of time.
These chemicals are already
restricted in Europe due to
known carcinogenic effects.
From Material Safety
Data Sheet:
Special Hazard
Precautions: Product is
severely irritating to body
tissues and possibly
corrosive to the eyes.
Handle with care. Avoid
skin and eye contact.
Avoid breathing vapours if
generate. If there is a
danger of eye contact,
wear a face shield.
Explanation
Carcinogenicity: Amines
react with nitrosating
agents to form
nitrosamides, which are
carcinogenic.
See Anionic Surfactants
See Nitrosating agents
TEA-Lauryl Sulphate
Used as synthetic detergent.
A combination of
triethanolamine and the salt
of lauryl sulphuric acid. See
Triethanolamine and Sodium
lauryl sulphate.
Tea Tree
A plant found in Australia,
used for its unique fragrance
and healing properties.
Tea Tree Oil
Derived from the tree
Melaleuca alternifolia. Used
as an antiseptic and
germicide. Also used for
insect bites, skin problems,
as a dentifrice, and
mouthwash. Cosmetic
applications are often
dandruff shampoos, face
masks, and topical creams.
g-TERPINENE
Found in: cologne, perfume,
soap, shaving cream,
deodorant, air freshener -
Causes asthma and central
nervous system disorders.
a-TERPINEOL
Found in: perfume, cologne,
laundry detergent, bleach
powder, laundry bleach,
fabric softener, stickup air
freshener, vaseline lotion,
cologne, soap, hairspray,
after shave, roll-on
deodorant - highly irritating
to mucous membranes.
Aspiration into the lungs can
produce pneumonitis or
even fatal oedema. Can also
cause excitement, ataxia
(loss of muscular
coordination), hypothermia,
central nervous system and
respiratory depression, and
headache. Prevent repeated
or prolonged skin contact.
Tertiary butyl
hydroquinone
An antioxidant in cosmetics,
lipstick, eye shadow, foods.
Allergic reactions; contact
dermatitis; birth defects in
animals; carcinogenic.
MSDS:
Swallowed: Data suggests
that the product should be
considered to be harmful
by ingestion.
Eye: Data suggests that
this product should be
classified as irritating to
the eyes. May cause
problems including corneal
damage or transient
blindness if contact is not
treated promptly.
Skin: Data suggests that
the product should be
classified as harmful by
skin absorption. May cause
skin irritation. May also
cause an allergic skin
reaction and/or dermatitis.
Inhalation: Data suggests
that the product should be
considered to be non
irritating and non toxic by
inhalation. Primary route
of exposure is inhalation
and skin and eye contact.
Tetrabromofluoresein
A colourant in indelible
lipsticks, nail polish, dying of
wool, silk and paper.
Photosensitivity;
inflammation of lips;
respiratory and
gastrointestinal symptoms.
MSDS: Hazardous in case
of skin contact (irritant), of
eye contact
(irritant), of ingestion, of
inhalation.
POTENTIAL CHRONIC
HEALTH EFFECTS:
Hazardous in case of skin
contact (irritant), of
ingestion, of inhalation.
The substance is toxic to
mucous membranes.
Repeated or prolonged
exposure to the substance
can produce target organs
damage.
Tetrasodium EDTA Many skin care products &
cosmetics. Eye irritant.
Theobroma oil
A botanical emollient in
soaps, cosmetics,
confectionary,
pharmaceuticals. Allergic
reactions in people; acne.
Theobromine A botanical used in skin
conditioner in cosmetics,
chocolate, blood vessel
dilator. Stimulates the
central nervous system;
atrophy of the testicles;
endocrine, liver and
neurotoxicity; teratogenic.
Thimerosal
A preservative, filler in eye
preparations, vaccines.
Allergic reactions; contact
dermatitis. See mercury
compounds. See
http://www.nomercury.org/
MSDS extract from Merck
(2003):
Very toxic by inhalation,
in contact with skin and if
swallowed. Danger of
cumulative effects. Very
toxic to aquatic organisms,
may cause long term
adverse effects in the
aquatic environment.
MSDS from Sigma (2002):
LABEL
PRECAUTIONARY
STATEMENTS
HIGHLY TOXIC (USA)
VERY TOXIC (EU)
VERY TOXIC BY
INHALATION, IN
CONTACT WITH SKIN
AND IF SWALLOWED.
DANGER OF
CUMULATIVE
EFFECTS.
MAY CAUSE
SENSITISATION BY
INHALATION AND
SKIN CONTACT.
IRRITATING TO EYES,
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM AND SKIN.
CALIFORNIA
PROPOSAL 65
REPRODUCTIVE
HAZARD.
TARGET ORGAN (S):
NERVES, KIDNEYS,
SENSITISER.
CAUSES IRRITATION.
KEEP AWAY FROM
FOOD, DRINK AND
ANIMAL FOOD
STUFFS.
AFTER CONTACT WITH
SKIN, WASH
IMMEDIATELY WITH
PLENTY OF WATER.
IN CASE OF CONTACT
WITH EYES, RINSE
IMMEDIATELY WITH
PLENTY OF WATER
AND SEEK MEDICAL
ADVICE.
WEAR SUITABLE
PROTECTIVE
CLOTHING.
IN CASE OF ACCIDENT
OR IF YOU FEEL
UNWELL, SEEK
MEDICAL ADVICE
IMMEDIATELY (SHOW
THE LABEL WHERE
POSSIBLE).
ACUTE EFFECTS
CAUSES SKIN
IRRITATION.
MAY BE FATAL IF
ABSORBED THROUGH
SKIN.
CAUSES EYE
IRRITATION.
MAY BE FATAL IF
INHALED.
MATERIAL IS
IRRITATING TO
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
AND UPPER
RESPIRATORY TRACT.
MAY BE FATAL IF
SWALLOWED.
POSSIBLE ALLERGIC
REACTION TO DUST IF
INHALED, INGESTED
OR IN CONTACT WITH
THE SKIN.
HYPERSENSITIVITY
REACTIONS
MANIFESTED BY
ERYTHEMA, PAPULAR
OR VESICULAR
ERUPTIONS OCCUR
OCCASIONALLY.
ALLERGIC
CONJUNCTIVITIS HAS
BEEN REPORTED.
TO THE BEST OF OUR
KNOWLEDGE, THE
CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL,
AND TOXICOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES HAVE
NOT BEEN
THOROUGHLY
INVESTIGATED.
CHRONIC EFFECTS
TARGET ORGAN (S):
NERVES, KIDNEYS
Thioglycolate's
Compounds capable of
breaking down the protein
bonds in hair. Used in
permanent waves and
depilatory agents. Toxic in
small doses and can damage
hair and skin.
MSDS:
ACUTE EFFECTS HARMFUL IF
SWALLOWED.
MAY BE HARMFUL IF
INHALED.
MAY BE HARMFUL IF
ABSORBED THROUGH
THE SKIN.
CAUSES EYE AND
SKIN IRRITATION.
MATERIAL IS
IRRITATING TO
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
AND UPPER
RESPIRATORY TRACT.
EXPOSURE CAN
CAUSE: NAUSEA,
HEADACHE AND
VOMITING
TO THE BEST OF OUR
KNOWLEDGE, THE
CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL,
AND TOXICOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES
HAVE NOT BEEN
THOROUGHLY
INVESTIGATED.
TARGET ORGAN
DATA BEHAVIOURAL
(SOMNOLENCE)
BEHAVIOURAL
(TREMOR)
BEHAVIOURAL
(CONVULSIONS OR
EFFECT ON SEIZURE
THRESHOLD)
BEHAVIOURAL
(MUSCLE WEAKNESS)
BEHAVIOURAL
(COMA)
LUNGS, THORAX OR
RESPIRATION
(DYSPNEA)
LUNGS, THORAX OR
RESPIRATION
(RESPIRATORY
STIMULATION)
GASTROINTESTINAL
(HYPERMOTILITY,
DIARRHOEA)
GASTROINTESTINAL
(NAUSEA OR
VOMITING)
ONLY SELECTED
REGISTRY OF TOXIC
EFFECTS OF
CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCES (RTECS)
DATA IS
PRESENTED HERE. SEE
ACTUAL ENTRY IN
RTECS FOR COMPLETE
INFORMATION
Thiourea
A preservative, additive in
hair dye, hair preparations,
cosmetics, photography, wet
suits, silver polish. Skin
irritant; allergic reactions;
cardiovascular; immuno and
reproductive toxicity;
carcinogenic; toxic to aquatic
organisms. On NIH hazard
list.
MSDS: WARNING!
HARMFUL IF
SWALLOWED OR
INHALED. CAUSES
IRRITATION TO SKIN,
EYES AND
RESPIRATORY TRACT.
MAY CAUSE
ALLERGIC SKIN
REACTION. POSSIBLE
CANCER HAZARD.
MAY CAUSE CANCER
BASED ON ANIMAL
DATA. Risk of cancer
depends on duration and
level of exposure.
Potential Health Effects
Inhalation: Causes
irritation to the respiratory
tract. Symptoms may
include coughing,
shortness of breath.
Ingestion: Harmful if
swallowed. May affect
bone marrow and
consequently white blood
cell, red blood cell, and
platelet counts.
Skin Contact: Causes
irritation, redness and pain.
May also cause allergic
skin eruptions. Sunlight
may aggravate skin
allergy.
Eye Contact: Causes
irritation, redness, and
pain.
Chronic Exposure:
Chronic exposure can
cause liver damage and
goitre (an enlarged thyroid
gland). May affect bone
marrow which could cause
damage to blood. Material
is a possible human
carcinogen.
Aggravation of Pre-
existing Conditions:
Persons with pre-existing
skin disorders may be
more susceptible to these
substances.
Thyme Extract
From the dried leaves and
flowering tops of the wild,
creeping herb. Is antiseptic,
disinfectant, cleansing and
hygienic.
Thymol
An additive, fragrance in
cosmetics, after shave,
mouthwash, food flavouring.
Allergic reactions; ingestion
can cause nausea; vomiting,
dizziness; neurotoxicity.
Titanium Dioxide
White powder, physical UV
blocker, helps block both
UVA and UVB wavelengths of
light. Used as a pigment in
eye makeup, sunscreens, and
foundation makeup. It is also
used as an opacifying agent,
for its covering power,
brilliance, and reflectivity.
Toilet Water
A less concentrated form of
fragrance than perfume,
usually 4 to 8%. This is a less
aromatic scent, making it
more suitable for daytime
use, and the business world.
Toluene
Obtained from petroleum, it
is used as a solvent in
cosmetics, especially nail
polish and dyes. It resembles
benzene, and if ingested may
cause mild anaemia, liver
damage, irritate the skin and
respiratory tract. It is used in
pharmaceuticals and petrol
as a blending agent. It is toxic
and narcotic in high
concentrations.
From Material Safety
Data Sheet (MSDS): POISON! DANGER!
Inhalation: May cause
irritation of the upper
respiratory tract.
Symptoms of overexposure
may include fatigue,
confusion, headache,
dizziness and drowsiness.
Peculiar skin sensations
(e.g. pins and needles) or
numbness may be
produced. Very high
concentrations may cause
unconsciousness or even
death.
Ingestion: Swallowing
may cause abdominal
spasms and other
symptoms that parallel
over-exposure from
inhalation. Aspiration of
material into the lungs can
cause chemical
pneumonitis, which may
be fatal.
Skin Contact: causes
irritation. May be absorbed
through the skin.
Eye Contact: Causes
severe eye irritation with
redness and pain.
Chronic Exposure:
Reports of poisoning
describe anaemia,
decreased blood cell count
and bone marrow
hypoplasia. Liver and
kidney damage may occur.
Repeated or prolonged
contact has a defatting
action, causing drying,
redness and dermatitis.
EXPOSURE TO
TOLUENE MAY
AFFECT THE
DEVELOPING FOETUS.
Toluene-2, 5-diamine
A Hair dye. Harmful to
aquatic organisms. See
Toluene.
Toluene-3, 4-diamine
A Hair dye used also in
dyes for furs, textiles,
leather.. Harmful to
aquatic organisms. See
Toluene.
MSDS: Harmful by
inhalation and in contact
with skin. Toxic if
swallowed. Irritating to
eyes. May cause
sensitisation by skin
contact. May cause cancer.
Toxic to aquatic
organisms, may cause
long-term adverse effects
in the aquatic environment.
Potential Health Effects
Eye: Causes eye irritation.
Skin: May cause skin
irritation. Harmful if
absorbed through the skin.
May cause sensitisation by
skin contact.
Ingestion: May cause
irritation of the digestive
tract. Methemoglobinemia
is characterized by
dizziness, drowsiness,
headache, shortness of
breath, cyanosis (bluish
discoloration of skin due to
deficient oxygenation of
the blood), rapid heart rate
and chocolate-brown
colored blood.
Overexposure may cause
methemoglobinemia.
Toxic if swallowed.
Inhalation: Harmful if
inhaled. May cause
respiratory tract irritation.
Tretinoin
A skin improver used in anti-
wrinkle crams, "anti-aging"
creams, acne treatment.
Considered to have
beneficial health effects; may
cause skin peeling, chapping,
blistering and swelling.
Tribromosalan
An antiseptic, fungicide in
soaps, medicated cosmetics.
Banned in the USA in 2000 as
it may cause photoallergies.
Top Note The initial odour or scent
given off by a fragrance after
application to the skin. The
strongest emission of
bouquet, before it is altered
by the body chemistry.
Tragacanth
Herbal gum. Used as a
thickener in cosmetics, and
in hair care products as a
hairspray or setting-lotion
ingredient.
Trichloroethane
TCE
methyl chloroform
A solvent, degreaser in
cosmetics, nail polish,
correction fluid, degreaser,
glue, spot remover,
detergent.
Skin: TCE, like other
organic solvents, can
dissolve your skin's natural
protective oils. Frequent or
prolonged skin contact can
cause irritation and
dermatitis (skin rash), with
dryness, redness, flaking,
and cracking of the skin.
TCE can be absorbed into
the body slowly through
healthy skin, or rapidly
through damaged skin.
TCE quickly penetrates
most ordinary clothing (see
Personal Protective
Equipment) and can get
trapped in gloves and
boots; such exposure can
cause burns and blistering.
Eyes, Nose, and Throat:
TCE vapour in the air can
irritate your eyes, nose,
and throat. Liquid TCE
splashed in the eye can
sting, but any damage to
the eye usually heals
within a few days.
Lungs: Exposure to TCE
at high levels can irritate
the lungs, causing chest
pain and shortness of
breath. Extreme
overexposure (for
example, inside an
enclosed or confined space
such as a degreasing tank)
can cause pulmonary
oedema, a potentially life-
threatening condition in
which the lungs fill with
fluid. However, there is no
evidence that repeated,
low-level exposure has any
long-term effects on the
lung.
Heart: Extremely high
concentrations of TCE or
other chlorinated solvents
can cause heart fibrillation
(irregular heartbeats) that
can cause sudden death.
Liver and Kidneys: At
very high levels of
exposure such as might
occur in an enclosed space
or during a spill TCE can
injure the liver and
kidneys. Liver or kidney
damage is rare; it's not at
all likely to happen without
substantial effects on the
nervous system first, and
it's not likely to happen if
exposures are kept within
the legal workplace limits.
Generally, such liver or
kidney damage is not
permanent. However, long-
term exposure can
contribute to liver damage
from drinking alcohol.
Immune System: There
have been reports of
certain rare immune
diseases such as systemic
sclerosis (scleroderma) and
lupus erythematosus
among people exposed to
TCE, but there has been no
good study to show
whether TCE is actually
related to any immune
system disorder.
Cancer: TCE causes
cancer in mice, and there is
some evidence that it may
also be a weak carcinogen
in rats. Humans exposed to
TCE have not been studied
well enough to give much
information, but the human
studies also suggest that
TCE may cause cancer.
You should treat TCE as a
likely cause of human
cancer.
Genetic Changes: There
are many ways to test
whether a chemical causes
genetic mutations. In most
tests, TCE causes little or
no mutation.
Reproductive System:
Several animal studies and
at least one human study
have suggested that TCE
might cause birth defects,
loss of the foetus, or
impaired growth and
performance of the
offspring. However, there
has been very little
consistency among the
tests; each experimenter
has tended to get results
very different from those
of other experimenters, and
most tests find little or no
effect on pregnancy. You
should treat TCE as a
possible hazard to
pregnancy.
Other: People who drink
alcohol and breathe TCE
vapours at nearly the same
time can develop
degreaser's flush, a
reddening of the face,
shoulders, and back that
usually goes away within
an hour or so after
exposure stops.
Info from: Department of
Health Services,
California, Hazard
Evaluation System and
Information Service.
Triclosan
2,4,4 Trichloro-2-
Hydroxdiphenylether
Synthetic 'antibacterial' with
a chemical structure similar
to Agent Orange, is used in
antibacterial cleansers, tooth
pastes, baby and household
products! The EPA registers
Triclosan as a pesticide,
giving it high scores as a risk
to human health and the
environment. It is in a class
of chemicals suspected of
causing cancer in humans.
Hormone disruptors can
change genetic material,
decrease fertility and sexual
function and foster birth
defects. Internally, it can lead
to cold sweats, circulatory
collapse and convulsions.
Stored in the body fat, it can
accumulate to toxic levels,
damaging the liver, kidneys
and lungs and can cause
paralysis, brain
haemorrhages and heart
problems. Tufts University,
School of Medicine says
Triclosan can force the
emergence of ''super bugs''
that it cannot kill. With a half
life of 500 years and a
toxicity level of one part per
trillion (one drop in 300
Olympic sized swimming
pools), Triclosan may be a
contributory factor to the
sterility of future
generations.
Triethanolamine
TEA
Used as a buffer, coating
additive in hand and body
lotion, hair conditioner, "no
rinse" shampoo, coating on
fresh fruit and vegetables,
detergents. See TEA above.
Trisodium phosphate
A buffer, chelating agent in
shampoos, bubble baths,
cuticle softener, food
additive, pesticides.
Tyrosine
Amino acid that stimulates
fibroblasts to make more
collagen when paired with
ascorbic acid; plays a role in
melanin formation.
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politicians mislead you. Find out what the facts
are, and make your own decisions about how to
live a happy life and how to work for a better
world." Dr.Linus Pauling
Name Information
U
Urea
Found in urine
and other body
fluids. Used
medicinally as a
diuretic and in
cosmetics. Can
cause an allergic
reaction to
those allergic to
ammonia and is
an eye irritant.
20060608
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Warnings, and Safety
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manner of his care in illness must be
preserved"....... Dwight D. Eisenhower
Name Information
V
Vanillin
An additive,
artificial
flavouring in
perfumes,
chocolate,
cheese, lollies,
cigarettes, food.
Skin irritation;
eczema; skin
pigmentation;
contact
dermatitis. On
NIH hazards list.
Vetiver Oil
With a deep
smoky, earthy,
woody odour, it
is used as a tonic
and antiseptic.
Helps encourage
circulation and is
also used for its
aromatic, fine
fragrance.
Vitamins
Essential for
normal growth
and contribute
to the natural
moisturizing
factor. The skin
is often the first
indication of a
vitamin
deficiency that
can cause dry
skin.
Vitamin A
Fat-soluble
vitamin. Helps
remedy rough,
dry skin and has
been used in the
treatment of
psoriasis. It has
been used as a
topical acne
treatment. Some
people are
allergic to it. It
has been used to
treat aging skin.
It can be
obtained from
fish liver oil,
liver, carrots,
green and
yellow
vegetables, eggs,
milk, and dairy
products,
margarine, and
yellow fruits. It
prevents vitamin
C from being
oxidized too
quickly in the
body. Normal
dosages are
harmless, causes
sun sensitivity
and not to be
used if pregnant
or nursing.
Vitamin B
Helps improve
chemical
effectiveness.
Vitamin C
Can preserve
cosmetics both
in the water
phase and in its
fat-soluble form.
It plays an
important role in
stimulating
fibroblast
activity building
collagen, the
connective
tissue that holds
us together.
Vitamin D
Fat-soluble
vitamin essential
for healthy
bones, teeth,
and the
absorption of
calcium,
regulates cell
turn over. The
body can
produce its own
vitamin D from
sun exposure.
Used in
prescription
derivatives to
help control
psoriasis.
Vitamin E
Tocopherol;
antioxidant;
helps prevent
ultraviolet light
damage to the
skin, so is
incorporated
into a variety of
cosmetic as well
as sunscreen
preparations.
Helps to
moisturizer skin
as it is oil-
soluble. One of
the most
compelling
natural fat-
soluble
antioxidants in
use, particularly
when combined
with vitamin C
and vitamin A.
20060608
Cosmetic Ingredients
Reference Guide &
Dictionary Understanding Labels, Descriptions,
Warnings, and Safety
Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
"Uneducated people believe what they are told...
Educated people question what they are told"
Name Information
W
Walnut Shell Powder
The ground
powder of the
walnut shell acts
as a natural
exfoliant.
Water
Most frequently
listed main
ingredient in
skin care
products, used
in its purest
form, void of
minerals and
other chemicals,
hence the
various names
like distilled,
deionized,
purified, etc.
Waxes
A film former,
emollient used
in cosmetics,
hair grooming
preparations,
lipsticks, hair
straighteners,
coating on fresh
fruit and
vegetables,
packaging
materials.
Generally
accepted as
safe; may cause
allergic reactions
depending on
purity. See
mineral oil.
Wheat Germ Oil
Oil from the
embryo of the
wheat kernel
that is high in
vitamin E. Used
as a moisturizer
in cosmetics.
White head The plug of a
clogged oil gland
(pore) lying
beneath the
surface of the
skin. Smaller
that a
blackhead, it is
sometimes only
visible with the
help of a
magnifying glass
Wintergreen Oil
A tonic,
flavouring,
stimulant and
astringent,
aromatic oil has
a warming
action on
muscles. Brings
relief to swollen
or sore muscles.
See Methyl
salicylate.
Witch Hazel
A natural extract
from the leaves
and twigs of a
shrub. A skin
refresher, local
anaesthetic and
a natural, gentle
astringent. It is
soothing to the
skin and helps
regulate
sebaceous
glands.
20060608
Cosmetic Ingredients
Reference Guide &
Dictionary Understanding Labels, Descriptions,
Warnings, and Safety
Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
"People do not like to think. If one thinks, one
must reach conclusions. Conclusions are not
always pleasant." - Helen Keller
Name Information
X
Xanthan Gum Thickening
agent.
20060608
Cosmetic Ingredients
Reference Guide &
Dictionary Understanding Labels, Descriptions,
Warnings, and Safety
Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A good rule of thumb: "Vitamin C should be
given while the doctor ponders the diagnosis." -
Frederick R. Klenner, M.D., F.C.C.P.
Name Information
Y
Yucca extract
A botanical
foaming agent in
shampoos,
organic
cosmetics, root
beer flavouring.
Considered to
have beneficial
health effects.
20060608
Cosmetic Ingredients
Reference Guide &
Dictionary Understanding Labels, Descriptions,
Warnings, and Safety
Home Page
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
"MD's are those who think we have an excess of
organs and a deficiency of drugs" ~ Donna C.
Name Information
Z
Zinc chloride
An oral care agent in
mouth washes,
dentifrices, pesticides.
Toxic; mild skin
irritation; contact
dermatitis; can be
absorbed through the
skin; teratogenic; very
toxic to aquatic
organisms.
MSDS: DANGER!
CORROSIVE.
CAUSES BURNS TO
ANY AREA OF
CONTACT.
HARMFUL IF
SWALLOWED OR
INHALED. AFFECTS
THE
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM.
Potential Health
Effects
Inhalation: Extremely
destructive to tissues
of the mucous
membranes and upper
respiratory tract.
Symptoms may
include burning
sensation, coughing,
wheezing, laryngitis,
shortness of breath,
headache, nausea and
vomiting.
Ingestion: Toxic. May
cause irritation or
corrosion to the
gastrointestinal tract
with abdominal pain,
nausea, and vomiting.
May cause delayed
death occurring from
strictures of the
esophageus and
pylorus.
Skin Contact: May
cause severe irritation,
skin burns and
ulcerations. Solutions
are corrosive.
Symptoms include
redness and pain.
Eye Contact: May
cause redness, pain,
and blurred vision.
Splashes from
solutions may cause
eye damage.
Chronic Exposure:
Repeated skin contact
can cause varying
degrees of problems
ranging from
dermatitis to
ulcerations. Repeated
Inhalation can cause
occupational asthma.
Aggravation of Pre-
existing Conditions: Dermatitis, cardiac
and respiratory
disorders.
Zinc myristate
An opacifier, viscosity
control used in makeup,
nail polish. Toxic; may
promote acne; nausea
and vomiting if ingested.
Zinc Oxide
An opacifier, additive
colouring used in skin
ointments for ultraviolet
protection, nappy rash
treatment, anti-
perspirant, shaving
cream, calamine lotion,
sunscreens, hair
products, used
medically as an
antiseptic, astringent
and protective in skin
diseases.. Also used for
its skin-cleansing
properties.
Zinc stearate
A colouring used in baby
powder, hand cream,
face powder, tablet
manufacture. Skin and
eye irritation; lung
problems and
pneumonitis.
Zinc sulphate
An anti-microbial used
in skin tonics, eye
lotions, aftershaves,
shaving creams,
paperboard products.
Skin and mucous
membrane irritation;
allergic reactions;
cardiovascular toxicity.
Zirconium A solvent or abrasive
used in cosmetic
creams, antiperspirant,
deodorant, preparation
of dyes. Considered safe
in non-aerosol products;
toxic by inhalation;
respiratory toxicity;
contact allergic
reactions.
20060608
Allergies "Your failure to be informed does not make
me a wacko." - John Loeffler
An Allergy is a hypersensitivity to foreign substances which are normally harmless but which produce a violent reaction in the allergy sufferer. Allergies are generally the body's effort to eliminate something it considers unsuitable.
Typical allergic reactions are hay fever, migraine, asthma, allergic rhinitis, digestive disturbances, coeliac disease, conjunctivitis, urticaria, eczema, drowsiness, CFS, hyperactivity in children, tinnitus, recurrent sinusitis and ear infections.
In a few people the histamine (anaphylactic) reaction can cause muscle cramps, disorientation, unconsciousness and death from shock or suffocation. In some, peanuts cause such a reaction.
There are different types of allergies.
The most common is when an allergen encounters cells capable of antibody formation, they then form IgE antibodies which bind to the surface of other cells, called mast cells and basophils. In response to the attachment, those cells release chemicals, called mediators of anaphylaxis, among them histamine.
These chemicals cause allergic reactions such as swelling or the secretion of mucus. Almost any substance can be an allergen for an individual. Some people have intolerance for foods like milk, wheat and eggs; others have an allergic reaction to pollens, dust, moulds, cosmetics and certain food additives.
An allergy is not the same as an intolerance. Allergies always involve the immune system, whereas an intolerance, eg. lactose intolerance is caused by a lack of lactase, the enzyme that converts lactose into glucose.
Overactive and hyperactive children, epileptics and mentally ill adults, aspirin sensitive persons and those with chronic skin rashes, migraine sufferers may find the following list a guide:
Avoid at all costs:
102 210
Will also set off reactions:
107 110 122 123 124
128 129 151 154 155
180 621 951 ¡¡
Aspirin sensitive persons and those with chronic skin rashes:
104 127 131 132 133
620 622 623 624 625
952 928 ¡¡ ¡¡
Asthma sufferers should watch for
these and avoid Azo dyes marked:
210 211 212 213 E214
E215 216 217 218 219
220 221 222 223 224
225 226 227 310 311
312 321 421 621 622
623 624 625 626 627
631 635 ¡¡ ¡¡
People with kidney problems - inflammation or stone formation:
170 252 385 421 430
450a 450b 450c ¡¡
©MBM 2010-01
The Worst
Additives "If you think you're too small to be effective,
you've never been in bed with a mosquito."
--Betty Reese
So many references are made to the following additives
that they need separate mention from the Numbered
Additive Guide, which gives a brief explanation about
the additive, its possible side effects, and what sort of
foods to expect to find it in.
Acesuifame K, Ace K, 950 Sold under the names Sunette® or Sweet One®
acesulfame is a sugar substitute sold in packet or
tablet form, in chewing gum, dry mixes for
beverages, instant coffee and tea, gelatine desserts,
puddings and non-dairy creamers. As the additive
causes cancer in animals, it is likely to also cause
cancer in humans. Is an artificial sweetener worth
the risk?
Artificial Colourings Top of the list goes to Tartrazine 102. It causes
flare-ups of allergies, sensitivity reactions and so
many bad side effects that no one should consider
swallowing it, let alone feed it to a child! It is in
every kind of food most wanted by children - it
colours drinks, lollies, chips, cake icings - almost
impossible to avoid.
What can you do about it? You can write to the
manufacturer and say that you would have bought
this product except that it contained Food Additive
102, Tartrazine, and if they changed the food colour
to a safer one, you would be delighted to buy the
product. There is no use going to the government -
they are not interested - but the manufacturers are -
lost sales frighten them. You could try sending the
letter to all sorts of newspapers, although they may
be watching their profits too and refuse it.
Other colours are just as bad. Although this list
does not cover just colours, the colour additives
from 100-199 feature very prominently.
Aspartame, 951, Phenylketonurics: Contains
Phenylalanine
Sold as Equal® and NutraSweet® and in other countries as Canderal® Benevia® and
Spoonful®
A site to check: http://www.ehso.com/ehshome/aspartame.php
Aspartame was going to be the dieter's delight and the great change for diabetics. The truth is so nasty. Instead of an aid it is a monster let loose in over 9,000 products through deception and falsified tests. In one test that was questioned in court, the persons involved admitted that test animals had had tumours removed and then been re-admitted to the test as if they were unaffected!
