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ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
1
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy
& Energy Efficiency for Poverty Reduction
19th – 23rd June 2006Nairobi, Kenya
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
2
Module 11: Wind
Mike Harries MA (Cambridge)Managing Director
Kijito Windpumps - Thika
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
3
Training Module on Wind
• Developing Windpumping in Kenya – a personal experience
• An overview of small and large scale Wind Generation
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
4
Developing Windpumping in Kenya – a personal experience
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
5
The Building of the Railway 1896 – 1902 brought my family to Kenya in 1904
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
6
Where the family camped in 1904, near the current Chiromo Campus in Nairobi
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
7
Allen Charles Harries at left on Karamaini in 1911
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
8
The Harries family brought pineapples to Kenya in the 1920’s.
Below my father in 1965 with a load on it’s way to
the Canning Factory
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
9
Our family developed the cultivation of
Macadamia Nuts in Kenya and by 1973 we had the second biggest acreage in the world behind
Hawaii planted in Kenya with small holders.
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
10
My Family and I brought Windpumps to Kenya in 1979
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
11
The Family behind Kijito Windpumps
• Julian, Tracy, Pauline and Mike
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
12
It all started with “Oscar Golf” and flying for “Sight by Wings”, where much of our work was dealing with
Trachoma, a disease encouraged by poor hygiene and a lack of water
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
13
And then we heard about the Intermediate Development Technolgy
Group of the UK who had developed a simple
Windpump prototype together with Reading University, and were
looking for collaborators to take
the design forward, and Pauline and I visited
them in 1977
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
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Then followed six years of very expensive development work mostly carried out on Ol Pejeta Ranch near
Nanyuki
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
15
Where we just reinventing the wheel?
• NO! The first generation windpumps going back to the late 19th century were made of very heavy and complicated castings and usually gears for the smaller machines. We did not see this as practical for small scale manufacture in Developing Countries
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
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Prince Charles visited us in April 1987. He came to further his interest in Alternative Energy
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
17
Three bladed Horizontal axis Wind Generator
These are only used for Electricity Generation, as the small diameter machines rotate too fast, and cannot initially generate enough torque to start a piston pump working. More about this later!
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
18
Darrieus Wind Turbine
Not really suitable for Windpumping as they cannot self start, and are difficult to protect from storm damage – so never really caught on anywhere
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
19
Savonius Rotor
These are very inefficient and turn very slowly. They are also difficult to protect against storms
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
20
Windpower - Some basic Facts
• The power available from a Windpump Rotor is proportional to: the SQUARE of its Diameter and the CUBE of the Windspeed passing through it
• Wind Generators require a mean average speed of more than 5 M/Sec to be viable
• Windpumps on the other hand can be viable as low as 3 M/Sec
• A Windpump can continue to pump in a lower Windspeed than it needs to start it, due to the”flywheel” effect. (See diagram)
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
21
The “flywheel” effect of the Windpump Rotor means it can continue pumping at a lower speed than it needs to
start!
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
22
A Kijito Multi-bladed horizontal axis Windpump pumping water for livestock
This type of multibladed Windpump is still the only practical, commercially available mechanical technology for lifting water with wind.
This size of Kijito Windpump has a Rotor Diameter of 26 feet (7.9m) and can lift water from 150m
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
23
Urban Domestic Water Supply
As we saw in the previous slide, Windpumps come into their own for watering Livestock, but can also be very effective for Rural/Urban Water supplies.
This machine was only 1 kilometer from the National Grid!
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
24
We are even pumping water for Elephants!
• In recent years the Kenya Wildlife Service has been installing Kijitos in some of their Game Parks to increase the range for the Elephant population during the dry months of the year
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
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But people and their kids are our top priority!
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
26
All our Kijitos come with hinged towers, so the whole Windpump can be assembled at ground level and then
winched upright
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
27
Storage is always important!
Ideally the storage tank should reflect at least three to four days total water usage
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
29
KIJITO SALES = 369
• KENYA – 280• TANZANIA – 32• UGANDA – 16• SOMALIA – 15• SUDAN – 7 • NIGERIA - 4
• BRITAIN – 3• BOTSWANA – 2• COMOROS – 2• NIGER – 2• CAN/USA – 2• RWANDA – 1• JORDAN – 1• HOLLAND - 1
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
30
The Transmission is the Heart of the machine – ten years in the development and no castings or gears!
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
31
We have a brilliant team in our workshop facility headed up by Senior Foreman Julius
Kariuki
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
32
More often than not the problems are underground! MUD!!
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
33
Careful planning is required before installation, to
maximise water output
It is very important that the Customer supplies the exact details of the installation. This will enable the correct size of Rotor, Pump and Stroke to be calculated
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
34
What about Windspeeds? This is Wilson Airport near Nairobi
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
35
This is Eldoret, west of the Great Rift Valley
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Mea
n A
vera
ge W
inds
peed
in M
/sec
AVERAGE
LOW
MEDIUM
HIGH
SPEEDRANGESThis is an example of a Medium Wind Regime
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
36
This is Wajir in Kenya’s NE
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1.00
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3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Mea
n A
vera
ge W
inds
peed
in M
/sec
AVERAGE
HIGH
MEDIUM
LOW
SPEED
RANGES
This is an example of a good Wind Regime
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
37
This is Kenya’s best Wind Regime at Marsabit
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Mea
n A
vera
ge W
inds
peed
in M
/sec
AVERAGE
MEDIUM
LOW
SPEEDRANGES
This is an example of an INCREDIBLE Wind Regime!!
HIGH
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
38
Problems? - What Problems?
