ADC Underwater Mag July-Aug 2012 - ADCS0412

July • August 2012

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+EPA Contaminated Water Diving

Pier Fender Rehabilitation in New Jersey

Navy News

Avoiding the Deadly Trap of Delta P

Scientific Cave Diving

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July • August 2012 N

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T Diving

Feet Feetbelow New Yorkbelow New York

Immediate Openings For:Saturation Technicians, Life Support Supervisors,

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www.adc-int.org ■ www.underwatermagazine.com UnderWater 7

INSIDEFEATURES

DEPARTMENTS 09 Board of Directors

11 President’s MessageMike Brown

12 Executive Director’s MessagePhil Newsum

54 New Gear

62 New ADCI Members

65 Index to Advertisers

JULY • AUGUST 2012VOLUME XXV, NUMBER IV

The official publication of the Association of Diving Contractors International

To contribute articles and photography to UnderWater magazine, please contact Sean Garrity at 800-369-6220 ext 3442 or [email protected].

Subscribe to UnderWater magazine at www.underwatermagazine.com.

14 700 Feet below New YorkGlobal Diving & Salvage Ventures Underground

22 EPA Contaminated Water Diving

34 Pier Fender Rehabilitation in New Jersey

36 Standardization of Saturation Diving Systems

39 Southern Partnership Station Navy Dive Concludes Stop in Guatemala

41 Future EOD Officers Visit NECC

44 The Invisible ThreatAvoiding the Deadly Trap of Delta P

50 Cave DivingDetermining the growth rate of Poti Malal gypsum karst,

Malargüe, Mendoza, Argentina

61 Navigator Sales to the Royal Australian Navy

39

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nderWater

THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE ASSOCIATION OF DIVING CONTRACTORS INTERNATIONAL

July • August 2012Volume XXIV, Number IV

Published forASSOCIATION OF DIVING

CONTRACTORS INTERNATIONAL5206 FM 1960 W. Suite 202

Houston, TX 77069281-893-8388, Fax 281-893-5118

www.adc-int.org

Published by

Naylor, LLC5950 NW 1st Place, Gainesville, FL 32607

800-369-6220, Fax: 352-331-3525www.naylor.com

Publisher: Kathleen Gardner

Executive Editorial Committee:Mike Brown, [email protected] Newsum, [email protected]

Rebecca Roberts, [email protected]

Managing Editor: Sean [email protected]

Advertising Sales Director: Jamie Williams

Marketing Associate: Rebecca Wentworth

Account Representatives: Jeff Bunkin, Krys D’Antonio, Shaun Greyling, Shane Holt, Chris Zabel

Layout and Design: Surendra Gupta

UnderWater magazine (USPS 010-562) (ISSN 10726098) is published bi-monthly by Naylor, LLC, 5950 NW 1st Place, Gainesville, FL 32607, on behalf of the Association of Diving Contractors International, Inc,

5206 FM 1960 W, Suite 202, Houston, TX 77069. Periodical Postage paid at Gainesville, FL and at additional mailing offi ces.

Postmaster: Send address changes to UnderWater magazine, c/o Naylor, LLC5950 NW 1st Place, Gainesville, FL 32607.

© 2012 Naylor, LLC. All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced by any means, in whole or in part, without the prior

written consent of the publisher.

Published July 2012ADC-S0412/7051

www.underwatermagazine.com

ADCI Executive CommitteePresidentMike BrownEPIC Divers & MarineGeneral Member, BODExecutive Committee

1st Vice PresidentCraig FortenberyMainstream Commercial DiversGeneral Member, BODExecutive Committee

2nd Vice PresidentDavid ReserInfrastructure Engineers, Inc.General Member, BODExecutive Committee

TreasurerRobbie MinstrettaDivers Supply, Inc.Associate Member, BODExecutive Committee

Claudio CastroSTS Chilean Chapter ChairmanInternational RepresentativeExecutive Committee

Bill CrowleyCal Dive InternationalGeneral MemberExecutive Committee

Executive DirectorPhil NewsumExecutive Committee

ADCI Board of DirectorsJay CroftonCrofton Diving Corp.General Member

Frank HazenTriton Diving ServicesGeneral Member

Bob HendricksAllied Underwater ServicesMidwest Chapter Chairman

ADCI BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Bruce HumberstoneGlobal Diving & SalvageGeneral Member

Gary MainesBroco, Inc.Associate Member

Mike MaloneAmron InternationalAssociate Member

Connie MorganKirby Morgan Dive Systems InternationalAssociate Member

Bryan NichollsU.S. UnderwaterGeneral Member

Wendell SwilleyUnderwater Services InternationalEast Coast Chapter Chairman

Bruce TraderMadcon CorporationGeneral Member

Mike WillisGlobal Industries, Ltd.General Member

ADCI Chapter ChairsLazaro Del CastilloSebute SA Marine and Underwater ServicesLatin American and Caribbean Chapter Chairman

Randy DavisBorneo Subsea, MalaysiaAsia-Pacific Chapter Chairman

Tom UlrichAmerican MarineWestern Chapter Chairman

Legal AdvisorDouglas Truxillo, Esq.Onebane, Bernard, et al

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A MESSAGE FROM THE ADCI PRESIDENT ■MIKE BROWN

WE’RE TOGETHER IN SOME TOUGH times right now – we have been for several years. The US economy has stalled once again after a few months of encouraging news, and the stock market has taken back all the gains from earlier this year. Europe is in a quandary over the European Economic Union’s options for Bank and Mediterranean Country bailouts to the tune of BILLIONS of dollars (over $125 Billion for Spain alone!). Some notable Economists believe Oil will fall to $65 a barrel and rig counts will drop by 25% in 2013. Natural Gas prices are the lowest they’ve been in recent memory, and are expected to drop further. And China’s Economy is slowing down such that they’ve lowered interest rates for the first time in over three years in order give it a boost.

Yes, the world economies are struggling like we haven’t seen in decades; and we as underwater contractors, suppliers and employees of those contractors and suppliers will feel the repercussive pinch for a while longer. Local, state and national projects are shelved for lack of funding regard-less of criticality. Regional, national and international energy companies are also guarding their operational (OPEX) and capital (CAPEX) funds quite carefully and frugally as everyone watches our world go round. Everyone is minding their spend. This also means that normal Inspection, repair and maintenance (IRM) schedules (for most of us, our business bread and butter) of various infrastructures around the world, from water-supply, to ports and harbors to vessel maintenance to offshore oil & gas will be cut to the barest of bones.

The good news is the World economy will stabilize and turn-around. It always does; we just need to be patient and ready when it does. The badly needed projects and delayed IRM will still need to be addressed and done, but at a higher more frenetic level after years of torpor and lack of focus. There is a light at the end of this tunnel, albeit fog shrouded and dim.

As we collectively face the economic issues and challenges, and make the hard business and personal decisions required on spending, cost-cutting and planning, I encourage you to maintain and continue your safety and training programs to very high standards; maintain your personal and professional integrity, and do the right thing.

Be ready when the tide turns; it always does.


A MESSAGE FROM THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR ■ PHIL NEWSUM

THE ASSOCIATION HAS UNDERGONE SEVERAL changes with its certification scheme that has strengthened its overall credibility. At one time, it was acceptable to recognize such things as on-the-job training and in-company training programs. There was even a grandfather clause for those divers who did not attend formal programs that offered commercial diver train-ing. However, that is no longer acceptable for most, if not all, major end-users, as there needs to be greater assurance that diving personnel on jobs are trained, experienced and competent to perform the tasks assigned. This all starts with a foundation of formal training.

So what about those individuals that have been diving commercially for years without formal training? Some of these individuals have been diving and supervising, both in the offshore and inland sectors without so much as personally logging a dive, let alone acquiring a certification. Do they take the time away from their routine and pay the tuition to attend dive school full time for six to seven months? For some, that is exactly what they chose to do. But, realistically, most of these individuals cannot at this point in their careers afford to leave their families and jobs, as well as relocate to the location of the nearest dive school.

To properly address this issue, I am recommending that the divers who fall into this category contact the various formal training programs located in the U.S. and abroad. Ensure that the school is an accredited and recognized program that has the ability to apply for a certification on your behalf. Schools that are Associate Members of the ADCI and/or members of the Association of Commercial Diving Educators (ACDE) are approved to apply for certifications on behalf of individuals whose training and experience have been vetted to satisfactorily meet or exceed the requirements of ANSI / ACDE-01-2009. Several of these schools have assessment programs that will evaluate a candidate’s experience through written and practical hands-on exercises. The assessments are designed to accommodate individuals that cannot attend a program full time. Some of the programs will allow individuals to study material off-site, but will require them to take all of their assessments at the school location. I encourage candidates to research which schools have such assessment programs and pursue getting your commercial diving certification.

In short, the stakes of the game are much higher than in years past. Lessons learned and greater client awareness of project liability have appropriately raised the bar on operational and equipment requirements, as well as the documented competence and training of diving personnel. Underwriters for clients who require diving services no longer want to expose themselves to the risks of employing individuals without proper certification. Make sure that all of your certifications are up to date and appropriate for the tasks you perform. If you don’t possess a certification, explore all of your options to acquire one by working with one of the various accredited and recognized programs available. Don’t restrict your options to stay in the game.

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aqueduct

BY AARON M. LAY

WITHOUT QUESTION, AMERICA IS BLESSED with some of the best public water supplies in the world. And we use a lot of it. But as we’re making our coffee, washing our clothes, or flushing our toilets, few of us ever stop to consider how our water gets to our spigots.

For the eight million residents of New York City, over half (800 million gallons per day) of their water begins its journey high in the Catskills Mountains at several different reservoirs. It finds its way to New Yorkers’ taps by way of the Delaware Aqueduct, making it arguably one of New York City’s most critical pieces of infrastructure. At 85 miles long, it’s the world’s longest underground tunnel. Built between 1939 and 1945, its aging framework has sprung a few leaks, and it’s estimated between 10 and 36 million gallons are lost each day, depending on how much water the aqueduct is carrying. As part of its Water for the Future program, the New York Department of Environmental Protection (NYDEP) has been addressing the problem in stages.

Needless to say, vital maintenance on the aqueduct, which runs as deep as 2000 feet below ground, is no small task. Leading the underwater portion of this massive, multi-phase project that has spanned five years is Global Diving & Salvage Inc., headquartered in Washington State. Global’s staff and crews are no strangers to unusual and challenging jobs, but this one probably takes the cake in terms of peculiarity. Mike Langen, Vice President of Marine Construction, Engineering and Technology, said of the project, “I don’t expect to ever see a job quite like this one again.” Langen’s statement should not be considered as just so much hyperbole – he’s saying this for good reason. And to understand why, we’ve got to head underground.

Considering when the Delaware Aqueduct was constructed, it stands as an impressive feat of engineering. Its 85 miles of tunnel wind through solid granite and limestone and travel underneath the Hudson River before arriving in Yonkers, New York where the water it carries is distributed to NYC residents. At one of 13 vertical access shafts that run perpendicular to the aqueduct (where it passes beneath the Hudson) is where Global set up shop. This shaft, Shaft 6, is the aqueduct’s deepest – at 13 and a half feet wide and entirely filled with water, it plunges nearly 700 feet straight down.

Global Diving & Salvage Ventures Underground700NEW YORK

Feet below

Bell being disconnected - going to work


In the offshore sector, dives of 700 feet or greater are relatively common. But con-ducting saturation dives on land in 700 feet of water? In a 13-foot wide shaft? It’s no wonder Langen doesn’t expect to see a job like this one again. He spoke of the extraordinarily technical challenges this job brought to fore, “The logistics of working in a 13-foot diameter shaft were interest-ing, to say the least. We had to carefully plan all our work. Every tool and piece of equipment required for a particular task had to be put down the hole prior to the (dive) bell going down. Once the bell was in the shaft, we couldn’t bring anything in or out. Our bell was 8-feet in diameter in a 13-foot shaft, so that doesn’t leave a whole lot of space to work with. Each operation had to be meticulously planned to make sure we had all the right tools and equip-ment in place in order to have it all loaded and put down in the shaft prior to the bell going down and the divers getting to work. It was always a real challenge.”

The first phase of Global’s work in the shaft was primarily inspection-based to help lay the groundwork for eventual repair of the aqueduct’s leaks. Among other tasks, this phase required crews to assess the integrity of a hemispherical door that isolated a small 5-foot wide by 7-foot tall, horizontal access tunnel, which connects the vertical shaft to the aqueduct. Langen adds, “When the aqueduct is f lowing, head pressure inside can reach 1,200 feet. So, this door was intended to keep the aqueduct iso-lated from the access tunnel. In the interest

Diving bell inside shaft It is a tight fi t

The old valve coming out


of safety, they didn’t want to dewater the shaft until they knew that the door and the access shaft were in good condition.The technical challenges of this part of the project required highly specialized tools, which had to be designed by the engineers at Global, including a track/fixture combina-tion that allowed for the precise physical and sonar measurement of the horizontal drift to within 1/16th of an inch. Additionally, it could be fitted with a core drill allowing for concrete core samples to be taken at any engineer-determined location along the drift. A ‘bridge’ fitted with a crane arm was used to access the drift as well as to remove pieces of the piping and a 24-inch valve that had to removed.”