Aspartame must carry a warning to persons with phenylketonuria (PKU), Phenyiketonurics: Contains Phenylalanine. I saw children's orange flavoured vitamin pills without such a warning early in 2001. One out of 20,000 babies is born without the ability to metabolise phenylalanine, one of the two amino acids in aspartame. Toxic levels of this substance in the blood can result in mental retardation.
Weight Gain from Aspartame - 951 "According to Dr. Wurtman, some consumers can easily reach consumption levels that have
been linked in animal studies to adverse effects on brain chemicals. Ironically, he added, those using the sweetener to control calories may be defeating their purpose, since his studies show high levels of aspartame may trigger a craving for carbohydrates by depleting the brain of a chemical that registers carbohydrate satiety."
Mark Gold, researcher, states: I would like to clear up a few issues involving aspartame. The evidence related to toxicity of aspartame is found in three main areas:
1. Formaldehyde Exposure. The formaldehyde exposure from aspartame is significant. Aspartame breaks down into methanol, amino acids and several other chemicals. The methanol is quickly absorbed and converted into formaldehyde. The methanol found in foods and alcoholic beverages is also absorbed, but there are "protective chemicals [eg. ethanol] in these traditionally ingested foods and beverages that prevent the conversion of methanol to formaldehyde.
Formaldehyde is known to cause gradual
damage to the nervous system, the immune system and has recently been shown to cause irreversible genetic damage at long-term, low-level exposure.
The most recent, independent research shows that the situation related to aspartame may be more serious than simply regular formaldehyde exposure. This research on animals demonstrates that the formaldehyde appears to accumulate as adducts (bound to protein molecules) in the organs and tissues of the animals (when aspartame is ingested at relatively low doses):
"These are indeed extremely high levels for adducts of formaldehyde, a substance responsible for chronic deleterious effects that has also been considered carcinogenic.
"It is concluded that aspartame consumption may constitute a hazard because of its contribution to the formation of formaldehyde adducts." [Life Sciences (scientific journal), Vol. 63, No. 5, pp. 337+, 1998]
A few comments from independent research scientists regarding this and other recent
aspartame research: "It was a very interesting paper, that demonstrates that formaldehyde formation from aspartame ingestion is very common and does indeed accumulate within the cell, reacting with cellular proteins (mostly enzymes) and DMA (both mitochondrial and nuclear). The fact that it accumulates with each dose, indicates grave consequences among those who consume diet drinks and foodstuffs on a daily basis." [Russell Blaylock, MD [Neurosurgeon and Neuroscientist]].
The damage caused by formaldehyde from aspartame may be worsened by other aspartame breakdown chemicals, especially the aspartic acid. In animal research where formaldehyde is given to the animals to cause damage and pain, amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid are given at the same time to worsen the reaction. The amino acids from aspartame are absorbed suddenly unlike the protein-bound amino acids found in food.
2. Independent research finds problems with aspartame. An analysis of peer reviewed medical literature
using MEDLINE and other databases was conducted by Ralph G. Walton, MD, Chairman, The Centre for Behavioural Medicine, Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, North-eastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine. Dr. Walton analysed 164 studies which were felt to have relevance to human safety questions. Of the 90 non-industry- sponsored (independent) studies, 83 (92%) identified one or more problems with aspartame. Of the 74 aspartame industry-sponsored studies, all 74 (100%) claimed that no problems were found with aspartame.
3. Extremely large number of reported toxicity reactions to aspartame. As of 1995 when the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (PDA) was quoted as saying they stopped accepting adverse reaction reports on aspartame, over 75% of the adverse reactions reported to the PDA Adverse Reaction Monitoring System (ARMS) were due to aspartame. After considering the fact that an extremely low percentage of adverse reactions are reported to the PDA, it becomes clear that there are millions of known cases of aspartame toxicity reactions. Possibly, there are many other cases where
the person ingesting aspartame is either: 1) unaware that their symptoms are caused or contributed to by aspartame, or: 2) not yet experiencing clinically-obvious symptoms from the breakdown products of aspartame, but may eventually experience chronic health problems from the regular exposure to significant doses of formaldehyde.
Some of the many aspartame toxicity symptoms reported include seizures, headaches, memory loss, tremors, convulsions, vision loss, nausea, dizziness, confusion, depression, irritability, anxiety attacks, personality changes, heart palpitations, chest pains, skin diseases, loss of blood sugar control, arthritic symptoms, weight gain (in some cases), fluid retention, excessive thirst or urination. Clearly, regular exposure to a toxic substance such as formaldehyde may worsen, or in some cases contribute to the development of chronic diseases.
"From: Biotech Activists ([email protected]) Posted:20/06/2000
Formaldehyde detective work on
prescription drugs.
Take a look to see if methylcellulose (461) is an 'inactive' ingredient in any or all of your prescription drugs.
Research shows methylcelluose is formaldehyde used as a thickener in medicine and food including ice cream and avocado dip. Same stuff used to emulsify wallpaper paste. Permission granted last year to use a label 'ester of wood resin' in drinks 'Ester' means alcohol (methyl) - 'wood resin' is cellulose. Put them together and you get..... Dow® makes 461 in a gel for vegetable patties."
Perhaps methylcellulose is one of the chemicals that can trigger a seizure or cause other symptoms in an already toxically compromised individual.
An anecdote from E-mail: A person was taking the drug Zoloft® for 2 years and really enjoying the feeling of well being the drug seemed to provide. Then his back and shoulder area started hurting and he did not associate the
pain with anything he was taking.
At the time, he began researching methylcellulose, propylene glycol, etc, and got a nasty surprise - methylcellulose is an inactive ingredient in Zoloft®. He stopped taking it cold turkey. Four days later the annoying and continual pain was gone and has not returned. He thinks the methylcellulose was drying up his synovial fluid the same as the methanol/formaldehyde/formic acid in aspartame. Joint and bone pain is No. 13 on the list of 92 aspartame symptoms the US FDA was forced to reveal, under the Freedom of Information Act in 1995.
The use of hidden formaldehyde in our food is not new. In 1919, Alfred McCann wrote in "The Science of Eating": Cases in which deadly wood alcohol has formed the base of vanilla, lemon and other flavouring extracts have been dismissed with a suspended sentence, not a soul outside the court room hearing an echo of the facts. [From the Aspartame survivors list]
"If part of the toxic biochemistry is methanol conversion to permanent adducts of formaldehyde, bound to proteins, DNA, and
RNA in many body cells, as the Trocho study proved for low oral doses of aspartame in rats in July, 1998 (rats being over 10 times more resistant to methanol toxicity than primates), then we are dealing with a chronic, cumulative neurotoxicity. Trocho C et al, June 26 1998, Life Sci, 63(5), 337-349. http://ww.Dresidiotex.com/barcelona/index.html
Russell Blaylock, M.D., wrote "Excitotoxins: The Taste That Kills" (www.amazon.com) and in it says to take magnesium to protect the brain and heart. You might want to also do that.
The are now a number of Aspartame Detox Centres in America, and the U.K. are demanding that aspartame is reviewed as a food additive. Many companies around the world are agreeing to remove aspartame from their products as a result of customer pressure. (www.dorwav.com)
"Aspartame is a molecule composed of three components: aspartic acid, phenylalanine and methanol. The wood alcohol, a severe metabolic poison, converts to formaldehyde and then formic acid (ant sting poison) and
causes metabolic acidosis. Aspartic acid and phenylalanine are neurotoxic because they are isolated from the other amino acids in protein, go past the blood brain barrier and deteriorate the neurones of the brain.
Memory loss is one of the most common problems and Dr. H. J. Roberts wrote the book "Defense Against Alzheimers Disease" in which he explains how aspartame is escalating this disease. The phenylalanine is genetically engineered in E. coli bacteria and aspartame breaks down to DKP, diketopiperazine, a brain tumour agent. Secret trade information discussed in Congressional Hearings include this statement: "...we have no way of estimating maximum likely abuse and hence need to utilise data based on almost complete conversion to DKP. If we include this .. we stand a good chance of ending up with nothing ....". Document available for sighting at www.dorwav.com. "This showed the company would conceal the dangers to people just for profit.
Avoid aspartame if you are pregnant; don't give aspartame to infants. Try not using it for 60 days and see if you notice a change. Don't
die or go blind because you were told it was safe. It is a slow, creeping poison - too slow, the authorities decided, to be any use for chemical warfare - so it is used on us instead!
Benzoicacid, 210 This product causes hyperactive reactions in susceptible children and teenagers, skin rashes, and makes asthma bouts worse. It is in such things as soft drinks, juices, cordials, and chilli pastes. It is one of the worst additives for setting off reactions. The additives for 211 to 219 are all made from benzoic acid and will cause the same problems. Avoid them all!
BHA 320, Butylated Hydroxyanisole & BHT 321, Butylated Hydroxytoluene These two closely related chemicals are added to prevent oxidation and retard rancidity in oil-containing foods. The International Agency for Research on Cancer, part of the World Health Organisation, considers BHA 320 possibly carcinogenic to humans, and the State of California has listed it as a carcinogen. Some studies show the same cancer causing possibilities for BHT 321.
If they are listed in a food, it should indicate
that the food is of a poor quality to need such an additive. Avoid them completely. Because 320 and 321 may cause cancer, they should not be in our food. Avoid them.
Caffeine Caffeine is found naturally in tea, coffee, and cocoa. It is also added to many soft drinks. It is one of the few drugs - a stimulant - added to foods. Caffeine makes stomach acid increase and may cause peptic ulcers, raises blood pressure temporarily, and makes some blood vessels open wider and others to narrow. "Excess caffeine intake causes symptoms ranging from nervousness to insomnia. These problems also affect children who drink between 2 to 7 cans of soft drink a day. Caffeine may also interfere with reproduction and affect developing foetuses. Experiments on lab animals link caffeine to birth defects such as cleft palates, missing fingers and toes, and skull malformations."
"Caffeine is addictive, and some people experience headaches when they stop drinking it. While small amounts of caffeine don't pose a problem for everyone, avoid it if you are
trying to become or are pregnant. And try to keep caffeine out of you child's diet."
Modified Starches Modified starches are used in processed foods to improve their consistency and keep the solids suspended. Often starch and modified starch replace large amounts of nutritious ingredients, such as fruits. Starch thickened baby foods contain 75% less fruit than 100% fruit baby foods. Modified starches 1400 to 1450 can cause diarrhoea in babies. Babies can not digest starch and should not be treated to a chemical cocktail in baby food.
Monosodium Glutamate, MSG, 621 It used to be called the 'Chinese Food Syndrome' and for a time, everyone took great care not to eat too much MSG. Now it has become big business and the problems are spreading too. The problem is almost the same as for aspartame - both cause the death of brain ceils.
MSG 621 is a sodium salt of the amino acid known as glutamic acid. It is manufactured by a fermenting process using starch, sugar beets, sugar cane, or molasses. Hydrolysed
proteins are also glutamates. They are acid-treated or enzyme-treated proteins and contain salts of free amino acids such as glutamate. Hydrolysed proteins are frequently added to processed foods. Glutamates also occur naturally in foods; however, MSG (glutamate) reactions are usually due to processed, "free" glutamates.
Common reactions to MSG Headaches, migraines, stomach upset, nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea, irritable bowel syndrome, asthma attacks, shortness of breath, anxiety or panic attacks, heart palpitations, partial paralysis, "heart attack-like symptoms," balance difficulties, mental confusion, mood swings, neurological disorders (Parkinson's, MS, ALS, Alzheimer's), behavioural disorders (especially In children and teens), allergy-type symptoms, skin rashes, runny nose, bags under the eyes, flushing, mouth lesions, depression, and more.
At www.truthinlabeling.org you can find more information about MSG and other glutamates. According to the Truth In Labelling Campaign, MSG reactions can be immediate or occur as
late as 48 hours after ingestion.
Hidden Sources of MSG - 621 MSG (621) is becoming harder to track down. Food manufacturers have found that consumers recognise 'monosodium glutamate, 621; and are taking advantage in a loophole in labelling laws and putting MSG into our food under other names. When it is added as an ingredient of another substance it need not be listed on the label. The earlier these substances appear on a list of ingredients, the more likely they are to contain MSG. Even if the label says "no MSG", other glutamates, which can cause the same reaction, may be in it definite sources of MSG, 621
Hydrolysed protein Sodium caseinate 469 or Calcium Caseinate
Autolysed Yeast or Yeast Extract Gelatine Possible sources of MSG Textured protein Carrageenan or Vegetable gum Seasonings or Spices Flavourings or Natural flavourings Chicken, Beef, Pork, Smoke flavourings
Bouillon, Broth or Stock Barley Malt, Malt extract, Malt flavouring Whey protein, Whey protein isolate or concentrate Soy protein, Soy protein isolate or concentrate Soy sauce or extract
"This list is periodically updated by the networking membership of NOMSG [a group dedicated to make people aware of the danger of MSG]. It is not all-inclusive because new labelling deceptions are invented to confound the consumer. We can provide an expanded list for those who are extremely sensitive. We also suggest elimination of aspartame, 951, from the diet, as many people who react to one, also react to the other." [ www.nomsg.com]
Nitrite and Nitrate
"Sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate are two chemicals used for centuries to preserve meat. While nitrate itself is harmless, it is readily converted to nitrite. When nitrite combines with compounds called secondary amines, it forms nitrosamines, extremely powerful cancer-causing chemicals. The
chemical reaction occurs most readily at the high temperatures of frying. Nitrite has long been suspected as being a cause of stomach cancer. Look for nitrite-free processed meats ~ some of which are frozen, refrigeration reduces the need for nitrites - at some health food and grocery stores. But regardless of the presence of nitrite or nitrosamines, the high fat, high-sodium content of most processed meats should be enough to discourage you from choosing them. And don't cook with bacon drippings."
Olestra Despite the objections of dozens of leading scientists, Olestra, the fake fat approved for human consumption, is both dangerous and unnecessary. The side effects from it can be fatal because it drags valuable nutrients out of the body as it passes through. Some of the nutrients it steals are ones that protect the body from such diseases as lung cancer, prostate cancer, heart disease, and macular degeneration.
The Harvard School of Public Health states that "the long-term consumption of Olestra snack foods might therefore result in several
thousand unnecessary deaths each year from lung and prostate cancers and heart disease, and hundreds of additional cases of blindness in the elderly due to macular degeneration. Besides contributing to disease, Olestra causes diarrhoea and other serious gastrointestinal problems, even at low doses."
"FDA certified Olestra despite the fact that there are safe low-fat snacks already on the market. There is no evidence to show that Olestra will have any significant effect on reducing obesity. Despite being approved as safe by the US FDA, all snacks containing Olestra must carry a warning label (similar to one found on cigarettes) that states:
This Product Contains Olestra. Olestra may cause abdominal cramping and loose stools. Olestra inhibits the absorption of some vitamins and other nutrients. Vitamins A, D, E, and K have been added. Avoid all Olestra foods: Pringle's® Potato Chips, made by Proctor & Gamble, will probably be the first snack food made with Olestra."
Saccharin, 954 Several studies in the 70's linked saccharin with cancer in laboratory animals. Avoid it. Sweetener packets and cans of saccharin-containing diet drinks bear warning labels: "Use of this product may be hazardous to your health. This product contains saccharine, which has been determined to cause cancer in laboratory animals. "Why not heed the warning?
Sulfites "Sulfites" are a class of chemicals that can keep cut fruits and vegetables looking fresh. They also prevent discolouration in apricots, raisins, and other dried fruits; control "black spot" in freshly caught shrimp; and prevent discolouration, bacterial growth, and fermentation in wine. Until the early 1980's they were considered safe, but CSPI [The Centre for Science in the Public Interest] found six scientific studies proving that sulfites could provoke sometimes sever allergic reactions. CSPI and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) identified at least a dozen fatalities linked to sulfites. All of the deaths occurred among asthmatics. In 1985, the US Congress finally forced the US FDA to ban
sulfites from most fruits and vegetables. Especially if you have asthma, be sure to consider whether your attacks might be related to sulfites. The ban does not cover fresh-cut potatoes, dried fruits, and wine." [From The Centre for Science in the Public Interest]
The Parabens 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219 The Parabens are a group of preservatives that contain 'ben' from benzoic acid, 212 and prefixes like methyl-, propyl- and butyl-.
They can cause severe contact dermatitis or redness, swelling, itching, skin pain, asthma attacks and anaphylactic shock in susceptible persons.
They are the most common preservatives used in foods, medications and make-up. Such foods as baked goods, frozen dairy products, fruit juices, jams and jellies, lollies, processed vegetables, salad dressings, soft drinks and syrups.
Medications include many skin preparations for eye, ear, nose drops, rectal and vaginal
items, bandages and local anaesthetics. They are in the complete range of make-up items. Look for the number! Check your medications on the Internet.
©MBM 2010-01
COLOURS
(100-181)
"HARM" seems to be intrinsic part of
"pHARMa"
Number Name Comments
100
E100 Curcumin
Orange-yellow colour;
derived from the root of
the curcuma plant, but
can be artificially
produced; used in cheese,
margarine, baked sweets
and fish fingers It has
beneficial effect on the
blood sugar in diabetics.
It can increase the liver's
secretion of bile and
protect the liver from
toxic substances.
Curcumin may be used to
compensate for fading of
natural colouring in pre-
packed foods.
Recognised as an anti-
carcinogenic agent
during laboratory tests.
Typical products include
fish fingers, fizzy drinks,
butter and other dairy
produce, cakes and
biscuits, margarine,
processed cheese, curry
powder, cooking oil,
sweets, cereals and
sauces.
101
E101
(i) Riboflavin Vitamin B2
An essential dietary
requirement, as it aids in
the metabolism of fats,
carbohydrates and
proteins. It is also needed
for other functions
including red blood cell
formation, respiration,
antibody production and
general well-being.
Activation of vitamin B6
and folic acid require
riboflavin. Riboflavin has
been found to aid in the
treatment of eye
disorders, e.g. cataracts.
It is found naturally in
liver, kidneys, eggs, milk
but is destroyed upon
exposure to light. It is
manufactured industrially
using yeast or other
fermenting organisms,
used as a yellow
colouring and as vitamin
fortification, but is
difficult to incorporate
into most foods due to
poor solubility. Typical
products include cereals,
sauces, vitamin
supplements, soups.
E101a (ii) Riboflavin -
5'-[phosphate]
Riboflavin-5'-phosphate
is chemically prepared
from Riboflavin
(converted to free
Riboflavin upon
ingestion), and is used to
provide vitamin B2
enrichment, also a yellow
colour and is likely
derived from genetically
modified organisms. . It
may be used in
preference to Riboflavin
due to better solubility,
however it is more
expensive.
Typical products include
milk products, jams,
sugar products.
102
E102 Tartrazine
FD&C Yellow No:5; CI
Acid Yellow23, CI Food
Yellow 4. Coal tar dye.
Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbon. Cancer
probability. Known to
provoke asthma attacks
(though the US FDA**
do not recognise this)
and urticaria (nettle rash)
in children (the US
FDA** estimates 1:10
000), altered states of
perception and
behaviour, uncontrolled
hyper agitation and
confusion; wakefulness
in young children. Is
known to inhibit zinc
metabolism and interfere
with digestive enzymes.
Tartrazine sensitivity is
also linked to aspirin
sensitivity; used to colour
drinks, sweets, jams,
cereals, snack foods,
canned fish, packaged
soups and a dye for wool
and silk..
Banned in Norway,
Austria and Finland.
Restricted use in Sweden
and Germany.
103
Alkanet
(Chrysoine
resorcinol)
Natural 'port-wine' colour
from A. tinctoria plant.
Listed in Australia in
1992. Banned in US in
1988.
104
E104
Quinoline
Yellow
D&C Yellow No:10. A
synthetic 'coal tar' dye,
prepared by sulfonating
2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-
dione, and the product is
essentially sodium salts
of a mixture of
disulfonates,
monosulfonates and
trisulfonates of the dione.
The calcium and
potassium salts may also
be permitted. Quinoline
Yellow is used to give a
yellow to greenish
yellow colour. Typical
products include ice
lollies, scotch eggs,
smoked fish; used in
lipsticks hair products,
colognes; also in a wide
range of medications. It
may cause asthma, rashes
and hyperactivity.
Aspirin sensitive people
must avoid it.
Banned in Australia,
Japan, USA and Norway.
E105
Fast Yellow
AB, Fast
Yellow, Acid
Yellow, C.I.
13015, C.I.
14270 or Food
Yellow 2
An azo dye. It is used as
a food dye. It is now
delisted in both Europe
and USA and is not used
anymore, as toxicological
data shown it is harmful.
E106
Riboflavin -
5'-[sodium
phosphate]
A coenzyme for a
number of oxidative
enzymes including
NADH dehydrogenase. It
is the principal form in
which riboflavin is found
in cells and tissues.
Energetically it is more
expensive to produce, but
is more soluble than
E101. The molecule
consists mainly of the
monosodium salt of the
5'-monophosphate ester
of riboflavin dihydrate
obtained from chemical
action on E101
riboflavin. It is rapidly
turned to free riboflavin
after ingestion. It is
found in many foods for
babies and young
children as well as jams,
milk products and sweets
and sugar products.
Listed in Australia as 100
prior to 1992.
E107 Yellow 2G
Acid yellow 17, CI Food
yellow 5. Coal tar dye.
the HACSG*
recommends to avoid it;
It may cause asthma,
rashes and hyperactivity.
People sensitive to
aspirin and asthma
sufferers should avoid it.
Typical products are soft
drinks. It is also used
commercially in printing
inks.
Banned in Australia
(1992), Austria, Belgium,
Denmark, France,
Germany, Japan,
Norway, Sweden,
Switzerland, and USA.
110 Sunset Yellow FD&C Yellow No:6, CI
E110 FCF, Orange
Yellow S
Food yellow 3. consists
primarily of disodium 2-
hydroxy-1(4
sulfonatophenylazo)
naphthalene-6-sulfonate,
although the calcium and
potassium salts are also
used.Cancer Probability.
Used in cereals, bakery,
sweets, snack foods, ice
cream, drinks and canned
fish; synthetic; also in
many medications
including Berocca,
Polaramine, Ventolin
syrup; can provoke
allergic reactions such as
abdominal pain,
hyperactivity, hives,
nasal congestion,
bronchoconstriction,
kidney tumours,
chromosomal damage,
and distaste for food. It
produces urticaria,
swelling of the blood
vessels, gastric upset.
Potentially dangerous to
asthmatics; and persons
with rhinitis should avoid
it, is know to upset some
of the digestive enzymes.
Has been linked to
growth retardation and
severe weight loss in
animal tests and
increased incidence of
tumours in animals.
Typical products include
orange squash, jelly, jam,
cake, sweets, soups,
desert mixes, yoghurt, ice
lollies, sauces.
Banned in Finland,
Norway and the UK.
E111
Orange GGN,
alpha-naphthol
orange
Orange colour. It is the
disodium salt of 1-(m-
sulfophenylazo)-2-
naphthol-6-sulfonic acid.
It is currently delisted in
Europe and USA, as
toxicological data shown
it is harmful.
120
E120
Cochineal,
Carminic acid,
Red colour; made from
insects; rarely used; the
Carmines HASCG recommends to
avoid it, especially
hyperactives, rhinitis
sufferers, urticaria,
asthmatics and aspirin
sensitives. a natural red
colour obtained by
crushing of the female
Dactilopius coccus, a
cactus-dwelling insect
indigenous to Central
America. The dye is
expensive due to the
sheer quantity of shells
required to produce a
small amount. Alcoholic
drinks may contain the
water soluble form
(ammonium carmine),
but the insoluble calcium
carmine is found in a
many more products.
Other commercial uses
include as an
antineoplastic agent, as a
0.025% solution in
concentrated H2SO4 for
photometric and
fluorimetric
determination of B, as an
indicator and diagnostic
agent (gives colour
reactions with Mg, Ge,
Pb, Zr, Th, Mo, U). E120
has been linked to the
cause of allergic
reactions. Typical
products include
alcoholic beverages,
dyed cheeses, puddings,
icings, sweets, sauces,
fizzy drinks, cakes, soups
and pie fillings. Banned
in USA.
E121 Orcein, Orchil
Orcein and orchil are
colourings derived from
archil, the lichen Rocella
tinctoria. Orcinol is
derived from the lichen
and then converted to
orcein (a reddish-brown
dye, also used as a
microscopical stain) by
the action of aqueous
ammonia and air. Orchil
is a purple-blue dye.
Orcein is a mixture of
compounds with a
phenoxazone structure,
composed of hydroxy-
orceins, amino-orceins
and amino-orceinimines
(see molecular
diagrams). Hans Musso
(1925-1988) published
many papers about
orcein.
122
E122
Azorubine,
Carmoisine
Red colour; coal tar
derivative; may be
carcinogenic. Can
produce bad reactions in
asthmatics and people
allergic to aspirin; and
can cause hyperactivity,
urticaria and oedema. It
is also used in
photometric
determination of Mg, Pd,
Cu, Sn, Cr. Typical
products are
confectionary, marzipan,
jelly crystals, puddings,
cakes, jams, sauces,
sweets, yoghurt, soups.
Banned in Austria, Japan,
Norway, Sweden and
USA.
123
E123 Amaranth
FD&C Red No. 2, CI
Acid Red 27, CI Food
red 9. Originally derived
from the small
herbaceous plant of the
same name. Azo dye,
Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbon. Used in
cake mixes, fruit-
flavoured fillings, jelly
crystals; can provoke
asthma, eczema and
hyperactivity; All child
bearing women should
avoid it as it could cause
birth defects and foetal
deaths. Can cause
urticaria and liver
problems possibly also
cancer. It is used in
dyeing and colour
photography. Banned in
Austria, Japan, Norway,
Russia, Sweden, the USA
in 1976, still used in
Australia!
124
E124
Ponceau 4R,
Cochineal Red
A, Brilliant
Scarlet 4R
Artificial red dye,
synthetic coal tar and azo
dye, carcinogen in
animals, can produce bad
reactions in asthmatics
and people allergic to
aspirin; 1 in 10,000
people are allergic to
124. Typical products
include packet desert
mixes, toppings, tinned
fruit, soups, salami.
Banned in Canada,
Norway, USA (in 1976
for cancer causing
agents). Restricted in
Sweden.
E125
Scarlet GN, C.I.
Food Red 2,
Ponceau SX,
FD&C Red No.
4, or C.I. 14700
Red azo dye used as a
food dye. When used as a
food additive, it has the E
number E125. It usually
comes as a disodium salt.
It is permitted in fruit
peels and maraschino
cherries.
E126
Ponceau 6R,
Crystal ponceau
6R, Crystal
scarlet, Brilliant
crystal scarlet
6R, Acid Red
44, or C.I.
16250
Red azo dye. It is soluble
in water and slightly
soluble in ethanol. It is
used as a food dye, with
E number E126. It is also
used in histology, for
staining fibrin with the
MSB Trichrome stain. It
usually comes as
disodium salt. Amaranth
is a closely related azo
dye, also usable in
trichrome staining.
127
E127 Erythrosine
FD&C Red No:3; Coal
tar dye; Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbon.
Artificial red colour used
in cherries, strawberries
and rhubarb, packet
deserts, biscuits, cakes,
spreads and pates,
processed cooked meat,
canned fruit, custard mix,
sweets, bakery, snack
foods; can cause
sensitivity to light and
learning difficulties; can
increase thyroid hormone
levels and lead to
hyperthyroidism, was
shown to cause thyroid
cancer in rats in a study
in 1990. Is also used in
printing inks, as a
biological stain, and for
extraction-photometric
determination of K, Cd,
Pb, Mn, Zn, Ag. It also
serves as an adsorption
and fluorescent indicator,
a dental plaque
disclosing agent and a
radiopaque medium. It
has been suggested that
erythrosine may affect
thyroid activity due the
presence of iodine in the
molecule which may be
released upon
degradation, and that
erythrosine may be
carcinogenic. Used as an
ingredient to kill maggot
lava and flies. Banned in
January 1990, but not
recalled by the US
FDA**;
Banned in Norway.
E128 Red 2G
A synthetic red coal tar
and azo dye, which is
used particularly in meat
products. The latter may
contain sulfur dioxide
and metabisulfite which
normally have a
bleaching effect, but Red
2G is relatively
unaffected. There is
evidence that Red 2G can
be converted to aniline in
the gut. Laboratory tests
have shown that Aniline
causes anaemia in rats, as
it affects haemoglobin in
red blood cells.
Typical products include
processed meats, jams,
soft drinks. May cause
damage to genes. To be
avoided by hyperactive
people, asthmatics and
aspirin sensitive people.
Also a risk of skin rash
and anaemia. Thought to
be carcinogenic when
added to foods. Banned
in Australia, Austria,
Belgium, Denmark,
Germany, Japan,
Switzerland, New
Zealand, USA, and many
other places except UK.
129
E129 Allura red AC
FD&C Red No:40;
Artificial orange-red
colour used in sweets,
drinks and condiments,
medications and
cosmetics, synthetic;
introduced in the early
eighties to replace
amaranth which was
considered not safe due
to conflicting test results;
Allura red has also been
connected with cancer.
Any allergic reaction to
this dye is small
compared to reactions to
other azo dyes, although
asmatics and aspirin
intolerant people are still
at risk. Typical products
include biscuits and
cakes.
Prohibited throughout the
EEC.
E130 Indanthrene
blue RS
Indanthrene is a blue dye,
the compounds and
derivatives of which are
used as vat dyestuffs.
E131 Patent blue V
Patent Blue V is a
synthetic blue-violet coal
tar dye used only
moderately in the food
industry. It is mainly
used to colour the lymph
vessels, and as a
cardiovascular
investigative dye.
Hypersensitivity
reactions reported
include itching and nettle
rash, nausea, low blood
pressure, and in rare
cases anaphylactic shock.
Patent Blue V is also
used as an acid base
indicator. Typical
products include scotch
eggs. Banned in
Australia, Norway,
Japan, New Zealand and
USA.
