ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE, ACCLIMATIZING PUBLIC … · orientation and documents to guide decision making at the local level. Globally, New Zealand is at a planning and risk identification

ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE,

ACCLIMATIZING PUBLIC POLICIES:

Measures and excesses of adaptation to climate change in

coastal zones in principal OECD countries

FINAL REPORT

Submitted to

Natural Resources Canada and Consortium on Regional Climatology and

Adaptation to Climate Change Ouranos

By

Moktar Lamari, Johann Jacob, Line Poulin-Larivière and Jessica Bouchard

École nationale d’administration publique

January 2016

This final report offers a synthesis of the global report prepared by the authors as part of a funding granted by Natural Resources Canada and the Consortium on Regional Climatology and Adaptation to Climate Change Ouranos to undertake investigation project AP274: “Analyse des indicateurs en adaptation aux changements climatiques utilisés dans certains pays de l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE): le cas de la gestion côtière.” The authors are grateful to Natural Resources Canada and the Consortium on Regional Climatology and Adaptation to Climate Change Ouranos for their continuous support inthe completion of this research project. With support from Natural Resources Canada Produced through the Adaptation Platform For more information on climate change impacts and adaptation, please visit adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca ENAP 555, boulevard Charest Est Québec (Québec) G1K 9E5 Téléphone : 481-641-3000 Télécopieur : 418-641-3060 Site web : www.enap.ca Suggested citation structure: Lamari, M., Johann, J., Poulin-Larivière, L. and J. Bouchard (2016): Adapting to climate change, acclimatizing public policies: Measures and excesses of adaptation to climate change in coastal zones in principal OECD countries, final report submitted to Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Division, Natural Resources Canada, 59 p.

http://www.enap.ca/

Adapting to climate change, acclimatizing public policies:

Measures and excesses of adaptation to climate change in coastal zones in principal OECD countries

Final Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................. i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 1

APPENDIX 1: INDICATOR OF AUSTRALIA .............................................................................................. 6

APPENDIX 2: INDICATOR OF CANADA ................................................................................................ 14

APPENDIX 3 : INDICATOR OF THE UNITED STATES ............................................................................ 18

APPENDIX 4 : INDICATOR OF FRANCE ................................................................................................ 27

APPENDIX : INDICATOR OF NEW ZEALAND ....................................................................................... 38

APPENDIX 6 : INDICATOR OF THE NETHERLANDS ............................................................................. 41

APPENDIX 7 : INDICATOR OF THE UNITED KINGDOM ....................................................................... 49

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In order to structure the results obtained, this report discusses, in turn, each country through

factsheets:

1) Firstly, Australia stands out for its vulnerability as an island nation; its extensive shoreline stretches

over approximately 35,000 km; and its evaluation practices of adaptation to climate change remain

decentralized. The Australian approach is based on the principle of subsidiarity and is distinguished by

the diversity of indicators documented. The federal government offers a flexible leadership, in

particular, with the production of tools and guides aiming to support local decision making related to

coastal zones. The national evaluation framework of progress in regards to adaptation to climate change

in coastal zones is based on a dozen indicators to estimate national progress. Identified indicators

measure both sensitivity and adaptation capacity. However, the analysis specific to the use of these

indicators is limited due to the recentness of the monitoring and evaluation practices.

2) Canada has an extensive territory characterized by fragmented efforts in its climate change

management. Adaptation to climate change efforts have been deployed since the 1990s, with a

collaborative approach between federal and provincial authorities, promoting initiatives at the local

level. So far, actions taken have focused on strengthening the adaptive capacity of populations that are

more likely to be affected by climate change in coastal zones. Nevertheless, these interventions have

been limited to the publication and dissemination of guides, policy papers and legal frameworks, to

facilitate the development of practical measures put in place by local communities. The indicators

selected to measure adaptation to climate change in coastal zones are very heterogeneous and shifting,

considering the size of the country, the diversity of coastal ecosystems and the federal character of the

governance of environmental issues.