Langen continues to elaborate on this part of the project, “We did non-destructive testing on the door including ultrasonic thickness testing as well as taking physical samples of the bronze door for chemical analysis.” Crews also had to remove several pieces of the existing 24-inch bronze pip-ing works within the shaft. Langen spoke of this process, “We removed a number of valves and piping from down in the lower shaft area, eventually removing a 24-inch (manually operated) bronze valve that was encased in concrete and replacing that with a 24-inch hydraulic stainless steel gate valve which will eventually connect to the dewa-tering piping, allowing them to open and close that valve from the surface.” All of this piping was located below the bridge and away from the main lifting line. The bridge crane was used to move the sections of pipe and valves to where they could be rigged into the main lifting wire. The results of the testing were used to determine how the subsequent phases of the project were approached. Although the interpretation of the test results and the video inspec-tion revealed that the bronze door was in fact functional to static head, and possibly full operational head, it was decided that a secondary bulkhead, or “plug,” capable of withstanding the 2.5 million of pounds of force, be installed approximately 50 feet into the access tunnel to provide added safety to workers.

Like the rest of this project, getting this plug securely in place inside the access tun-nel was highly involved and required an almost surgical precision. This “horseshoe

aqueduct

New valve ready to be sent down


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aqueduct

Plug outside of mock up

Shaft 6, NY Mock Up in Seattle

shaped” mechanical plug measures five feet across its widest diameter and is nearly seven feet tall and was designed with ¾"

clearance on all sides during installa-tion. It was machined from a series

of stainless steel plates and is approximately four feet thick and weighs over 23,000 pounds. It fea-tures a mechanical seal

and two grout actuated hydraulic seals and is outfitted with a series of restraining struts that are anchored along the walls of the

Shaft-6 Assembly Bulkhead Install

shaft. Crews used a hydraulic lifting arm they dubbed “the claw” to precisely place different components of the plug, some of which weighed over 500 pounds apiece. Operated remotely from the surface, this arm provided seven degrees of motion. A purpose built tool was used to push the plug, mounted on rollers, which allowed crews to place the plug exactly where it needed to go in the drift. This plug will allow the shaft to be dewatered and outfitted with nine submersible pumps (over 15,000 horsepower), which will serve to drain the


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Shaft 6, NY Plug Mock Up System in the building

aqueduct at a rate of 80 million gallons per day to facilitate the forthcoming repairs to the aqueduct itself.

All the aforementioned spatial and envi-ronmental limitations Global had to contend with weren’t the only obstacles in its path.

Anytime a city the size of the Big Apple has its water supply compromised for any rea-son, there’s bound to be some complications. Langen discusses this issue, “The single big-gest thing we had to do was deal with the ability to get outages to take the aqueduct

offline. In the beginning, nobody knew the condition of a lot of this equipment, so we didn’t want to have it at full head pressure while the divers were down there working. So, they had to secure the aqueduct. The reservoirs downstream had to be filled to


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be able to continue supplying NYC with water. But there’s only so much capacity to those reservoirs, enough to allow us 25-day windows of work, and that’s what directed our schedule. There couldn’t be more work planned than could be accomplished in 25 days. Weather could also impact the qual-ity of the water being delivered from those reservoirs. Being able to get an outage long enough to go down and do the work we had

to do could be extremely difficult at times. We had to balance all these factors with the operational requirements of the water department, and those were some of the biggest hurdles that we had to clear.”

Langen reflects on Global’s five-year involvement in the project, “For me, it was a one of a kind experience, and all these challenges made the job really interesting. Of course, working in 680 feet of water is a

There’s a great deal of pressure with this kind of work. Think about it, there are a lot of people at the end of the spigot who would not understand if no water came out of it.”

Although Global’s involvement in the project is nearing its end, NYDEP is mov-ing full steam ahead and has current plans to break ground on a bypass tunnel in 2013. This three-mile tunnel will detour around the portion of the aqueduct that is leaking in Orange County, and other leaks in the aqueduct will be repaired inside the exist-ing tunnel. The bypass is scheduled to be completed and reconnected to the Delaware Aqueduct by 2019.

aqueduct

Saturation Control Van

challenge, even with the best circumstances. The people we have had involved throughout the course of the job have been absolutely outstanding. The extremely high level of plan-ning, attention to detail, and breadth of talent and effort required to do this kind of work is immense, and it’s a real feat to accomplish.

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EPA

THE US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA) has a number of dive teams throughout the country that perform scientific diving services in support of the Agency’s mission. The Region 10 Dive Unit has been around since EPA’s inception more than 40 years ago. The team covers a wide area, from cold, marine Alaskan waters, to warmer inland lakes and rivers in Washington, Idaho and Oregon. The Environmental Response Team (ERT) has been in place since 1978, diving in all 50 states to support Superfund cleanups and emergency response. Both EPA dive units primarily conduct polluted water diving in microbial and chemically impacted water bodies.

Dive Sites, Dive Planning, and Online Resources

For EPA, scientific diving operations in support of Clean Water Act, Resource Conservation Act, and Superfund programs typically include conducting instrument recovery, outfall inspections, and a variety of environmental media sampling, all in polluted water. EPA uses the online tools for planning a polluted water dive or to ensure that a dive being planned is not a likely polluted water dive as described above. Concerns over pollution exposure lead the EPA to upgrade protective measures, such as keeping the diver completely dry (mini-mum slick drysuit with integrated hood, full face mask (FFM), drygloves), use of decontamination, and medical/monitor-ing/immunizations for divers. Absence of definitive information always results in per-sonal protective equipment (PPE) upgrades

to a positive pressure full face mask with drysuit, dryhood, and drygloves, tender PPE upgrades, and decontamination (decon.). Although the positive pressure FFM may be subject to leakage, this is deemed acceptable for EPA uses at low to moderately contami-nated sites in conjunction with our medical monitoring program. Exhaust droplet inha-lation, while a concern for the FFM, is also of concern for helmets that do not exhaust to the surface. No amount of good PPE will do the diver any good outside of a systematic

approach to polluted water: PPE, decontami-nation, training, and medical monitoring/immunizations.

EPA ContaminatedBY SEAN SHELDRAKE, UNIT DIVING OFFICER, EPA REGION 10ROB PEDERSEN, DEPUTY UNIT DIVING OFFICER, EPA REGION 10ALAN HUMPHREY, UNIT DIVING OFFICER, ERT

WATER DIVING

Figure 1: Sewer outfall near downtown Seattle in a popular

charting program.

Figure 2: An example of available GIS data of storm drains and

combined sewer outfalls in the Central Puget Sound.

Figure 3: US EPA Diver Rob Rau inspecting a discarded 55 gallon drum encountered off a former manufactured gas plant in Seattle,

Washington. Photo by Sean Sheldrake, EPA Region 10 Dive Team.


Online tools will help divers assess what contaminants may be present at the dive site, what effect these contaminants may have on the diver or the diver’s equipment, and what equipment and/or decontamination procedures may be necessary to protect the diver. However, few dive sites have or will have definitive information before you dive. Those that do have definitive information only give a general idea of conditions—as conditions can change rapidly. Upgrading diver PPE and decontamination proce-dures is the rule for EPA, absent definitive information.

Training for Polluted Water Diving

Though there are methods to limit diver exposure to these contaminants which

have been widely published and available since 1985, these methods are not always employed by divers in general, which may be due to a lack of formal training. The ADCI 6th edition does not specify exactly what training is appropriate for contaminated water dive operations. However, OSHA explicitly requires that specific training be undertaken on an initial and reoccurring basis for hazardous waste site operations (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120). EPA divers doing polluted water work undergo this initial 40 hour training along with required annual 8 hour refreshers.

In addition, Region 10 and ERT practice decontamination techniques on training dives, including heat stress management. Classroom and dive training should empha-size means and methods to plan a dive, how

Figure 4: Photo of a plume of blood at an US EPA dive site in

Alaska during an enforcement inspection. Photo by Sean

Sheldrake, EPA Region 10 Dive Team.

Figure 5: Photo of US EPA Dive Training at the Offi ce of Research and Development Gulf Ecology Division Lab (ORD-GED) in Gulf Breeze, Florida. Photo by Sean Sheldrake, EPA Region 10 Dive Unit.


Figure 6: A diver exiting the water at a Portland Harbor Superfund Cleanup site. Neoprene materials cannot be decontaminated.

to wear and maintain appropriate PPE, techniques/types of decontamination and division of the dive platform into hot, con-tamination reduction, and cold zones, and techniques to manage heat stress endemic to more protective PPE.

Personal Protective Equipment and Decontamination

There are a number of ways to pro-tect the diver from various levels of dive site contamination, though some of these are not explicitly discussed in the 6th edi-tion, such as decon. compatible materials. EPA’s methods include: keeping the diver completely dry through use of a drysuit, utilization of drygloves, ensuring materi-als including the drysuit are constructed of an easily decontaminated material such as vulcanized rubber (USEPA, 1985), use of a positive pressure full face mask that seats on a dryhood or preferably a hardhat that mates directly to the drysuit (USEPA 1985; Barsky 1999, USN 2008), appropri-ate training, and thorough decontamina-tion such as a potable water post-dive rinse (USEPA 2001, 2009c). The ADCI 6th edi-tion also suggests a post dive decon. rinse, though this is termed a “freshwater rinse.” To limit confusion when conducting inland dive work, EPA protocols specify a “potable water rinse” as a finishing step for decon., so as to limit any confusion on the use of ambient waters as a final decon. step. In contrast, inappropriate drysuit material (neoprene) and wet gloves are being used by a commercial diver at a polluted water dive site (See Figure 6). A neoprene drysuit cannot be decontaminated and can spread contaminants onto the boat and potentially to the next dive operation (USEPA, 1991) essentially as if the diver were clothed in an enormous “sponge”. A slick rubber suit is generally considered more amenable to decontamination (USEPA, 1985), though breakthrough for certain chemicals remains a concern (Trelleborg Viking, 2001).

As far as accepted PPE approach, there is some disagreement between EPA and the USN regarding use of a positive pressure full face mask seated on a dryhood, which the USN in their Guidance for Diving in Contaminated Waters, category III gener-ally considers to be inappropriate for pol-luted water as “…full-face masks offer no

protection for the Diver’s head, neck, or ears, all of which are potential sites for exposure to waterborne hazards” which is only true if the full face mask is not used in conjunction with a properly fitting dryhood. The USN correctly points out that there is a drop-let inhalation concern, even when using a positive pressure mask such as the positive pressure Interspiro AGA. USN notes that when using the AGA or any other full face mask, positive pressure is preferred to mini-mize exposure, for which there is general agreement amongst all agencies based on previous study (USEPA, 1985). USN also points out that most commercial divers use helmets, not full face masks. However, the USN guidance fails to cite that many commercial divers fail to properly mate the diving helmet to the drysuit to gain the stated advantages of helmet usage. Though not explicitly discussed in the 6th edition

standards, EPA considers neoprene neck dams are not compatible with CWD usage for EPA as they can leak profusely into the diver’s helmet if the helmet is in any posi-tion other than absolutely level, with the amount of leakage varying by tightness of the neoprene (USEPA 2009b). In other words, incorrect helmet mating can render the helmet no more protective, and poten-tially less protective than a positive pressure, full face mask. The Navy’s “category 3” level of full face mask protection due to lack of a drysuit and dryhood allows for diver dermal (over the head and neck) and ear exposure to contamination. The USN’s characterization of insufficient protectiveness of the full face mask/not using the full face mask in con-junction with a drysuit/dryhood leads the USN to primarily dive in wetsuit (category 4) or Viking mated directly to a helmet diving modes (category 2) as the USN category 3

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is not or is not believed to be sufficiently protective. This is a significant difference in PPE; essentially jumping from virtually no protection to some of the highest level of protection available, potentially causing more exposure to their divers in light to moderately contaminated environments, especially in areas where the quantity of gear involved with category 2 can be prohibitive. Likewise, the types of water for which the Navy recommends this type of gear jumps from not polluted at all for category 4 to “heavily contaminated” in the case of cat-egory 2. Category 3 dives are exposing the Navy diver through dermal and ear canal exposure to “moderately contaminated” water due to the lack of dryhood/drysuit usage in category 3.