132
E132
Indigotine,
Indigo carmine
FD&C Blue No:2,
synthetic coal tar dye.
Commonly added to
tablets and capsules; also
used in ice cream,
sweets, baked goods,
confectionary, biscuits;
may cause nausea,
vomiting, high blood
pressure, skin rashes,
breathing problems, brain
tumours and other
allergic reactions. also as
a diagnostic aid (e.g. in
kidney function tests), as
a titrimetric indicator of
Cr(II), Sn(II), Fe(III),
and Ti(III). Indigo
carmine is also used as a
photometric detector, and
a biological stain. It is
normally produced by a
synthesis of indoxyl by
fusion of sodium
phenylglycinate in a
mixture of caustic soda
and sodamide. The
chemical structure of
indigo was determined
by Prussian chemist J. F.
W. Adolf von Baeyer in
1883. Typical products
include milk deserts,
sweets, biscuits. Banned
in Norway.
133
E133
Brilliant blue
FCF
FD&C Blue Dye No:1,
CI Acid blue 9, CI Food
blue 2, CI Pigment blue
24. Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbon,
Triphenylmethane dye.
Used in dairy products,
sweets and drinks,
synthetic usually
occurring as aluminium
lake (solution) or
ammonium salt; Can
cause hyperactivity, skin
rashes,
bronchoconstriction
(combined with 127 and
132), chromosomal
damage. It is also used in
inks, as a fabric and wool
dye, and to stain proteins.
Banned in British
Commonwealth 1972-
1980. Banned in Austria,
Belgium, France,
Germany, Norway
Switzerland, Sweden.
140
E140
Chlorophylis,
Chlorophyllins
Green colour occurs
naturally in all plants;
Commercially available
chlorophyll contains
other plant pigments,
fatty acids and
phosphatides, and maybe
other oils, fats and
waxes. Chlorophyll is an
example of a naturally
occurring ionophore. It is
a tetradentate ligand that
binds to an Mg ion
through coordination
with nitrogen.
Chlorophyll is used as a
source of olive/dark-
green colour, it is
susceptible to
fading. Typical products
include soaps, preserved
fruits and vegetables,
sweets, soups, ice cream,
sauce mixes. Excess can
cause a sensitivity to
light.
141
Copper
complexes of
chlorophyll
Olive colour, extracted
from plants, no adverse
effects are known when
used in foods.
E141
Copper
complexes of
chlorophyll and
Chlorophyllins
Copper
Phaephytins
Olive colour, extracted
from plants, no adverse
effects are known when
used in foods. The Mg
ion in chlorophyll is
substituted by Cu to give
a more stable olive green
colouring.
Chlorophyllins contain
other related substituted
plant pigments, and
provide a water-soluble
green colour. Typical
products include
preserved green fruits
and vegetables, sauce
mixes, soups, ice cream,
sweets.
142
E142 Green S
CI Acid green 50, CI
Food green 4. Green
colour; synthetic coal tar
derivative; used in
canned peas, mint jelly
and sauce, packet bread
crumbs and cake mixes;
May cause asthma,
rashes and hyperactivity.
Mutagenic in animal
tests. Banned in Canada,
Japan, Sweden, USA and
Norway.
150
E150(a) Plain caramel
Dark brown colour made
from sucrose in the
presence of ammonia,
ammonium sulphate,
sulphur dioxide or
sodium hydroxide. The
types of caramel colour
available include plain
(spirit) caramel (prepared
by controlled heat
treatment of
carbohydrates with or
without an acid or base),
caustic sulphite caramel
(produced by heat
treatment of
carbohydrates with
sulphur containing
compounds), ammonia
caramel (heat treatment
in the presence of
ammonia) and sulphite
ammonia caramel.; the
HACSG* recommends to
avoid it as it can cause
hyperactivity. Some
caramels may damage
genes, slow down
growth, cause
enlargement of the
intestines and kidneys
and may destroy vitamin
B. It can be
manufactured without
ammonia. Used in oyster,
soy, fruit and canned
sauces, beer, whiskey,
biscuits, pickles, cakes,
doughnuts, flour
products, chocolate
products, fizzy drinks,
beer, wine, sweets,
crisps, bread, pates, ice
cream, sauces, pickles,
preserves, vegetable
protein and similar meat
substitutes.
E150(b) Caustic sulphite
caramel See 150(a).
E150(c) Ammonia
caramel See 150(a).
E150(d)
Sulphite
ammonia
caramel
See 150(a).
151
E151
Brilliant Black
BN, Black PN
CI Food Black 1.
Synthetic colour; coal tar
derivative (may be
carcinogenic); used in
brown sauces,
blackcurrant cake mixes;
Potentially dangerous to
asthmatics, probable
cause for ADD in
children and may cause
urticaria and problem to
rhinitis sufferers. Also
known to interfere with
some digestive enzymes.
Banned in Denmark,
Australia, Belgium,
France, Germany,
Switzerland, Austria,
USA, Norway and
greatly restricted
Sweden.
E152
Black 7984,
Food Black 2,
or C.I. 27755
A brown-to-black
synthetic diazo dye. It
usually comes as a
tetrasodium salt. When
used as a food dye, it has
E number E152. It is also
used in cosmetics. Its use
is discontinued in USA
and EU since 1984. It is
currently delisted and not
used anymore both in
European Union and
USA. It is also not
permitted in Australia
and Japan. It appears to
cause allergic or
intolerance reactions,
particularly amongst
those with an aspirin
intolerance. It is a
histamine liberator, and
may worsen the
symptoms of asthma. It is
one of the colourants that
the Hyperactive
Children's Support Group
recommends be
eliminated from the diet
of children.
153
E153
Vegetable
carbon
Black colour, charcoal
pigment; used in jams,
jelly crystals, liquorice;
only the vegetable
derived variety permitted
in Australia. Banned in
the United States
E154 Brown FK,
Kipper Brown
Kipper or Food Brown.
Made from 6 azo dyes
and sodium chloride
and/or sodium sulphate.
It is mainly used to give
fish flesh a healthy
pigment which will not
leach or fade during
cooking. Typical
products include smoked
and cured fish, crisps,
cooked meats.
Banned in Austria,
Australia, Japan, New
Zealand, Switzerland,
USA. All EEC countries
except the UK.
155
E155
(Chocolate)
Brown HT
brown colour, coal tar
and azo dye; used in
chocolate cake mixes;
can produce bad
reactions in asthmatics
and people allergic to
aspirin; also known to
induce skin sensitivity;
thought to be a
carcinogenic in food,
ADD children can have
an adverse reaction to
this dye. Typical
products include foods
where a chocolate colour
is required, e.g. cakes
and biscuits.
Banned in Austria,
Belgium, Denmark,
France, Germany,
Norway, Switzerland,
Sweden, USA
160
E160(a)
Carotene, alpha-
, beta-, gamma-
Carrots, green leafy
vegetables and tomatoes
are very good sources of
natural carotene which is
chemically extracted and
is comprised of a mixture
of beta-, alpha- and
gamma-carotene. Natural
carotene, an orange-
yellow colouring,
contains mainly beta-
carotene which has
vitamin A as its natural
degradation product.
Carotene colouring fades
on exposure to light.
Typical products include
fruit juices and squashes,
cakes, desserts, butter
and margarine
160(b)
E160(b)
Annatto, bixin,
norbixin
Red colour; derived from
a tree (Bixa orellana);
Water soluble annatto
contains bixin, a
carotenoid and the main
colourant which may be
interconverted by
hydrolysis to norbixin.
Water soluble annatto
contains sodium or
potassium salts of
norbixin as the major
colourant. Annatto, bixin
and norbixin can be used
in a great variety of foods
due to being either oil or
water soluble. Typical
products include soft
drinks, fruit fillings,
cheese, spreads and
sauces, oil, cakes, butter
and margarine, pastry,
crisps, ice cream and
lollies, smoked
fish. Used as a body
paint, fabric dye,
antibacterial, antioxidant,
digestive aid and
expectorant; used to dye
cheese, cereals, snack
foods, soaps, textiles and
varnishes; known to
cause urticaria (nettle
rash) and flare-ups of
angioneurotic oedema. It
is implicated in asthma
(containing salicylic
acid) and hyperactivity.
The HACSG*
recommends to avoid it.
E160(c)
Paprika extract,
capsanthin,
capsorubin
Capsanthin, found in
paprika extract, is a red
to orange coloured spice
derived from the pods
and seeds of the red
pepper (Capsicum
annuum). Contains
vitamins A, B, C and
traces of Zn, Cu, Se, Co,
Mo, etc. Paprika extract
also contains capsanthin.
Capsanthin may be added
to poultry feed to
enhance egg yolk colour.
Typical products include
eggs, meat products.
Not listed in
Australia. Avoid it.
E160(d) Lycopene
Lycopene is a natural red
colour derived from
tomatoes. Not Listed In
Australia. Avoid it.
Banned in some
countries.
160(e)
E160(e)
Beta-apo-8'-
carotenal (C 30)
This is a synthetic
yellow-red colourant. No
adverse effects are
known. Typical products
include processed cheese.
160(f)
E160(f)
Ethyl ester of
beta-apo-8'-
carotenic acid
(C 30)
A derivative of E160e,
this orange-yellow
colouring has no obvious
health effects. Typical
products include
processed cheese.
161
E161 Xanthophylls
Natural yellow colour
derived from plants and
animals, naturally found
in green leaves,
marigolds and egg yolks.
Used in animal feed to
colour the flesh and to
enhance egg yolk colour
as it is absorbed by the
animals and stored in
their tissue.
E161(a) Flavoxanthin
Flavoxanthin is a
xanthophyll, providing a
natural yellow colour.
Xanthophylls are
mixtures of hydroxy
derivatives of alpha-,
beta- and gamma-
carotenes, their natural
epoxides and fatty acid
esters. Flavoxanthin is
consumed as part of a
normal diet.
161
E161(b)
Xanthophylls -
Lutein
Yellow-red colour
derived from plants,
naturally found in green
leaves, marigolds and
egg yolks. It is related to
carotene (E160a) and is
available as a natural
plant extract. Forms part
of a normal diet. Typical
products include egg
yolks (lutein is fed to
poultry to enhance yolk
colour).
E161(c) Cryptoxanthin
A xanthophyll (see
E161a) and is found
naturally in members of
the potato and tomato
family, as well as in egg
yolks and butter. It
provides a natural yellow
colour but is not
available for commercial
colouring use. Forms
parts of a normal diet.
E161(d) Rubixanthin
A xanthophyll (see
E161a) that provides a
natural yellow colour in
foods consumed as part
of a normal diet, however
it is not commercially
available.
E161(e) Violoxanthin
A xanthophyll (see
E161a) that provides a
natural yellow colour,
however it is not
commercially available.
Found in abundance in
yellow pansies.
E161(f) Rhodoxanthin
A xanthophyll (see
E161a) found naturally in
yew tree seeds. It is
yellow in colour. Not
commercially available.
E161(g) Xanthophylls -
Canthaxanthin
Canthaxanthin is a
natural orange
xanthophyll (see E161a)
isolated from some
mushrooms, crustacea,
fish and also flamingo
feathers. It is used to
enhance the colour of
fish flesh, particularly
trout and salmon. There
is some evidence that
prolonged ingestion of
canthaxanthin in large
amounts may cause
spotting of the retina.
Typical products include
tanning products, sauces,
fish, preserves,
breadcrumbs, sweets.
E161(h) Citranaxanthin
Natural colour, present in
many plants.
Commercially prepared
from several dried plants
species. Yellow food
colour. Slightly soluble
in water. Hardly used.
No side effects known.
162
E162
Beetroot Red,
Betanin
Beetroot red is the
natural purplish red
extract of beetroot, which
is instable and hence not
useful for most food
processing applications.
Beetroot red may contain
sodium nitrate.
Typical products include
soup, tomato products,
bacon products, desserts,
sauces, jams, sweets,
jelly. No adverse effects
are known, but restrict
intake for small children
and infants.
163
E163 Anthocyanins
Anthocyanins are natural
red, blue or violet plant
pigments present in the
cell sap of many flowers,
fruits and vegetables.
They may contain a wide
range of compounds
including anthocyanin,
tartaric acid, tannins,
sugars and minerals.
Typical products include
soft drinks, pickles,
soups, dairy products,
jelly, fruit desserts,
sweets.
170
E170
Calcium
carbonate
Calcium carbonate
occurs naturally. The
most common form of
calcium carbonate is
limestone. Other forms
include chalk, marble,
corals and calcite.
Limestone is a major
building material as
quick lime (CaO) and
slaked lime (Ca(OH)2)
are derived from it.
Specially precipitated
CaCO3 is extensively
used in the paper
industry as it adds
brightness, opacity, ink
receptivity and
smoothness to the
finished product.
Calcium carbonate is also
used as a filler in
rubbers, latex, paints and
enamels, and in plastics,
as well as finding use as
a mild abrasive in
toothpastes and an
antacid. High levels of
ingestion may result in
flatulence, constipation,
haemorrhoids and
bleeding anal
fissures. Typical
products include tinned
fruit and vegetables,
wine, vitamin
supplements, bread,
cakes and other flour
products. sometimes used
to de-acidify wines and
firm canned fruit and
veg.; toxic at 'high doses'
due to mineral imbalance
and many other physical
problems such as
haemorrhoids, kidney
stones, abdominal pain,
confused behaviour.
Other names: limestone,
marble, calcite, chalk
171
E171
Titanium
dioxide
Titanium dioxide may be
used in food to give
opacity. No adverse
effects are known, and
the compound is
chemically inert. The
manufacture of paint
constitutes the major use
of titanium dioxide, but it
is also used as a paper
coating and as a filler in
rubber and plastics. The
most common form of
titanium dioxide at room
temperature is the rutile
structure, which is a
slightly distorted hcp of
O atoms with half
octahedral holes filled by
Ti atoms. Fine particles
may be used to produce
high opacity films as
titanium dioxide has an
exceptionally high
refractive index in the
visible region. Naturally
occurring forms of
titanium dioxide are
usually impure, hence the
sulphate process or the
chloride process are
normally used to harvest
an acceptable purity of
compound. Typical
products include sweets,
pharmaceutical tablets
and vitamin supplements,
sauces and cheese.
Pollutes waterways. No
adverse effects are
known.
172
E172
Iron oxides and
hydroxides
Alpha-Fe2O3 occurs
naturally as the mineral
haematite. Together the
iron oxides and
hydroxides are used to
provide red, orange,
yellow, brown and black
pigments, with the iron
not being actively
available to body tissues.
Iron(III) oxide is also
used as a major source of
elemental iron in
industry. Alpha-iron(III)
oxide has the corundum
structure.
Typical products include
fish and meat pastes,
packet desserts, soups.;
toxic at 'high doses'.
E173 Aluminium
Aluminium is a naturally
occurring element,
present in a normal
healthy diet. It is used in
food as a metallic surface
coating. There is
evidence that aluminium
accumulation in body
cells could be toxic and
linked to Parkinson-type
diseases, or that skeletal
deformations could
occur. Pure aluminium is
a silvery-white metal that
is capable of taking a
high polish, has high
thermal and electrical
conductivity, has
excellent corrosion
resistance, is non-
magnetic, malleable and
ductile. It is the most
commonly occurring
metal in the earth's crust
(8.3% by weight), and as
well as being used in the
food industry, is also
used in the construction
and aerospace industries,
in aerosol cans and
foil. Production of Al
metal involves the
following: (i) extraction,
purification and
dehydration of bauxite;
(ii) the electrolysis of
Al2O3 dissolved in
molten cryolite.
Typical products include
sugar coated flour
confectionery, silver
coated tablets. Not
currently listed for use in
Australia. Avoid it.
Suspect of being a
neurotoxic hazard and
been linked to
osteoporosis.
174
E174 Silver
Silver is used in food to
give a metallic surface
colour. However
prolonged consumption
may lead to argyria, a
blue-grey skin. The
greatest source of silver
now is as a by product in
the manufacture of non-
ferrous metals such as
Cu, Pb, Zn. Silver is
usually obtained from
crushed silver bearing
ore. The actual method of
recovery from the ore
depends on which metal
is predominant in the ore
but normally ends by
electrolysis using one of
two techniques, either the
Moebius or Thum
Balbach systems. Silver
is used extensively in the
photographic industry, as
well as in silverware and
jewellery, electrically,
for silvering mirrors and
in batteries. Typical
products include sugar
coated flour
confectionery. Not
permitted in Australia
prior to 1992. Long
regular use can lead to
blue-grey skin (this is not
dangerous). Avoid it.
E175 Gold
Gold is used in food to
give a metallic surface
colour which is very
unreactive, however it is
also very expensive.
Gold is produced by
crushing gold-containing
rock, the grains of gold
are then extracted either
by the cyanide process or
by amalgamation with
mercury. Gold is used to
settle international debts,
but other uses include
manufacture of jewellery,
in dentistry, the
electronics industry and
in the aerospace industry.
Typical products include
sugar coated flour
confectionery. Not listed
for use in Australia.
Avoid it.
E180
Lithol Rubine
BK,
Pigment Rubine
Pigment rubine is a
reddish coloured azo dye,
used solely for colouring
cheese rind. May affect
people who suffer from
asthma, rhinitis or the
skin disease urticaria.
Typical products include
cheese. Probable cause of
rashes, hyperactivity, and
potentially dangerous to
asthmatics. Avoid it.
Banned in Australia and
New Zealand.
181
E181
Tannic acid,
tannins
Clarifying agent in
alcoholic drinks; derived
from the nutgalls and
twigs of oak trees; occurs
naturally in tea. May
cause gastric irritation.
* Hyperactive Children Support Group (HACSG) (Canada)
** Food and Drug Administration
Copyright MBM PO Box 44, Klemzig, South Australia, 5087
PRESERVATIVES
(200-290) The art of medicine consists of amusing the
patient while nature cures the disease -- Voltaire
Number Name Comments
200
E200 Sorbic acid
Occurs naturally in fruit,
used as a preservative it
inhibits fungal growth
but allows for bacterial
activity, hence is useful
for cheese. Obtained
from the berries of
mountain ash or
synthesised from ketene;
possible skin irritant,
and may cause rashes,
asthma and
hyperactivity.. Sorbic
acid is used in
conjunction with
sulphur dioxide in wine
making, without SO2
bacteria cause reduction
of sorbic acid to sorbyl
alcohol which converts
to a foul smelling ether.
Also used as a
preservative in
cosmetics and
pharmaceuticals. Sorbic
acid had a conjugated
system of double bonds
which makes it
susceptible to
nucleophilic attack,
sometimes giving
mutagenic products.
Food labelled as
containing E200 may
actually contain sodium,
potassium or calcium
sorbate instead (E201,
E202 and E203
respectively). Typical
products include wine,
cheese, other fermented
products, desert sauces
and fillings, soups,
sweets, drinks, yeast
goods.
201
E201 Sodium sorbate
Similar to 200. Sodium
sorbate is the sodium
salt of sorbic
acid. Typical products
include wine, cheese,
other fermented
products, desert sauces
and fillings, soups,
sweets.
202
E202
Potassium
sorbate
Similar to 200. otassium
sorbate is the sodium
salt of sorbic acid. More
soluble than sorbic acid.
Typical products include
cheese, butter, yogurt,
preserves, pickles, dried
fruit, cakes and wine.
203
E203 Calcium sorbate
Similar to 200. The
calcium salt of sorbic
acid. An antifungal
antibacterial
preservative. Typical
products include
fermented dairy
produce, wine.
210
E210 Benzoic acid
Also known as flowers
of benzoin,
phenlycarboxylic acid,
carboxybenzene.
Obtained from Benzoin,
a resin exuded by trees
native to Asia. Benzoic
acid is also used in the
manufacture of
plasticisers, resin
coatings and
caprolactam. It is an
antiseptic, antifungal,
antipyretic agent, and
can be used as an
alkalimetric standard.
Added to alcoholic
beverages, baked goods,
cheeses, gum,
condiments, frozen
dairy, relishes, soft
sweets, cordials and
sugar substitutes. Used
in cosmetics, as an
antiseptic in many
cough medications and
an antifungal in
ointments; can cause
asthma, especially in
those dependant on
steroid asthma
medications. Is also
reputed to cause
neurological disorders
and to react with sulphur
bisulphite (222), shown
to provoke hyperactivity
in children and can
cause asthma in those
dependant on steroid
asthma medications.
Other names: benzene
carboxylic acid
211
E211 Sodium benzoate
The sodium salt of
benzoic acid, sodium
benzoate fulfils an
antibacterial and
antifungal role, and to
disguise taste, as of
poor-quality food;
orange diet soft drinks
contain a high amount
of it, up to 25mg per
250ml; also in milk and
meat products, relishes
and condiments, baked
goods and lollies, tooth
pastes, mouth washes,
maple syrup and
margarine; used in many
oral medications
including Actifed,
Phenergan and Tylenol;
known to causes nettle
rash and aggravate
asthma. Suspected to be
a neurotoxic hazard.
212
E212
Potassium
benzoate
The potassium salt of
benzoic acid, potassium
benzoate fulfils an
antibacterial and
antifungal role. Typical
products include
margarine, pickles, fruit
juice. People with a
history of allergies may
show allergic reactions.
for using. See 210.
213
E213
Calcium
benzoate
See 212. The calcium
salt of benzoic acid,
calcium benzoate fulfils
an antibacterial and
antifungal role. Typical
products include fruit
juice.
E214 Ethyl para-
hydroxybenzoate
A derivative of benzoic
acid. Has anaesthetic
properties and may
cause numbness to the
mouth.Typical products
include beer, fruit
preserves and juices,
sauces, flavouring
syrups, fruit deserts,
processed fish. Avoid it.
Banned in Australia.
E215
Sodium ethyl
para-
hydroxybenzoate
The sodium salt of ethyl
para-hydroxybenzoate,
used as an antibacterial
and antifungal
preservative, also has
anaesthetic effects.
Avoid it. Banned in
Australia.
216
E216 Propylparaben
Synthesised from
benzoic acid (E200).
Antimicrobial, may be a
numbing effect on the
mouth. Typical products
include beer, fruit
sauces, pickles and
preserves, fruit deserts,
fruit squashes and
juices, processed fish.
Preservative. Possible
contact allergen when
used in cosmetics.
E216 Propyl para-
hydroxybenzoate
Preservative. Possible
contact allergen and
potentially dangerous to
asthmatics.
E217
Sodium propyl
para-
hydroxybenzoate
The sodium salt of
propyl para-
hydroxybenzoate, E217
is produced from
benzoic acid and is an
antimicrobial
preservative. May cause
irritation to sensitive
skin. Avoid it. Banned
in Australia.
218 Methylparaben Preservative. Possible
contact allergen.
E218 Methyl para-
hydroxybenzoate
Synthesised from
benzoic acid, methyl
para-hydroxybenzoate is
a antimicrobial agent.
Typical products include
beer, fruit products,
pickles, sauces, deserts,
soft drinks, processed
fish. Preservative.
Allergic reactions
possible, mainly
affecting the skin.
219
E219
Sodium methyl
p-
hydroxybenzoate
The sodium salt of
E218, sodium methyl
para-hydroxybenzoate is
primarily an antifungal
agent. May cause
irritation to the skin.
Banned in Australia.
Avoid it.
220
E220 Sulphur dioxide
Preservative. Occurs
naturally in the
atmosphere and as a
pollutant gas from
combustion processes,
sulphur dioxide is
implicated in formation
of acid rain and has a
choking odour. Derived
from coal tar; all sulphur
drugs are toxic and
restricted in use (in
USA, FDA** prohibits
their use on raw fruits
and vegetables),
produced by combustion
of sulphur, hydrogen
sulphide or gypsum;
known to provoke
gastric irritation, nausea,
diarrhoea, skin rash,
asthma attacks and
difficult to metabolise
for those with impaired
kidney function, also
destroys vitamin B1
(thiamin), and should be
avoided by anyone
suffering from
conjunctivitis,
bronchitis, emphysema,
bronchial asthma, or
cardiovascular disease.
Typical products are
beer, soft drinks, dried
fruit, juices, cordials,
wine, vinegar, potato
products. Similar
functional properties are
displayed by the
sulphites (E221-E227).
Other names: sulphur
superoxide.
221
E221 Sodium sulphite
The sodium salt of
sulphurous acid. Used to
sterilise fermentation
equipment and food
containers, as well as for
its antimicrobial
properties. Generally
meat, cereals and dairy
products may not be
treated with E221 as it
destroys thiamine
content. Over exposure
to sulphites in food may
cause an asthmatic
attack, or cause gastric
irritation. Typical
products include fresh
fruit and vegetables,
beer, wine, fruit juices
and sauces, frozen
shellfish.. See 220 Other
names: anhydrous
sodium sulfite, sodium
sulphite
222 Sodium
bisulphite See 220.
222
E222
Sodium
hydrogen
sulphite
See 220. Another
sodium salt of
sulphurous acid, sulphur
dioxide may be released
from food containing
sulphites. May induce
an attack in asthmatics,
or cause gastric
irritation due to this
release of sulphur
dioxide. Thiamine is
destroyed by sulphites.
Sulphites are also used
as bleaching agents.
Typical products include
beer, wine, cider, fruit
squashes and juice, fresh
fruit and vegetables,
frozen shellfish, jams,
pickles.
223
E223
Sodium
metabisulphite
Another sodium salt of
sulphurous acid, see
E222. Used as an
antimicrobial
preservative, antioxidant
and bleaching agent in
food. Typical products
include preserved fruit
and vegetables, pickles,
fruit juice, frozen
vegetables, frozen
shellfish, dried fruits,
fruit deserts. Treating
agent, see 220. Other
names: pyrosulphurous
acid, disodium salt.
224
E224
Potassium
metabisulphite
A potassium salt of
sulphurous acid, see
E222. Used as an
antimicrobial
preservative,
particularly in wine.
Typical products include
wine, frozen vegetables,
fruit juice, fruit
preserves, pickles,
frozen shellfish. See
220. Other names:
potassium pyrosulfite,
pyrosulfurous acid
dipotassium salt
225 Potassium See 220.
E225 sulphite
226
E226 Calcium sulphite
A calcium salt of
sulphurous acid, see
E222. Used not only as
a preservative but also
as a firming agent and
disinfectant. Typical
products include wine,
fruit juice, canned fruit
and vegetables, fruit
pickles and preserves.
Avoid it. Banned in
Australia.
227
E227
Calcium
hydrogen
sulphite
Another calcium salt of
sulphurous acid, see
E222. Used not only as
a food preservative, but
also as a firming agent
and disinfectant in food
preparation. Typical
products include beer,
canned fruit and
vegetables, jams,
pickles, fruit juice, fruit
jelly. Avoid it. Banned
in Australia.
228 Potassium See 220.
bisulphite
228
E228
Potassium
hydrogen
sulphite
Another potassium salt
of sulphurous acid, see
E222. Used not only as
a food preservative, but
also as a firming agent
and disinfectant in food
preparation. Typical
products include beer,
canned fruit and
vegetables, jams,
pickles, fruit juice, fruit
jelly. See 220.
230
E230
Biphenyl,
Diphenyl
An antifungal derivative
of benzene, used to
inhibit the growth of
mould on citrus fruits.
Typical products include
oranges, lemons,
grapefruits. Banned in Australia.
231
E231
Orthophenyl
phenol
Can be used for
agricultural purposes;
typical products are
pears, carrots, peaches,
plums, prunes, sweet
potato, citrus fruit,
pineapples, tomatoes,
peppers, cherries,
nectarines. Banned in Australia.
232
E232
Sodium
orthophenyl
phenol
The sodium salt of
E231, used as an
antibacterial and
antifungal preservative
in food. Typical
products include
oranges, lemons,
grapefruits, other citrus
fruits.
233
E233 Thiabendazole
Thiabendazole is used
as a preservative in
food, but it is also a
fungicide and used in
the veterinary
profession. Can be used
for agricultural
purposes, typical
products are citrus
fruits, apples, pears,
potatoes, bananas,
mushrooms, meat, milk.
Also used as a medical
treatment for some
conditions, resulting in
30% of patients
suffering from anorexia,
nausea, vomiting and
vertigo. Banned in Australia.
234
E234 Nisin
Antibiotic produced
during the growth of
bacterium Streptococcus
lactis and is a
polypeptide antibiotic
used in food as a
preservative. Found in
beer, processed cheese
products, tomato paste.
235
E235
Natamycin,
Pimaracin
Mould inhibitor derived
from bacteria;
sometimes used
medically to treat
candidiasis; can cause
nausea, vomiting,
anorexia, diarrhoea and
skin irritation; typical
products are meat,
cheese.
236
E236 Formic acid
Formic acid is used as a
preservative in food, and
also in manufacture of
leather and preparation
of latex rubber. It occurs
naturally in ants, is
completely soluble in
water, and in solution
exists as hydrogen-
bonded dimers. It is
industrially synthesised
from carbon monoxide,
and is thought to exist in
two resonance forms.
Formic acid has diuretic
properties. Avoid it.
Banned in Australia.
Other names: formylic
acid, hydrogen
carboxylic acid,
methanoic acid
E237 Sodium formate
This is the sodium salt
of formic acid, E236,
formerly used as a
diuretic. Avoid it.
Banned in Australia.
Other names: formic
acid sodium salt
E238 Calcium formate This is the calcium salt
of formic acid, E236,
formerly used as a
diuretic. Avoid it.
Banned in Australia.
E239
Hexamethylene
tetramine,
Hexamine
Hexamine is an
antibacterial agent and a
physiologically active
compound due to the
presence of N. It is
manufactured using
formaldehyde and
ammonia, and
prolonged ingestion may
result in stomach upsets.
Hexamine may be
carcinogenic. Typical
products include
marinated fish. Avoid it.
Banned in Australia.