• Trying to resurrect a “discarded” technology• Lack of knowledge as to the potential for
Windpumping• Not wanting to go outside the accepted “norms”• Lack of reliable Wind Data• Corruption• Lack of informed investors and financiers• Lack of a “maintenance mentality”• Unrealistic expectations, sometimes due to false
claims from suppliers
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
39
Photo Credit: Nordex AG
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2004.
Clean Energy Project Analysis CourseClean Energy Project Analysis Course
Wind Energy Project AnalysisWind Energy Project Analysis
Retscreen International
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
40
Objectives
• Review basics ofWind Energy systems
• Illustrate key considerations forWind Energy project analysis
• Introduce RETScreen® Wind Energy Project Model
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
41
• Electricity for
Central-grids
Isolated-grids
Remote power supplies
Water pumping
…
What do wind energy systems provide?
Photo Credit: Warren Gretz/ NREL Pix
Palm Springs, California
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
42
Wind Turbine Description
• Components
RotorGearboxTowerFoundationControlsGenerator
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
43
Utilisation of Wind Energy
• Off-Grid Small turbines (50 W to 10 kW) Battery charging Water pumping
• Isolated-Grid Turbines typically 10 to 200 kW Reduce generation costs in
remote areas: wind-diesel hybrid system
High or low penetration
• Central-Grid Turbines typically 200 kW to 2
MW Windfarms of multiple turbines Photo Credit: Charles Newcomber/ NREL Pix
10 kW Off grid - Mexico
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
44
Elements of Wind Energy Projects
• Wind resource assessment
• Environmental assessment
• Regulatory approval
• Design
• Construction
Roads
Transmission line
Substations
Photo Credit: Warren Gretz/NREL Pix
Photo Credit: GPCo Inc.
Met Tower Quebec
Sub Station California
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
45
• High average wind speeds are essential 4 m/s annual average is minimum People tend to overestimate the wind Wind speed tends to increase with
height
• Good resource Coastal areas Crests of long slopes Passes Open terrain Valleys that channel winds
• Typically windier in Winter than summer Day than night
Wind Resource
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
46
Wind Energy System Costs• Windfarms
$1,500/kW installed
O&M: $0.01/kWh
Selling price: $0.04-$0.10/kWh
• Single turbines & isolated-grid
Higher costs(more project specific)
Feasibility study, development & engineering represent a higher portion of costs
• Expect one major component replacement of 20 to 25% of initial costs
Rotor blades or gearbox
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
47
Wind Energy Project Considerations
• Constraints and criteriaConstraints and criteria Environmental acceptability Acceptance of local population Grid interconnection and
transmission capacity
• Financing, interest rates, Financing, interest rates, currency exchange ratescurrency exchange rates
• Good wind resource dramatically reduces cost of production Good resource assessment is a worthwhile investment
• Additional sources of revenue Government/utility production credits or Greenpower rates Sales of emissions reduction credits (ERC’s)
Turbine of the Le Nordais Windfarm, Quebec, Canada
Le Nordais Windfarm – Quebec 1 of 133!
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
48
Examples: Europe and USACentral-Grid Wind Energy Systems
• Intermittent generation not a problem: 17% of Denmark’s electricity is from wind with no additional reserve generation
• Quick projects (2 to 4 years) that can grow to meet demand
Photo Credit: Warren Gretz/ NREL Pix
• Land can be used for other Land can be used for other purposes, such as agriculturepurposes, such as agriculture
• Individuals, businesses, and co-Individuals, businesses, and co-operatives sometimes own and operatives sometimes own and operate single turbinesoperate single turbines
Photo Credit: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
9.6 MW Windfarm Lolland, Denmark
Palm Springs, California
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
49
Examples: India and CanadaIsolated-Grid Wind Energy Systems
• Electricity generation is expensive due to cost of transporting diesel fuel to remote areas
Wind turbines reduce consumption of diesel fuel
• Reliability & maintenance are important
Photo Credit: Paul Pynn/ Atlantic Orient Canada
Photo Credit: Phil Owens/ Nunavut Power Corp.
50 kW in West Bengal India - Hybrid System
The same machine in N Canada
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
50
Examples: USA, Brazil and ChileOff-Grid Wind Energy Systems
• Electricity for small loads in windy off-grid areas
• Batteries in stand-alone systems provide electricity during calm periods
• Water pumping: water reservoir is storage
• Can be used in combination with fossil fuel gensets and/or photovoltaic arrays in a “hybrid” system
Photo Credit: Arturo Kunstmann/ NREL PixPhoto Credit: Roger Taylor/ NREL PixPhoto Credit: Southwest Windpower/ NREL Pix
400w for telcom – Arizona Hybrid with PV & Battery bank Brazil Chile 2 x 1kW plus batteries
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
51
RETScreen® Wind Energy
Project Model
• World-wide analysis of energy production, life-cycle costs and greenhouse gas emissions reductions Central-grid, isolated-grid and
off-grid Single turbines or windfarms Rayleigh, Weibull, or user-
defined wind distributions
• Only 1 point of data for RETScreen® vs. 8,760 for hourly simulation models
• Currently not covered: Stand-alone systems requiring
storage
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
52
Conclusions• Wind turbines provide electricity on and off grid
world- wide
• A good wind resource is an important factor for successful projects
• Availability of production credits or Greenpower rates are important for on-grid projects
• RETScreen® calculates energy production using annual data with an accuracy comparable to hourly simulations
• RETScreen® can provide significant preliminary feasibility study cost savings
ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for
Poverty Reduction
53
Questions?Wind Energy Project Analysis Module
RETScreen® International Clean Energy Project Analysis Course
www.retscreen.netwww.retscreen.netFor further information please visit the RETScreen Website at