For example, in a water body such as a harbor with many nearby outfalls that are not currently discharging, lacking avail-able data, EPA Region 10 and ERT would use a full face mask seated on a dryhood, drygloves, and a potable water rinse for both a) unknown pollutants that may likely exist due to historical practices in the water body, and b) the possibility that conditions could change due to a sudden outfall discharge. Admittedly, keeping the diver fully dry is easier in cold water and air conditions

prevalent to Region 10 inland and coastal waters in Alaska, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington much of the year. However, the Region 10 dive unit effectively demon-strated management of heat stress in triple digit temperatures with varying levels of humidity for both inland (Yakima River) and Puget Sound operations (Duwamish River), primarily through the use of potable water washdown of primary and standby divers on a regular basis when on the dive

platform. This has also included manage-ment of heat stress in warm water conditions (~70-75degrees F) present in the Willamette River in conjunction with high air tempera-ture. Therefore, even absent definitive sam-pling data, the presence of outfalls would be enough to trigger use of the above gear, since heat stress can be managed more easily than exposure to some exotic disease vectors. It is possible that a hardhat type diver dress may be most appropriate for some number of

Figure 7: US EPA Region 10 Diver Rob Pedersen mapping the

zone of discharge along the outfall pipe at an Alaskan Seafood

Processor. Note the diver is kept fully dry in decon. compatible

gear. Photo by Sean Sheldrake, EPA Region 10 Dive Team.


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sites. However, it could also be the case that defining PPE as only including a hardhat mated to a drysuit may discourage dive pro-grams from taking some measures in PPE improvements due to the time and logistical challenges of surface supplied helmet diving, resulting in additional diver exposure. For some dive operations outside of commercial diving, surface supplied/hardhat measures are simply impractical due to space, cost, or time constraints in response to the dive site, such as in the rescue phases of public safety diving.

Wet gloves are often inappropriately used for polluted water diving (Figure 6), which the divers may have deemed necessary due to impingement hazards that may compro-mise dry gloves. Wet gloves used in polluted water cannot be decontaminated and should be disposed of after dive operations and/or specially managed to not expose tenders and divers on this or the next dive operation. Wet gloves also potentially introduce der-mal exposure to the diver during the dive, which can be significant for certain readily

Figure 8: Photo of pooled creosote contamination on the bot-

tom of Puget Sound. Photo by Sean Sheldrake, US EPA Region

10 Dive Unit.

absorbed chemicals. Also, chemicals like polyaromatic hydrocarbons and creosote can quickly burn exposed skin when using a wetsuit or wetgloves (Figure 8). A better course might be to put nitrile or rubber gar-dening-type gloves over drygloves to offer some chafing protection, and then dispose of all the gloves after the dives.

Drysuit leakage is also a substantial con-cern for dermal exposure, essentially render-ing the drysuit to be no more protective than a wetsuit, (USEPA, 2009b). Though the 6th edition doesn’t contain specific protocols, EPA has set standards for leakage contin-gencies. In addition to testing suits before certain polluted water dives, diving should be discontinued in the event of a drysuit leak, the thermal undergarments separately washed, the diver showered, and the suit immediately repaired (USEPA, 1985). Due to the frequency of polluted water diving operations, Region 10 maintains leak test-ing equipment in its dive locker such that leaks found during polluted and non pol-luted water dives are immediately repaired. This equipment consists of neck and wrist clamps to allow the suit to hold air, revers-ing the exhaust valve such that the drysuit (e.g. Viking) can hold sufficient pressure to detect leaks, and localizing leaks via a soap and water spray.

Some dive programs may fully under-stand what appropriate PPE is, but may

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have a different view of what constitutes polluted water. Unfortunately, what consti-tutes polluted water is a complex issue, and seems to mean different things to many, even amongst federal diving organizations. More and more of the dive sites we are asked to dive are [at times] polluted, or more exten-sively polluted each day. One test showing the site is clean can be negated later in the day by rainfall or a turned valve. To that end, there is a wide variety of what EPA considers to be polluted water, where a positive pres-sure full face mask seated on a dryhood (e.g. Viking with a turbo or magnum hood) offers the diver a modicum of protection. For its own operations, EPA finds that upgrading PPE for mild to moderate polluted water is appropriate given the episodic or otherwise unknown nature of some releases into the environment.

Decontamination solutions are well understood from decades of testing. Some dive units may choose not to decontaminate their divers due to the increased logistical needs for collection of various washdown rinses, such as those noted in Table 5-1 of the USN guidance on Contaminated Water Diving, like the 5 percent bleach solution. Because of the ease of use of the potable water rinse (i.e. no general need to collect rinse-water) and general lack of wear and tear on equipment in using this solution, EPA Region 10 conducted a study of decontamination

solutions on bacteria. EPA Region 10 has found that a potable water rinse is quite effec-tive in removing bacteria when used with decontamination compatible gear, such as the Viking drysuit (USEPA, 2009c).

With certain exceptions, appropriate PPE and decontamination protocols for polluted water is well documented. What seems to vary amongst dive units is a) what constitutes polluted water, and b) what types of dive sites trigger additional measures, such that rigorous protocols, e.g. category two from the USN guidance, is put into place. Too often, the absence of informa-tion and/or elevated dive site temperatures are viewed as being compatible with lower levels of protection for the diver and tenders.

Medical Monitoring and Immunizations

Whether diving under the OSHA com-mercial diving standards, public safety stan-dards, or OSHA scientific diving exemption, divers should be working under conditions that are in compliance with OSHA stan-dards (29 CFR 1910.120), as the OSHA sci-entific diving exemption for example does not exempt scientific or other divers from employing personal protective equipment (PPE) and other preventative exposure mea-sures and monitoring, including medical monitoring for chemical exposure. However, as previously discussed, EPA’s experience is that divers in Portland Harbor involved in sampling/analysis do not always dive in compliance with the OSHA standards and/or do not initially propose dive plans in com-pliance with hazardous waste site operation

Figure 10: ERT diver undergoing potable water decontami-

nation at the McCormick and Baxter portion of the Portland

Harbor Superfund Site. The Region 10 and ERT divers were col-

lecting contaminated bottom sediment cores for lab analysis.

Photo by Bruce Duncan, USEPA Region 10 Dive Team.

Figure 9: A diver exiting the water at a Portland Harbor

Superfund Cleanup site. Neoprene materials cannot be

decontaminated.


Vaccinations for various disease vec-tors are also provided at EPA hazmat dive units, such as hepatitis A/B, diphtheria, and tetanus (USEPA, 2001). Symptoms of chemical or biological exposure are encour-aged to be reported immediately, such that the diver can obtain treatment and use of PPE can be evaluated for future diving, if one particular dive site can be localized as the causal factor.

Conclusion and DiscussionNo one approach will eliminate all

diver exposures other than not diving at

all. Consideration of non-diving tech-niques is always a good start to a dive operation where time, budget, and other logistics allows, such as use of boat based, or unmanned sampling techniques rather than diver based techniques. For example, an ROV can be useful in surveying a site viewed as too polluted to dive and/or used to look for overt signs of contamination prior to diving, such as labels on leaking drums, so long as tenders are adequately protected.

Heat stress continues to be viewed by many as an overarching, if not overriding concern with respect to polluted water by most. Tunnel vision for many dive units that focuses primarily on heat stress occurs despite the fact that in the case of carcino-gens, there is no way to evaluate “success” in the approach to polluted water for decades. In many cases in the dive community, per-sonal protective equipment upgrades are viewed as overprotective given the inher-ent tradeoff in heat stress, despite available mitigation for such stress. Medical monitor-ing generally focuses on only obvious signs or symptoms or simply physical fitness to dive, rather than making an attempt to run tests to detect more subtle signs of chemical exposure. Many dive organizations could focus more on the following with respect to polluted water:

Site Date Specific Chemical and Physical Factors

Exposure Level Level of PPE Symptoms from Exposure

1. Quendall Terminals, Lake Washington Superfund Site Sampling

May 2009 PAHs Minimal Level B None

2. Duwamish River Superfund Site Sampling

July 2009 PAHs, metals, PCBs, dioxins

Minimal Level B None

3. Sinclair Inlet, Puget Sound scuttled vessel hazmat survey

February 2009 None known None Level B None

4. Ocean dredge mate-rial disposal survey, Brookings, OR

September 2009 None known None Recreational SCUBA

None

5. Lake Pierre, WA instrument recovery

October 2009 H2S Gas could be smelled through mask.

Level B None

Figure 11: Excerpt from an exposure history form fi lled out for fi scal year 2009 for an EPA Region 10 diver.

Figure 12: Region 10 Diver, Rob

Pedersen, answering exposure

history questions on dives he

made in the past year. Photos

used with permission of patient.

Photos by Sean Sheldrake, EPA

Region 10 Dive Team.

Figure 13: Diver undergoing

medical monitoring, including

analyzing blood work for signs

of chemical exposure.

EPA(HAZWOPER) standards (USEPA 2009b), even though sediments contain the same levels as upland areas where contractors are required to be in full compliance with OSHA 1910.120. The reason for this is that the div-er’s typically do not believe the dive site to be contaminated and/or do not track their contaminated site exposures against the 30 day exposure OSHA exposure monitoring requirement. Typically, items such as basic diver environmental isolation/(PPE) and medical monitoring (1910.120 HAZWOPER items) are not proposed in the Health and Safety Plan at Superfund Sites, where EPA has purview over site health and safety. It is a reasonable presumption that divers doing similar work not under EPA oversight may not be equipping their divers, training their divers, or monitoring their divers for haz-ardous waste exposure per OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120. The ADCI 6th edition doesn’t provide guidance on the definition of the CWD site, recommended immunizations for typical sites (e.g. sewage exposure) or details on the OSHA 30 day clock.

Primarily due to the dive program’s mis-sion relative to environmental protection, necessitating sampling activities at pol-luted sites, EPA’s standard is to inventory dive exposures for the past year and adjust blood tests based on the chemical exposures reported (See Figure 11 below).


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1. Development of an explicit set of dive planning tools to use as a checklist when planning a dive including items such as internet based resources for real-time dive planning and personnel to contact with polluted water diving expertise for specific questions;

2. Provision of training to all divers in their respective dive programs in polluted water recognition, planning, PPE, decon-tamination, and exposure monitoring regardless of mission. The importance of this is just as high for an entity that does not intend to do polluted water dives, as it is for an agency who has a stated inten-tion is to do polluted water diving, like EPA. How is a divemaster to otherwise appreciate when to dive or not?

3. Adaptation and broader adoption of USN/EPA polluted water PPE standards, or similar. For example, improvement of the level of protective-ness of Navy category 3 diver dress and broader application of category 3 by the broader dive community for unknown, but suspect dive site conditions could mitigate long term exposure to sites we know are growing more contaminated by the day.

4. Use and improvements to stan-dard decontamination protocols by EPA and USN and development of

decontamination protocols for other entities is an ongoing need.

5. Development of an exposure monitor-ing program for those entities conduct-ing mission oriented dives in polluted water and contingency protocols for those inadvertently conducting polluted water dives.

6. Development of reporting processes to evaluate individual divemaster decision making with respect to the level of pol-lution at dive sites, such that feedback is given on the PPE used if under (or over) protective. A reporting procedure can also be useful in documenting when standard practices developed at the programmatic level are not applied in the field.Though over three decades of detailed

information on safe polluted water diving exists, much improvement is needed on the part of many units in the scientific, commercial, military, and public safety communities to consistently put this infor-mation into practice to the benefit of divers and tenders.

Disclaimer: This paper is an illustration of steps to be taken to minimize exposure to the diver in hazardous environments and does not necessarily represent the official view of the USEPA. Mention of any specific brand or model instrument or

Figure 14: USEPA Region 10’s ROV being used to survey a manufactured gas plant site. Photo by Sean Sheldrake, EPA Region

10 Dive Team.

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material does not constitute endorsement by the USEPA.

More online resourcesPapers on polluted water diving available from EPA:http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/OEA.NSF/investigations/divepubs

SOPs for polluted water diving:http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/oea.nsf/Investigations/Dive+Team+Safety

Useful links for polluted water diving:http://yosemite.epa.gov/R10/OEA.NSF/Investigations/Dive+Team+Links

Like us on FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/EPADivers

EPA diving on Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/usepagov/sets/72157629017469667/with/6756929187/

ReferencesArmy Times 2010, “Army divers work to fix Haitian ports”, http://www.armytimes.com/news/2010/03/army_divers_030110w/, March 2010.

Barsky SM. Diving in High-Risk Environments, 4th ed, Santa Barbara, CA: Hammerhead Press, 2007; 197 pp.

EPA

Figure 15: ERT diver Alan Humphrey preparing to enter the water for a seafood outfall survey in a joint operation with the Region 10

dive unit in Alaska on tethered SCUBA

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Seattle Times 2006, “Hawaii gets back to Sunshine; Waikiki beaches reopening after sewage spill,”http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20060405&slug=webhawaiisun05, April 5, 2006.

Seattle Times 2009a, “Spill sends sewage into Lake Washington,”http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2010282402_websewage16m.html?prmid=obnetwork,November 16, 2009.

Seattle Times 2009b, “Recent Puget Sound sewage spill not as bad as it could have been,” http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2010551021_sewage20m.html, December 19, 2009

Seattle Times 2009c, “Alleged Drunken Driver Causes Sewage Spill in Port Angeles,”http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/the-blotter/2010554566_another_raw-sewage_this_one_in.html?prmid=obnetwork, December 20, 2009.