E240 Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde is the
most important
industrial aldehyde with
about 3.6 million tonnes
of formaldehyde being
made each year. The
industrial synthesis of
formaldehyde involves
methanol. The
incomplete combustion
of organic compounds
results in formaldehyde
formation, hence
smoked foods are
preserved not only by
phenolic substances
present in the smoke, by
the formaldehyde
coating. It is also used
as a disinfectant and a
fungicide. Its main
application is in the
preparation of phenolic
resins (or phenol-
formaldehyde
copolymers, e.g.
bakelite). Formaldehyde
is also used in the
preparation of ribose.
Other names: formalin,
formic aldehyde,
methylene oxide,
oxomethane, paraform.
Other Info: Causes
burns. Very toxic by
inhalation, ingestion and
through skin absorption.
Readily absorbed
through skin. Possible
cancer hazard. Mutagen.
May cause damage to
kidneys. May cause
allergic reactions. May
cause sensitisation. May
cause heritable genetic
damage. Lachrymator.
Very destructive of
mucous membranes and
upper respiratory tract,
eyes and skin.
242
E242
Dimethyl
dicarbonate
Yeast inhibitor,
preservative. Used in
fruit drinks, sports
drinks and wine.
249
E249 Potassium nitrite
Potassium nitrite is the
potassium salt of nitrous
acid and is used as a
curing agent and
preservative in meat.
Excessive ingestion may
result in such high
concentrations of nitrites
in the bloodstream that
reduced concentrations
of oxygen are carried by
haemoglobin in red
blood cells, resulting in
shortness of breath,
dizziness and
headaches. Nitrites may
also form nitrosamines
in the stomach, thought
to be carcinogenic
agents. Potassium nitrite
inhibits the growth of
bacteria responsible for
botulism, retards
development of
rancidity, and preserves
flavours. Less than 10%
of nitrate (nitrite) intake
is from cured meats,
with the rest coming
from mainly root
vegetables. Typical
products include
processed meats, cured
and smoked meat and
fish, root vegetables.
Not permitted in foods
for infant and young
children. Other names:
nitrous acid potassium
salt.
250
E250 Sodium nitrite
Sodium nitrite is the
sodium salt of nitrous
acid. See E249. Typical
products include
processed meats, cured
and smoked meat and
fish, root vegetables.
Toxic. May be fatal if
swallowed. Eye, skin
and respiratory irritant.
Some laboratory
experiments suggest that
this material may act as
a carcinogen. May
provoke hyperactivity
and other adverse
reactions, restricted in
many countries, can
combine with chemicals
in stomach to form
nitrosamine, the
HACSG* recommends
to avoid it.
251 Sodium nitrate, Sodium nitrate is a
E251 saltpetre natural mineral,
occurring in great
abundance in the
Atacama desert (hence
the name Chile
saltpetre). It is used as a
preservative and curing
agent in meat. See E249,
potassium nitrite.
Typical products include
processed meats, cured
and smoked meat and
fish, root vegetables.
Also used in the
manufacture of nitric
acid, as a fertiliser. (see
250). Harmful if
swallowed or inhaled.
Skin, eye and
respiratory irritant.
Other names: Chile
saltpetre, cubic nitre,
nitric acid sodium salt
252
E252 Potassium nitrate
Potassium nitrate is a
naturally occurring
mineral used as a
preservative and curing
agent in meat. It is
artificially manufactured
by the reaction of
potassium chloride with
nitric acid. See E249,
potassium nitrite.
Potassium nitrate is used
in fireworks as well as
fertilisers. Typical
products include
processed meats, cured
and smoked meat and
fish, root vegetables.
May be derived from
waste animal or
vegetable matter. May
cause reproductive
disorders. May provoke
hyperactivity and other
adverse reactions;
potentially carcinogenic;
restricted in many
countries (see 249).
260
E260 Acetic acid
Acetic acid (ethanoic
acid) has been used for
hundreds of years
as a preservative
(vinegar, French for
"sour wine"). If during
the fermentation of
grapes or other fruits,
oxygen is allowed into
the container, then
bacteria convert the
ethanol present into
ethanoic acid causing
the wine to turn sour.
Acetic acid may be
synthetically produced
using methanol
carbonylation,
acetaldehyde oxidation,
or butane/naphtha
oxidation. Pure acetic
acid is termed "glacial",
and is completely
miscible with water.
Typical products include
fish fingers, butter,
margarine, processed
cheese, curry powder,
cooking oil. Other
names: ethanoic acid.
Acetic acid is strongly
corrosive and causes
serious burns, as well as
being a lachrymator.
261
E261
Potassium
acetate
Food acid. he potassium
salt of acetic acid, E260.
In industry is used to aid
conditioning of fabrics,
used in the manufacture
of penicillin. Should be
avoided by people with
impaired kidney
function; typical
products are sauces,
pickles. Other names:
acetic acid potassium
salt, potassium
ethanoate, ethanoic acid
potassium salt. May
irritate the skin, eyes
and lungs.
262
E262
Sodium acetate
and anydrous,
Sodium diacetate
(i) Sodium Acetate -
The sodium salt of
acetic acid, E260. Acts
as a buffer in foods.
Technical grade sodium
acetate is used as a
mordant in dyeing
processes, as buffers in
petroleum production,
and for kidney dialysis
processes. In plastic
manufacturing it is used
as a retarder for some
elastomers. Typical
products include
bouillons. No known
adverse effects. May
irritate the skin, harmful
if ingested.
(ii) Sodium hydrogen
acetate (sodium
diacetate) - A vinegar
used as a mould
inhibitor in snack foods
and bread, as a flavour
enhancer in breads,
cakes, cheese and snack
food. Technical grade
sodium hydrogen
acetate is used as a
buffer in petroleum
production. Typical
products include bread,
crisps and other snack
foods, cheese, cakes.
263
E263 Calcium acetate
Calcium acetate is used
in food as a thickening
agent (cake mixtures,
puddings, pie fillings),
as a buffer in controlling
the pH of food during
processing, as a
preservative to prevent
microbial growth, and as
a calcium supplement in
pet products. In other
areas of industry
calcium acetate is used
in dyeing and printing.
Typical products include
packet deserts, pie
fillings. Other names:
calcium acetate
monohydrate, calcium
diacetate. May cause
eye, skin or respiratory
irritation. Mutagenic
effects noted in
laboratory tests.
264
E264
Ammonium
acetate
Can cause nausea and
vomiting. Used in
products that also
contain acetates.
270
E270 Lactic acid
Occurs naturally in sour
milk, apples, tomatoes
and molasses. Food
acid, acidity regulator;
produced by heating and
fermenting
carbohydrates in
potatoes, cornstarch or
molasses; No side
effects in adults. D- or
DL-lactates
(stereoisomers) should
not be given to babies
and small children, as
they have not yet
developed the
appropriate enzymes in
the liver to metabolise
these forms of lactate;
used in sweets,
dressings, soft drinks
(sometimes beer), infant
formulas and
confectionary. lactic
acid and lactates can be
consumed by all
religious groups, vegans
and vegetarians.
Although the name
refers to milk, it is mot
made from milk and
thus suitable for people
with milk allergy or
lactose intolerance.
280
E280 Propionic acid
All propionates are
thought to be linked
with migraine
headaches; propionates
occur naturally in
fermented foods, human
perspiration and
ruminants digestive
tract, also can be
derived commercially
from ethylene and
carbon monoxide or
propionaldehyde or
natural gas or fermented
wood pulp; produced
when bacteria
decompose fibre;
commonly used in bread
cheese and flour
products. Corrosive -
causes burns. Harmful if
swallowed. Liquid may
burn eyes. Severe eye
and skin irritant. Other
names: carboxyethane,
ethylformic acid,
methylacetic acid.
281
E281
Sodium
propionate
Sodium propionate is
the sodium salt of
propionic acid, E280. It
is used as an
antimicrobial agent in
bread to prevent
germination of some
types of bacteria which
causes sticky yellow
patches to occur. Occurs
naturally in fermented
food, human sweat and
stomachs of cows. May
irritate the eyes and
skin, readily absorbed
through the skin. May
be linked to migraines,
typical products are
processed cheese and
flour/bread products.
Other names: propionic
acid, sodium salt.
282
E282
Calcium
propionate
Calcium propionate is
the calcium salt of
propionic acid, E280. It
is used as an
antimicrobial agent in
bread to prevent
germination of some
types of bacteria which
causes sticky yellow
patches to occur.
Typical products include
bakery products, dairy
products. Can cause
symptoms similar to a
gall bladder attack.
283
E283
Potassium
propionate
Potassium propionate is
the potassium salt of
propionic acid, E280. It
is used as an
antimicrobial agent in
bread to prevent
germination of some
types of bacteria which
causes sticky yellow
patches to occur.
Typical products include
bakery products, dairy
products. See 281.
E284 Boric acid
Preservative and
bleaching agent. Boric
acid is best known for
being an antiseptic, but
it is also used in
insecticides, leather
finishing, paints, soaps,
wood preserving, and in
ceramics and glass
manufacturing. Boric
acid is industrially
synthesised by treating
borax with strong acid.
Boric acid forms
crystals in which a
planar array of BO3
units is joined by
unsymmetrical H bonds.
Used in foods,
cosmetics,
pharmaceuticals and
numerous industrial
processes. Used in
Australia for a well
known ant poison.
Suspected to be a
neurotoxic hazard.
Ingestion is harmful and
may be fatal. Harmful
by inhalation. Irritant.
May cause congenital
malformation in the
fetus. Laboratory tests
with animals suggest
this material may cause
reproductive disorders.
E285
Sodium
tetraborate
(borax)
Borax has many
industrial uses including
as an added ingredient
in washing powders,
water softeners and
soaps. Borax is also
mixed with clay and
other substances to
produce porcelain
enamels which is used
in pottery, sinks etc. It is
also used in the glass
industry, the textile
industry, in tanning
leather, and in the
manufacture of paper.
Borax is obtained by
mining of boron-
containing rocks, or by
recrystallisation from
water sources. A major
source of borax is the
mineral kernite,
abundant in the Mojave
Desert. Other names:
borax decahydrate,
boricin, disodium
tetraborate decahydrate.
Possible risk that this
may cause reproductive
disorders, based on tests
with laboratory animals.
Eye and skin irritant.
Harmful by ingestion.
May be harmful by
inhalation.
290
E290 Carbon dioxide
Propellant, coolant,
derived from lime
manufacture; may
increase the effect of
alcohol; typical products
are wine, soft drinks,
confectionary. Delays
ripening of fruit and
vegetables. Suspected of
being a neurotoxic
hazard. More than 10%
in the air causes
blackouts.
* Hyperactive Children Support Group (HACSG) (Canada)
** US Food and Drug Administration
©MBM PO Box 44, Klemzig, SA, 5087
ACIDS, ANTIOXIDANTS, MINERAL SALTS
(296-385) "Modern medicine" may well be defined as
"the experimental study of what happens when poisonous chemicals are
placed into malnourished human bodies." A. Saul Contributing Editor,
Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine
Numbe
r Name Comments
296
E296
Malic acid,
DL-Malic acid
Occurs in two chiral
molecules, the D- and
L- forms. L-malic acid
is a naturally
occurring organic acid
that is used in the
body to derive ATP
from food. It is found
in many fruits and
vegetables, especially
apples. Malic acid
may aid in the
treatment of
fibromyalgia.
Commercial malic
acid is usually a
mixture of the two
types, synthesised by
heating maleic acid
with dilute sulphuric
acid, under pressure.
Typical products
include tinned fruit,
vegetables and pulses,
jams, jelly, frozen
vegetables, fruit
squash. Infants and
young children should
avoid it. Found in
potato snacks,
confectionary,
spaghetti sauce, frozen
vegetables, tinned
tomatoes.
297
E297 Fumaric acid
Derived from plants of
the genus Fumaria
esp. F.officianalis or
from the fermentation
of glucose with fungi;
can be used to flavour,
acidify, as an
antioxidant or raising
agent used in soft
drinks and cake
mixes. No known side
effects.
300
E300 Ascorbic acid
Antioxidant, colour
and preservative. The
body stores little
ascorbic acid or
vitamin C, so this
must be provided on a
daily basis in the diet.
Good sources of
vitamin C include
citrus fruit, raw
cabbage, strawberries
and tomatoes. Vitamin
C has been shown to
prevent scurvy, and is
essential for healthy
blood vessels, bones,
and teeth. Vitamin C
also helps form
collagen, a protein
that holds tissues
together. Ascorbic
acid is industrially
synthesised using a
number of different
biological techniques.
Flour treating agent,
'vitamin C'; may be
made synthetically
from glucose,
naturally occurs in
fruit and vegetables;
added to products as
diverse as cured meat,
breakfast cereals,
frozen fish and wine.
Large doses can cause
dental erosion,
vomiting, diarrhoea
dizziness, and could
possibly cause kidney
stones if more than
10g is taken. Should
be taken under
medical advice if
suffering from kidney
stones, gout or
anaemia. Other
names: l-ascorbic
acid, l,3-
ketothreohexuronic
acid.
301
E301 Sodium ascorbate
Antioxidant,
preservative and
colour. Sodium salt of
vitamin C. See 300.
Other names: ascorbic
acid sodium salt,
ascorbicin, ascorbin,
cebitate, cenolate,
monosodium
ascorbate.
302
E302 Calcium ascorbate
Vitamin C, may
increase the formation
of calcium axalate
stones. See 300.
303
E303
Potassium
ascorbate
Potassium salt of
vitamin C. See 300.
304
E304
Ascorbyl palmitate,
Ascorbyl stearate
(i) Ascorbyl palmitate
is formed from the
esterification of
palmitic acid and
ascorbic acid together.
It is used as a source
of vitamin C, and as
an antioxidant in food,
and has many
applications as it is
soluble in fats at high
temperatures. See also
E300. Typical
products include
cereal, processed meat
products.
(ii) Ascorbyl stearate
is formed from the
esterification of stearic
acid and ascorbic acid
together. It is used as
a source of vitamin C,
and as an antioxidant
in food. See also
E300. Typical
products include
cereal, processed meat
products.
306
E306
Tocopherols
concentrate, mix
Extracts obtained
from soya bean oil,
wheat germ, rice
germ, cottonseed,
maize and green
leaves are rich in
naturally occurring
vitamin E, and are
used in food as
antioxidants as well as
sources of vitamin
enrichment. These
tocopherols include
alpha-, beta-, gamma-
and delta-tocopherols.
Vitamin E is an
essential requirement
foe red blood cells and
aids supply of oxygen
to the heart and
muscles. It also acts as
an antioxidant in the
body by reducing
radical species e.g.
oxygen radicals and
breaking the
propagation chain of
lipid oxidation.
Typical products
include vegetable oils,
meat products.
307
E307
alpha-Tocopherol (synthetic)
This alpha-tocopherol is chemically synthesised and is used as an antioxidant and source of vitamin E in food. See also E306. Typical products include synthetically vitamin enriched foods, processed meat products.
308 gamma- This gamma-
E308 Tocopherol (synthetic)
tocopherol is chemically synthesised and is used as an antioxidant and source of vitamin E in food. See also E306. Typical products include synthetically vitamin enriched foods, processed meat products.
309 E309
delta-Tocopherol (synthetic)
This delta-tocopherol is chemically synthesised and is used as an antioxidant and source of vitamin E in food. See also E306. Typical products include synthetically vitamin enriched foods, processed meat products.
310 E310
Propyl gallate
Used to prevent rancidity in oily substances; derived from nutgalls; may cause gastric or skin irritation, gallates are not permitted in foods for infants and small children because of their known tendency to cause the blood disorder, methemoglobinemia; used in oils, margarine, lard and salad dressings, sometimes used in packaging. It is used as an antioxidant in food, often with BHT (E321) and BHA (E320), although it has limited use as it is unstable at high temperatures.
311 Octyl gallate Octyl gallate is
E311 synthesised by the esterification of gallic acid. It is used as an antioxidant in food, often with BHT (E321) and BHA (E320), although it has limited use as it is unstable at high temperatures. Typical products include oils and fats, cereals, snack foods, dairy produce. See 310.
312 E312
Dodecyl gallate
Dodecyl gallate is synthesised by the esterification of gallic acid. It is used as an antioxidant in food, often with BHT (E321) and BHA (E320), although it has limited use as it is unstable at high temperatures. Typical products
include oils and fats, cereals, snack foods, dairy produce. See 310.
313 Thiodipropionic
acid
Synthetic anti-oxidant.
Anti-oxidant in fatty
products, especially
added to prevent
rancidity. Found in
oils and fats,
(cosmetics). Up to 3
mg/kg body weight.
Side effects: None
known in the
concentrations used.
Can normally be
consumed by all
religious groups,
vegans and
vegetarians.
314 Guaiac Gum
Natural resin from the
tree Guajacum
officinale and some
related tropical trees.
Anti-oxidant in cola
products. Up to 2.5
mg/kg body weight.
No known side effects
in the concentrations
used, although some
allergies have been
reported. Can
normally be consumed
by all religious
groups, vegans and
vegetarians.
315 E315
Erythorbic acid
Produced from sucrose. No know side effects. Other names: araboascorbic acid, d-isoascorbic acid, glucosaccharonic acid, erycorbin, saccharosonic acid
316 E316
Sodium erythorbate
See 315.
317 E317
Erythorbic acid
Produced from sucrose. No know side effects. Related to ascorbic acid but lacks any vitamin value. Found in frozen fish,
preserved meat and fish, and other foods that use ascorbic acid.
E318 Sodium erythorbate
Sodium salt of 317. No know side effects.
319 E319
Butylhydroxinon tert-Butylhydroquinone
Petroleum based; the HACSG* recommends to avoid it. May cause nausea, vomiting, delirium. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 0.02 mg/kg body weight. A dose of 5g is considered fatal. Typical products are dairy blend edible fats and oils, margarine, dripping, salad dressing, lipsticks. Can normally be consumed by all religious groups, vegans and
vegetarians.
320 E320
Butylated hydroxy-anisole (BHA)
Petroleum derivative, BHA is a synthetic analogue of vitamin E and operates by reducing oxygen radicals and interrupting the propagation of oxidation processes. It is widely used as an antioxidant and preservative, and is prepared from p-methoxyphenol and isobutene. BHA can be used in baked products as it is stable at high temperatures, it is mainly used to prevent rancidity in fats and oils. Typical products include biscuits, cakes, fats and oils, cereals,
pastry and pastry products, sweets, edible oils, chewing gum, fats, margarine, nuts, instant potato products, polyethylene food wraps; not permitted in infant foods, can provoke an allergic reaction in some people, may trigger hyperactivity and other intolerances; serious concerns over carcinogenicity and estrogenic effects, in large doses caused tumours in lab animals, banned in Japan in 1958, official committees of experts recommended that it be banned in the UK, however due to
industry pressure it was not banned, McDonald's eliminated BHT from their US products by 1986. Other names: tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, BOA, (1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methoxyphenol
321 E321
Butylated hydroxy-toluene (BHT)
Petroleum derivative; BHT is a synthetic analogue of vitamin E and operates by reducing oxygen radicals and interrupting the propagation of oxidation processes. It is widely used as an antioxidant and preservative, and is prepared from p-
cresol and isobutylene. It is one of the most commonly used antioxidants for food oils and fats and is much cheaper than BHA although it has more limited applications due to instability at high temperatures. There is evidence that BHT causes cell division. Typical products include biscuits, cakes, fats and oils, cereals, pastry and pastry products, sweets.see 320. Other names: 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methylphenol
322 E322
Lecithin's
Lecithins are also known as phosphatidylcholines, and are examples of phopholipids, or esters of glycerol, where two ester bonds are to fatty acids and the third is to a phosphoric acid derivative. Most commercial lecithin is extracted from soya beans, egg yolks and leguminous seeds, corn or animal resources; non toxic; used to allow combination of oils in margarine, chocolate, mayonnaise, milk powder, potato chips, puddings, breakfast cereals.. Lecithins play important roles in
the transmission of nerve impulses as well as fulfilling other biological functions. They are present in all living cells and are significant constituents of nerve and brain tissues. Lecithins are capable of forming micelles in aqueous solution hence are employed in foods as emulsifiers. Egg allergy.
325 E325
Sodium lactate
See 270. Commercially produced by bacterial fermentation on starch and molasses. Also produced in large amounts in the large
intestine by the resident bacteria. No side effects in adults. D- or DL-lactates (stereoisomers) should not be given to babies and small children, as they have not yet developed the appropriate enzymes in the liver to metabolise these forms of lactate. E270, and is used as a humectant and antioxidant in food. It is capable of increasing the antioxidant effects of other substances. It is hygroscopic hence is used in such products where its ability to absorb moisture helps to extend
shelf life. Sometimes used as a substitute for glycerol. Found in biscuits, cheese, confectionary, wide range of foods. Other names: lacolin, lactic acid sodium salt. lactic acid and lactates can be consumed by all religious groups, vegans and vegetarians. Although the name refers to milk, it is not made from milk and thus suitable for people with milk allergy or lactose intolerance.
326 E326
Potassium lactate
See 325. lactic acid and lactates can be consumed by all religious groups, vegans and
vegetarians. Although the name refers to milk, it is not made from milk and thus suitable for people with milk allergy or lactose intolerance. No side effects in adults. D- or DL-lactates (stereoisomers) should not be given to babies and small children, as they have not yet developed the appropriate enzymes in the liver to metabolise these forms of lactate. Potassium lactate is hygroscopic, hence is used in foods where it is used to help retain moisture. It is used in meat and poultry to control food-borne
pathogenic bacteria and to protect and enhance meat flavour. Typical products include cakes, ice cream, jelly, sweets, jam, processed meat.
327 E327
Calcium lactate
See 325. Calcium salt of lactic acid (E270), a natural acid produced by bacteria in fermented foods. All fermented foods are very rich in lactic acid. Commercially produced by bacterial fermentation on starch and molasses. Also produced in large amounts in the large intestine by the resident bacteria. It is capable of
increasing the antioxidant effects of other substances. It is hygroscopic hence is used in such products where its ability to absorb moisture helps to extend shelf life. Sometimes used as a substitute for glycerol. Typical products include jams, margarines, cheese, sweets, ice cream, cakes. Other names: calcium lactate 5-hydrate, calcium lactate, 2-hydroxypropanoic acid calcium salt pentahydrate. No side effects in adults. D- or DL-lactates (stereoisomers) should not be given
to babies and small children, as they have not yet developed the appropriate enzymes in the liver to metabolise these forms of lactate. Lactic acid and lactates can be consumed by all religious groups, vegans and vegetarians. Although the name refers to milk, it is mot made from milk and thus suitable for people with milk allergy or lactose intolerance.
328 E328
Ammonium lactate
See 325.
329 E329
Magnesium lactate
See 325. Magnesium lactate is the magnesium salt of lactic acid,
E270, and is used as a humectant and antioxidant in food. It is capable of increasing the antioxidant effects of other substances. It is hygroscopic hence is used in such products where its ability to absorb moisture helps to extend shelf life. Sometimes used as a substitute for glycerol. Typical products include jams, margarines, cheese, sweets, ice cream, cakes. No side effects in adults. D- or DL-lactates (stereoisomers) should not be given to babies and small children, as they
have not yet developed the appropriate enzymes in the liver to metabolise these forms of lactate. Lactic acid and lactates can be consumed by all religious groups, vegans and vegetarians. Although the name refers to milk, it is mot made from milk and thus suitable for people with milk allergy or lactose intolerance.
330 E330
Citric acid
Food acid, naturally derived from citrus fruit, although commercial synthesis is by fermentation of molasses. It is used in food as an
antioxidant as well as enhancing the effect of other antioxidants, and also as an acidity regulator. Present in virtually all plants, it was first isolated in 1784 from lemon juice, by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, and has been used as a food additive for over 100 years. Used in biscuits, canned fish, cheese and processed cheese products, infant formulas, cake and soup mixes, rye bread, soft drinks, fermented meat products. Damages tooth enamel. Most citric acid is produced from corn,
manufacturers do not always take out the protein which can be hydrolysed and create MSG (621) causing reactions in MSG-sensitive people.
331 E331
Sodium citrates
(i) Monosodium citrate is the sodium salt of citric acid, E330, and is used as an antioxidant in food as well as to improve the effects of other antioxidants. It is also used as an acidity regulator and sequestrant. Typical products include gelatine products, jam, sweets, ice cream, carbonated beverages, milk powder, wine, processed cheeses.
(ii) Disodium citrate is the sodium salt of citric acid, E330, and is used as an antioxidant in food as well as to improve the effects of other antioxidants. It is also used as an acidity regulator and sequestrant. Typical products include gelatine products, jam, sweets, ice cream, carbonated beverages, milk powder, wine, processed cheeses. (iii) Trisodium citrate is the sodium salt of citric acid, E330, and is used as an antioxidant in food as well as to
improve the effects of other antioxidants. It is also used as an acidity regulator and sequestrant. Typical products include gelatine products, jam, sweets, ice cream, carbonated beverages, milk powder, wine, processed cheeses.
332 E332
Potassium citrates
(i) Monopotassium citrate is the potassium salt of citric acid, E330, and is used as an antioxidant in food as well as to improve the effects of other antioxidants. It is also used as an acidity regulator and sequestrant. Typical
products include gelatine products, jam, sweets, ice cream, carbonated beverages, milk powder, wine, processed cheeses. (ii) Tripotassium citrate is the potassium salt of citric acid, E330, and is used as an antioxidant in food as well as to improve the effects of other antioxidants. It is also used as an acidity regulator and sequestrant. Typical products include gelatine products, jam, sweets, ice cream, carbonated beverages, milk powder, wine,
processed cheeses.
333 E333
Calcium citrates
(i) Monocalcium citrate is the calcium salt of citric acid, E330, and is used as a firming agent in food. It is also used as an acidity regulator and sequestrant. Typical products include gelatine products, ice cream, wine, carbonated beverages, sweets, jams, evaporated and condensed milk, milk powder, processed cheeses. (ii) Dicalcium citrate is the calcium salt of citric acid, E330, and is used as a firming agent in food. It is also used as an acidity
regulator and sequestrant. Typical products include gelatine products, ice cream, wine, carbonated beverages, sweets, jams, evaporated and condensed milk, milk powder, processed cheeses. (iii) Tricalcium citrate is the calcium salt of citric acid, E330, and is used as a firming agent in food. It is also used as an acidity regulator and sequestrant. Typical products include gelatine products, ice cream, wine, carbonated beverages, sweets, jams, evaporated and condensed
milk, milk powder, processed cheeses. No known adverse effects in small quantities. In tinned vegetables and many of 330. Wide range of foods.
334 E334
Tartaric acid (L(+)-)
Tartaric acid exists as a pair of enantiomers and an achiral meso compound. (+)-tartaric acid commonly occurs in nature and can be found in fruit, and sometimes in wine. Tartaric acid is industrially synthesised as a by-product during wine making, and it is used in food as an antioxidant and synergist to
increase the antioxidant effect of other substances. It is also used as an acidity regulator and sequestrant. Excessive ingestion of tartaric acid results in laxative effects. Typical products include baking powder, chewing gum, jams, sweets, jelly, tinned fruit and vegetables, cocoa powder, frozen dairy produce.
335 E335
Sodium tartrates
(i) Monosodium tartrate is a sodium salt of tartaric acid, E334, used mainly as an antioxidant and synergist in food, as well as an acidity regulator. See E334. Typical
products include sweets, jelly, jams, carbonated beverages.
(ii) Disodium tartrate is a sodium salt of tartaric acid, E334, used mainly as an antioxidant and synergist in food, as well as an acidity regulator. See E334. Typical products include sweets, jelly, jams, carbonated beverages. People with cardiac failure, high blood pressure, damaged liver or kidneys, and fluid retention. Found in most types of foods.
Acceptable Daily
Intake: Up to 30
mg/kg body weight.
336 E336
Potassium tartrates
(i) Monopotassium tartrate (cream of tartar) is a potassium salt of tartaric acid, E334, used mainly as an antioxidant and synergist in food, as well as an acidity regulator. See E334. Typical products include wine, citrus dessert mixes, sweets, jelly, jams, carbonated beverages. (ii) Dipotassium tartrate is a potassium salt of tartaric acid, E334, used mainly as an antioxidant and synergist in food, as well as an acidity regulator. See E334. Typical products include
wine, citrus dessert mixes, sweets, jelly, jams, carbonated beverages.
337 Potassium sodium tartrate
Food acid; See 335.
E337
Sodium potassium tartrate
Sodium potassium tartrate is a derivative of tartaric acid, E334, and is used in food as a buffer and antioxidant. There are no known adverse health effects and it is used medically as a bowel evacuant. Typical products include meat and cheese products, jams, margarine. See 335.
338 E338
Phosphoric acid
Orthophosphoric acid can only be obtained pure in the crystalline state and
slowly undergoes dehydration to diphosphoric acid. Crystalline phosphoric acid has a hydrogen-bonded layer structure in which each molecule is attached to 6 others. Impure phosphoric acid has its main application in fertilisers, and also in the synthesis of pure phosphoric acid. In turn pure phosphoric acid is used in food, detergents, pharmaceuticals and metal treatment (e.g. pickling, cleaning, rust-proofing, polishing). Car bodies and electrical appliances are all protected against rust and
blistering by the presence of a phosphatised undercoat. Phosphoric acid is used in the production of activated carbon, and may be used in soft drinks to give a sour taste. "Thermal" phosphoric acid is made by oxidation of phosphorus in the presence of water vapour whilst "wet" acid is made by treating rock phosphate with sulphuric acid. Phosphoric acid is added to food to enhance the antioxidant effects of other compounds present, and also as an acidity regulator.