Seattle Times 2010, “Sewage Pours into Lake Washington,”http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2010777051_sewage13m.html, January 12, 2010.

Seattle Times 2010, “Operator error caused sewage spill at West Point Plant,”http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2010910207_spill28m.html January 27, 2010.

Trelleborg Viking 2001, Diving in Contaminated Water, Third Edition, Chemical and Biological Tests of Viking Drysuits and Accessories, http://www.trellchem.com/filearchive/2/2177/DCW144.pdf

USDOL, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 29 Code of Federal Regulations 1910.120, “Hazardous waste

operations and emergency response.” http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshawe\b/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9765

USDOL, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 29 Code of Federal Regulations 1910 Subpart T, “Scientific Diving Exemption.” http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10141http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9767, March 2010.

USEPA BEACH Program, http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/beaches, March 2010

USEPA Envirofacts Data Warehouse, http://www.epa.gov/enviro, March 2010

USEPA, Interim Protocol for Diving Operations in Contaminated Water, EPA/600/2-85/130, Nov. 1985; 13: 1-11, 24: 1-10. http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/oea.nsf/af6d4571f3e2b1698825650f0071180a/4abeef6113935aff88256e5f00640500/$FILE/protocol.pdf, March 2010

USEPA 1991, Protection of divers in waters that are contaminated with chemicals or pathogens, Undersea Biomedical Research, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 213-219.http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/OEA.NSF/3cf2477404154c6988256bdc0076bda2/4abeef6113935aff88256e5f00640500/$FILE/Protection_of_Divers_EPA_Article.pdf

USEPA 1998, Portland Harbor Sediment Investigation Report, May 1998http://yosemite.epa.gov/R10/CLEANUP.NSF/6d62f9a16e249d7888256db4005fa293/31ae45c9c90a674988256e470062ced9/$FILE/Portland%20Harbor%20Sediment%20Investigation.pdf

USEPA 2001, Standard Operating Protocol, Biohazards of Diving Operations and Aquatic Environments, EPA Diving Safety Manual, Revision 1.1, Appendix L; 29 pp.

http://yosemite.epa.gov/R10/OEA.NSF/3cf2477404154c6988256bdc0076bda2/4abeef6113935aff88256e5f00640500/$FILE/appendxl.pdf

USEPA 2009a, Portland Harbor Remedial Investigationhttp://yosemite.epa.gov/R10/CLEANUP.NSF/ph/Technical+Documents

USEPA 2009b, “Diver Exposure Scenario for the Portland Harbor Risk Assessment,” AAUS 2009 Symposium, http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/OEA.NSF/34090d07b77d50bd88256b79006529e8/b5f592b97cf36e8d882575940079ab5c/$FILE/Sheldrake%20AAUS%202009%20paper%20submission%204%208%202009.pdfhttp://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/OEA.NSF/investigations/divepubs

USEPA 2009c, Region 10 Viking Dive Suit Decontamination Study,http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/OEA.NSF/investigations/divepubs

USEPA 2010a, BEACH Program, http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/beaches/

USEPA 2010b, Envirofacts Data Warehouse, http://www.epa.gov/enviro/

USEPA 2009c, Clean Water Act § 303(d) List of Impaired Watershttp://yosemite.epa.gov/R10/WATER.NSF/TMDLs/CWA+303d+List/

USEPA 2010d, National Priorities List “Where you Live”, http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/where.htm

US Navy Guidance for Diving in Contaminated Waters, March, 2008, http://www.supsalv.org/00C3_CONWATER.ASP

Trelleborg Viking, Diving in Contaminated Water, Third Edition, Chemical and Biological Tests of Viking Drysuits and Accessories, 2001, http://www.trellchem.com/filearchive/2/2177/DCW144.pdf, March 2010

Figure 16: EPA diver conducting groundwater sampling on surface supplied air.

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determine the future location of new timber piles. A detailed report illustrating the location of the broken piles and other debris along the channel bottom was developed and submitted.

Most of the work, both demolition and installation was performed from a 36' by 110' barge spuded down in front of the piers. A 40 ton hydraulic crane positioned on the work barge was utilized to perform all the lifting operations involved on the project. Hydro had their diesel powered steel push boat, the Devils Bridge on site to perform the many moves the barge had to make. Since all the work was done out in the channel, the barge was not only the work platform but the transportation for all the materials and debris that went to and from the shore. Commercial divers were used for about 50% of the work on the project. The other 50% was done from floats or from on top of the pier itself.

The project scope included removing over 250 pieces of timber and plastic sheeting, replacing damaged or missing walers, replac-ing the entire catwalk system on both piers and rebuilding the East end of the South pier’s wing wall. Existing vertical sheeting, timber

walers, catwalks and dolphins were removed with the assistance of commercial divers. The 250 new timber and plastic sheets were replaced using divers for the lower section of sheeting and men on floats for the top section. New catwalks were built in sections off site and delivered by truck to the job. These prefabricated sections were then brought out to the work site via barge and lifted into position with the crane. About 35' of the southeast wingwall was completely rebuilt. A new timber dolphin cluster was installed along with several new plumb and battered piles. The 85' piles were installed using a diesel pile hammer in accordance with the project specifications. Fiberglass reinforced plastic lumber walers were used throughout the new section of wingwall. The engineers opted for full cut timber sheeting for the new wingwall instead of plastic sheeting. All of the hardware used on the project was 316 stainless steel.

Hydro Marine’s portion of the project was completed in April of 2012. By all accounts the project was a success. There were no lost time incidents recorded and the final cost of the project was just under the contracted amount of $1,300,000.

in New Jersey


SUBSEA TECHNOLOGY HAS, IN THE last decade, made advances to meet the requirements of the offshore oil and gas industries as they have responded with increasing urgency to the world’s energy needs. As long as man, the diver, is equipped with the correct tools for the job and the depths are feasible, his sense

of touch, his ability to adapt work methods to changing conditions and to make the right decisions quickly make the diver indispensable.

One of the major “correct tools” is the Saturation Diving System. The basic design of this tool dictates that the systems must be capable of being interchangeable and have the ability to be reassembled with different, but standard components. The other consideration is modular systems making them pre-eminent in efficiency and cost-effectiveness in order to meet the contractual needs.

The basic System configuration is:• Deck Complex

The Saturation Diving System contains the necessary equipment and controls to support saturation diving and short duration diving. The diving complex

SATURATION DIVINGEquipment StandardizationBY DENNIS RENEAR, AQUA AIR INDUSTRIES, INC.

is capable of supporting anywhere from six to twenty four-persons div-ing teams at different depth levels to a maximum working depth of 1000 FSW (305 meters).

The Diving Bell should be rated to 1000 FSW (305 meters) maximum working depth equipped for two divers and one bellman. The Bell is designed to withstand internal pressure although can be designed to take one atmosphere or external pressure. The Bell can have side, bottom or both mating positions and that is on the top or on the side of the Transfer Under Pressure Unit (TUP), which may be incorporated in the Deck Decompression Chamber (DDC) or stand-alone unit. In any of the mating positions, the Bell is fixed in the structure. All deck chambers

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and the diving bell should be certified by or built to the stan-dards of the Pressure Vessel Codes, Classification Society Rules, Government Regulations, and/or Guidance Associations requirements.

The modular saturation diving components are easily mobi-lized aboard all types of construction barges and support ves-sels. Modular construction permits convenient arrangement of the surface chambers and bell to minimize deck space requirements. Systems can also be installed internally as well in support vessel and other types of f loating equipment.

• Life Support System Every Saturation Diving System includes life support modules

which contain the main distribution system and necessary components required to maintain divers under saturation conditions. These components consist of the heating and cool-ing system, high pressure water, power supply, waste disposal unit, automatic temperature with humidity controls, external regeneration, and environmental monitoring system. Other major support equipment includes the dive/saturation controls, air compressor, diver’s hot water unit, generators, gas storage racks, and high pressure transfer pumps.

• Launch and Recovery System (LARS for Bell) The standard handling system for a typical bell incorporates

a “U” Frame on the structure along with a bell winch, power sheave, and guideline winch. The winches and the spool piece with hydraulic clamp are controlled from the bell control room or may have remote controls. The system should be designed with safety factors based on its rated capacity at rated speed. Structural design criteria involve dead, live, dynamic and other loads. Additionally, the structural members are treated as stress components of the entire handling system. The power system and support equipment should be designed for 100% of the load. The completed Launch and Recovery System (LARS) unit should be bolted to the top of DDC/TUP Frames or installed on the side to allow the Bell to side mate. The LARS remote controls should be located on the deck area for convenience.

• Hyperbaric Evacuation System (HES) The hyperbaric evacuation system is to be stationed next to

the Saturation System on the vessel of opportunity and is integrated as part of the over-all complex. Currently there are several approaches to evacuation methods. Some of the options available are:1) Self-Propelled Hyperbaric Lifeboats or the f loating

Hyperbaric Rescue Chamber (SPHLs)2) Towable Hyperbaric Rescue Chambers (HRCs) – unit that

is suitable for off loading to or recovery by an attendant vessel/offshore facility.

• The Hyperbaric Evacuation System and associated services must be capable of supporting the maximum amount of per-sons to maximum working depth of the Saturation System. The on board life support system can be used in decompres-sion mode if equipped once the unit is launched. The units are available with the following mating positions: bottom, end or side.

The HES pressure vessel should be certified by or built to the standards of the Pressure Vessel Codes, Classification Society Rules, Government Regulations, and/or Guidance Associations requirements.

The Launch System (LS) is designed for safely launching the Hyperbaric Evacuation Unit (HEU). The LS is provide with suit-able means that depends on either stored mechanical power or gravity. For launch system using falls for launching HEUs, the means provided from releasing the falls after the HEU is af loat is to permit easy disconnection. The length of the falls is sufficient to allow the HEU to be launched in the water.

Efforts have been made through various regulatory agencies, classification societies and equipment guidance associations to maintain certain standards of standardization on major compo-nents that make up the Saturation Diving System. The commit-tees which support these activities are very active and pro-active with regards for the broad base spectrum of diving companies around the world.

Great strides have been accomplished to integrate the general design, manufacturing, and operations concept of the saturation diving system. Some examples of this coordinated effort and relationship are:• Classification Societies – ABS-DNV-LLOYS, etc. coming

together on the acceptability of each other guides and rules• American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)- the devel-

opment of the Pressure Vessel for Occupancy Code (PVHO-1 and 2) through industry participation

• IMCA and OGP – Developing guidance notes on diving equip-ment and operations again with industry participation

• IMO with regards to diving actives. This is international with regards to f lag state (country) with participating country representation

• USCG – this is the arm of the USA government. This agency is very active on all fronts

• ADCI– Develops guidance for the diving community on the operation and manufacturing of diving equipment.The results of the various committee activities ref lect system

standardization is imperative. Although many different compo-nents, which the committees have agreed upon, that make up the system are designed in standard configurations so that no one failure will stop the whole complex from continuing to function.

It is a fact that the introduction of saturation diving techniques in the mid 1960’s was surprisingly fast. Before the techniques could be accepted for commercial use, a commitment regarding two factors had to be resolved:1. Deep Diving Saturation schedules had to be calculated, test

and prepared for operational use2. Deep Diving Systems had to be enlarged and redesigned with

additional safety factors due to the need to accommodate divers for long periods and cater for their long-term domestic needs.Both of these requirements were resolved. In order for the

diving industry to maintain the conditions of item 2 of this com-mitment, the basic parameters of the Saturation Diving System must and will always be standard with the advance of technology in its separate components.

SAT Systems


navy

Stop in GuatemalaBY MASS COMMUNICATION SPECIALIST 3RD CLASS BRANDON KECK, NAVY DIVESOUTHERN PARTNERSHIP STATION 2012 PUBLIC AFFAIRS

PUERTO BARRIOS, GUATEMALA NNS Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2, Company 2-1, deployed aboard the Military Sealift Command rescue and salvage ship USNS Grapple (T-ARS 53), concluded a three-week subject matter expert exchange (SMEE) with Guatemalan divers, May 24.

The SMEE, which was part of Navy Dive-Southern Partnership Station 2012 (ND-SPS 12), focused on scuba diving, working under-water with no visibility, underwater search techniques, and salvage techniques.

“We were able to exchange many new and useful techniques with the Guatemalan divers,” said Navy Diver 1st Class Robert Roloff, assigned to Company 2-1. “We shared our procedures for supervising dives with them, and they shared their knowledge of low visibility underwater searches.”

Divers from MDSU 2, along with members of Maritime Expeditionary Security Squadron (MSRON) 4 and civilian

Southern Partnership Station NAVY DIVE Concludes

Divers assigned to Mobile Diving and

Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2, Company

2-1, conduct a hull inspection with

Guatemalan divers. Company 2-1 is

participating in Navy Dive-Southern

Partnership Station 2012, a multi-

national partnership engagement

designed to increase interoperability

and partner nation capacity through

diving operations. (U.S. Navy photo by

Mass Communication Specialist 2nd

Class Kathleen A. Gorby/Released)

Navy Diver 3rd Class Richard Burby and Navy Diver 2nd Class Ramon Mercado, both assigned to Mobile

Diving and Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2, Company 2-1, and Guatemalan divers set up a metal cutting sta-

tion. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Kathleen A. Gorby/Released)


mariners deployed aboard Grapple, also volunteered their time to help out a local school. They spent a day painting the school-house with the enthusiastic help of the students. In addition, they provided the school with new bookcases, school supplies, and sports equipment.