Typical products include carbonated beverages, processed meat, chocolate, fats and oils, beer, jam, sweets. Too much in diet leads to loss of calcium in bones and onset of osteoporosis. In fizzy drinks it allows more carbon dioxide concentration without bottle burst. Soft drinks, beer, cheese products, snacks, and most processed foods. Other names: orthophosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid is banned in organic food and drinks. Phosphoric acid is a highly acidic ingredient in cola
drinks, used to offset the extreme sweetness. The way the kidneys excrete it is by bonding it with calcium taken from the bones, which can then leave the bones porous and brittle, and increase the risk of osteoporosis. A study, published in the Archives of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine in 2000, showed that athletic teenage girls who consume cola drinks have been found to have five times the risk of bone fractures of those athletic girls who do not consume cola drinks. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to
70 mg/kg body weight. Phosphoric acid and phosphates can normally be consumed by all religious groups, vegans and vegetarians. Although animal bones are mainly made up of phosphates, commercial phosphate is not made from bones.
339 E339
Sodium phosphates
(i) Monosodium phosphate Monosodium phosphate is a sodium salt of phosphoric acid and is a water-soluble acid, hence is used in effervescent laxative tablets, as a mild phosphatising
agent for steel surfaces, as a component in metal paint undercoats, and a fixing agent in textile dyeing. It is added to food to act as an antioxidant synergist, a stabiliser and a buffer. Typical products include processed meat products, processed cheese products. ; high intakes may upset the calcium/phosphorus equilibrium. Other names: Sodium biphosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate. (ii) Disodium phosphate - Disodium phosphate is a sodium salt of
orthophosphoric acid and is used as an antioxidant synergist, stabiliser and buffering agent in food. It is also used as an emulsifier in the manufacture of pasteurised processed cheese. Disodium phosphate is added to powdered milk to prevent gelation. Typical products include processed meat products, processed cheese products, powdered milk. Other names: disodium hydrogen phosphate, disodium orthophosphate, sodium hydrogen phosphate, disodium
monohydrogen phosphate, phosphoric acid disodium salt. (iii) Trisodium phosphate - Trisodium phosphate is a sodium salt of orthophosphoric acid and is used as an antioxidant synergist, stabiliser and buffering agent in food. Typical products include processed meat products, processed cheese products.
340 E340
Potassium phosphates
(i) Monopotassium phosphate is a potassium salt of phosphoric acid used as an antioxidant synergist, buffer and
emulsifier in food. Typical products include sauce and dessert mixes, jelly products. (ii) Dipotassium phosphate is a potassium salt of phosphoric acid used as an antioxidant synergist, buffer and emulsifier in food. Typical products include cooked and other cured meats, milk and cream powders, drinking chocolate. Other names: dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, dipotassium hydrogen orthophosphate, phosphoric acid dipotassium salt,
potassium hydrogen phosphate.
(iii) Tripotassium phosphate is a potassium salt of phosphoric acid used as an antioxidant synergist, buffer and emulsifier in food. Typical products include cooked and other cured meats, milk and cream powders, drinking chocolate.
340 Ammonium phosphates
No known adverse effects.
341 E341
Calcium phosphates
(i) Monocalcium phosphate - Available commercially in the anhydrous or monohydrate form. Both are used as a leavening acid to
replace cream of tartar in foods, 'straight baking powder' is a mixture of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate and sodium hydrogen carbonate. Monocalcium phosphate is used extensively in the fertiliser industry, when it was noted in 1880 that acidulated bones (containing tricalcium phosphate) made good fertiliser. Typical products include self-raising flour, baking powder, cake and pastry mixes, cakes and other pastry products, medicines as an antacid and polishing agent in
enamels and as baking agent. In some self raising flours. Other names: calcium phosphate, monobasic, monohydrate, calcium tetrahydrogen diorthophosphate. (ii) Dicalcium phosphate - Manufactured from phophoric acid, dicalcium phosphate is used as an antioxidant in food, an abrasive agent in toothpaste (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate) as well as being a firming agent. Available in the anhydrous or dihydrate forms. Typical products
include tinned and packaged fruit deserts, granular food products. Other names: Calcium hydrogen orthophosphate, calcium phosphate dibasic. (iii)Tricalcium phosphate - Some form of tricalcium phosphate is found to make up 60% of non-cellular bone structure and 70% of teeth in an average adult. Synthetic tricalcium phosphate is added to table salt, sugar, baking powder and fertilisers to give a 'free-flowing' quality. It is prepared from naturally derived calcium phosphate.
Typical products include salt, sugar and other granular foods, packet sauce mixes, cake mixes etc. Other names: tricalcium diorthophosphate, calcium phosphate tribasic.
343 E343
Magnesium phosphates
(i) monomagnesium phosphate (ii) Dimagnesium phosphate Essential mineral, anticaking agent found in salt substitutes, sweetened coconut and prepared mustard.
350
Sodium malates (DL-Sodium hydrogen malate)
Sodium salt of malic acid. Flavouring buffer and seasoning agent. Sweetened coconut, low salt
substitute, all fruit drinks, soft drinks, dairy blend. No known adverse effects. See 296.
E350
Sodium malates (Sodium hydrogen malate)
No known adverse effects. See 350.
351 E351
Potassium malate
No known adverse effects. See 350.
352 DL-Calcium malate
No known adverse effects. See 350.
E352 Calcium malates No known adverse effects. See 350.
353 E353
Metatartaric acid
No known adverse effects. Used to precipitate excess calcium in wine making.
354 E354
Calcium tartrate
Calcium salt of tartaric acid. Seems safe. Food acid and modifying agent in infant foods.
355 E355
Adipic acid Synthetic food acid from nitric acid or
from the beet root. Only a small amount can be metabolised by humans and is listed as having teratogenic properties. Eye irritant. Firming and raising agent used in baking powder, beer, all fruit drinks, jams, pudding mixes, ice blocks, margarine, etc.
E356 Sodium adipate
Sodium salt of adipic acid, a natural acid present in beets and sugar cane (juice). Acidity regulator. Found in Herbal salts. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 5 mg/kg body weight. Side effects: None known; it is metabolised in the
body or excreted in the urine.
357 E357
Potassium adipose
Potassium salt of adipic acid. Firming and raising agent in baked goods, beer, chewing gum, all drinks, desserts. No known adverse effects
363 E363
Succinic acid
Banned in Australia. Naturally occurring in some animals and plants. Powdered drinks, puddings and soups (but used in medicine(?))
365 E365
Sodium fumarate
Food acid, salt of fumaric acid (derived from plants of the genus Fumaria esp. F.officianalis). strengthens bread dough in bread machinery, gives
even grain and greater volume. In dried, liquid, or frozen egg whites and artificial whipped cream. No known adverse affects.
366 E366
Potassium fumarate
Salt of fumaric acid. Food acid. No known adverse effects. Regulates acidity in jams, makes gelatine set.
367 E367
Calcium fumarate
Salt of fumaric acid. Food acid. No known adverse effects. See 366
370 E370
1,4-Heptonolactone
Avoid it. Powdered dessert and dried soup. Synthetic product, prepared from hydroxy-heptanoic acid.
375 E375
Nicotinic acid, Niacin, Nicotinamide
Nicotinic acid is a B vitamin, found naturally in yeast,
liver and legumes, and is used in food as a colour retention agent as well as a B vitamin. It is essential for metabolism and the nervous system. Typical products include bread, flour, cereal. Other names: Pyridine-B-carboxylic acid, niacin.
380 Ammonium citrates
Food acid. May interfere with liver and pancreas function.
E380 Tri-ammonium citrate
Food acid. May interfere with liver and pancreas function.
381 Ferric ammonium citrates
Food acid. Essential mineral, food acid derived from citric acid; used as a dietary iron
supplement in breakfast cereals and dietary formulas. Unsafe in large amounts.
E381 Ammonium ferric citrates
Food acid. Essential mineral, food acid derived from citric acid; used as a dietary iron supplement in breakfast cereals and dietary formulas. Unsafe in large amounts.
385 E385
Calcium disodium (EDTA) ethylene diamine tetraacetate
Synthetic flavour, texture retainer, anti-gushing agent in beer, preservative, sequestrant and colour promoter. Causes mineral imbalance. Known enzyme and blood coagulant inhibitor. Gastrointestinal
disturbances, blood in urine, kidney damage and muscle cramps are side effects. Banned in Australia. Avoid it. Watch for imported goods. Canned soft drink, tinned white potatoes, salad dressings, egg products, oleomargarine, potato salad, lima beans, mushrooms, pecan pie filling, sandwich spreads
386
EDTA: Disodium
ethylenediamine
tetra-acetate
A synthetic
compound. Metal
scavenger, stabiliser
(also used after heavy
metal intoxication to
remove metals from
the body). Found in
many different
products. Acceptable
Daily Intake: Up to
2.5 mg/kg body
weight. Side effects:
None known in the
concentrations used.
Long-term exposure
to high doses may
result in depletion of
metal(s) from the
body (iron).
387 Oxystearin
Mixture of glycerides
of stearic acid and
other fatty acids.
Metal scavenger and
stabiliser (to prevent
crystallisation in fats
and oils). Found in
oils and fats, sugar,
yeast products, etc.
Acceptable Daily
Intake: Up to 25
mg/kg body weight.
Side effects: None
known in the
concentrations used.
The body treats it as
fat. Although
commercially (nearly
always) prepared from
vegetable oil, fatty
acids of animal origin
(incl. pork) cannot be
excluded.
388 Thiodipropionic
acid
Synthetic compound.
Anti-oxidant.
Products: Oils and
fats, but used mainly
in cosmetics.
Acceptable Daily
Intake: Up to 3 mg/kg
body weight. Side
effects:
None known in the
concentrations used.
* Hyperactive Children Support Group (HACSG) (Canada)
©MBM PO Box 44, Klemzig, South Australia, 5087
VEGETABLE GUMS, EMULSIFIERS, STABILISERS
etc.
(400-495) "He's the best physician that knows the
worthlessness of most medicines." "God heals and the Doctor takes the fee." -
Benjamin Franklin, (1706-1790).
Numb
er Name Comments
400
E400 Alginic acid
Thickener and vegetable
gum, derived from seaweed;
artificial sweetener base,
used in custard mix, cordial,
flavoured milk, ice blocks,
pastry, jelly, ice cream,
cheese, confectionary,
canned icing, beer thickened
cream and yoghurt. No
known adverse effects in
small quantities, large
quantities can inhibit the
absorption of some
nutrients. The algae extract
is called 'Carrageenan'
(407).
401
E401
Sodium
alginate See 400.
402
E402
Potassium
alginate See 400.
403
E403
Ammonium
alginate See 400.
404
E404
Calcium
alginate See 400.
405 Propylene
glycol alginate
Thickener and vegetable
gum, derived from
petroleum. Artificial
sweetener base,
preservative, used in
germicides, paint remover
and antifreeze. Allergic
reactions but not enough
tests done. See 1520
(propylene glycol).
E405 Propane-1,2-
diol alginate
Propylene ester of alginic
acid. Emulsifier, stabiliser.
See 405.
406
E406 Agar agar
Agar-Agar is produced
from members of the
Gelidiacae,
Sphaerococcaceae and
Rhodophyceae seaweed
families. It is used in food
as a gelling agent, although
the resulting coagulation is
rather brittle and not as
effective as carrageenan or
gelatin. Typical products
include ice cream and
frozen desserts, meringue,
icings, sweets, fondants,
cream and milk, yogurt,
sometimes used as a
laxative. Other names:
polysaccharide complex.
407
E407
Carrageenan
'Irish Moss'
Fibre extracted from
seaweed, used as a setting
agent. It has recently been
linked with cancer because
it may become
contaminated when ethylene
oxide is added to an inferior
product, this results in
ethylene chlorohydrin
forming, a highly
carcinogenic compound;
linked to toxic hazards,
including ulcers and cancer;
the most serious concerns
relate to degraded
carrageenan, which is not a
permitted additive;
however, native
carrageenan, which is used,
may become degraded in
the gut. See 400.
407(a)
E407(
a)
Processed
euchuema
seaweed
Fibre extracted from
seaweed. See 407.
408 Furcelleran
A natural polysaccharide,
produced from seaweed
(Furcellaria fastigata) in
Denmark. Sometimes it is
placed under E407, due to
the fact that they have
similar chemical structures.
Thickening agent, stabiliser
and emulsifier. Products for
diabetics. Acceptable Daily
Intake: Up to 75 mg/kg
body weight.
Side effects: None known in
the concentrations used,
although high
concentrations bring about
flatulence and bloating, due
to fermentation by the
intestinal microflora (in the
same way as all indigestible
polysaccharides). Can be
used by all religious groups,
vegans and vegetarians.
409
Aribinogalacta
n
Larch Gum
Thickener and vegetable
gum.
410
E410
Locust bean
(Carob gum)
Derived from Carob or
Locust bean tree Ceratonia
siliqua. As a thickener,
vegetable gum, artificial
sweetener base, modifying
agent or stabiliser, it is used
in lollies, cordials, essences,
some flour products,
dressings, fruit juice drinks;
frequently used as a
caffeine-free chocolate
substitute; may lower
cholesterol levels.
E411 Oat Gum A natural polysaccharide,
produced from oats
. Thickening
agent. Practically not used.
Acceptable Daily Intake:
None specified. Side
effects: None known in the
concentrations used,
although high
concentrations bring about
flatulence and bloating, due
to fermentation by the
intestinal microflora (in the
same way as all indigestible
polysaccharides). Oat gum
can be used by all religious
groups, vegans and
vegetarians.
412
E412 Guar gum
Derived from the Seeds of
Cyamoposis tetragonolobus
of Indian origin; fed to
cattle in the US; can cause
nausea, flatulence and
cramps, may reduced
cholesterol levels. See 410.
413
E413 Tragacanth
Resin form the tree
Astragalus gummifer; used
in foods, drugs including
nasal solutions, elixirs and
tablets; also used as a binder
in cosmetics; possible
contact allergy. Can cause
asthma attacks, diarrhoea,
gas, constipation and skin
rashes. See 410.
414 Acacia Gum,
Gum Arabic
Derived from the sap of
Acacia Sengal; consists of
high molecular weight
polysaccharides which can
be used to produce
arabinose, galactose,
rhamnose and glucuronic
acid. Gum arabic is used in
food as a thickener,
stabiliser, glazing agent and
emulsifier, and is readily
water-soluble. Easily
broken down by the human
digestive system; possible
allergen, and may cause
asthma and skin rash.
Soothes irritations of
mucous
membranes. Typical
products include chewing
gum, sweets, jelly, fondants,
beer, soft drinks, fruit
squash, wine. See 410. May
cause weak allergic reaction
in some individuals. May
act as an irritant.
415
E415 Xanthin gum
Derived from the
fermentation of corn sugar
with a bacterium. Improves
'flow'. No know
affects. See 410.
416
E416 Karaya gum
Derived from the tree
Sterculia urens; often used
in conjunction with Carob
(410), in ice cream, custard
and sweets, as a filler for its
capability to multiply its
volume by 100 times with
the addition of water, can be
used as a laxative; possible
allergen and in powdered
form causes asthma,
urticarisa, rhinitis, and
dermatitis. See 410.
E417 Tara gum
Karaya gum
Stabiliser. No known side
effects, powdered form may
cause allergies. Used in ice-
cream and cosmetics. See
410.
E418 Gellan gum
A bacterial
exopolysaccharide, prepared
commercially by aerobic
submerged fermentation
from Sphingomonas elodea.
Soluble in water, it is used
primarily as an alternative
to agar as a gelling agent in
microbiological culture. Its
largest advantages over agar
are its almost perfect visual
clarity and its strength; it is
able to withstand 120
degree Celsius heat, making
it especially useful in
culturing thermophilic
organisms. One needs only
approximately half the
amount of gellan gum as
agar to reach an equivalent
gel strength, though the
exact texture and quality
depends on the
concentration of divalent
cations present.
420 Sorbitol Artificial sweetener and
E420 (Sorbitol syrup) humectant; derived from
glucose, either obtained
from berries of the Sorbus
aucuparia tree or
synthesised; used in
confectionary, dried fruit,
pastries, low calorie foods,
pharmaceutical syrups and
ophthalmic preparations and
is the seventh most widely
used preservative in
cosmetics; not permitted in
foods for infants and young
children, can cause gastric
disturbance. Four pieces of
low-joule chewing gum can
make a child seriously ill.
Not recommended for
diabetics or people with
fructose intolerance.
421
E421 Mannitol
Artificial sweetener and
humectant; derived from
seaweed or the manna ash
tree, but manufactured
commercially by
hydrogenation of invert
sugar (glucose and
fructose), monosaccharides
and sucrose. Possible
allergen, not permitted in
infant foods due to its
ability to cause diarrhoea
and kidney dysfunction,
also may cause nausea,
vomiting; typical products
are low calorie sugar-free
foods, mustard, puddings,
sauces, frozen fish. Other
Names: 1,2,3,4,5,6-
hexanehexol, mannite,
manna sugar
422 Glycerol
Humectant and sweetener;
oily colourless alcohol;
derived by decomposition
of natural fats with alkalis;
usually as a by-product of
soap making using animal
fat or vegetable oil; can be
obtained from petroleum
products sometimes
synthesised from propylene
or fermented from sugar;
used in flexible coatings on
sausages and cheeses, also
in crystallised and dried
fruit, liqueurs and vodka,
marshmallows, soft drinks,
desserts, confectionary,
tooth paste, etc. "Glycerine
has been shown to protect
against DNA damage
induced by tumour
promoters, ultraviolet lights
and radiation, presumably
via free radical scavenging";
large quantities can cause
headaches, thirst, nausea
and high blood sugar levels.
E425 Konjac
Konjac gum
(i) Konjac gum
(ii) Konjac glucomannane
Gelling agent, emulsifier,
stabiliser. No established
daily intake
recommendation.
E430
Polyoxyethylen
e (8) Sterate
Polyoxyl 8
stearate
Synthetic compound,
produced from ethylene
oxide (a synthetic
compound) and stearic acid
(a natural fatty acid).
Emulsifier, stabiliser.
Potentially cancer-inciting.
See E432. Used in sauces
and (mainly) cosmetics.
Acceptable Daily Intake:
Up to 25 mg/kg body
weight for the entire group
of compounds in the 430-
E436 range; on the other
hand, it has not been
specified for the individual
compounds. Side effects:
No known side effects in
the concentrations used.
People intolerant of
propylene glycol should
also avoid the group of 430-
E436. These compounds
(430-E436) contain fatty
acids, which are nearly
always from vegetable oils;
however, use of animal fat
(including pork) cannot be
fully ruled out. Chemically,
the origin of these
compounds cannot be
determined; only the
producer may provide
information on the origin.
E431 Polyoxyethylen
e (40) stearate
Emulsifier. Skin allergy in
some people. Synthetic compound, produced from ethylene oxide (a synthetic compound) and stearic acid (a natural fatty acid). Emulsifier, stabiliser. Used in bakery products, puddings, etc. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 25 mg/kg body weight for the entire group of compounds in the 430-E436 range; on the other hand, it has not been specified for the individual compounds. No known side effects in the concentrations used. People intolerant of propylene glycol should also avoid the group of 430-E436. These compounds (430-E436) contain fatty acids, which are nearly always from vegetable oils; however, use of animal fat
(including pork) cannot be fully ruled out. Chemically, the origin of these compounds cannot be determined; only the producer may provide information on the origin.
E432
Polyoxyethylen
e (20) sorbitan
monolaurate
(polysorbate
20)
Emulsifier, stabiliser in a
large range of foods
including chewing gum, ice
cream, soft drinks. Causes
fat absorption. Potentially
cancer-inciting. Avoid it.
Synthetic compound, produced from ethylene oxide (a synthetic compound) and stearic acid (a natural fatty acid). Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 25 mg/kg body weight for the entire group of compounds in the 430-E436 range; on the other hand, it has not been specified for the individual compounds. No known side effects in
the concentrations used. People intolerant of propylene glycol should also avoid the group of 430-E436. These compounds (430-E436) contain fatty acids, which are nearly always from vegetable oils; however, use of animal fat (including pork) cannot be fully ruled out. Chemically, the origin of these compounds cannot be determined; only the producer may provide information on the origin. Banned in Australia.
433
E433
Polysorbate 80
Polyoxethylene
sorbitan mono-
oleate
Emulsifiers derived from
animal fatty acids; used as
synthetic flavourings,
surfactants, defoaming
agents and dough
conditioners; may increase
the absorption of fat-soluble
substances. Possible cancer
causing. See E432.
E434
Polyoxethylene
sorbitan
monopalminate
Polysorbate 40
Tween 40
Avoid it. Possible cancer
causing. A synthetic
compound, produced from
ethylene oxide (a synthetic
compound), sorbitol (see
E420) and palmitic acid (a
natural fatty acid).
Emulsifier. Found in cakes
Acceptable Daily Intake:
Up to 25 mg/kg body
weight for the entire group
of compounds in the 430-
E436 range; on the other
hand, it has not been
specified for the individual
compounds. Side effects:
None known in the
concentrations used. People
intolerant of propylene
glycol should also avoid the
group of 430-E436. These
compounds (430-E436)
contain fatty acids, which
are nearly always from
vegetable oils; however, use
of animal fat (including
pork) cannot be fully ruled
out. Chemically, the origin
of these compounds cannot
be determined; only the
producer may provide
information on the origin.
Banned in Australia.
435
E435
Polyoxethylene
sorbitan
monostearate
Polysorbate 60
Tween 60
Avoid it. Possible cancer causing. Found in every
kind of food. A synthetic compound, produced from ethylene oxide (a synthetic compound), sorbitol (see E420) and palmitic acid (a natural fatty acid). Emulsifier. Acceptable Daily Intake: Up to 25 mg/kg body weight for the entire group of compounds in the 430-E436 range; on the other hand, it has not been specified for the individual compounds. Side effects: None known in the concentrations used. People intolerant of propylene glycol should also avoid the group of
430-E436. These compounds (430-E436) contain fatty acids, which are nearly always from vegetable oils; however, use of animal fat (including pork) cannot be fully ruled out. Chemically, the origin of these compounds cannot be determined; only the producer may provide information on the origin.
436
E436
Polyoxyethylen
e-20-sorbitan
tristearate,
Polysorbate 65
Tween 65
Avoid it. Possible cancer causing. E436 is a
synthetic compound,
produced from ethylene
oxide (a synthetic
compound), sorbitol (see
E420) and stearic acid (a
natural fatty acid).
Emulsifier, anti-foaming
agent, etc. Found in many
different products.
Acceptable Daily Intake:
Up to 25 mg/kg body
weight for the entire group
of compounds in the 430-
E436 range; on the other
hand, it has not been
specified for the individual
compounds. Side
effects: None known in the
concentrations used. People
intolerant of propylene
glycol should also avoid the
group of 430-E436. These
compounds (430-E436)
contain fatty acids, which
are nearly always from
vegetable oils; however, use
of animal fat (including
pork) cannot be fully ruled
out. Chemically, the origin
of these compounds cannot
be determined; only the
producer may provide
information on the origin.
440(a)
E440(
a)
Pectin
Naturally occurring in the
skins of apples; used to
thicken jams, jellies and
sauces; large quantities may
cause temporary flatulence
or intestinal discomfort.
E440(
b)
Amidated
pectin
No known adverse effects.
Treated with ammonia. See
440.
441
E441 Gelatine
Obtained from animal by-
products, such as bones and
hides. It can be produced
from all species of animals.
Used as thickening and
gelling agent. Many
different products.
Acceptable Daily Intake:
None determined. Side
effects: None known when
used in foods. Can not be
used by vegans and
vegetarians. Use by
religious groups, such as
Muslims and Jews is
restricted, due to the origin
of the product.
Unfortunately information
on origin can only be
obtained from the producer.
Specific halal gelatine is
made from cattle. In a huge
range of foods and in some
vaccines. Possible allergen,
may contain 220 (sulphur
dioxide), asthmatics and
people allergic to sulphites
beware! Classified as a
food not an additive.
442
E442
Ammonium
phosphatides
Obtained from ammonia
and phosphorylated fatty
acids, mainly from rapeseed
oil. Phosphates can leach
calcium from the body. No
known adverse effects.
Emulsifier,
stabiliser. Generally
produced with rapeseed oil
and can thus be consumed
by all religious groups.
However, the use of animal
fat (incl. pork) can not be
completed excluded. See
433.
E444
Sucrose acetate
isobutyrate,
SAIB,
Sucrose
diacetate
hexaisobutyrate
Only in non-alcoholic
flavoured cloudy drinks 300
mg/litre
E445 Glycerol esters High intakes may upset the
of wood rosins calcium/phosphate
equilibrium, headaches,
nausea, vomiting,
dehydration, diarrhoea,
thirst, dizziness and mental
confusion.
450
Sodium and
potassium
pyrophosphates
Emulsifying salts under
many names. High intakes
may upset the digestion
with disturbances of the
blockage of some enzymes.
High intakes may upset the
calcium/phosphate
equilibrium.
E450 Diphosphates
(i) Disodium diphosphate
(ii) Trisodium diphosphate
(iii) Tetrasodium
diphosphate
(iv) Dipotassium
diphosphate
(v) Tetrapotassium
diphosphate
(vi) Dicalcium diphosphate
(vii) Calcium dihydrogen
diphosphate
Salts of
sodium/potassium/calcium
with phosphates. All are
produced synthetically from
the respective carbonates
and phosphoric acid. Used
as buffers and emulsifiers.
E450 (iii) also binds metals
and prevents discoloration
due to metals. E450 (vi) is
also used as bread enhancer
and calcium supplement.
High intakes may upset the
calcium/ phosphate
equilibrium.
450(a)
Ammonium
phosphate,
diabasic and
monobasic
Mineral salt, buffer used
with baking powders and
salt substitutes.
451
Sodium and
potassium
triphosphate
Mineral salt. Safe, but is
known to cause nausea,
diarrhoea, lowering of blood
pressure, cyanosis and
muscle spasms in large
quantities.
E451 Triphosphate
(i) Pentasodium
triphosphate
(ii) Pentapotassium
triphosphate. See 451.
Salts of sodium/potassium
with phosphates. All are
produced synthetically from
the respective carbonates
and phosphoric acid. Used
as buffers, stabiliser and
emulsifiers. Also used to
retain water during
processing. High
concentrations of
phosphates may disturb
several metabolic processes
as phosphate plays an
important role in general
metabolism.
452
Sodium and
potassium
polyphosphates
See 338.
E452 Polyphosphates
(i) Sodium polyphosphate
(formerly E450c(i))
(ii) Potassium
polyphosphate (formerly
E450c(ii))
(iii) Sodium calcium
polyphosphate
(iv) Calcium polyphosphate
(also 544)
(v) Ammonium
polyphosphate (formerly
E450c(i))
Salts of
sodium/potassium/calcium/a
mmonium with phosphates.
All are produced
synthetically from the
respective carbonates and
phosphoric acid. Used as
sequestrants (metal
binders), stabiliser and
emulsifiers. Also used to
retain water during
processing and
storage. High
concentrations of
phosphates may disturb
several metabolic processes
as phosphate plays an
important role in general
metabolism.
See 338.
E459 Beta-
cyclodextrine Emulsifier
460
E460
Cellulose
microcrystallin
Crystalline or powdered
form of walls of plant cells.
e and powdered Anti-caking agent and base
for tablets; no adverse
effects known, non-
nutritive. Cellulose is non
soluble, but can be
fermented in the large
intestine. Large
concentrations can cause
intestinal problems, such as
bloating, constipation and
diarrhoea. Due to this fact,
it can not be used in
weaning foods.
461
E461
Methyl
cellulose
prepared from cellulose, the
main polysaccharide and
constituent of wood and all
plant structures.
Commercially prepared
from wood and chemically
methylated. Thickener,
emulsifier in baked food,
diabetic food, soft and fizzy
drinks, jelly, jam and many
of 410. Can cause
flatulence, distension,
intestinal obstruction.
E462 Ethyl cellulose Ethylcellulose is prepared
from cellulose, the main
polysaccharide and
constituent of wood and all
plant structures.
Commercially prepared
from wood and chemically
ethylated. Many different
uses, mainly as thickening
agent, but also as filler,
dietary fibre, anti clumping
agent and emulsifier. Few
products, and no longer
permitted as emulsifier in
the EU. Acceptable Daily
Intake: None determined.
Side effects: Ethylcellulose
is practically non soluble,
but can be fermented in the
large intestine. Large
concentrations can cause
intestinal problems, such as
bloating, constipation and
diarrhoea.
E463 Hydroxypropyl
cellulose
Hydroxypropylcellulose is
prepared from cellulose, the
main polysaccharide and
constituent of wood and all
plant structures.
Commercially prepared
from wood and chemically
propylated. Many different
uses, mainly as thickening
agent, but also as filler,
dietary fibre, anti clumping
agent and emulsfier. Similar
as cellulose, but better
soluble in water. many
different products. Banned
in Australia. Hydroxypropyl
cellulose is quite soluble,
and can be fermented in the
large intestine. Large
concentrations can cause
intestinal problems, such as
bloating, constipation and
diarrhoea. Avoid it.
464
E464
Hydroxypropyl
methyl
cellulose
Hydroxypropylmethylcellul
ose is prepared from
cellulose, the main
polysaccharide and
constituent of wood and all
plant structures.
Commercially prepared
from wood and chemically
modified. Many different
uses, mainly as thickening
agent, but also as filler,
dietary fibre, anti clumping
agent and emulsifier.
Similar as cellulose, but
better soluble in water.
Found in many different
products. Acceptable Daily
Intake: None determined.
Hydroxypropylmethyl
cellulose is quite soluble,
and can be fermented in the
large intestine. Large
concentrations can cause
intestinal problems, such as
bloating, constipation and
diarrhoea.
465
E465
Methylethylcel
lulose
Methylethylcellulose is
prepared from cellulose, the
main polysaccharide and
constituent of wood and all
plant structures.
Commercially prepared
from wood and chemically
modified. Many different
uses, mainly as thickening
agent, but also as filler,
dietary fibre, anti clumping
agent and emulsifier.