“We were happy that we were able to help and participate in this community relations project,” said Lt. Cmdr. Tristan Wagner, mis-sion commander of ND-SPS12.

U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command and U.S. 4th Fleet (COMUSNAVSO/C4F) supports U.S. Southern Command joint and combined full-spectrum military operations by providing

principally sea-based, forward presence to ensure freedom of maneu-ver in the maritime domain, to foster and sustain cooperative relationships with international partners and to fully exploit the sea as maneuver space in order to enhance regional security and promote peace, stability and prosperity in the Caribbean, Central and South American regions.

For more information, visit www.navy.mil, www.facebook.com/usnavy, or www.twitter.com/usnavy.For more news from U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command & U.S. 4th Fleet, visit www.navy.mil/local/cusns/.

Sailors, assigned to Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2, Company 2-1, and Guatemalan divers

conduct sea bottom searches during a training evolution. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication

Specialist 2nd Class Kathleen A. Gorby/Released)

Navy Diver 1st Class Helen Anderson, assigned to Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2,

Company 2-1, performs pre-dive checks on several Guatemalan divers. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass

Communication Specialist 2nd Class Kathleen A. Gorby/Released)

A Guatemalan diver checks out a portable oxygen bottle as Navy Diver 2nd Class Ramon Mercado,

assigned to Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2, Company 2-1, explains the importance of having

oxygen on the dive station. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Kathleen

A. Gorby/Released)

A Guatemalan diver performs a pre-dive brief with the aid of Sailors assigned to Mobile Diving and

Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2, Company 2-1. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class

Kathleen A. Gorby/Released)

navy


navy

U.S. NAVAL ACADEMY MIDSHIPMEN VISITED Navy Expeditionary Combat Command (NECC) aboard Joint Expeditionary Base Little Creek-Fort Story, Va., May 14, to learn about Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) units and visit with the commander of NECC forces.

By the end of May, the Midshipmen will graduate from the Academy and receive their commission as U.S. Navy officers. Newly commissioned ensigns joinging the EOD community will complete the EOD/Diver course at Naval Diving and Salvage Training Center (NDSTC), and progress directly to EOD train-ing at Naval School Explosive Ordnance Disposal (NSEOD). Graduates will then be assigned as division officers at EOD mobile units where they will be immersed in the community’s core war fighting competencies of EOD, Anti-Terrorism/Force Protection

Future

EOD OfficersVisit NECCVisit NECC

Navy Diver 1st Class James Goodman, from Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit

(MDSU) 2, demonstrates to U.S. Naval Academy Midshipmen the capabili-

ties of a transportable recompression chamber during their visit to the

Hampton Roads area. Fifteen midshipmen visited Navy Expeditionary

Combat Command units to learn more about Navy Explosive Ordnance

Disposal. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class

Paul D. Williams/Released)

(AT/FP), Expeditionary Diving and Salvage, and Underwater Mine Countermeasures.

Their pre-graduation visit to the Hampton Roads area gave them an opportunity to see first hand Navy EOD technicians and divers at EOD Training and Evaluation Unit (EODTEU) 2, EOD Group 2, and Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2.

“The MDSU divers are smart guys, they know what they are doing, and they were more than happy to teach us their jobs. I can’t wait to start working with them,” said Midshipman 1st Class Tom Fick. “I’m looking forward to getting to dive school and starting this whole journey.”

The visit also included time for the future EOD officers to have a question and answer session with the commander of NECC forces Rear Adm. Michael Tillotson, the Navy’s senior EOD officer.


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“I think it was important for them to see Rear Adm. Tillotson today because he is the senior officer and leader in the EOD community, and he has the best strategic vision in the EOD community,” said Lt. Jake Keefe, U.S. Naval Academy EOD pro-gram director. “These (Midshipmen) will be leading at a tactical level, so I think this

is a great opportunity for the admiral to tell his message to the newest leaders in the EOD community.”

During the Midshipmen’s visit with Tillotson, he stressed the importance of future EOD operations, ethical and fiscal responsibilities of leaders and his expecta-tions for EOD officers.

“You weren’t chosen for the Naval Academy because you were satisfied with sitting back and watching the world go by,” said Tillotson. “When you put those ensign bars on you will be leaders - that is what we want and expect from you. What I hope you will take out of your experience as EOD officers is to learn from the professionals and heroes that make up the EOD community and then retain that knowledge so you can carry it with you as leaders.”

NECC is a single functioning command that is responsible for manning, equip-ping, and training the Navy’s expedition-ary forces. NECC forces include coastal riverines; naval construction; explosive ordnance disposal; maritime expedition-ary security; expeditionary intelligence; expeditionary logistics; maritime civil affairs; security force assistance; expedi-tionary combat readiness and expedition-ary training.

For more news from Navy Expeditionary Combat Command, visit www.navy.mil/local/necc/.

Navy Diver 3rd Class Patrick Lane, from Mobile Diving and Salvage Unit (MDSU) 2, demonstrates equipment used by Navy Divers to

U.S. Naval Academy Midshipmen during their visit to the Hampton Roads area. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist

2nd Class Paul D. Williams/Released)


delta p

maintenance dive at the Dos Amigos Pumping Plant in Los Banos, CA. The Department of Water Resources maintains the California Aqueduct which is a 444 mile concrete lined canal that delivers water from Northern California to Southern California. The California Aqueduct is 40 feet wide with average depths of 30 feet. Visibility ranges from ½ foot to 3 feet, water temperatures are frigid and currents are variable. Located throughout the Aqueduct are pumping stations which lift the incoming water to allow gravity f low to the next station. The Dos Amigos plant operates 6 pumping units. Each pumping intake has a trash grate that needs ongoing inspection for removal of debris. This par-ticular dive was for the inspections of trash racks 1, 2, and 3 for Quagga/Zebra Mussels which tend to build up and cause pump f low problems. It was also decided that one of the plant’s pumps (pump #5) would be operating at 100% capacity which operates at 2600 cubic feet per second. Both divers stated they had dove in front of energized pumping units before and the force was not strong enough to hold divers so they decided to leave the pumps energized.

Avoiding the Deadly Trap of Delta P

InvisibleInvisibleBY SEAN JOHNSON

AS PUBLIC SAFETY DIVERS, WE train for the worst case scenario such as what to do when you run out of air, how to free yourself from an entanglement, how to operate effectively in zero visibility and much more. We survey our dive sites before the call and pre-plan our districts. And as professionals, we continually seek to challenge the way we do things and learn from our mistakes. Why do we do all of this? As rescue professionals we hate surprises! Surprises are what get us hurt or killed on the job. We can operate in hostile environments with confidence because we take calculated risks. We are aware of them and we have preplanned our actions to mitigate them. What happens then when a professional is intro-duced to an unknown hazard or worse yet, what happens when a professional becomes comfortable with a hazard? In this article we will be discussing a hazard that is sometimes overlooked or possibly unknown by public safety dive teams.

Recent TragedyOn February 7, 2007 two divers from the California Department

of Water Resources died in what was supposed to be a routine


What HappenedThe divers entered the water at approx 10:10 am. Both divers were

equipped with standard recreational SCUBA gear. The divers were attached together through a 3’ section of rope with one end attached to a d-ring on diver #1’s buoyancy compensator and the other end wrapped around the wrist of diver #2. Electronic communications were available but the decision was made by the dive team not to use them because they felt it was an easy dive. There was one employee at the surface who served as the diver tender but had never received any training as a diver tender. The original diver tender and super-visor was called away to a meeting that morning. Prior to descent the tender was told that the dive should not take any longer than 30

minutes and if there was a need to surface he should signal the divers by using a metal rake to strike the trash racks. The divers proceeded to work and the tender , keeping track of time, watched the bubble patterns as the divers proceeded along trash racks #1 and #2. At approximately 10:35 am the tender noticed the diver’s bubbles being pulled toward the center of an adjacent pump intake and eventually disappeared. The tender attempted to signal the divers by banging on the trash racks but nothing happened. The tender then notified the plant manager of the situation along with the dive supervisor who was in a meeting. At 11:40 am, an additional Department of Water Resources diver (diver #3) arrived and made preparations to enter the water and at 11:50 am, the operational pump (pump #5)


delta p

was shut down completely. At 11:52 am 911 was called and at 12:00 pm diver #3 entered the water utilizing communications gear and a tended line. At 12:40 pm diver #2 was located 30 to 40 feet in front on pump #5 (the pump that was operational during the initial dive). At 12:50 pm diver #1 was located 4-5 feet in front of pump #5. Both divers were brought to the surface without a pulse and not breathing. Both divers were immediately transported to a nearby hos-pital and pronounced deceased. Although a complete investigation was conducted by the California Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Cal-OSHA) the specific cause of the divers’ death was unde-termined. Although several key factors were ignored (which will be discussed later), it is important to know that the divers were working near differential pressure or as it is referred to in the commercial diving world “Delta-P” and is the focus of this article.

Delta-PSo exactly what is Delta-P and why do I

care as a Public Safety Diver? The world of commercial diving has known about and taken steps to mitigate Delta-P for quite some time now. Delta-P is a leading cause of diver accidents and fatalities in commer-cial diving. In fact, 2 out of 3 fatalities occur because of Delta-P. Delta-P is invisible and it can occur abruptly and usually without

warning. Once a diver is caught in differ-ential pressure there is no escape until the pressure is equalized between the two bod-ies. Differential pressure occurs when there is a pressure difference between two bodies of water. This almost always occurs near a pipe, drain or pump system.

In order to appreciate the serious danger associated with Delta-P a little math is in order. Note this calculation will allow you to determine the change in pressure. Consider the following example. A dive team is called to the scene of an entrapped hydroelectric plant diver in approximately 110 feet of salt water (fsw). The diver was doing repair work when he heard a loud “bang” followed by a loud pulsating sound. The diver was then immediately pulled towards a pipeline and became trapped. The diver is on a surface supplied air system with electronic com-munications. The diver communicates that he is stuck on a crack in the pipe creating a perfect seal. The diver calculates the area of the hole to be approximately 47 square inches. Now let’s do the math. As you can see the diver cannot escape from this dif-ferential pressure. The only way to escape is to find a way to equalize pressure on both sides of the hole or find a way to allow water to flow past the diver and into the hole. The immediate area where the diver is trapped should be considered hazardous until addi-tional differential pressures are ruled out or mitigated. The example above actually occurred several years ago except that the divers immediately evacuated the area when they heard the sound and nobody got hurt. If you do some research on Delta-P you will find, unfortunately, many fatalities that have occurred because of it. The following is just one more example of many Delta-P fatalities.

May 1993A SCUBA diver was performing pool

maintenance in 10’ of water. He was work-ing near an open pool drain (protective grate was removed) and was working alone. He became entrapped when his body created a perfect seal on the open drain. He ran out of air and drowned. Consider a Delta-P force of a 10” drain which creates an area of 78 square inches X 10 feet of fresh water X .432 which creates a static suction force of 336psi. The pump capacity of the pool pump is unknown but can create considerable additional force.

We must also be aware that these were examples of a static body of water. When you start to involve moving water such as rivers, canals and urban flooding you add a whole new dimension to Delta-P. Rescuers who have taken a swift water rescue class are taught about forces that act upon a body caused by the pressure of moving water which are as shown in the table below.

Current Velocity (feet per second)

Average Total Force of Water

(On Legs) (On Body)

3 16.8 33.6

6 67.2 134

9 151 302

12 269 538

Force of moving water increases in proportion to the square of the velocity of the current.

Urban f looding further complicates differential pressure problems. A recent example involved a 28 year old male who became stuck in storm grating during an episode of flooding in Hessle near Hull in East Riding of Yorkshire. Dramatic footage shows a close-up of the man in despera-tion as The Humberside Fire and Rescue Service and Police worked tirelessly to save him. Unfortunately the victim succumbed to hypothermia after the 4 hour ordeal and died. A recent inquest apportioned no blame to the brave efforts of personnel but recog-nized that the Fire Service had the neces-sary cutting equipment but lacked any dive capability while the Police divers trained in search lacked the equipment and training to undertake a technical rescue of this nature. Another similar case occurred several years ago in the United States but the rescue team was able to free the victim by breaching the storm drainage pipe downstream of the vic-tim entrapment and inserting low pressure airbags. This effectively equalized the inflow pressure and freed the victim.

When rainfall overwhelms the capacity of the flood control or storm water systems they act in an unpredictable manner. Even worse as the storm subsides and water levels decrease, inflows into the system become tremendous.

Calculating the force of water through a hole at depthApprox area of holeXWater DepthXPsi. Per Foot of Water Depth(.432 fresh water)(.445 salt water)

Example #147 sqin.X110 fsw.X.445 psi2303 lbs.


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As first responders and public safety divers, we may be called upon to an inci-dent involving Delta-P either knowingly or unknowingly. The key to avoiding it is survey the incident and look for signs to recognize that a Delta-P hazard exists. One of the best ways to avoid Delta-P situ-ations is pre-panning your response area. Understand the layout of your storm / f lood control system. Visit potential target hazards and meet with the facility owners to understand the layout of the site. Pay particular attention to piping and valve systems and if possible obtain a schematic for your incident pre-plan. Become famil-iar with common valves in your area. Take particular notice of indicating valves. If the stem is visible it usually indicates the valve is open. Talk to your local drain system operators and understand how it works and well as how to implement lock-out tag-out procedures. In my area there are hundreds of retention ponds that are connected to a f lood control & irrigation system. These retention ponds have pump stations and piping. Most of them are oper-ated locally but a few of them are on remote telemetry which means they can be turned on from a remote location and can turn on at any time without warning. Since we have been talking about the potential Delta-P has to entrap divers, we are actually talk-ing about diving in a confined space per OSHA definitions. Confined space diving should be strictly limited to surface sup-plied air diving with positive electronic communications. SCUBA diving in con-fined spaces or near a differential pres-sure is tempting fate and should be strictly prohibited. In the case of the Department of Water Resources double fatality it might have had a different outcome if the divers were able to communicate with topside. Once again, to this date, the exact cause of the divers drowning are unknown. It

is interesting to note that in the case of the OSHA Investigation several violations were noted including:• “Employer conducted SCUBA div-

ing operations against currents that exceeded one (1) knot without Employees line-tended”. (Similar conditions were measured by the U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation and the currents measured approximately 2.94 knots)

• “Employer failed to stop, de-energize or disengage pumping Unit #5 at the Dos Amigos Pumping Plant prior to diving operations…”. Although OSHA levied a fine for this item, the report also states that “substantial probability that death…resulting from this violation…cannot be established”. The report also states that the employees and supervisor had discussions about diving in front of this particular pump while energized

A tell tale sign of an extreme water infl ow is a whirlpool or depression in the water.

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and that previous diving operations had been conducted without incident because “the force could not hold a per-son against the trash racks”.

• “Employer failed to use a high tempera-ture or carbon monoxide alarm to moni-tor carbon monoxide levels.” Testing of the air in the victims tanks, however, revealed no evidence of carbon monox-ide contamination. We have been talking about how differential water pressures act on divers causing entrapments. Since awareness has been raised in the com-mercial diving community about this haz-ard, new configurations of intake grating have emerged that will allow water to pass though if a diver gets too close. The same theory applies if you must breach a pipe of wall. Make several horizontal cuts instead of one single hole. The idea is to create holes that allow water to pass by a diver if they get too close. Many of the pipe fatali-ties including the pool incident involved the victim creating a perfect seal with his body that would not allow any water to pass through creating a continuous differential pressure. We have discussed different aspects of differential pressures a.k.a. Delta-P and how they affect divers. The best defense for this hazard is pre-planning your response area.

• Do NOT rely on visual indications for Delta-P because it may be completely invisible.

• Never knowingly send your divers into a Delta-P situation.

• Always ensure a thorough lockout/tagout and de-energize of the system in question is performed before you even consider sending a diver in.

• Under most circumstances your diver should be tethered to the surface.

• Consider electronic communications as a mandatory requirement.

• If you must search a confined space you must use surface supplied air and NOT SCUBA.

Calculating the force of water through a hole at depthApprox area of holeXWater DepthXPsi. Per Foot of Water Depth(.432 fresh water)(.445 salt water)

Example #147 sqin.X110 fsw.X.445 psi2303 lbs.

Delta-P is an extremely powerful force, stay away from it at all costs. Take care of your team members and take care of your-self. Remember we are not sacrificial lambs. Stay safe and stay diving!

Sean Johnson is a Fresno City Fire Dept firefighter, diver and USAR team member.

This article first appeared in TECHNICAL RESCUE Magazine issue 51. For more information, please visit www.trescue.com.

delta p


caves

IN THE AREA OF POTI Malal, the southern sector of the Mendoza province in Argentina, at the south west of the city of Malargue, the so called San Augustin Cavern is located. This cavern is carved in marine chalk from the Jurassic period of high potential, in which a hydro-geologic system of unknown magnitude and dynamics has been found.

The objective of this research is to quantify the growth rate of the Karstic system through the determination of the velocity of dissolution of chalk in a submerged part. In October 2011 a systematic

Determining the growth rate of Poti Malal gypsum karst, Malargüe, Mendoza, Argentina

CAVE DivingBY JUAN MANUEL CASAL MARISCOPE ARGENTINACHRISTIAN HAAG MARISCOPE CHILE


study started, taking water samples and making measurements on dissolution, which will be repeated over the time in order to get representative data that include geomorphologic variables as well as geochemical and climatic ones, among others.

The installation of samples, the collection of water samples and the measurements of dissolution plates and bags, are being carried out by the scientists themselves, using cave diving techniques. These specialists have the correspondent certifications and equipment that are requested by the international standards for these kinds of operations.

It is extremely difficult to reach the diving area and at least two hours of equipment carriage inside the cave are necessary in order to get to the point of diving. Before you can reach the area, a good piece of off-road experience is necessary to get in the neighborhood of the cave. In order to be able to carry all the equipment to this extreme event, we used several Land Rover Defender. Once in the area, we changed our Landys by horses and mules, than even our special 4x4 weren’t as good as our four legged friends in the heavy terrain. So, we did our first experiences in ‘Mule Diving’.

Once there, the complete gear had to be lowered to the main vault by ropes and pulleys. The cave diving was performed under TDI and IANTD standards. For the first incursion, every diver had two side mounted tanks, instead of the twins on the back. We decided this way of diving, since the transport of a twin down to the diving area would have been much more difficult. For the second incursion, Nitrox Rebreathers of the Dräger Dolphin type have been used. The advantage is that at the end of the day you only have to take a small 5 l tank out of the cave and fill it up with Nitrox. From now on, we call it ‘Mule Blending’.

Since the diving was performed at 1700 m (ARO 4.500 ft) of altitude, we decided to limit the diving depth to 18 m, giving an equivalent depth of 23 m. The dive time with Nitrox was 60 minutes without decompression (40 minutes with air).

For safety, the internationally accepted rule of 1/3 was applied: 1/3 of the amount of gas was used for penetration, 1/3 for the exit and 1/3 as backup. Obviously every diver had also an emergency tank with air, in case the rebreather f looded. Even though exact time calculations for bottom time and exit time have been carried out, everybody carried a dive computer. Additionally every life supporting system was redundant, following the international rules for cave diving.

Surface supplied diving as imposed by international commercial diving standards is nearly impossible in the exploratory phase of cave diving, since mobility is extremely important.

For the illumination, modern LED lamps have been chosen, due to the enhanced autonomy and ruggedness, coupled to separate bat-tery canisters, attached to one side of the rebreather.

The tasks to be carried out underwater were exploration of the system, which is still no completed, life line installation and the selection of the points, were the samples would be installed. After all this, the scientific part started.

In order to determine the magnitude of the dissolution, two methods are used: dissolution plates and dissolution bags.

The dissolution plates are basically plane pills, manufactured with original chalk taken from the system and fixed on a surface that has

been placed in several locations of the underwater system. Knowing the initial volume and weight of these plates, it is possible to calculate the volume and mass loss after a certain period of time.

The dissolution bags are samples that have been measured and weighted, placed in permeable bags. With this procedure, each side of the sample is in contact with water, giving an idea of the veloc-ity of dissolution, although it is a little bit distorted and accelerated.

In order to establish a base line, during the first incursion in the cave system, water samples have been taken in order to obtain values of PH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity, minerals and dissolved oxygen.

Due to the extreme conditions, which are responsible for a human and economic weakening during each incursion to the cave system, initially only once every 6 months these dives will be carried out, following the marked hydric and climatic seasonality, evidenced at the beginning of the austral spring and autumn.

In the future, part of these investigations will be carried out by ROVs specially adapted for these purposes. Vehicles of the FO II type from Mariscope will be adapted with special camera and lighting systems, oceanographic sensors and other instruments, in order to be able to carry out the measurements without putting at risk the divers.

There are obviously tasks that only can be carried out by divers, i.e. exploration and fixing of samples, but others can perfectly be run with ROVs.

52 UnderWater JULY/AUGUST 2012584491_iuc.indd 1 25/04/12 12:48 AM

The challenge will be to reach the area with all the ROV equipment, power supply, generators, cables and so on. Probably sev-eral additional four legged friends will have to help us out. At the moment, we wonder how ‘Mule ROVing’ would look like, but preparations are already running.

The Argentinean branch of Mariscope Meerestechnik was founded 2011 and is dedicated to applied oceanography and marine geology, ROV services and

professional diving. Similar to Mariscope in Chile, founded in 2001 as first office in South America from the German ROV manufacturer, the company in Argentina will provide a vast variety of services in the above mentioned areas, as well as ‘Mule Diving’.

Ge ologic BackgroundThrough the disaggregation of

Gondwana, basins of marine origin were

generated which had a connection at the occidental border.

The ongoing tectonic processes created a large number of intracratonic basins, which have been filled up with sediments originated from the continents during the mid-Triassic period till to the upper-Tri-assic period. To the end of the Triassic the first marine ingression occurs in the basin. Simultaneously the rifting process contin-ues, coupled with the deepening of the basin caused by alternated sea level rises and falls.

At the beginning of the Jurassic period, a new marine ingression takes place, which deposits limestone and calcareous shales. By the end of the upper Jurassic period, a fall in the sea level is responsible for a deposit of large amounts of chalk, which constituted the Auquilco formation.

The Auquilco (Upper Oxfordian – Kimmeridgian) formation was deposited in a flat marine ambient, highly restricted and with very high salinity, surrounded by a very warm environment, which resulted in the deposit of white colored laminated chalk and which has calcareous levels in between. This Auquilco formation is precisely the focus of our research.

caves


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Over this formation marine and conti-nental sediments follow up in an alternate pattern, until the Andes were formed during the Miocene. During this geologic forma-tion period, the sediments are displaced and the deposits hereunder are folded. This elevation of the Andes Mountains gave the actual shape of the environment. All along the area, rifts and folds enabled the forma-tion of cavities.

During the ongoing research, the dis-solution of chalk in the Auquilco formation will be investigated. It is known, that the solubility of chalk is big and the dissolu-tion is fast and simple, in comparison to limestone.

The chalk, which is in contact with water, is dissolved fast, saturating the layer of water near the wall, meanwhile the concentration of chalk in the rest of the flow is much lower .

This layer of water saturated with chalk is called diffusion layer and herein the chalk moves slowly from the wall to the rest of the flow.

The diffusion layer is the one that controls the velocity of dissolution of the chalk, mainly depending on the layer’s thickness.

The flow velocity has a marked effect on the velocity of dissolution, since before the cracks are widened through the water f low (Karstification), the permeability of the chalk is low.

The thickness of this layer is large, due to the electric charge of the chalk molecules. The solubility of chalk in pure water of 20 °C is 2,53 gr/l, between 10 and 30 times more than the solubility of Calcium Carbonate in the presence of Carbonic Anhydride(CO2)

The dissolution of the cave depends more on the f low velocity than on the per-centage of saturation. In the galleries the loss of material is higher than in small pas-sages. Therefore large galleries are growing permanently faster than the rest. When the f low velocity is low, the dissolution depends on the amount of water available. Therefore these chalk caves have small pas-sages and big galleries, with normally quite uniform walls.


new gear

new gearMore Public Safety Dive Teams Employ Side Scan SonarThe North Sea’s Most Capable and Cost-Effective Trenching Solution

More public safety dive teams are adding sonar to assist in their underwater search and recovery operations. Side scan is the ideal tool for these operations because it produces detailed images of the underwater environment regardless of water clarity. In addition, the sonar is able to search large areas quickly, scanning several hundred feet of ocean, lake, or river bottom with each pass of the boat. The sonar does this by transmitting an acoustic beam from a tow-fish which sweeps the bottom and reflects off any objects lying there. The reflected beam returns to the fish and is sent topside where vivid color images are displayed and stored on a notebook computer. Connecting a GPS allows position coordinates to be captured with the sonar data. Side scan can

easily locate a variety of targets including sunken boats, submerged vehicles, and drowning victims. An optional Splashproof computer with ultrabright display can be an essential item when operating from a small, open boat.