Similar as cellulose, but
with some different
characteristics. for imitation
cream and imitation ice
cream. No known adverse
effects. Methylethyl
cellulose is not very soluble,
and can be fermented in the
large intestine. Large
concentrations can cause
intestinal problems, such as
bloating, constipation and
diarrhoea.
466
E466
Carboxymethyl
cellulose,
Carboxymethylcellulose is
prepared from cellulose, the
main polysaccharide and
constituent of wood and all
plant structures.
Commercially prepared
from wood and chemically
modified. No known
adverse effects but it could
be produced from
genetically engineered
cotton plants. Known to
cause cancer when ingested
by test animals. Many
different uses, mainly as
thickening agent, but also as
filler, dietary fibre, anti
clumping agent and
emulsifier. Similar as
cellulose, but very soluble
in water. Found in many
different products.
Carboxymethyl cellulose is
very soluble, and can be
fermented in the large
intestine. Large
concentrations can cause
intestinal problems, such as
bloating, constipation and
diarrhoea. It also lowers
slightly the blood
cholesterol level.
E466
Sodium
carboxy methyl
cellulose
Thickener, emulsifier.
National Cancer Institute of
America states it "should be
forbidden as a food
additive. See 466.
E468 Crosslinked May be re-classified as a
sodium
carboxymethyl
cellulose
miscellaneous additive
E469 Sodium
caseinate
Emulsifier, mineral salt
made from casein in cow's
milk for thickener and
beverage whitener, dessert
mixes, reduced cream whip.
No known adverse effects.
470 Magnesium
stearate
No known effects for food
use. Emulsifier, stabiliser,
artificial sweetener, anti-
caking and release agent.
E470(
a)
Sodium,
potassium and
calcium salts of
fatty acids
(i) Sodium salts of fatty
acids
(ii) Potassium salts of fatty
acids
(iii) Calcium salts of fatty
acids
Banned in Australia. Salts
of natural fatty acids,
mainly from plant origin,
but also fats of animal
origin may be used. The
acids are a mixture of
stearic-, oleic-, palmitic-
and myristinic acid.
Emulsifiers and stabilisers.
Can cause gastric upsets.
The body metabolises the
products as any other fat.
Although mainly vegetable
oils are used, the use of
animal fat (incl. pork) can
not be excluded. Several
groups, such as vegans,
Muslims and Jews thus
avoid these products. Only
the producer can give
detailed information on the
origin of the fatty acids.
Chemically the fatty acids
from vegetable or animal
origin are identical.
E470(
b)
Magnesium
salts of fatty
acids
Emulsifier. See 470(a)
471
E471
Mono- and
diglycerides of
fatty acids
(glyceryl
monostearate,
glyceryl
distearate)
Synthetic fats, produced
from glycerol and natural
fatty acids, mainly from
plant origin, but also fats of
animal origin may be used.
The product generally is a
mixture of different
products, with a
composition similar to
partially digested natural
fat. For use in baked goods,
all types of dairy foods,
margarine and ice cream.
No known adverse effects.
The body metabolises the
products as any other fat.
The individual components
are also produced normally
in the body when digesting
normal fat. Although mainly
vegetable oils are used, the
use of animal fat (incl. pork)
can not be excluded.
Several groups, such as
vegans, Muslims and Jews
thus avoid these products.
Only the producer can give
detailed information on the
origin of the fatty acids.
Chemically the fatty acids
from vegetable or animal
origin are identical.
472(a) Acetic and
fatty acid esters
Esters of synthetic fats,
produced from glycerol,
of glycerol natural fatty acids and
another organic acid (acetic,
lactic, tartaric, citric). The
fatty acids are mainly from
plant origin, but also fats of
animal origin may be used.
The product generally is a
mixture of different
components, with a
composition similar to
partially digested natural fat
esterified with other natural
acids. Occurs in fruit skins
and nuts. Emulsifier,
stabiliser, coating agent,
texture modifier, solvent
and lubricant. Used in high
fat bread, edible fats,
whipped fats and meat
products. No known adverse
effects, but less frequently it
may cause diarrhoea, thirst,
dizziness and mental
confusion. Although mainly
vegetable oils are used, the
use of animal fat (incl. pork)
can not be excluded.
Several groups, such as
vegans, Muslims and Jews
thus avoid these products.
Only the producer can give
detailed information on the
origin of the fatty acids.
Chemically the fatty acids
from vegetable or animal
origin are identical.
E472(
a)
Acetic acid
esters of mono-
and
diglycerides of
fatty acids
Emulsifier, stabiliser,
coating agent, texture
modifier, solvent and
lubricant. Used in high fat
bread, edible fats, whipped
fats and meat products. No
known adverse effects, but
less frequently it may cause
diarrhoea, thirst, dizziness
and mental confusion. See
472(a).
472(b
)
Lactic and fatty
acid esters of
glycerol
Emulsifier, stabiliser,
coating agent, texture
modifier, solvent and
lubricant. No known
adverse effects, but less
frequently it may cause
diarrhoea, thirst, dizziness
and mental confusion. See
472(a).
E472(
b)
Lactic acid
esters of mono-
and
diglycerides of
fatty acids
Emulsifier, stabiliser,
coating agent, texture
modifier, solvent and
lubricant. No known
adverse effects, but less
frequently it may cause
diarrhoea, theist, dizziness
and mental confusion. See 472(a).
472(c)
Citric and fatty
acid esters of
glycerol
Emulsifier, stabiliser,
coating agent, texture
modifier, solvent and
lubricant. No known
adverse effects, but less
frequently it may cause
diarrhoea, theist, dizziness
and mental confusion. See
330. See 472(a).
E472(
c)
Citric acid
esters of mono-
and
diglycerides of
fatty acids
Emulsifier, stabiliser,
coating agent, texture
modifier, solvent and
lubricant. No known
adverse effects, but less
frequently it may cause
diarrhoea, theist, dizziness
and mental confusion. See
472(a).
472(d
)
Tartaric and
fatty acid esters
of glycerol
See tartaric acid 334.
E472(
d)
Tartaric acid
esters of mono-
and
diglycerides of
fatty acids
No adverse effects recorded.
See 472(a).
472(e)
Diacetyltartaric
and fatty acid
esters of
glycerol
See acetic acid 260.
E472(
e)
Mono- and
diacetyl tartaric
acid esters of
mono- and
diglycerides of
fatty acids
No adverse effects recorded. See 472(a).
E472(
f)
Mixed acetic
and tartaric
acid esters of
mono- and
diglycerides of
fatty acids
No adverse effects recorded. See 472(a).
473 Sucrose esters Esters of sugar and
E473 of fatty acids synthetic fats, produced
from glycerol and natural
fatty acids. The fatty acids
are mainly from plant
origin, but also fats of
animal origin may be used.
The product generally is a
mixture of different
components, with a
composition similar to
partially digested natural fat
esterified with sugar.
Emulsifier and modifying
agent. The products are
first digested to sugar and
fats. The body metabolises
all components identical to
sugar and natural fat. The
individual components of
the mono- and diglycerides
are also produced normally
in the body when digesting
normal fat. May cause
stomach pain, nausea,
bloating, diarrhoea. May
contain residues of solvents
used in making. Although
mainly vegetable oils are
used, the use of animal fat
(incl. pork) can not be
excluded. Several groups,
such as vegans, Muslims
and Jews thus avoid these
products. Only the producer
can give detailed
information on the origin of
the fatty acids. Chemically
the fatty acids from
vegetable or animal origin
are identical. See 471
E474 Sucroglyceride
s
Avoid it. Esters of sugar and
fats, produced from sugar
and natural fats. The fats are
mainly from plant origin,
but also fats of animal
origin may be used. The
product generally is a
mixture of different
components. Emulsifiers
and stabilisers. Found in
many different products.
Acceptable Daily Intake: 16
mg/kg bodyweight. The
products are first digested to
sugar and fats. The body
metabolises all components
identical to sugar and
natural fat. Although mainly
vegetable oils are used, the
use of animal fat (incl. pork)
can not be excluded.
Several groups, such as
vegans, Muslims and Jews
thus avoid these products.
Only the producer can give
detailed information on the
origin of the fatty acids.
Chemically the fatty acids
from vegetable or animal
origin are identical. Not
registered for use in
Australia.
475
E475
Polyglycerol
esters of fatty
acids
Emulsifier, stabiliser made
from fats and oils of either
animal or vegetable.
Combination of
polyglycerol and natural
fats. Normal fat consists of
glycerol and fatty acids, for
these products additional
glycerol is coupled to the
normal glycerol. The fats
are mainly from plant
origin, but also fats of
animal origin may be used.
The product generally is a
mixture of different
components. Used in cakes,
dairy and imitation dairy
products. No known
adverse effects.
476
E476
Polyglycerol
esters of
interesterified
ricinoliec acid
Combination of
polyglycerol and castoroil
(oil of the tree Ricinus sp. ).
Normal fat consists of
glycerol and fatty acids, for
these products additional
glycerol is coupled to the
normal glycerol. The
product generally is a
mixture of different
components. Emulsifier,
stabiliser allowing chocolate
coating to be spread more
thinly to save costs. No
known adverse effects.
Acceptable Daily Intake:
Up to 7.5 mg/kg
bodyweight.
477
Propylene
glycol mono-
and di-esters
Emulsifier, stabiliser. Avoid
it.
E477
Propane-1, 2-
Diol esters of
fatty acids
Emulsifier, stabiliser.
Combination of propanediol and natural fats. Normal fat consists of glycerol and fatty acids, for these products glycerol is replaced by propanediol. The fats are mainly from plant origin, but also fats of animal origin may be used. The product generally is a mixture of different components. Can be derived from petroleum; no known adverse effects. Used in confectionary, soft and fizzy drinks, toppings, ice cream, processed meat. Both components are normally present in the body and will be metabolised in the normal
way. High concentrations of propyleneglycol can cause eczema in sensitive persons, but not normally from the use in foods. Although mainly vegetable oils are used, the use of animal fat (incl. pork) can not be excluded. Several groups, such as vegans, Muslims and Jews thus avoid these products. Only the producer can give detailed information on the origin of the fatty acids. Chemically the fatty acids from vegetable or animal origin are identical. Avoid it.
E478
Lactylated fatty
acid esters of
glycerol and
propane-1, 2-
diol
Combination of lactic acid,
glycerol, propanediol and
natural fats. Normal fat
consists of glycerol and
fatty acids, for these
products glycerol is
replaced by propanediol.
The fats are mainly from
plant origin, but also fats of
animal origin may be used.
The product generally is a
mixture of different
components. Emulsifier,
stabiliser, whipping agent,
plasticiser and surface
active agents. May cause
headaches, nausea,
vomiting, dehydration,
diarrhoea, theist, dizziness
and mental confusion.
Avoid it.
E479(
b)
Thermally
oxidized soy
bean oil
interacted with
mono- and
diglycerides of
fatty acids
Likely GM soy. Thermally
oxidized soy bean oil
interacted with mono- and
diglycerides of fatty acids,
but also fats of animal
origin may be used. The
product generally is a
mixture of different
components.
480
E480
Dioctyl sodium
sulphosuccinat
e
Awaiting results of safety
studies. Produced by a
reaction of octane with
maleic acid anhydride,
followed by a reaction with
sodium bisulphite.
Emulsifier, wetting agent
with detergent and
dispersant properties. Helps
syrup stay evenly spread
through a product, dairy
products, edible gums, soft
drinks, cordials, syrups.
481
E481
Sodium oleyl
or stearoyl
lactylate
stearoyl-2-
lactylate
Flour treatment stabiliser,
emulsifier to make it able to
retain shape after going
through the machinery. No
known adverse effects.
482
E482
Calcium
stearoyl-2-
lactylate
Flour treatment stabiliser,
emulsifier. No known
adverse effects, waiting for
test results. See 481.
E483 Stearyl tartrate
Combination of stearic acid
and tartaric acid, resulting
in a mixture of several
components. The origin of
stearic acid can be or plant
or animal fat, although in
practice nearly always
vegetable oil will be used.
Emulsifier,
stabiliser. Banned in
Australia. Avoid it.
491
E491
Sorbitan
monostearate
Emulsifier, sweetener,
thickener, retains moisture,
modifying agent. No known
adverse effects.
492
E492
Sorbitan
tristearate
Span 65
Emulsifier, stabiliser. Only
allowed in compounded
chocolate. May increase the
absorption of liquid paraffin
and fat-soluble substances.
Avoid it.
493
E493
Sorbitan
monolaurate
Span 20
Produced from sorbitol and
lauric acid, a normal fatty
acid from vegetable or
animal origin. Emulsifier,
stabiliser stopping sugar
mixes from foaming.
Banned in Australia. Avoid
it.
494
E494
Sorbitan mono-
oleate
Span 80
Produced from sorbitol and
lauric acid, a normal fatty
acid from vegetable or
animal origin. Emulsifier,
stabiliser stopping yeast
products foaming. Banned
in Australia. Used in
pharmaceuticals. Avoid it.
495
E495
Sorbitan
monopalmitate
Span 40
Produced from sorbitol and
lauric acid, a normal fatty
acid from vegetable or
animal origin. Emulsifier,
stabiliser as alternative for
491. Banned in Australia.
Avoid it.
©MBM PO Box 44, Klemzig, SA, 5087
MINERAL SALTS, ANTI-CAKING AGENTS
(500-585) To know what is right and not to do it is the
worst cowardice." -Confucius
Number Name Comments
500
E500
Sodium
carbonates
(i) Sodium carbonate is
naturally occurring in
alkaline waters, however
it is also synthesised by
the Solvay process or by
electrolysis of sea water.
Sodium carbonate is used
as an acidity regulator,
particularly in beer
making. Excessive
ingestion may result in
stomach upset. Typical
products include beer,
baking, soft and fizzy
drinks, medications. No
known adverse effects in
small quantities. May
irritate the eyes and
respiratory tract.
(ii) Sodium hydrogen
carbonate (Bicarbonate of
soda) is used in food
mainly as a raising agent,
but also as a base. It is
prepared synthetically.
(iii) Sodium
sesquicarbonate occurs
naturally in saline waters,
it is used as a base. No
adverse effects are
known.
501
E501
Potassium
carbonates
Mineral salt, adjusting
and modifying agent.
Used as gastric antacid
and to replenish
electrolytes in the body,
cocoa, confectionary,
custard powder and as for
500. No known adverse
effects.
503 Ammonium
carbonates
(i) Ammonium carbonate
(ii) Ammonium hydrogen
carbonate
Produced from
ammonium sulphate and
calcium carbonate,
natural minerals. Mineral
salt, adjusting and
modifying agent. Irritant
to mucous membranes,
alters pH of urine and
may cause loss of
calcium and
magnesium. Used in
some medications, baked
goods, baking powder,
cocoa items
confectionary, ice cream.
504
E504
Magnesium
carbonate
(i) Magnesium carbonate
- Mineral salt, anti-
caking, adjusting,
bleaching, modifying
agent. Medically used as
an antacid and laxative.
Magnesium is used in the
treatment of heart attack
patients, and promotes
the health of arteries,
bones, nerves and teeth,
low-sodium salt
substitute, table salt.
Other names: magnesium
carbonate, magnesium
(II) carbonate n-hydrate.
(ii) Magnesium
hydroxide carbonate (syn.
Magnesium hydrogen
carbonate) Magnesium
hydrogen carbonate is
used mainly as a buffer
and anti-caking agent, but
it is also used as an anti-
bleaching agent. Typical
products include sugar,
salt, other granular foods.
507
E507
Hydrochloric
acid
HCl can be prepared
commercially by the
reaction of sulphuric acid
with sodium chloride, or
directly by reaction of
hydrogen and chlorine
gases; the reaction is very
exothermic and takes
place readily in sunlight
or at elevated
temperatures. The major
use of HCl is in the
manufacture of other
chemicals, but other
principle applications
include metal pickling,
gelatine, dyestuffs,
casein, pharmaceuticals,
synthetic rubber and
metal chlorides
manufacture. Large
amounts of hydrochloric
acid are used in effluent
treatment and for the
regeneration of ion
exchange resins in water
treatment. Produced in
the stomach to aid
digestion. May have
teratogenic properties and
may be carcinogenic
when mixed with
formaldehyde. Safe in
small quantities. Mainly
for the malting of beer,
gelatine manufacture,
cornflour. Other names:
muriatic acid,
chlorohydric acid.
508
E508
Potassium
chloride
Mineral salt. Large
quantities can cause
gastric ulceration. Used
as an electrolyte
replenisher. Used in
brewing, salt substitute,
gelling agent, reduced
sodium breads.
509
E509
Calcium
chloride
Mineral salt, modifying
agent, preservative,
firming agent,
sequestrant. Derived from
brine. Used in jelly,
cheese, and to keep
canned fruit/vegetable
firm.
510
E510
Ammonium
chloride
Natural salt, part of sea
salt and rock salt.
Prepared from
hydrochloric acid and
ammonia. Should be
avoided by people with
impaired liver or kidney
function. Acidity
regulator, flavour and
nutrient for yeast in
yeast-fermented products
such as flour products, bread, bread mixes, low
sodium salt substitute.
511
E511
Magnesium
chloride
Natural salt, part of sea
salt and rock salt. Mineral
salt, firming agent.
Magnesium is an
essential mineral. Used in
foods and
pharmaceuticals.
Industrial grade not for
human consumption. Can
act as a laxative.
E513 Sulphuric acid
Sulphuric acid was
manufactured by the
lead-chamber
process until the mid-
1930s, but this process
has now been replaced by
the contact process,
involving the catalytic
oxidation of sulphur
dioxide. The structure of
sulphuric acid is
considered to be a
mixture of several rapidly
interconverting
equivalent forms. Typical
products include beer.
Banned in Australia. Has
teratogenic properties.
Avoid it.
514
E514
Sodium
sulphates
Prepared from salt and
sulphuric acid. Mineral
salt, anti-caking agent for
diluting colour powders
in beer, biscuits, chewing
gum, confectionary. May
upset the body's water
balance.
515
E515
Potassium
sulphates
Mineral salt, anti-caking
agent for beer,
pharmaceuticals, salt
substitute. No known
adverse effects, but large
doses can cause severe
gastrointestinal bleeding,
use sparingly.
516
E516
Calcium
sulphate
Mineral salt occurs
naturally in the form of
gypsum, and may be used
as a sequestrant in food
as well as a buffer and
firming agent. Artificial
sweetener base, bleaching
agent for bread rolls,
flour, tinned tomatoes,
soy tofu, dried egg,
cheese products, tooth
paste. Used in mortar,
cement and plaster of
Paris. Derived from
limestone. No known
adverse effects.
E517 Ammonium
sulphate
White solid, used in
water purification.
518
E518
Magnesium
sulphate,
Epsom salts
Prepared from
magnesium salts and
sulphuric acid. Natural
mineral. Mineral salt,
firming agent for
medications,
pharmaceuticals,
nutrition supplements and
infant formula as a
mineral. Used in beer and
a laxative. Dangerous to
people with kidney
problems and has
teratogenic properties.
E519 Copper
sulphate
Mineral salt, anti-caking
agent which is
manufactured but occurs
naturally and used for
making azo dyes. Fed to
pigs to stimulate growth.
A cumulative poison.
Essential mineral for
many body functions
such as making blood and
tissues to fighting
infections. Naturally in
meat, cereals,
vegetables. Used in
infant formula as a
mineral supplement.
NOT TO BE TAKEN
ON ITS OWN.
E520 Aluminium
sulphate
Natural mineral, from
which the commercial
product is purified.
Aluminium sulphate is
used to precipitate
protein, for example
during the beer brewing
process. It also
strengthens the structure
of vegetables during
processing. Found in
Beer, pickled vegetables,
proteins (deodorant, as
anti-bacterial agent)
Acceptable daily intake
(ADI): None determined.
Side effects: Aluminium
inhibits the uptake of B-
vitamins. It may also
influence liver function in
high concentrations.
However with use of
E520 the concentrations
are too low.
E521 Aluminium
sodium
Prepared from natural
aluminium sulphate. It
sulphate strengthens the structure
of vegetables during
processing. It is used as
acidity regulator and
bleaching agent in flour.
Found in Flour, cheese,
confectionary.
Acceptable daily intake
(ADI): None determined.
Side effects: Aluminium
inhibits the uptake of B-
vitamins. It may also
influence liver function in
high concentrations.
However with use of
E521 the concentrations
are too low.
E522
Aluminium
potassium
sulphate
Prepared from natural
aluminium sulphate. It is
used as acid source in
baking powder for bakery
products, baked at high
temperature. It also
stabilises colours. Used
in Industrial baking
powder. Acceptable daily
intake (ADI): Up to 0,6
mg/kg bodyweight.
Aluminium inhibits the
uptake of B-vitamins. It
may also influence liver
function in high
concentrations. However
with use of E522 the
concentrations are too
low.
E523
Aluminium
ammonium
sulphate
Prepared from natural
aluminium sulphate. It is
used as acid source in
baking powder for bakery
products, baked at high
temperature. It also
stabilises colours. Used
in Industrial baking
powder. Acceptable daily
intake (ADI): Up to 0,6
mg/kg bodyweight.
Aluminium inhibits the
uptake of B-vitamins. It
may also influence liver
function in high
concentrations. However
with use of E523 the
concentrations are too
low.
E524 Sodium
hydroxide
Prepared from natural
salt. Adjusting agent,
base and colour solvent
(caustic). Used in drain
cleaners, cocoa products,
sour cream, edible fats
and oils, jam, tinned
vegetables, glaze on
pretzels, enhance the
industrial peeling of
fruits, to blacken olives
and in the preparation of
caramel. Banned in
Australia. Avoid it.
E525 Potassium
hydroxide
Mineral salt (caustic)
used in cocoa products,
cheese products, jam
black olives. Banned in
Australia, check imported
foods. Avoid it.
526
E526
Calcium
hydroxide
Mineral salt made from
lime as a firming and
neutralising agent used in
making beer, soap and
glazing pretzels, infant
formula as a mineral,
cocoa products, sour
cream, edible fats and
oils, jam, tinned
vegetables. Strong alkali
used as acidity regulator,
for example in wine. A
solution of calcium
hydroxide can be used to
preserve eggs. A solution
of calcium hydroxide and
sugar (1:3) is used to
regulate the acidity in
frozen products. In
strengthens the structure
of vegetables during
processing. No adverse
effects in small
quantities.
527
E527
Ammonium
hydroxide
Diluted household
ammonia. Strong alkali
used as acidity regulator.
Also used for the
production of caramel.
Found in Egg and cocoa
products, colours.
Banned in Australia.
Avoid it.
528
E528
Magnesium
hydroxide
Mineral salt. Milk of
magnesia. Strong alkali
used as acidity regulator.
Used in cheese to
enhance rennet and
stabilises the colour of
vegetables during
canning. Laxative in high
concentration. Banned in
Australia. Avoid it.
529
E529 Calcium oxide
Mineral salt prepared
from chalk, used as
adjusting and modifying
agent used in bread,
confectionary, sour
cream, dairy products,
tripe, tinned peas. Also
used in the manufacture
of sugar to remove
impurities, in bakery
products as stabiliser and
as a nutrient for yeast. It
is also used in the
preparation of intestines
for sausages (as cover,
not filling). Safe in small
quantities.
530
E530
Magnesium
oxide
Prepared from several
minerals. Alkali,
neutraliser and anti-
caking agent. It can be
found in frozen dairy
products, butter, canned
peas, cocoa products,
medications. Used as a
medical laxative in high
concentrations. Banned in
Australia. Avoid it.
535
E535
Sodium
ferrocyanide
Prepared from hydrogen
ferrocyanide and sodium
hydroxide. Crystal
modifier, anti-caking
agent. No adverse effects
known for use in food.
Use is very limited, partly
due to the strong yellow
colour.
536
E536
Potassium
ferrocyanide
Prepared from hydrogen
ferrocyanide and
potassium hydroxide.
Synthetic crystallising
agent. Metal removal in
wine, anti-caking agent,
seasonings, spices. By-
product of coal gas
production; low toxicity,
reduces oxygen transport
in the blood, which in
turn may cause breathing
difficulties, dizziness or
headache. Banned in the
United States.
537 Ferrohexacyano
manganate
Prepared from hydrogen
mangano-cyanide and
iron hydroxide. Used as
anti-caking agent. Used
in liquorice powder
(salmiak). Acceptable
daily intake (ADI): None
determined. Side effects:
None in the
concentrations used. Can
be used by all religious
groups, vegetarians and
vegans.
E538 Calcium
ferrocyanide
Prepared from hydrogen
ferrocyanide and calcium
hydroxide. Used as anti-
caking agent. Found in
Low-sodium salt.
Acceptable daily intake
(ADI): Up to 25 mg/kg
bodyweight. None in the
concentrations used.
539 Sodium
thiosulphate
Synthetic compound.
Used as anti-oxidant,
especially to inhibit
browning in potato
products. Acceptable
daily intake (ADI): Up to
0,7 mg/kg bodyweight.
Side effects:
Thiosulphate is converted
into sulphite and has
similar side effects, see
E221 . Can be used by all
religious groups,
vegetarians and vegans.
540
E540
Dicalcium
diphosphate
Occurs naturally as
monetite. Buffer,
neutralising and raising
agent in yeast products,
dietary supplement.
Banned in Australia.
Avoid it.
541
E541
Sodium
aluminium
phosphate,
(i) : Acid sodium
aluminium phosphate
(ii) : Alkaline sodium
acidic aluminium phosphate
Synthetically produced
from aluminium,
phosphoric acid and
sodium hydroxide.
Acidity regulator,
emulsifier used in baked
goods, cheese products,
confectionary, mince
meat, frozen fish, stews.
A risk to babies, elderly
and people suffering from
kidney and heart
complaints. Aluminium
impairs the calcium and
phosphorous uptake by
the body. Possible link to
osteoporosis, Parkinson's
and Alzheimer's disease.
Avoid it.
541
E541
Sodium
aluminium
phosphate,
alkaline
Banned in Australia.
Avoid it. See Above.
542
E542
Bone
phosphate,
edible bone
Derived from steaming
animal bones. Used as
anti-caking agent,
phosphate emulsifier and source of
phosphorous in food
supplements. Main use,
however, is in cosmetics
(such as tooth paste)
Used in dried milk for
coffee machines, cane
sugar, and as filler in
tablets. Cannot be used
by vegans, vegetarians,
Muslims, Jews or Hindus.
The product is made of
animal bones, such as
from pigs and cattle.
E543
Calcium
sodium
polyphosphate
Produced from sodium
phosphate and calcium
phosphate from non-
animal origin. Used as
emulsifier and stabiliser.
Found in Processed
cheese, frozen bakery
products Acceptable
daily intake (ADI): Up to
70 mg/kg bodyweight.
Polyphosphates may
inhibit digestive enzymes
in high concentrations.
544 Calcium
polyphosphates
Produced by heating
calcium phosphate.
Emulsifier and stabiliser
salts for use in foods
mainly with dairy and
cheese products in them,
everything but fizzy
drinks! May cause
enzyme blocking in the
digestive system and
cause calcium
phosphorous imbalance.
Banned in Australia.
Avoid it.
545 Ammonium
polyphosphates
Produced by heating
ammonium hydrogen
phosphate. Emulsifier
salts as for 544, plus
chewing gum, beer, cider,
herb teas, confectionary,
processed nuts. Also used
as nutrient for yeast and
increases water binding
properties. Banned in
Australia. Avoid it. See
544
E550 Sodium silicate (i) Sodium silicate
(ii) Sodium metasilicate
Produced by heating
siliciumdioxide (quartz,
sand) and
sodiumcarbonate. Used
as anti-caking agent, to
preserve eggs, and to
improve mechanical
peeling of peaches. Also
as a carrier for aromas.
Found in Canned
peaches, preserved eggs,
vanilla powder.
Acceptable daily intake
(ADI): None determined.
Side effects: None known
551
E551 Silicon dioxide
From sand or Quartz. No
adverse effects are known
in food use. Artificial
sweetener, anti-caking
agent, thickener and
stabiliser in beer,
confectionary, sausages,
dried milk - huge range
of foods.
552
E552 Calcium silicate
Derived from limestone
and diatomaceous earth
(the silicified skeletons of
diatoms, a single celled
plankton), antacid, glaze,
polishing, release,
dusting agent in chewing
gum, coating agent on
rice. No known adverse
effects.
E553(a) Magnesium
silicates
(i) Magnesium silicate
(ii) Magnesium trisilicate
Produced from
magnesium sulphate and
sodium silicate or directly
from minerals such as
talcum, sepiolite and
steatite Antacid, glaze,
polish, release, anti-
caking, dusting, coating
agent. Avoid it. Banned in Australia.
E553(b) Talc
Produced from
magnesium sulphate and
sodium silicate or directly
from minerals such as
talcum, sepiolite and
steatite Has been linked
to stomach cancer,
typical products are
polished rice, chocolate,
confectionary, icing
sugar, noodles, medicinal
tablets.
554
E554
Sodium
aluminium
silicate
Produced from several
natural minerals. Mineral
salt, anti-caking agent.
Used in salt, dried milk
substitutes, egg mixes,
sugar products and
flours. Aluminium is
known to cause placental
problems in pregnancy
and has been linked to
Alzheimer's Parkinson's,
bone loss.
E555
Potassium
aluminium
silicate
Produced from several
natural minerals. Used as
anti-caking agent. Found
in dry products, but
hardly used. Acceptable
daily intake (ADI): None
determined. Side effects:
None known
556
E556
Calcium
aluminium
Produced from several
natural minerals. Used as
silicate anti-caking agent. Used
in dry products (milk),
but hardly used. See 554
558
E558 Bentonite
No known adverse
effects. A natural type of
clay from volcanic origin.
Decolouriser, filter
medium, emulsifier and
anti-caking agent. Used
in pharmaceutical agents
for external use, edible
fats and oils, sugar, wine.