One team that recently acquired a side scan is Grayson Fire Department in Kentucky. The department serves an area covering 90 square miles. Their dive team is responsible for search and recovery mis-sions in 20 mile long Grayson Lake and surrounding waterways, where tragically 2 to 3 persons drown each year. To assist in searching such a large area, the team decided a side scan sonar would be a great asset. With support from the community and assistance from New Horizons Dive

Shop, the team raised the necessary funds and purchased a sonar. The one they chose was JW Fishers SSS-600K side scan because it would give them the optimal combina-tion of range and resolution. With five different range settings providing varying resolution, the 600K lets the operator tailor the system’s operation to meet the mission requirements. On the long range setting the sonar is capable of scanning a swath up to 200 feet wide on each side of the boat, most helpful when searching large areas. This setting is best when looking for bigger targets like a car that has gone off a bridge or a capsized pleasure craft. When looking for small or soft targets such as a drowning victim, shorter range settings are a better choice. After completing a one day training session at Fishers factory team members returned home, and two days later they were out on Grayson Lake practicing with their new sonar. Lt. Kyle Morgan reported, “We can clearly see tires, lots of tree limbs, and several cinder blocks on the bottom. The images were quite impressive.”

Two more departments that have added Fishers side scan sonars are the Iberville Parish Sheriff ’s Office in Louisiana and the New Bedford Police Department in Massachusetts. Iberville Parish is located just south of Baton Rouge and includes 34 square miles of water, much of it bayou. The sheriff ’s department went with the single frequency SSS-600K as it has all the range needed to work in small bodies of water, but also the high resolution needed to find small targets like drowning victims and weapons. Along with the sonar system they opted for the mapping software which shows the track

Main - Grayson Fire with side scan, Inset - New Bedford PD with side scan


of the boat as it runs a search grid and the size of the sonar swath, ensuring no part of the area is missed. New Bedford is a coastal city with an active port and small airport. The police chose the dual frequency SSS-100K/600K side scan which provides both detailed images of high frequency com-bined with the longer scanning range of low frequency, an essential feature when searching large areas of open ocean look-ing for lost vessels or downed aircraft. An adjustable transducer feature is available with the single frequency that allows the

sonar to scan vertical structures making it an excellent tool to inspect ship’s hulls for compartments carrying drugs, or scan piers and bulkheads for explosives. After completing the training session Sgt. Jill Simmons, a longtime member of the depart-ment’s port security team reports “I’m very happy with the unit, and the guys loved it! Our group was already using Fishers TOV-1 towed video system and Pulse 8X metal detector and getting good results. When we got the funding for a side scan, their system was the obvious choice.”

A few more of the many teams using Fishers side scan sonars are the Lowndes County Sheriff ’s Department in Georgia, the Oxnard Fire Department in California, the Aronac County Sheriff ’s Department in Michigan, the Livingston Parish Office of Homeland Security in Louisiana, the Pulaski County Sheriff ’s Office in Arkansas, and the National Search and Rescue Agency of Indonesia.

For more information on JW Fishers complete line of underwater search equip-ment go to www.jwfishers.com.

High Quality, Twisted Diving Umbilicals

Umbilicals International has teamed up with Jack Vilas & Associates, Inc (JVA) in Morgan City, Louisiana, to provide high quality, twisted diving umbilicals. JVA will stock spools of already made twisted diving umbilicals which can be ordered in custom lengths up to 1000 ft. After obtaining the footage and hose end requirements, the hose will be cut to order and hydrotested to ensure their custom-ers receive a safe, reliable hose set up.

For more information, please contact Brandon ([email protected]) or call 985-384-8012.

Terresolve, an industry leader in pro-ducing environmentally safe lubricants and functional fluids, today announces Rolls-Royce Deck Machinery (Brattvaag Group) has approved its EnviroLogic 3000 line of high-performance, readily biodegradable hydraulic fluids for use in its products.

Terresolve’s EnviroLogic 3000 hydraulic fluids are readily biodegradable, non-toxic and are a direct replacement for their petro-leum analogues. The fluids are safe to use in environmentally sensitive applications, and there are no long term negative envi-ronmental effects in the event of a leak or spill. The EnviroLogic 3000 hydraulic fluids break down into natural parts within 28 days in accordance with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) ultimate biodegradation test.

“Rolls-Royce is very environmentally conscious. We have been working closely with the company to make sure our f lu-ids are the right fit for Rolls-Royce’s deck machinery,” says Terresolve CEO Mark Miller. “Our customers seek environmen-tal fluids that work. While we’ve had highly successful eco-friendly fluids for years, it takes time to prove their performance before they become fully embraced and adopted.”

Rolls-Royce provides deck machinery solutions that are suitable for all vessels in

Terresolve Technologies Biodegradable Fluids Gain Rolls-Royce ApprovalRolls-Royce Line of Deck Machinery Approves EnviroLogic 3000 Series of Hydraulic Fluids

the offshore supply and service f leet. The offshore industry has seen a multitude of environmental f luids that have failed due harsh conditions, such as extreme tem-peratures and moisture. Successful f luids must be durable to offer long term perfor-mance. Terresolve products are ideal for these types of extreme applications, and provide Rolls-Royce with an environmen-tally safe solution that does not sacrifice performance.

“Terresolve products are different than petroleum based products and other eco-friendly products,” Miller explains. “Our fluids utilize what we call BioPolyOlefins, which are similar to Synthetic PAO’s and fall into the ISO 6743 Environmental Hydraulic Fluids Classification ‘HEPR’ category. Most other biofluids use synthetic ester (HEES) technology, which is susceptible to oxida-tion and hydrolysis.”

Approval of the EnviroLogic 3000 series of fluids, which is comprised of five hydrau-lic fluids with distinct viscosity grades, dem-onstrates that performance does not have to be sacrificed for environmental protec-tion. Environmentally conscious customers focused on the marine market like Rolls-Royce rely on Terresolve fluids to safeguard against environmental damage and perform successfully in all offshore applications.

56 UnderWater JULY/AUGUST 2012570596_Saab.indd 1 2/2/12 5:17:37 PM

new gearAbout Terresolve Technologies Ltd.

Founded in 1996 and based in Ohio, Terresolve Technologies, Ltd is dedicated to providing non-toxic, biodegradable

lubricating products that deliver exceptional performance. Terresolve’s biobased and biodegradable fluids have been extensively proven in the lab and in the field and are renewable, support the agrarian community,

and meet federal guidelines for environmen-tally preferable purchasing. For more infor-mation, contact: Terresolve Technologies; 9609 Jackson Street, Mentor, Ohio 44060 USA; (800) 661-3558; www.terresolve.com.

Tritech to Supply Sonar Systems for US Naval Order

Tritech has been awarded a contract to supply German-based Atlas Elektronik GmbH, a leading systems supplier for naval electronics, with suites of sonar equipment for an urgent US Navy requirement.

Tritech sonars will be installed on SeaFoxTM mine neutralisation systems, supplied through ATLAS North America

(ATLAS NA), in support of the US Navy requirement for a more effective mine countermeasures (MCM) system.

The SeaFoxTM system is a fibre-optic guided, one-shot, mine disposal vehicle, used for semi-autonomous disposal of naval mines and other ordnance found at sea. It is able to automatically relocate previously acquired positions of underwater objects

within minutes using the integrated homing sonar equipment.

Mike Broadbent, Tritech’s Business Development Manager comments:

“Tritech is a respected industry leader in the provision of sensors and tools for ROV and AUV markets. We are delighted to be working with Atlas Elektronik on this contract and proud to be playing our part in supporting the US Navy in this very important activity.”

About TritechTritech International Limited [Tritech]

specialises in the production of high perfor-mance acoustic sensors, sonars, video cam-eras and mechanical tooling equipment for professional underwater markets, including defence.

Tritech has been active in the defence industry for over a decade and its indus-try-recognised sonar equipment is the first choice for many NATO Navies mine-coun-termeasure an d neutralisation operations.

For further information email: [email protected] or visit: www.tritech.co.uk.

SeaFox™ Vehicle (courtesy of ATLAS ELEKTRONIK GmbH)


Subsalve USA Lift Bags used on James Cameron’s Sub during record dive!

Subsalve Usa Underwater Lift Bags were used during James Cameron’s record solo dive. Subsalve Usa Corporation provided four Enclosed Flotation Bags with 2000 lbs. of buoyancy each for James Cameron’s record solo dive to the Mariana Trench, the deepest point in the Earth’s oceans. The bags were used during the launching of the sub and removal of the sub from the water after the dive, to stabilize the submarine and to prevent it from sinking while Cameron entered and exited the sub. Additional by using 2 sets of bags, 1 set forward and 1 set aft, the submarine could

be rotated by deflating the forward set of bags, positioning the nose of the sub down-ward in preparation for Cameron to dive the submarine.

Ecos Canarias starts ROV service and representation for Mariscope in Spain

ECOS Canarias is an environmen-tal consulting company with a growing technological department. Located on the Canary Islands, the company is in the middle of an increasing marine sec-tor, pushed by the Oceanic Platform of the Canary Islands (PLOCAN). PLOCAN is a public consortium between the Spanish National and the Canary Islands Regional Governments with the main objective of construct and operate a fixed offshore oceanic platform to support research,

technology development an innovation in the marine and maritime sector.

ECOS is a privately owned com-pany specialized in Marine Technologies and Operations cooperating with the German ROV manufacturer Mariscope Meerestechnik. After purchasing their first ROV (a Mariscope FO II model) and follow-ing onsite training, both companies agreed on a stronger cooperation. As result, ECOS Canarias will be representing Mariscope Meerestechnik on the Canary Islands and

the Spanish mainland Additionally, in the framework of a recent meeting held in Gran Canaria, members of PLOCAN, ECOS Canarias and Mariscope agreed to explore new potentialities to strength technological and R&D cooperation.

NIGHT DIVER ‘CYCLOPS’NIGHT DIVER ‘Cyclops’ is a high performance

Underwater Night Vision Monocular Goggle permit-ting observation both above and below water to a depth of 50meters.

The system is modular designed and comprises a 25mm F/0.95 Objective Lens, high performance 2nd Gen or 3rd Generation Image Intensifier with Battery and hybrid On/Off Switch, 25mm Ocular Lens.

Night Diver (Cyclops) is mounted on the Drager Nova Full-face Mask or Interspiro FFM both are used worldwide by many Navies, Special Forces, and Commando’s as well as Police and Coast guards. Both

Right hand and Left hand versions are available as well as Open or Closed Circuit operation.

This novel Underwater Night Vision System can also be used in above water reconnaissance of Beachhead Defense Installations as well as underwater searching of Ship’s hull’s or the seabed for Explosives and/or Narcotics. Marine Biologists can also use Night Diver (Cyclops) for observing Marine Life under night conditions.

For a data sheet or for further information please contact:

Technical Equipment International (TEI) Ltd.Contact: Donald C.A. Watson.E-Mail: [email protected]

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ROV, MODEL “OUTLAND 1000”

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new gear

GMC & Horton Wison Deepwater confirm Joint Venture for ground breaking Shallow Water Buoyant Tower Design and Supply – First contract secured and underway

design provides multiple benefits for fields where other concepts would be problematic requiring high capital costs and expensive crane barges for installation. The buoyant tower can operate in water depths up to 700 feet and can be relocated allowing small marginal plays to be exploited in a cost effec-tive manner. The design allows for hydrocar-bon storage if needed, can eliminate separate shallow water drilling units and provides a high level of flexibility for the operator.”

First ProjectThe benefits of the design were recog-

nized and adopted by BPZ Energy for their

new platform at the Corvina field offshore Peru. The tower is composed of four cylin-drical cells and is connected to the seabed by a single suction pile which is integral to the hull structure. The tower and decks with the production equipment will be transported from the fabrication yard to Corvina on a submersible heavy lift ship. After upending, fixed and variable ballast will be pumped into the hull to provide stability for the platform.

The CX-15 shallow water tower is well on track for a Q3 2012 installation and will be the first application of this design. The plat-form is designed for 12,200 barrels of oil per day, gas compression capacity of 12.8 million

GMC and Horton Wison Deepwater today confirmed their Joint Venture estab-lished to design and supply innovative Buoyant Towers for shallow water fields. Kevin Chell CEO of the joint venture stated “The Buoyant Tower concept draws on the proven technology of the cellspar and the


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- 1600 cfm

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400 cfm @ 200 psi

760 cfm @ 365 psi

Small Portable 10cfm - 25 cfm

AIR TUGGERS1000 LB - 22,000 LB

GENERATORS ANDLIGHTING EQUIPMENT

Portable - Diesel 3 kw to 200 kw

Offshore Diesel 3 kw to 200 kw

Tripod Lights 500 watt to 2000 watt

Portable Light Towers 4000 Watt -

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PRESSURE WASHERS ANDSTEAM CLEANERS

Gas Driven-1000psi - 4000psi

Diesel Driven-1000psi - 5,000psi

Cold Water & Hot Water

Steam Cleaner Up to 300 psi

PUMPS6 x 6 3 – Stage 1500 gpm

@ 350 psi

4 x 3 2 – Stage 800 gpm

@ 225 psi

3 x 2-1/2 Single Stage 200 gpm

@ 125 psi

Hydrostatic Test Pumps

SPECIALTY DIVING EQUIPMENTHydraulic Tools

Hydraulic Power Units

Hose Reels & Hoses

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Lift Bags 500 lb – 20,000 lb

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MISC. EQUIPMENTTool Baskets

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PS

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standard cubic feet per day and produced water handling and injection capacity of 3,500 barrels per day. A total of 24 drill slots will be available, some of which will be used for gas and water reinjection wells. The CX-15 platform will be located about one mile from the existing CX-11 Corvina

platform, with both platforms intercon-nected via a series of subsea pipelines.