Known to block skin
pores.
559
E559
Aluminium
silicate (Kaolin)
A fine usually white clay
formed by the weathering
of aluminous minerals
(such as feldspar). No
known adverse effects,
except in large quantities
can cause intestinal
obstruction and tumours.
Mineral salt, anti-caking
agent used in medications
and vending machine
dried milk. Used in
cosmetics, blocks skin
pores.
570
E570 Stearic acid
Saturated fatty acid,
possibly of pig origin,
cascarilla bark extract or
vegetable fats. Anti-
caking agent in chewing
gum, confectionary,
butter or vanilla
flavouring for drinks,
artificial sweeteners.
572 Magnesium
stearate
No known adverse effects
in food use. Stabiliser,
anti-caking and release
agent, emulsifier for
artificial sweeteners and
confectionary. Inhalation
of the powder is harmful.
E572
Magnesium
stearate,
calcium stearate
See 572. Emulsifier,
Anti-caking agent
E574 Gluconic acid
Gluconic acid occurs
naturally in fruit, honey,
kombucha tea and wine
and is used as a food
additive, an acidity
regulator. It is also used
in cleaning products
where it helps cleaning
up mineral deposits. It is
a strong chelating agent,
especially in alkaline
solution. It chelates the
cations of calcium, iron,
aluminium, copper, and
other heavy metals.
575
E575
Glucono delta-
lactone
No known adverse effects
in food. Food acid,
artificial sweetener base,
acidity regulator. Made
from glucose. Stops
'stone' formation during
manufacture with milk
and beer. Found in
gluten free food,
processed meat, cheese.
E576 Sodium
gluconate
Sodium salt of gluconic
acid, E574.
Synthetic. Picks up metal
traces and holds them in
the product. Dietary
supplement and
sequestrant found in
baked goods,
confectionary, soft, sports
and fizzy drinks,
processed meats,
nutritional supplements,
desserts. Banned in
Australia. Avoid it.
577
E577
Potassium
gluconate
Synthetic. Picks up metal
traces and holds them in
the product. No known
adverse effects, mildly
toxic by ingestion.
Sequestrant, stabiliser.
Used for treating
hypokalemia (low levels
of calcium). See 576.
578
E578
Calcium
gluconate
Synthetic. Picks up metal
traces and holds them in
the product. No known
adverse effects but may
cause stomach upsets and
heart problems. Firming
agent and buffer,
sequestrant, acidity
regular, artificial
sweetener base. Used
medically to replenish
calcium in the body. Is
contained in a large range
of products but meat and
cheese, infant formula
supplement.
579 Ferrous
gluconate
Colour-retention agent;
Iron salt of gluconic acid,
E574.; used in olives,
iron supplements (use
sparingly). In small
amounts it is safe but
may cause
gastrointestinal stress.
Used in the treatment of
iron deficiency anaemia.
Restricted in the USA for
colouring olives only as
is known to cause death
in children up to 24
months with only 1 - 2
grams! Acceptable daily
intake (ADI): Up to 0,8
mg/kg bodyweight
E585 Ferrous lactate
Iron salt of lactic acid,
E270. Iron supplement.
Found in infant formula.
Acceptable daily intake
(ADI):
Up to 0,8 mg/kg
bodyweight. Side effects:
None known. Lactic acid
and lactates can be
consumed by all religious
groups, vegans and
vegetarians. Although the
name refers to milk, it is
mot made from milk and
thus suitable for people
with milk allergy or
lactose intolerance.
©MBM PO Box 44, Klemzig, South Australia, 5087
FLAVOUR ENHANCERS (620-640)
"If you think that something is right just
because everyone believes it, then you are not thinking"
Vivienne Westwood "IF MSG ISN'T HARMFUL, WHY IS IT
HIDDEN?"
Number Name Comments
620
E620 Glutamic acid
Natural amino acid (building
block of protein).
Commercially prepared from
molasses by bacterial
fermentation. Also prepared
from vegetable protein,
such as gluten, or soy
protein. Glutamic acid and
glutamates are present in all
proteins. Free glutamates
are present in high
concentrations in ripened
cheese, breast milk,
tomatoes and sardines.
Flavour enhancer, salt
substitute used in sausages,
seasoning, savoury snacks -
many savoury foods. An
amino acid present in many
animal and vegetable
proteins, derived
commercially from bacteria;
might cause similar
problems as MSG (621),
young children should avoid
it. It could kill nerve cells,
resulting in diseases such as
Huntington's, Alzheimer's
and Parkinson's.
621
E621
Monosodium L-
glutamate (MSG)
Sodium salt from glutamic
acid (E620), a natural amino
acid (building block of
protein). Commercially
prepared from molasses by
bacterial fermentation.
Added to any savoury
processed protein food. In
cigarettes and animal
food. In over 10,000 foods
in USA. Flavour enhancer
derived from the
fermentation of molasses,
salt substitute; adverse
effects appear in some
asthmatic people, should
not be permitted in foods
for infants and young
children as it could damage
the nervous system. Typical
products are canned
vegetables, canned tuna,
dressings, many frozen
foods. To be avoided. It
could kill nerve cells,
resulting in diseases such as
Huntington's, Alzheimer's
and Parkinson's. Pregnant
women, children,
hypoglycaemic, elderly and
those with heart disease are
at risk from reactions.
622
E622
Monopotassium
L-glutamate
Potassium salt from
glutamic acid (E620), a
natural amino acid (building
block of protein).
Commercially prepared from
molasses by bacterial
fermentation. Also prepared
from vegetable protein,
such as gluten, or soy
protein. Less used and not
as salty, low sodium salt
substitute. Can cause
nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea,
abdominal cramps; typical
products are low sodium
salt substitutes. Not for
babies under 12 months old
or those people with
impaired kidneys. See 621.
623
E623
Calcium di-L-
glutamate
g block of protein).
Commercially prepared from
molasses by bacterial
fermentation. Also prepared
from vegetable protein,
such as gluten, or soy
protein. Salt substitute, no
known adverse effects, but
possible problems for
asthmatics and aspirin
sensitive people. See 621.
624
E624
Monoammonium
L-glutamate
g block of protein).
Commercially prepared from
molasses by bacterial
fermentation. Also prepared
from vegetable protein,
such as gluten, or soy
protein. Salt substitute,
flavour enhancer. No known
adverse effects.
625
E625
Magnesium di-L-
glutamate
g block of protein).
Commercially prepared from
molasses by bacterial
fermentation. Also prepared
from vegetable protein,
such as gluten, or soy
protein. Salt substitute,
flavour enhancer. Hardly
used, only in low sodium
meat products. No known
adverse effects.
E626 Guanylic acid
Not listed for use in
Australia. Guanylic acid is a
natural acid, which is part of
RNA, one of the genetic
carrier molecules in the cell.
It is thus part of all cells in all
living organisms.
Commercially prepared from
yeast extract or sardines.
Asthmatic people should
avoid guanylic acid and
guanylates. As guanylates
are metabolised to purines,
they should be avoided by
people suffering from gout.
627
E627
Disodium
guanylate
Flavour enhancer. Isolated
from sardines or yeast
extract; not permitted in
foods for infants and young
children. Persons with gout,
hyperactivity, asthmatics
and aspirin sensitive's
should avoid it. It is found
in instant noodles, potato
chips and snacks, savoury
rice, tinned vegetables,
cured meats, packet soup.
E628 Dipotassium
guanylate, 5'-
Flavour enhancer. Guanylic
acid and guanylates do not
have the specific umami
taste but strongly enhance
many other flavours,
thereby reducing the
amounts of salt needed in a
product. Asthmatic people
should avoid guanylic acid
and guanylates. As
guanylates are metabolised
to purines, they should be
avoided by people suffering
from gout. However, the
concentrations used are
generally so low that no
effects are to be expected.
Guanlyic acic and guanylates
are generally produced from
yeasts, but partly also from
fish. They may thus not
suitable for vegans and
vegetarians.
E629 Calcium
guanylate
Calcium salt of guanylic acid
(E626), a natural acid, which
is part of RNA, one of the
genetic carrier molecules in
the cell. It is thus part of all
cells in all living organisms.
Commercially prepared from
yeast extract or
sardines.Flavour enhancer.
Guanylic acid and
guanylates do not have the
specific umami taste but
strongly enhance many
other flavours, thereby
reducing the amounts of salt
needed in a product. Used in
many products, mainly in
low-salt/sodium products.
Acceptable daily intake
(ADI): None determined.
Guanylates may not be used
in products intended for
children under 12 weeks.
Asthmatic people should
avoid guanylic acid and
guanylates. As guanylates
are metabolised to purines,
they should be avoided by
people suffering from gout.
E630 Inosinic acid
A natural acid, that is mainly
present in animals.
Commercially prepared from
meat or fish (sardines). May
also be produced by
bacterial fermentation of
sugars. Used by athletes to
supposedly increase the
oxygen capacity of there
blood. Used in many
products. Acceptable daily
intake (ADI): None
determined. Inosinates may
not be used in products
intended for children under
12 weeks. Asthmatic people
should avoid inosinates. As
inosinates are metabolised
to purines, they should be
avoided by people suffering
from gout. Inosinates are
generally produced from
meat, but partly also from
fish. They are thus not
suitable for vegans and
vegetarians, and in most
cases not suitable for Jews,
Muslims and Hindus,
depending on the origin of
the product. Only the
producer can provide
information on the origin.
631
E631
Disodium
inosinate
May be prepared from meat
or sardines; not permitted in
foods for infants and young
children. Gout sufferers
avoid. It is found in instant
noodles, potato chips and
snacks, savoury rice, tinned
vegetables, cured meats,
packet soup. Asthmatic
people should avoid
inosinates. As inosinates are
metabolised to purines, they
should be avoided by people
suffering from gout.
Frequently contains
MSG(621).
E632 Dipotassium
inosinate
Potassium salt of inosinic
acid (E630), a natural acid,
that is mainly present in
animals. Commercially
prepared from meat or fish
(sardines). May also be
produced by bacterial
fermentation of sugars.
Flavour enhancer. Inosinic
acid and inosinates do not
have the specific umami
taste but strongly enhance
many other flavours,
thereby reducing the
amounts of salt or other
flavour enhancers needed in
a product. Used in many
products. Mainly used in low
sodium/salt products.
Acceptable daily intake
(ADI): None determined.
Inosinates may not be used
in products intended for
children under 12 weeks.
Asthmatic people should
avoid inosinates. As
inosinates are metabolised
to purines, they should be
avoided by people suffering
from gout. However, the
concentrations used are
generally so low that no
effects are to be expected.
Inosinates are generally
produced from meat, but
partly also from fish. They
are thus not suitable for
vegans and vegetarians, and
in most cases not suitable
for Jews, Muslims and
Hindus, depending on the
origin of the product. Only
the producer can provide
information on the origin.
E633 Calcium inosinate
Calcium salt of inosinic acid
(E630), a natural acid, that is
mainly present in animals.
Commercially prepared from
meat or fish (sardines). May
also be produced by
bacterial fermentation of
sugars. Flavour enhancer.
Inosinic acid and inosinates
do not have the specific
umami taste but strongly
enhance many other
flavours, thereby reducing
the amounts of salt or other
flavour enhancers needed in
a product. Used in many
products. Mainly used in low
sodium/salt products.
Acceptable daily intake
(ADI): None determined.
Inosinates may not be used
in products intended for
children under 12 weeks.
Asthmatic people should
avoid inosinates. As
inosinates are metabolised
to purines, they should be
avoided by people suffering
from gout. However, the
concentrations used are
generally so low that no
effects are to be expected.
E634 Calcium 5'-
ribonucleotides
Mixture of calcium salts of
guanylic (E626) and inosinic
acid (E630). Flavour
enhancer. Guanylates and
inosinates do not have the
specific umami taste but
strongly enhance many
other flavours, thereby
reducing the amounts of salt
or other flavour enhancers
needed in a product. Used in
many products. Mainly used
in low sodium/salt products.
Acceptable daily intake
(ADI): None determined.
Guanylates and inosinates
may not be used in products
intended for children under
12 weeks. Asthmatic people
should avoid guanylates and
inosinates. As guanylates
and inosinates are
metabolised to purines, they
should be avoided by people
suffering from gout.
However, the
concentrations used are
generally so low that no
effects are to be expected.
635
E635
Disodium 5'-
ribonucleotide
Made from 627 and
631. Check imported foods.
May be associated with
itchy skin rashes up to 30
hours after ingestion; rashes
may vary from mild to
dramatic; the reaction is
dose-related and
cumulative, some
individuals are more
sensitive than others; typical
foods include flavoured
chips, instant noodles and
party pies.
Avoid it, especially gout
sufferers, asthmatics and
aspirin sensitive people.
E635 Sodium 5'-
ribonucleotide
Mixture of sodium salts of
guanylic (E626) and inosinic
acid (E630). Check imported
foods. May be associated
with itchy skin rashes up to
30 hours after ingestion;
rashes may vary from mild
to dramatic; the reaction is
dose-related and
cumulative, some
individuals are more
sensitive than others; typical
foods include flavoured
chips, instant noodles and
party pies. Avoid it,
especially gout sufferers,
asthmatics and aspirin
sensitive people. Banned in
Australia.
636
E636 Maltol
Derived from the bark of
larch trees, pine needles,
chicory wood, oils and
roasted malt; it may be
produced synthetically.
Artificial sweetener, flavour
enhancer used in baked
goods to give a 'fresh baked'
taste and smell in bread and
cakes, chocolate substitute,
soft and fizzy drinks, ice
cream, jam. In large
quantities it can help
aluminium pass into the
brain to cause Alzheimer's
disease. Sometimes
lactose (from cow's milk)
is used. It should thus be
avoided by vegans. It
does not contain lactose
and can be used by
lactose-intolerant people.
Acceptable daily intake
(ADI): Up to 2 mg/kg
bodyweight. Some
countries ban it for babies
and young children.
637 Ethyl maltol
Derived from maltol
chemically. Needs more
testing. Base for essences,
synthetic artificial flavour
and flavour
enhancer. Sometimes
lactose (from cow's milk) is
used. It should thus be
avoided by vegans. It does
not contain lactose and can
be used by lactose-
intolerant people. Some
countries ban it for babies
and young children. See
636. Acceptable daily intake
(ADI): Up to 2 mg/kg
bodyweigh
640
E640
Glycine (and its
sodium salts),
glycol, amino
acetic acid
Flavour modifier. Glycine is
a natural amino acid, a
building block of protein.
Mainly produced from
gelatin, partly synthetic. It is
a nutrient, mainly for yeast
in bread. Also used as a
bread enhancer. Genetically
coded amino acid used in
dietary supplements. Can be
mildly toxic if ingested.
Glycine is produced mainly
from gelatin, which is
derived from animal bones.
It is therefore not suitable
for vegans, vegetarians and,
as long as the origin is not
known, not for Jews,
Muslims and Hindus. Only
the producer can provide
the origin of the product.
©MBM PO Box 44, Klemzig, South Australia, 5087
Antibiotics
E 700- E 800
Number Name Comments
E710 Spiramycins
Spiramycins are a class of
antibiotics, produced by the
mould Streptomyces
ambofaciens. Antibiotic
against fungi and moulds.
Products:
Dairy, meat, egg-products.
Only allowed with special
permission.
E713 Tylosin
Tylosin is an antibiotic,
produced by the mould
Streptomyces fradiae.
Antibiotic against fungi and
moulds.
Found in dairy, meat, egg-
products. Only allowed with
special permission.
Acceptable Daily Intake:
Up to 0,2 mg/kg
bodyweight.
©MBM PO Box 44, Klemzig, South Australia, 5087
MISCELLANEOUS
(900-1520)
"In a time of universal deceit, telling the truth is a revolutionary act." ~ George
Orwell
Number Name Comments
900
E900 Dimethyl polysiloxane
Silicone based water
repellent, anti-
foaming agent,
emulsifier, anti-
caking agent used in
confectionary,
cordials, syrups and
toppings, soft drinks,
instant coffee,
vinegar, chewing
gum, chocolates. No
known effects when
used in food.
901
E901
Beeswaxes, white &
yellow
Glazing agent, used
to wax fruit,
confectionary,
chocolate, ice cream,
snack food, slow
release pills,
etc. Occasionally
causes allergic
reactions when used
in cosmetics.
E902 Candelilla wax
Natural polymer
produced from the
Mexican trees
Euphorbia
antisyphilitica , E.
cerifera and
Pedilanthus pavonis
.Glazing agent, used
to wax fruit and
vegetables. Not
enough research
done to be
conclusive. Used as
substitute for
Carnauba wax (903)
903
E903 Carnauba wax
Natural polymer
produced from the
Canauba palm
(Copernica cerifera )
and related species
from Brazil. Used in
cosmetics and inks,
and to wax fruit,
chocolates, cocoa
products, chewing
gum, confectionary,
flavour carrier in
drinks, savoury
snacks, toppings.
Occasionally causes
allergic reactions
(dermal eczema) and
possible carcinogen.
904
E904 Shellac, Lac
Derived from the Lac
insect of India;
occasionally causes
irritations of the
skin. Used as glazing
agent, chocolate,
confectionary,
orange fizzy drinks,
orange skin,
medications. Can be
used by all religious
groups and
vegetarians. Vegans
generally avoid the
product as there are
still lice in the raw
product. These are
eliminated during
purification.
905(a) Mineral oil, white
Synthetic mixture of
hydrocarbons.
Chewing gum
ingredient, sealant,
glazing agent, de-
foamer, food
processing machine
lubricant, protective
coating on fresh
vegetables and fruit,
lubricant and binder
for tablets and
capsules. Listed as
having teratogenic
properties probably
responsible for
bowel cancer and
can cause defects.
905(b) Petrolatum (petroleum
jelly)(Vasaline)
Synthetic mixture of
hydrocarbons. May
contain aromatic
hydrocarbons and
petrolatum extracts
are listed as having
teratogenic
properties. May
inhibit absorption of
fats and fat soluble
vitamins, mild
laxative.
E905(c) Paraffins,
Microcrystalline wax
Synthetic mixture of
hydrocarbons. May
inhibit absorption of
fats and fat soluble
vitamins, mild
laxative, there may
be a link to bowel
cancer. Used on
sweets, in processing
yeast, vitamin
tablets, dried fruit,
confectionary,
collagen.
906 Gum benzoic
Natural polymer
derived from trees
from the genus
Styrax from
Southeast Asia .
Formerly used as
preservative in fats.
At present only used
as part of many
flavours and
essences. Found in
many different
products, but mainly
in pharmaceutical
and cosmetic
preparations
(perfumes, make-
up). Acceptable daily
intake (ADI) : None
determined. Side
effects: None known,
but it often contains
benzoic acid (E210).
Can be used by all
religious groups,
vegans and
vegetarians.
E907 Refined microcrystalline
wax
For tablet coatings,
chewing gum.
Polishing, release
and stiffening agent.
Banned in Australia.
Avoid it. See E905(c)
908 Rice bran wax
Natural polymer
derived from rice
bran. Coating and
used in chewing
gum. Found in
chewing gum,
confectionary.
E910 L-cysteine
A naturally occurring
sulphur containing
amino acid, derived
from cystine, that
the body needs to
produce
Glutathione, one of
the body's major
antioxidants. Natural
sources of cysteine
include eggs, meat,
dairy products and
some cereals
although it is
commercially
produced from hair,
both animal and
human, (which is
around 12%
cysteine) and
feathers. In
compound form
(E920 and E921) it is
used in flour and
bakery products
(except wholemeal)
where it is used as
an improving agent
and in chicken stock
cubes where it is
used as a flavour.
Diabetics should be
aware that there are
some reports that it
may interfere with
insulin and there are
anecdotal reports
that it can react with
monosodium
glutamate (E621) in
individuals who
suffer from the so
called Chinese
restaurant
syndrome, a set of
symptoms, including
headache, burning
sensations, dizziness
and disorientation
E912 Montanic acid esters
Wax obtained by
solvent extraction of
lignite (brown coal).
It consists of non-
glyceride carboxylic
acid esters, free
acids and resins.
Coating for citrus
fruits. Avoid it.
913 Lanolin,
Hydrous wool fat
A fat like substance
derived from sheep
wool. Contains 25%
water as a water-in-
oil emulsion and is
used as an ointment
base, an emollient
for the skin, and in
chewing gum.
E914 Oxidized polyethylene
wax
Protective coating on
fruits and
vegetables. Avoid it.
E915 Esters of Colophane
Resin obtained from
the pine tree Pinus
silvestris and related
species. Stabiliser,
used as a flavour and
in chewing gum.
Citrus flavours.
Acceptable daily
intake (ADI): None
determined. Side
effects: None known.
920
E920
L-Cystein
monohydrochloride
Flour treatment
agent derived from
animal hair and
chicken feathers. If
from China - human
hair. Used in
shampoo and
chicken flavouring.
Bread enhancer. It
stabilises the
structure of
leavened bread. Aid
to detoxification of
many chemicals
related to smoking,
prevent hangovers
and also prevent
brain and liver
damage due to
alcohol
consumption. Useful
for rheumatoid
arthritis, helps the
immune system and
promotes healing. Is
a known neurotoxin.
E921 L-cysteine hydrochloride See 920.
monohydrate
922 Potassium persulphate
Produced from
potassium
metasulphate and
hydrogen peroxide.
Bread enhancer. It
stabilises the
structure of
leavened bread.
923 Ammonium persulphate
Produced from
ammonium
metasulphate and
hydrogen peroxide.
Bread enhancer. It
stabilises the
structure of
leavened bread.
E924 Potassium bromate
Large quantities can
cause nausea,
vomiting, diarrhoea,
abdominal pain,
kidney damage and
failure. The WHO in
1993 said that this
ingredient is no
longer acceptable for
use as it is a possible
carcinogen. Typically
used in flour
products.
925
E925 Chlorine
Destroys nutrients,
listed carcinogen, in
some areas tap
water is
contaminated with it
(most of Australia!),
to make it 'safer' to
drink. Typical
products are flour
products for
bleaching, as a
disinfectant,
decolouriser and
irritant poison. Toxic
by inhalation,
ingestion and
through skin contact.
Inhalation can cause
serious lung damage
and may be fatal.
1000ppm (0.1%) is
likely to be fatal
after a few deep
breaths, and half
that concentration
fatal after a few
minutes. May irritate
or burn skin.
926
E926
Chlorine dioxide
chlorodioxide
chlorine oxide
See 925. Obtained
from chlorine and
sodium chlorite.
Bread enhancer. It
stabilises the
structure of
leavened bread.
Bleaching agent for
flour. Bread but not
often used.
Acceptable daily
intake (ADI) : Up to
30 mg/kg
bodyweight.
Corrosive, Severe
respiratory and eye
irritant.
E927(a) Azodicarbonamide
Azoformamide. Flour
treatment and
bleaching agent in
baked goods, breads,
rice, chewing gum,
flour, grains. The US
FDA require further
testing. Banned in
Australia. Avoid it.
E927(b) Carbamide
Obtained from
ammonia and carbon
dioxide. Used as
nutrient in
fermented products.
Potential allergen.
Used to bleach teeth
and inhibit potato
sprouting.
928
E928 Benzoyl peroxide
Obtained from
benzoylchloride and
sodium peroxide.
Approved by FDA*
for bleaching the
carotenoids in
refined flours,
cheese, milk, rice,
starch. Asthmatics
and people with a
history of allergies
BEWARE, see
Benzoic Acid (210).
930 Calcium peroxide
Synthetic. Bread
enhancer. Bleaching
agent for flour.
Asthmatics and
people with a
history of allergies
BEWARE
E931 Nitrogen Used in freezing and
vacuum packing.
Antioxidant. Seems
safe.
E932 Nitrous oxide
Laughing gas Seems
quite safe in small
quantities, liver,
kidney disease,
cancer from long
exposure. Used for
bleaching flour and a
whipping agent.
E938 Argon
Used in welding.
Inert gas. Seems
safe.
E939 Helium Seems safe.
E940 Dichlorodifluoromethane
Synthetic inert gas.
Propellant, anti-
freeze Canned and
frozen products.
Hardly used.
Acceptable daily
intake (ADI) : Up to
1,5 mg/kg
bodyweight.
941
E941 Nitrogen
Antioxidant. Used in
freezing and vacuum
packing; seems safe.
942
E942 Nitrous oxide
Seems quite safe in
small quantities.
Used for bleaching
flour and a whipping
agent.
E943(a) Butane
Natural inert gas.
Propellant Found in
Spray-cans.
Acceptable daily
intake (ADI): None
determined. Side
effects: None known
by use in foods.
E943(b) Iso-butane Natural inert gas.
Propellant Found in
Spray-cans.
Acceptable daily
intake (ADI) : None
determined. Side
effects: None known
by use in foods.
E944 Propane
Natural inert gas.
Propellant Found in
Spray-cans.
Acceptable daily
intake (ADI) : None
determined. Side
effects: None known
by use in foods.
E948 Oxygen
Natural gas. Used in
modified
atmosphere
packaging as
preservative.
Gas packed
vegetables.
Acceptable daily
intake (ADI) : None
determined. Side
effects: None known
by use in foods.
Listed as having
teratogenic
properties.
E949 Hydrogen
Natural gas. Used in
modified
atmosphere
packaging. Found in
Gas packed
products. Acceptable
daily intake (ADI):
None. Determined
Side effects: None
known by use in
foods.
950
E950
Acesulphane potassium,
Acesulphane K
200 times sweeter
than sugar, has a
bitter after
taste. Used widely
as artificial
sweetener in low
joule gums, drinks,
diet foods,
etc. Possible
carcinogen in
humans, caused
cancer in test
animals. Suggested
that it is worse than
Aspartame or
Saccharin. AVOID IT!
951
E95 Aspartame
See separate article.
Artificial sweetener,
too many adverse
effects possible to
list, 92 documented
with the US FDA!,
Some people are
allergic to
aspartame, migraine
headaches are a
common reaction in
these people.
Research currently in
the USA in regard to
incidence of brain
tumours. Diet drinks
containing it are
banned for U.S.
Airforce pilots and in
an pilots magazine,
commercial pilots
are told to avoid it.
In 9,000 products
from low joule to
pharmaceuticals.
AVOID IT!
E952 Cyclamic acid and its Na
and Ca salts
Calcium & sodium
cyclamate, artificial
sweetener; known to
cause migraines and
other reactions, can
be carcinogenic,
caused damage to
rats testicles and
mouse embryos in
tests.
Banned in the US
and UK due its links
with cancer. AVOID
IT!
953
E953
Isomalt,
Isomaltitol
Sugar substitute and
humectant. Suitable
for diabetics as it
does not have a
significant affect on
blood glucose or
serum insulin levels.
Can cause softer
than normal stool
and intestinal
gas. Not permitted
in infant foods. Not
listed for use in
Australia.
954
E954 Saccharine
Calcium & sodium
saccharin; artificial
sweetener derived
from toluene (a
known carcinogen).
Not listed in
Australia by number
until 1992. Banned in
1977 in the US, but
reinstated subject to
strict labelling
stating: "Use of this
product may be
hazardous to your
health, this product
contains saccharin
which has been
determined to cause
cancer in laboratory
animals". It
interferes with
normal blood
coagulation, blood
sugar levels and
digestive function.
Banned in France,
Germany, Hungary,
Portugal,
Spain. Banned as
food additive in
Malaysia and
Zimbabwe. Banned
as a beverage
additive in Fiji, Israel,
Peru, and Taiwan.
955 Sucralose
(trichlorogalactosucrose)
Artificial sweetener
600 times sweeter
than sugar. Not
listed in Australia
prior to 1992. Found
under the brand
name of
"Splenda". In animal
test before being
accepted in
Australia, they
showed detrimental
effects to the
thalamus glands,
liver and kidney
enlargement, and
renal mineralisation.
956 Alitame Artificial sweetener
2000 times sweeter
than sugar. Not
listed in Australia
prior to
1992. Current
research suggests
that it is safe. Not
endorsed for use in
the USA.
957
E957 Thaumatin
Artificial sweetener
and flour enhancer.
A protein derived
from the tropical
plant Thaumococcus
danielli; used to
sweeten wines,
chewing gum,
Japanese cooking,
bread and fruit. Has
a liquorice after
taste.
E959 Neohesperidine DC
Artificial sweetener
340 times sweeter
than sugar from
grapefruit seed. Not
listed for use in
Australia, but may be
imported with foods.
Little research on
effects but is used in
a large range of
foods.
961
E961 Neotame
See articles: One,
Two
E962 Salt of Aspartame-
acesulfame See 951.
965
E965
Maltitol, Maltitol syrup,
Hydrogenated glucose
syrup
Humectant, artificial
sweetener base,
bulking agent, base
for essences. Starch
decomposed with
digestive enzymes. In
some of 953, plus
used in
confectionery, dried
fruits, low-joule
foods, chocolate,
jam, ice cream;
laxative in high
concentrations.
966
E966 Lactitol
A synthetic
carbohydrate
alcohol, produced
from milk sugar
(lactose) derived
from whey (milk).
Humectant,
sweetener. A sugar
alcohol in calorie
controlled foods.
Laxative in high
concentrations of
over 20g per
day. Lactitol is partly
absorbed and
metabolised as
glucose by the body;
the remaining
fraction is fermented
in the large intestine.
During fermentation,
gases are produced,
which may cause
bloating and
flatulence. In
intolerant persons it
can act as a laxative.
Side effects normally
occur after an intake
of 25-30 grams in a
single dose, which is
far above the usage
in normal foods.
Lactitol can be used
by all religious
groups and
vegetarians, but not
by vegans, as the
source is milk sugar.
The term
carbohydrate alcohol
is a chemical
definition; lactitol
does not contain
alcohol (ethanol).