The JV completed the FEED scope in 2011 which led to detailed design for the buoyant tower. Fabrication is underway at Wison Offshore and Marine’s yard in Nantong, China. GMC are also providing

project management and installation ser-vices for the CX-15 platform.

Jim Maher COO of the JV commented “We are pleased to be working with BPZ Energy on this important project which draws upon deepwater technology and applies it in the shallow water arena.”

Ashtead Technology partners with The Oceanscience Group

World leading marine rental company, Ashtead Technology – Offshore Division, announces an exclusive agreement with The Oceanscience Group, to offer the UnderwayCTD and UnderwaySV systems for the rental market. For the first time, the revolutionary profiler is available for short or long term hire with systems supplied out of Ashtead Technology’s three regional bases - Houston, Aberdeen, and Singapore. This agreement is exclusive within the Oil and Gas industry.

The UnderwayCTD/SV is a free fall profiling system that offers research quality conductivity, temperature, depth (CTD) or sound velocity (SV) profiles from a vessel moving at up to 14kts. Profiles over 1000m are achievable at 4-5kts and with a turnaround time of only about 30 minutes for a full depth cast, there is no faster way to gather affordable and high quality data.

Mark Derry, Ashtead Technology Offshore Division Managing Director commented “Ashtead Technology endeav-ours to meet our customer’s demands for the very latest subsea equipment. This agreement with The Oceanscience Group for the rental of their innovative profilers will provide our global hydrographic cus-tomers with the latest technology available, where and when they require it, on a f lexible rental basis.”

For hydrographic survey projects the exceptionally simple installation process and minimal infrastructure requirements make the UnderwayCTD/SV an ideal pro-filing system.

Rental systems are available NOW.


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navigator

SHARK MARINE TECHNOLOGIES INC. CANADA has been awarded the Underwater Navigation Integrated Sonar Units (UNIS) contract for the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). The UNIS contract is for the supply of 34 divers sonar reconnaissance systems. UNIS will be based on the Shark Marine Navigator and shall provide the Royal Australian Navy Divers with the latest technology to conduct underwater navigation, object identification and beach reconnaissance duties.

The UNIS contract is for 34 systems with spares and dedicated training packages. Delivery of the systems will begin in June 2012.

UNIS will be based on the Shark Marine divers sonar unit the Navigator. The Navigator has been employed by some of the world’s leading military Reconnaissance Teams and Navy Clearance Divers. The Navigator provides customers with the ability to conduct clan-destine underwater navigation, beach reconnaissance and object identification (Explosive Ordnance Reconnaissance (EOR) within the Very Shallow Water (VSW), Surf Zone (SZ) and deep water of the littoral to 100 metres. The Navigator contributes to the success of Mine Countermeasure (MCM) duties and amphibious opera-tions by aiding the operator’s ability to ensure the sea way is clear of ordnance, obstacles and the beach gradients are suitable for landing craft usage.

To assist with larger area surveys the Navigator can be configured to be operated from small craft. This enables the expansion of area

SHARK MARINE TECHNOLOGIES Inc. Navigator Sales to The Royal Australian Navy

surveys around landing beaches to be conducted or to survey the path for the passage of major warships. These additional tasks are reported to have been completed with great success.

The object identification capabilities of the Navigator also enables support to be provided to homeland security by aiding object iden-tification searches within ports, docks and ship hulls as well as assisting civilian authorities with specific underwater searches for objects, missing persons or hazards.

The success of the Navigator is based on its modular design that enables the operators to configure the Navigator with appropriate sonar heads, navigating equipment (GPS, Doppler, long base line) and dedicated operational software to match the mission require-ments. Shark Marine Technologies has worked closely with the world military forces to design hardware and software to meet the requirements of front line operators.

The Shark Marine Navigator is already in service with a number of the world’s leading military forces. The award of the UNIS contract to the Royal Australian Navy confirms Shark Marine as the world leader for underwater diver’s sonar systems and the Navigator as the choice of modern military forces.

For further information please contact Shark Marine Technologies Inc. at Tel: 905-687-6672. E-mail: [email protected] www.sharkmarine.com


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INDEX TO ADVERTISERSAUV MANUFACTUREROceanServer Technology, Inc. ......................................... 42www.ocean-server.comBRIDGES & DAMSBlueView Technologies, Inc. .............................................10www.blueview.comCOMMERCIAL DIVINGU.S. Underwater Services, LLC ....................................... 21www.usunderwaterservices.comCOMMERCIAL DIVING CONTRACTORSCal Dive International ..............................Inside Front Coverwww.caldive.comGlobal Diving and Salvage............................................... 31www.gdiving.comCOMMERCIAL DIVING EQUIPMENT RENTALSAQUA AIR INDUSTRIES, INC. ........................................... 37www.aquaairind.comFast Forward Rentals .......................................................13www.fastforwardrentals.comCOMMERCIAL DIVING EQUIPMENT SALESAQUA AIR INDUSTRIES, INC. ........................................... 37www.aquaairind.comAqua Lung America ......................................................... 49www.aqualung.comArmada Systems, Inc ...................................................... 64www.armadahull.comBay-Tech Equipment Rentals, Inc. ................................... 48www.baytechrentals.comDIVE COMMERCIAL INTERNATIONAL, INC. .................... 42www.divecommercial.comDIVERS SUPPLY, INC. ............................Outside Back Coverwww.diverssupplyinc.comGulf Engine and Equipment ............................................. 53www.gulfengine.comIUC Technologies............................................................. 52www.iuctechnologies.comJack Vilas & Associates, Inc. .......................................... 47www.jackvilas.comJW FISHERS MANUFACTURING COMPANY ...................... 8www.jwfi shers.comMcMillan Design, Inc. ...................................................... 63www.seacatch.comMiller Diving .................................................................... 64www.millerdiving.comRedfi sh Rentals Inc. ........................................................ 59www.redfi shrental.comSteffen Inc. ......................................................................17www.steffeninc.comCOMMERCIAL DIVING SCHOOLSCOMMERCIAL DIVING ACADEMY.................................... 42www.commercialdivingacademy.comDIVERS ACADEMY INTERNATIONAL ............................... 58www.diversacademy.comDIVERS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ............................. 62www.diversinstitute.eduMinnesota Commercial Diver Training Center ................. 63www.minnesotacommercialdiving.comTHE OCEAN CORPORATION ............................................ 60www.oceancorp.comCOMPRESSORSBauer Compressors Inc. .................................................. 48www.bauercomp.comNuvair ............................................................................. 60www.nuvair.comCORROSION CONTROL & SEALINGDenso North America Inc. ................................................. 6www.densona.comCORROSION PROTECTION PROBESPolatrak .......................................................................... 20www.polatrak.comCUSTOMS/COMPLIANCEInSite Technologies ......................................................... 48www.insiterov.comDIVE EQUIPMENTMorgan City Rentals.......................................................... 5www.morgancityrentals.comPOMMEC BV.....................................................................17www.pommec.comDIVING COMMUNICATIONSHYDROLINX Diving Communication, Inc. ........................ 29www.hydrolinx.comDIVING GASPRAXAIR INC. ................................................................. 63www.praxair.com

DIVING HELMETSKIRBY MORGAN DIVE SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL, INC. ............................ Inside Back Coverwww.kirbymorgan.comFLANGE GASKET HOLDERSFlange Skillets International, Inc. .................................... 63www.fl angeskillets.comFUELS & LUBRICANTSLubrication Technology, Inc. ........................................... 63www.lubricationtechnology.comHULL SCRUBBERSArmada Systems, Inc ...................................................... 64www.armadahull.comThe Desmond-Stephan Manufacturing Co. ..................... 63www.desmond-stephan.comHYDROGRAPHIC SYSTEMSBlueView Technologies, Inc. .............................................10www.blueview.com

INDUSTRIAL & SPECIALTY GASTNT GAS AND SUPPLY .................................................... 64www.gasandsupply.comINSURANCEFisk Marine Insurance International ................................ 25www.fi skusa.comJOHN W. FISK CO. ........................................................... 65www.jwfi sk.comKibble & Prentice ............................................................ 62www.kpcom.comLOGISTICSInSite Technologies ......................................................... 48www.insiterov.comMARINE CONSTRUCTIONBlueView Technologies, Inc. .............................................10www.blueview.com


ALPHA RENTALS

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS CONTINUED

MARINE PILE PROTECTION SYSTEMSDenso North America Inc. ................................................. 6www.densona.comMARINE SALVAGEBlueView Technologies, Inc. .............................................10www.blueview.comMOBILE SATELLITE SERVICE PROVIDERDELTA WAVE COMMUNICATIONS, INC. ........................... 60www.deltawavecomm.comNAVIGATION SYSTEMSBlueView Technologies, Inc. .............................................10www.blueview.comGreensea Systems, Inc. .................................................. 43www.greenseainc.comNUCLEAR & HYDRO ENERGYArmada Systems, Inc ...................................................... 64www.armadahull.com

BlueView Technologies, Inc. .............................................10www.blueview.comOFFSHORE OIL & GASBlueView Technologies, Inc. .............................................10www.blueview.comPILE JACKETSDenso North America Inc. ................................................. 6www.densona.comPILE REPAIR/PILE CLEANINGDenso North America Inc. ................................................. 6www.densona.comFive Star Marine Products, Inc. ....................................... 62www.5star-marine.comFOX INDUSTRIES, INC. .................................................... 32www.foxind.comPIPELINE SUPPORTAnchorPipe International Inc. .......................................... 63www.anchorpipe.com

PROJECT MANAGEMENT,

ENGINEERING & INSPECTION

Magellan Marine International, LLC ................................ 63www.magellanmarine.comPROPELLER POLISHERS

Armada Systems, Inc ...................................................... 64www.armadahull.comREMOTELY OPERATED VEHICLES

BlueView Technologies, Inc. .............................................10www.blueview.comDOE. Inc .......................................................................... 21www.deepocean.comGreensea Systems, Inc. .................................................. 43www.greenseainc.comInSite Technologies ......................................................... 48www.insiterov.comMariscope Chilena Ltda. ................................................. 30www.mariscope.clSaab Seaeye Ltd ............................................................. 56www.seaeye.comSeaBotix, INC. ................................................................... 4www.seabotix.comSATURATION DIVING EQUIPMENT

Bozeman Distributors - CAT Pumps ................................ 63www.bozemandistributors.comIUC Technologies............................................................. 52www.iuctechnologies.comLexMar Engineering Pte. Ltd ........................................... 26www.lexmar.com.sgSECURITY & SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS

BlueView Technologies, Inc. .............................................10www.blueview.comSLINGBAGS

Quikrete .......................................................................... 60www.slingbag.netSONAR & AUV SURVEY

BlueView Technologies, Inc. .............................................10www.blueview.comMarine Sonic Technology Ltd. ......................................... 30www.marinesonic.comTRANSPORTATION

InSite Technologies ......................................................... 48www.insiterov.comSUB SEA CUTTING TOOLS

Gary Herman Rentals, LLC dba Alpha Rentals ................ 66www.divershotwater.comUNDERWATER CAMERAS

VideoRay ........................................................................... 3www.videoray.comUNDERWATER CLEANING SYSTEMS

Cavidyne, Inc. ................................................................. 27www.cavidyne.comUNDERWATER CONNECTOR TECHNOLOGIES

Seacon .............................................................................. 8www.seacon-usa.comUNDERWATER ELECTRICAL CONNECTORS

Marshall Underwater ...................................................... 64www.marshallunderwater.comUNDERWATER IMAGING SYSTEMS

BlueView Technologies, Inc. .............................................10www.blueview.comOutland Technology Inc. .................................................. 58www.outlandtech.comUNDERWATER LIFT BAGS

SUBSALVE USA ............................................................... 48www.subsalve.comUNDERWATER OPERATIONS

BlueView Technologies, Inc. .............................................10www.blueview.comUNDERWATER WELDING

Hydroweld USA LLC .........................................................19www.hydroweld.comVIDEO INSPECTION SYSTEMS

National Hyperbaric Centre ............................................. 43www.nationalhyperbariccentre.com

Kirby Morgan | 1430 Jason Way Santa Maria, California 93455 Phone: 805-928-7772

© 2012 Kirby Morgan Dive Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. www.kirbymorgan.com ® Registered Design Trademark, U.S.

Patent Office, EU and other foreign Registrations. U.S. and foreign patents have been issued for these products

LADC

INTERNATIONAL

KMB 28

KMB 18

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2396 Belle Chasse Hwy. Gretna, LA 70056Phone: (504)392-2800 Toll Free: 888-221-8120 Fax: (504)392-3920

www.diverssupplyinc.com [email protected]

AIR CONTROL BOXESFor 2 and 3 Divers

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