967
E967 Xylitol
Humectant, artificial
sweetener,
stabiliser, bulking
agent, sugar
substitute. Found in
raspberries, plums,
lettuce and endives,
though produced for
commercial
purposes from wood
pulp; caused kidney
stones and a diuretic
effect on test rats, "a
waste of time and
the lives of the rats",
for the JEFCA in 1983
ruled the tests
invalid in relation to
humans, the
symptoms caused by
'physiological
disturbances' in the
rats!, we can only
imagine what
conditions led to
upset rats. Used in
low-joule foods and
carbohydrate
modified sweets, ice-
cream chocolate,
and jams; laxative in
high concentrations.
Xylitol is partly
absorbed and
metabolised as sugar
by the body; the
remaining fraction is
fermented in the
large intestine.
During fermentation,
gases are produced,
which may cause
bloating and
flatulence. In
intolerant persons it
can act as a laxative.
Side effects normally
occur after an intake
of 25-30 grams in a
single dose, which is
far above the usage
in normal foods.
Xylitol can be used
by all religious
groups, vegans and
vegetarians. The
term carbohydrate
alcohol is a chemical
definition; xylitol
does not contain
alcohol (ethanol).
E999 Quillaia extract
Quillaia extract is a
purified extract of
the outer cambium
layer of Quillaia
Saponaria Molina, or
Quillay Bark. The
Quillaia tree is native
to Peru and Chile,
and cultivated in
Northern Hindustan.
Quillaia bark infusion
has good foam
capabilities due to
the presence of
saponin, a non-
poisonous, white
powder. Saponin is a
glucoside which will
yield quillaic acid and
quillaia-sapotoxin
upon decomposure.
The latter products
are both poisonous
irritants, however it
is the sapotoxin
which foams upon
shaking. Quillaic acid
is also known as
3,16-dihydroxy-23-
oxo-12-oleanen-28-
oic acid. Used in the
production of foam
on non-alcoholic
beverages. Use is
banned in a number
of countries. Used
medically as a
stimulating
expectorant.
1000 Cholic acid
Normal component
of the bile of all
vertebrates.
Extracted from the
bile of cows, but can
also be produced
synthetically.
Emulsifier Used in
egg powder.
Acceptable Daily
Intake: Up to 1.25
mg/kg bodyweight.
Should be avoided
by vegans,
vegetarians and
Hindus, but can be
used by other
religions.
1001 Choline salts and esters
Emulsifier. Used in
the treatment of
Autism as it
improves brain
function and
circulation to the
brain.
1100@ Amylase
Derived from mould
mushroom or pig
pancreas. Flour
treatment agent. No
adverse effects have
been reported.
1101 Protease's
(Papain, bromelain, ficin)
Stabiliser, flavour
enhancer, flour
treatment agent,
meat tenderiser and
used in alcoholic
beverages. Some are
known to be possible
teratogenic in
nature.
1102 Glucose oxidase
Anti-oxidant. Little
information known
at this time.
E1103 Invertase Derived from honey.
1104 Lipases See Glycerol (E455).
Flavour enhancer.
1105
E1105 Lysozyme
Anti-bacterial
preservative. An
enzyme, that is a
normal constituent
of tears, saliva, blood
and (human) milk.
Commercially
prepared from
chicken eggs or by
bacteria. May be
harmful by
inhalation or
ingestion, or act as
an irritant. Used in
infant nutrition,
pharmaceutical
preparations.
1200 Polydextrose Polymer of glucose,
with some sorbitol.
E1200 Produced by heating
dextrose (glucose) in
the presence of
sorbitol and citric
acid. Humectant and
modifying agent in
baked foods,
modified
carbohydrates,
confectionary,
chocolate, jam, ice
cream, low joule
foods. Binds water
and protects against
freeze damage.
Suitable for
diabetics. Seems safe
in small doses, can
cause diarrhoea in
large doses (90g per
day), see warning in
967. Not to be used
for babies or infants
1201
E1201 Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Synthetic polymer
made from
formaldehyde -
supposed to be inert
and non-
toxic. Excess may
cause damage to the
lungs or kidneys, gas
and faecal
impaction.
Dispersing agent,
colour stabiliser,
Flavours and
fragrances,
pharmaceuticals.
Coating for tablets;
used in artificial
sweeteners in low
joule foods and
chewing gum.
Carcinogenic. Avoid
it. Light sensitive,
hygroscopic. Other
names: povidone,
PVP
1202
E1202
Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone
(PPVP)
Synthetic polymer.
Clarifying agent for
wine, beer and
vinegar; colour and
colloidal stabiliser,
almost completely
unabsorbed when
taken orally. Artificial
sweetener . May
cause damage to
kidneys and stay in
the system for up to
a year. Avoid it.
1400
E1400 Dextrin
Polymer of dextrose,
prepared by partial
degradation of
starch. Thickener,
vegetable gum, foam
stabiliser in beer,
artificial sweetener
base from tapioca or
corn. No known
adverse effects, but
not fully evaluated
for safety. Foods are
made more
digestible to babies,
but the chemicals to
create may be
harmful.
1401 Acid treated starch
Thickener, vegetable
gum. No known
adverse effects. See
1400.
E1401 Modified Starch
Prepared by treating
starch or starch
granules with
inorganic acids. The
starch is partially
degraded.
Thickening agent and
stabiliser. Found in
many food products,
pharmaceuticals.
Acceptable Daily
Intake: None
determined. Side
effects: None known
1402 Alkaline treated starch
Thickener, vegetable
gum. No known
adverse effects. See
1400.
E1402 Alkaline modified starch
Prepared by treating
starch or starch
granules with
sodium- or
potassium
hydroxide. The
starch is partially
degraded.
Thickening agent and
stabiliser Contained
in many food
products,
pharmaceuticals
Acceptable Daily
Intake: None
determined. Side
effects: None known
1403
E1403 Bleached starch
Prepared by treating
starch with bleaching
agents. The starch is
partially degraded
and oxidised.
Thickener, vegetable
gum which may be
bleached with
sulphur dioxide (one
of a choice), which is
dangerous to
asthmatics. Used in
baby food, jelly type
sweets, wine gums,
batter mixes - wide
range of
foods. Further
testing required. See
1400.
1404
E1404 Oxidised starch
Prepared by treating
starch with
hypochlorite. The
starch is partially
degraded and
oxidised. Thickener,
vegetable gum which
is bleached with
possible sulphur
dioxide residue,
which is dangerous
to asthmatics. High
concentrations cause
diarrhoea and kidney
defects in animals.
See 1403. Further
testing required. See
1400.
1405 Enzyme treated starch
Occurs naturally in
the body. Thickener,
vegetable gum in
baby foods. May or
may not be used in
Australia. No known
adverse effects. See
1400.
1410
E1410 Mono-starch phosphate
Prepared by treating
starch with
phosphoric acid. The
starch is partially
degraded and
phosphorylated.
Thickening agent and
stabiliser. No known
adverse effects,
further testing
required. See 1400.
E1411 Di-starch glycerol
Prepared by treating
starch with glycerol.
The starch is partially
degraded and
combined with
glycerol. Thickening
agent and emulsifier.
Many food products,
pharmaceuticals
1412
E1412 Distarch phosphates
(i) : prepared with
trimetaphosphate
(ii) : prepared with
phosphoroxychloride
Thickener used in
baby food,
carbohydrate
modified foods,
starch. Not
recommended for
infant formulas. No
known adverse
effects, further
testing required. See
1400.
1413
E1413
Phosphated distarch
phosphate
Prepared by treating
starch with a
phosphorylating
agent and
phosphoric acid. The
resulting starch has
increased stability at
high and low
temperatures and is
more resistant
against acid. No
known adverse
effects, further
testing
required. Prepared
for baby foods,
frozen foods,
refrigerated sweets,
soy and other infant
formula. Babies
should not be given
soy products. See
1400.
1414
E1414
Acetylated distarch
phosphate
Prepared by treating
starch with a
phosphorylating
agent and acetic
acid. The resulting
starch has increased
stability and
dissolves better at
low temperatures.
Thickener for food in
cans: thin soups,
foods and cereals for
young children, soy
and other infant
formula. Babies
should not be given
soy products. No
known adverse
effects at low levels,
further testing
required. May cause
diarrhoea. See 1400.
1420
E1420 Acetylated starch
Prepared by treating
starch with acetic
acid anhydride. The
resulting starch is
more stable at high
temperatures and
low pH. Thickener,
vegetable gum in
iced lollies,
confectionary,
yoghurts, egg white
mix, fruit flavoured
fillings. No known
adverse effects,
further testing
required. May cause
diarrhoea. See 1400.
1421
E1421
Starch acetate esterfied
with vinyl acetate
Prepared by treating
starch with
vinylacetate. The
resulting starch is
more stable at high
temperatures and
low pH. Comparable
with
E1420.Thickener,
vegetable gum. No
known adverse
effects. May cause
diarrhoea. See 1400
and 1420.
1422
E1422
Acelylated distarch
adipate
Prepared by treating
starch with acetic
acid anhydride and
adipinic acid
anhydride. This
results in a starch
that is resistant
against stirring and
high temperatures.
Thickener, vegetable
gum to give
improved 'mouth
feel' in a wide range
of foods such as
relishes and pickles,
fruit pies and fillings,
baby food. No
known adverse
effects at low levels,
further testing
required. See 1400.
1423 Acetylated di-starch
glecerol
Prepared by treating
starch with acetic
acid anhydride and
glycerol. This results
in a starch that is
resistant against
stirring and high
temperatures and
with a high stability
after cooling.
Thickening agent.
Many food products.
Acceptable Daily
Intake: None
determined
E1430 Distarch glycerine Stabiliser, Thickening
agent
1440
E1440 Hydroxypropylstarch
Prepared by treating
starch with
propyleneoxide. The
resulting starch is
more stable against
acid, alkaline and
starch degrading
enzymes. It also
provides better
colour and shine to
products. Thickener,
vegetable gum from
potatoes, wheat,
maize, rice, barley,
or roots like
cassava. No known
adverse effects,
further testing
required. It may
slow down the
degradation of food
in the intestine. See
1400.
E1441 Hydroxy propyl distarch
glycerine
Prepared by treating
starch with
propyleneoxide,
epichlorhydrine and
glycerol. The
resulting starch is
more stable against
acid, alkaline and
starch degrading
enzymes. It also
provides better
colour and shine to
products and is more
stable after cooling.
Stabiliser, Thickening
agent. It may cause
diarrhoea.
1442
E1442
Hydroxy propyl distarch
phosphate
Prepared by treating
starch with
propyleneoxide and
phosphoric acid. The
resulting starch is
more stable against
acid, alkaline and
starch degrading
enzymes. It also
provides better
colour and shine to
products and has
very good freeze-
thaw properties.
Thickener, vegetable
gum in frozen
products. No known
adverse effects,
further testing
required. It may slow
down the
degradation of food
in the intestine. See
1400.
1450
E1450
Starch sodium octenyl
succinate
Prepared by treating
starch with
octenylsuccinate.
Thickener, vegetable
gum where oil and
water must mix in
salad dressings, drink
whiteners, dry drink
bases, essences. No
known adverse
effects, further
testing required. See
1400 and 1422.
E1451 Acetylated oxidised
starch
Thickener, vegetable
gum. No known
adverse effects,
further testing
required.
1501 Benzylated
hydrocarbons
(i): Benzyl alcohol
(ii): Benzyl acetate
(iii): Benzyl benzoate
Natural compounds,
which constitute
part of the flavour
and fragrance of
many plant species.
They are
commercially
produced by
chemical synthesis.
Flavourings and
fragrances. Found in
many products;
these compounds
are also used in
cosmetics and
pharmaceuticals.
Acceptable Daily
intake: Up to 5
mg/kg body weight.
No side effects
known when used in
foods. Skin problems
may occur when
used in cosmetics.
1502 Butane-1,3-diol
It is commercially
produced by
chemical synthesis.
Solvent for flavours.
In tobacco products.
Acceptable Daily
intake: Up to 4
mg/kg body weight.
1503 Castor Oil
Natural oil extracted
from the seeds of
Ricinus communis
(castor bean). Castor
oil is a flavour
component as well
as a solvent for
flavours. Found in
flavoured sugar, lip
products, etc.
Acceptable Daily
intake: Up to 0.7
mg/kg body weight.
1504 Ethyl Acetate Natural component
of many fruits; it is
commercially
produced from
acetic acid. Ethyl
acetate is a flavour
component as well
as a solvent for
flavours. Found in
many products with
fruit flavour.
Acceptable Daily
Intake: Up to 6
mg/kg body weight.
1505
E1505
Triethyl acetate or
citrate
Commercially
produced from citric
acid. Whipping aid,
thickener, vegetable
gum for flavoured
and sports drinks,
egg white liquid or
dried. Part becomes
alcohol in the
body. See 1510.
1510 Ethanol, ethyl alcohol, Alcohol. Not
E1510 Ethanon permitted in foods in
Australia, but used in
cough medicines,
perfumes, mouth
wash, antiseptic,
hairspray as an
additive carrier not
listed except in
alcoholic drinks.
Suspected
neurotoxic hazard,
danger to persons
with Candida and
allergies. In ice
creams, dessert
sauces, apple cider,
stews and
casseroles, tomatoes
and rock melon.
1516 Glycerol monoacetate
Commercially
produced from
acetic acid and
glycerol. Solvent for
flavours. Found in
many products.
E1517 Glycerol diacetate
Glycerol diacetate is
commercially
produced from
acetic acid and
glycerol. Used as
solvent for flavours.
May cause
headaches, nausea,
vomiting,
dehydration,
diarrhoea, thirst,
dizziness and mental
confusion.
1518
E1518
Glycerol triacetate,
triacetin
Binder for solid
rocket
fuels. Fungicide,
humectant and
solvent for flavours
derived from
glycerol; used to
coat fresh fruit in the
US, essences,
cigarette filters.
Other names:
triacetin, glyceryl
triacetate, 1,2,3-
propanetriyl
triacetate, 1,2,3-
propanetriol
triacetate,
triacetylglycerol.
1520
E1520 Propylene glycol
Propylene glycol is
commercially
produced from
propylene and
carbonate.
Humectant, wetting
agent, dispersing
agent, radiator anti-
freeze, petroleum
based; its glycerine
like taste has made it
popular for
children's
medications and
other elixirs; used in
many toothpastes,
topical creams and
ointments, in
cosmetics, hair
products and
deodorants, artificial
sweetener bases,
liquid food colour,
essences, sweetened
coconut, chewing
gum, chocolates.
Total recall of all
medications in USA
(if you still have
some old ones,
throw them out!)
and has been linked
with fatal heart
attacks (when given
intravenously),
central nervous
system depression
and cosmetic or
pharmaceutical
contact dermatitis.
Suspected as a
neurotoxic hazard.
Material Data
Safety Sheets
recommend not
have dermal
contact, wear
rubber gloves.
Other names: 1,2-
propanediol; 1,2-
dihydroxypropane;
methylethylene
glycol; propane-
1,2-diol
1521 Polyethylene glycerol
8000
Artificial sweetener,
anti-foaming agent.
Known to cause
renal failure in burns
victims.
1525 Hydroxy ethyl cellulose
Hydroxy ethyl
cellulose is
commercially
produced from
ethanol and
cellulose. Thickening
agent. Found in
many products.
Acceptable Daily
Intake: Up to 25
mg/kg body weight.
Side effects:
None known when
used in foods. In high
concentrations it
acts as a laxative.
* Food and Drug Administration
©MBM PO Box 44, Klemzig, South Australia, 5087
UNNUMBERED
Think organic; eat organic - it's easier to digest.
Without find out the exact antibiotic names, drench names and ingredients in the various chemicals injected or dosed into the animals we consume as meat, we must be aware that there are many more additives to think about. Organic meats are free of such problems. As well as chemicals sprayed or top dressed on the soils, in the water for both animals and plants cannot be a healthy chemical cocktail.
"I didn't say it would be easy. I just said it would be the truth." - Morpheus
Name Comments
Albumin
From eggs, blood (serum
albumin), milk for coagulant
and stiffener in baked goods
Alpha amylase From pig pancreases for flour to
break down any starches
Alum, aluminium From alum rich soil (cake alum
sulphate or patent alum). Used to purify
Murray River water and clarify
fats and oils.
Ambergris
Derived from whale
intestines. Hides under the
term: Natural Flavour. Berry,
fruit, rum, spice and vanilla
flavouring in drinks, ice cream,
ice blocks, confectionary, baked
foods and in perfumes.
Anise, aniseed
Aromatic seed of the parsley
family used for flavouring food
and drinks
Arachidonic acid derived from liver, brain,
animal origin gland or oil
Argol
Sediment in wine casks or made
from tartaric acid, cream of
tartar and malt vinegar.
Arachidonic acid From liver, brain, animal origin
gland or oil.
Aronia
From the berries of the Aronia
arbutifolia shrub of North
America. A taste expander used
in jelly, pudding, powdered
deserts, yoghurt, milk desserts,
creams, homogenised cheeses,
confectionary, crispy cales ice
creams, instant drinks.
Ascorbyl palmitate From synthetic and palm oil as
a preservative in baking.
Aspartic acid
Derived from aspartame (see
E951, 951). Neurotoxin -
destroys brain cells.
Betaine
Alkyl sulphates
Alkyl betaines
Occurs naturally in common
beets and other vegetables. The
synthetic form is
used. Developed by the
Germans during World War II
when vegetable fats and oils
were scarce. Used for colour,
dietary supplement, surfactant
in foods and drugs, medication
for muscle weakness.
Biotin
Found in yeast, liver, egg yolk,
milk. Colourless crystalline
growth vitamin of the Vitamin
B complex found in many
plants. Used as a texturiser.
Caffeine
A natural alkaloid in tea, kola
nut and coffee. Clearly toxic in
high doses,can cause heart
palpatations, high blood
presurre, vomiting, convulsions,
headache, diarrhoea, frequent
urination, dehydration,
insomnia, stomach cramps,
hand tremors, muscle twitches,
acts as laxitive, depletes the
body's supply of calcium. A
mild stimulant in
moderation. Children drinking
cola drinks may become
agitated and appear to have
behavioural problems. Used in
coffee, cola drinks, baking, cake
icing, added to many fizzy soft
and sports drinks (eg. orange
flavoured, to make it more
'addictive'.
Caprylic acid
From palm oil and coconut oil
as a preservative and
flavouring.
Caraway seed, oil
Seeds of the Carum carui of
central and southern Europe for
baking, flavouring for chocolate
and coatings.
Cardamom oil
Seeds of the Elattaria cardamon
from south India for enhancing
flavour of ground coffee, butter,
chocolate, liquor, spice and
vanilla flavouring.
Casein
Phosphoprotein of milk, which
has a molecular structure that is
extremely similar to that of
gluten; celiac people have to
avoid. Found in processed
cheese, cheese, dairy products,
yoghurt, bread, baking, custard,
drinks.
Cassia oil, bark
From leaves and twigs for oil of
the Cinnamomum cassia from
S.E. Asia. Bark for spice. Oil
used for cocoa flavour in
biscuits, cakes, drinks and ice
cream.
Catalase derived from cattle liver
Celery oil
Celery grown in France for
flavouring cocoa, chocolate,
and other sweets.
Cholesterin
Claims it assists in control of
cholesterol. Used in
medications.
Cinnamon
Spice made from bark, may
help people with diabetes, may
be allergenic. Imitation made
from Cassia tree bark - check
before you buy.
Citrus Red No.2
Causes cancer in animals and
used for dyeing skins of
oranges.
Clorazol pink Y CI 14780
Allura red AC CI 16035
Brilliant scarlet 4R
CI 16255
Erythrocyte 127 CI 45430
Orange GGN CI 15980
Yellow 2G CI 18965
Green S CI 44090
Indigo carmine CI 73015
Brilliant blue FCF CI 42090
Acid violet 21 CI 42580
Civet
Derived from civet cat - extract
from a gland between the anus
and the genital organs and hides
under the title of a Natural
Flavour. Used as raspberry,
butter, caramel, grape and rum
flavourings in drinks, ice cream,
ice blocks, confectionary, baked
food, frozen desserts, chewing
gum.
Clove bud oil
Natural essential oil steam-
distilled from clove buds
(Syzygium atmaticum), may be
allergenic.
Colin bitartrate Animal origin tissue.
Collagen Main structural protein in
animal connective tissue.
Enzyme
A protein that acts as a catalyst
in a biochemical reaction. May
be from plant or animal
sources. Used in amylase,
lactase.
Erythritol
Produced through a
fermentation process that begins
with dextrose (a simple sugar
derived from corn starch), also
derived from calf stomach; used
as a sweetener for beverages
and confectionery products.
Ethylenediamine
tetraacetic
disodium dihydrate
From acetic acid. Used to pick
up minute metal bits (chelating
agent). May cause contact
dermatitis. May be used in
foods and pharmaceuticals.
Ethyl vanillin A perfume-like artificial vanilla
flavouring. It is 3? times more
powerful than the real thing and
cheaper. Generally recognised
as being safe, so manufacturers
use it in soft drinks, ice creams
and baked goods.
Evans Blue Cl,
Direct Blue 53 Causes contact dermatitis.
FD&C Green No.3
Fast Green Causes bladder tumours.
FD&C Red No.
102,
New Coccine
It is an allergen; not permitted
to be used in foods.
FD&C Yellow,
No.11 Causes contact dermatitis.
Fructose
Simple sugar carbohydrate
(monosaccharide) occours
naturally in honey and fresh
fruits. Used in cakes, breads,
biscuits to make them brown
better.
Gentian Violet Cl,
Basic Violet No.3 Causes contact dermatitis.
Glucuronolactone,
Glucuronic acid
A naturally occurring substance
in the body, made in the liver
from glucose, helps to stimulate
the metabolism and thus helps
to detoxify the body. Occurs in
plants, mainly in gums. An
important constituent of fibrous
and connective tissues in all
animals.
Glycerides
Components of fats or oils. The
most widely used is
monoglyceride citrate, although
the US FDA imposes strict
limits. Used as a stabiliser for
sausages. lard, vegetable oils,
margarines and shortenings.
Glycogen From the liver and muscle
where glucose is stored.
Gliadin
Wheat is the first consideration;
it is a major ingredient in
breads, rolls, pastry, cakes,
cookies and most baked
products; noodles macaroni and
spaghetti are typically made
with wheat; celiac people have
to avoid
Guaiacol
Used for decades in
compounded products as an
expectorant.
Hormone A synthetic substance.
Hydrolysed
Vegetable Protein
(HVP)
cereal gluten; glutens are
proteins found in the plant
kingdom subclass of
monocotyledonae (monocots);
these plants are members of the
grass family of wheat, oat,
barley, rye and triticale and
their derivatives, (derivatives
include: malt, grain starches,
hydrolysed vegetable/plant
proteins, textured vegetable
proteins, grain vinegars, soy
sauce, grain alcohol,
flavourings and the binders and
fillers found in vitamins and
medications.); celiac people
have to avoid, celiac disease
(also known as celiac sprue or
gluten-sensitive enteropathy) is
a chronic disease in which
malabsorption of nutrients is
caused by a characteristic lesion
of the small intestine mucosa;
used in smallgoods, packaged
convenience foods, gravies and
many canned products. It is also
present in excipients in
pharmaceutical preparations,
particularly vitamin and mineral
supplements
Hydrolysed Plant
Protein (HPP)
same as HVP. May be MSG,
621.
Keratin Derived from nail or hair
Lipid, Lipoid
An organic compound that is
insoluble in water but soluble in
an organic solvent.
Lysin-L
Lysin-DL Same as erythritol.
Maltodextrin,
Maltrin
A natural complex
carbohydrate. May be made
from potato or cornstarch and is
generally recognised as
safe. It's used in foods such as
sweets, drinks, beer, ice cream,
preserved fruit, milk powder,
malted, 'mild', cake, biscuits,
bread, and
medicines. Industrial uses
include: textiles, printing,
dying, paper making, casting,
petroleum drilling.
Menthol A crystalline alcohol that occurs
mainly in mint oils, has a sharp
fragrance and cooling properties
of peppermint. May be
allergenic.
Methionine Derived from protein
Natural fruit
flavours
Freeze or vacuum dried
concentrate. Given boost from
grape juice or synthetic flavour.
Neutral Red Causes contact
dermatitis. Banned in Australia.
Nucleic acid Derived from cells
Oleamine, Oleic
acid
High oleic acid soybeans. More
than likely to be GM.
Oxysterin From glycerides, stearic acid for
preventing oil from clouding.
Ox bile or gall
Ox bile used as a preservative
and emulsifier for dried egg
whites.
Palmitic acid
From animal or vegetable
source to make oil and water
blend.
Panthenol
A vitamin in the B complex, an
alcohol converted in the body to
pantothenic acid.
Peanut oil, Peanut allergy is one of the
peanuts most common food allergies,
and can cause death by food
anaphylaxis. About one third of
peanut-sensitive patients have
severe reactions to peanuts. It
can affect a whole range of
foods - even foods not using
peanut oil but just passed over
machinery that had peanut oil
product pass over it previously
is contaminated sufficiently to
cause an allergenic
reaction. Severe reactions
occur within a few minutes of
ingestion. Allergic persons
must carry preloaded
epinephrine syringes,
antihistamines, and medic-alert
bracelets.
Peppermint oil
Dried mint leaves used for
flavouring. A few drops of
peppermint oil deters rats.
Pepsin
Obtained from pork and beef
stomachs to be used as a
digestive aid.
Phenylalanine,
Phenylanine
An essential amino acid; the
body uses it to produce some
DANGER TO
PKU PERSON
hormones (epinephhrine,
norepinephrine, thyroxine) and
melanin (skin
pigment). Dangerous in large
quantities. See Aspartame
notes.
PKU (phenylketonura - a person
who cannot metabolise
phenylalanine)
Phenylephrine
A decongestant which helps
relieve nasal congestion. Side
affects are nausea, stomach
upset, loss of appetite, nervous,
restless, dizzy, headache, chest
pain, rapid heart rate, anxiety,
fear, difficult or painful
urination, sleepless. Used in
pharmaceutical and general cold
products.
Phospholipide Cheese yeast
Polypeptides
A plain peptide has 2 or more
amino acids. A polypeptide has
10 or more amino acids.
Formed by partial hydrolysis of
proteins or by synthesis of
amino acids into chains.
Polyvinyl White powder added to beer for
polypyrrolidone
(PVPP)
removing phenolic compounds,
then beer is clear and has long
shelf life.
Progesterone A steroid hormone made from
animals.
Quinine
dihydrochloride,
Quinine sulphate
A toxic alkaloid extracted from
the bark of the Chinchona
tree. Side affects include
headache, nausea, tinnitus,
blurred vision, psoriasis,
anaemia, vomiting,
jaundice. Used in carbonated
beverages, bitters, treatment for
malaria.
Rennet Cheese yeast derived from calf
stomach
Salicylate
A salt of salicylic acid. Used in
the manufacture of aspirin,
dyestuffs, sweets, pies, soft
drinks, sweet rolls. Large
quantities can cause intestinal
bleeding, gastric ulcers, asthma
like reaction, tinnitus, acid-base
imbalance, nervous system
disturbances, vomiting,
headache, irritability, ketosis,
hypoglycemia, convulsions
Stearate -
Sodium and
Calcium stearate
A compound of calcium and
stearic acid. Used as anti-
caking ingredient in some
spices (garlic and onion salts)
and extensively in tablets. See
570
Taurine
An amino acid produced by the
joining of two amino acids
methione and cysteine in the
liver with the help of Vitamin
B6. Diabetic and
hypoglycaemic patients should
only use under supervision as it
may cause an effect on insulin
activity. Large quantities may
cause diarrhoea, peptic
ulcers. Used in health food
supplements dealing with liver
problems.
Thermerosal
A dangerous preservative that
contains mercury which may be
excreted from the body over
time. The nervous system is
very sensitive to all forms of
mercury. High exposures to
high levels of metallic,
inorganic or organic mercury
can permanently damage the
brain, kidneys and developing
foetus. Shows up as irritability,
shyness, tremors, changes in
vision and hearing, memory
problems. Used in vaccines and
other medical products. The US
FDA estimates used in more
than 30 licensed vaccines and
other medical products. USA
and UK pay damages for
proven claims for Thimerosol
injury from vaccination. Use
safe homoeopathic vaccines
instead.
Thiamine
(Vitamin B1)
Acts as a coenzyme in energy
metabolism, keeps appetite,
digestive tract and nervous
system healthy. Not stored in
the body and must be supplied
each day. High doses can cause
headache, irritability, rapid
pulse, trembling,
weakness. Used in meat, fish,
poultry, eggs, wholegrain
breads, cereals.
Thimerosal Very effective preservative that
contains mercury and has been
used in some vaccines and other
products; FDA* estimates that it
is used in more than 30 licensed
vaccines and biologics; mercury
is excreted from the body over
time; nervous system is very
sensitive to all forms of
mercury, methyl mercury and
metal vapours are more harmful
than other forms, exposure to
high levels of metallic,
inorganic or organic mercury
can permanently damage the
brain, kidneys and developing
foetus, effects on brain
functioning may result in
irritability, shyness, tremors,
changes in vision or hearing and
memory problems. Use safe
homoeopathic vaccines instead.
Torula
Made from wood sugars as a
by-product of the pulping
process in papermaking.
Allergen for hay fever and
asthma sufferers. Torula S is
used in baby food and cereals,
Torula F is used in feed
supplements for cattle, fish,
chickens.
Zinc
Essential element for humans,
often lacking in soils. Toxic
doses of zinc cause vomiting,
diarrhoea, restlessness, stomach
irritation, depressed immune
function, anaemia, reduced
HDL cholesterol, increase heart
attack risk. Found in sunscreen,
deodorant, meat, fish, lentils,
green leafy vegetables, whole
cereals, brewer's yeast, cheese,
milk, nuts, sunflower and
sesame seeds.
?MBM PO Box 44, Klemzig, South Australia, 5087