3) In the United States, the late consideration of climate change issues and the need to undertake

adaptation to climate change measures delayed the development of indicators. Hence, the range of

adaptation to climate change initiatives is limited to the assessment of vulnerability and related risks. In

regards to coastal management, it may be observed that the distribution of responsibilities at all levels

of government made adaptation to climate change processes and action coordination more

cumbersome. The national level approach attached great value to the dissemination of plans to

encourage resilience evaluation of coastal communities, to facilitate risk management and provide tools

to local decision makers. In this way, indicators at the federal level measure sensitivity and climate

change exposition, whereas those at the municipal level assess exposition and operational results.

4) The case study on France shows that this nation has a centralized approach in regards to adaptation

to climate change and that data related to coastal zones is compiled and collected by a central source at

the national level. The national action plan to combat climate change aims to anticipate their impact by

developing scientific knowledge for the purpose of diminishing the vulnerability of the zones affected.

On the other hand, efforts to assess adaptive capacity remain limited. Four categories of indicators were

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

2

identified: indicators measuring the progress of the adaptation process, indicators studying the

achievement of vulnerability reduction objectives, those measuring the immediate results of action and,

finally, those evaluating the required resources to implement adaptation to climate change initiatives. In

essence, selected indicators recover existing data originating from national and European Union

organisations.

5) The New Zealand case is characterized by an approach based on mitigation to climate change

indicator development and less on adaptation to climate change. Thus, we have noted a gap in

knowledge development and scientific aptitudes in the coastal sector. The central government provides

orientation and documents to guide decision making at the local level. Globally, New Zealand is at a

planning and risk identification stage, and has yet not undertaken action to implement or assess

adaptation plans. The indicators developed by the central government study the state of the

environment at the national level. In this way, the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research

makes data and tools accessible to support local adaptation initiatives. However, the decentralization of

coastal management responsibilities has the effect of creating a lack in coordination between

government levels.

6) The Netherlands is characterized by the high vulnerability of its coastal zones and adaptation to

climate change has been a top governmental priority for a long time. Indeed, the Ministry of

Infrastructure and the Environment is responsible for adaptation policy elaboration, its implementation

and its monitoring. The Directorate-General for Spatial Development and Water Affairs is in charge of

policies related to land-use planning and issues surrounding delta management. In this way, government

efforts to adapt to climate change are supported and use an integrated approach to develop adaptation

strategies, with the next one due in 2016. The strategy is based on process and effects indicators. The

coastal management plan is also developed in collaboration with the European Union, using essentially

quantitative indicators. This country encourages the dissemination of data and official publications

dealing with climate and coastal management, and this leads to the development of adaptation

indicators.

7) In the United Kingdom, the legislative approach to climate change focuses on measuring progress. In

fact, the federal government takes into account the anticipated impacts of climate change in its policies

and regulations. It supports a long-term strategic planning approach and the production of detailed

scientific data. The Climate Change Act defines the actions to be taken in regards to adaptation. This

legal framework has the effect of encouraging the monitoring and evaluation of adaptation actions. The

indicators on which the monitoring is based focus on exposition to climatic events and impacts on the

economy, environment and society. The British approach can be qualified as pioneering, notably

because of the substantial resources devoted to evaluation.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

3

The analysis of the issue of adaptation to climate change in coastal zones conducted as part of this

project has enabled to distinguish ten main highlights:

1) Coastal zones are characterized by high vulnerability;

2) Uncertainty still surrounds the anticipated effects of climate change;

3) The growing acknowledgement of a threat by authorities fosters informed decision making;

4) Our investigation allows us to identify numerous adaptation to climate change indicators;

5) The measurement of adaptation remains embryonic;

6) The definition of adaptation to climate change is not consistent;

7) Publications are characterized by a diversified typology of indicator categories;

8) The instrumental use of adaptation to climate change indicators is currently the most common;

9) Intermediate interesting cases are those of Australia, the Netherlands, the United States and

New Zealand where monitoring and evaluation initiatives are occurring at varying stages

of progress;

10) Three main conceptions of indicators are identified: pragmatic, constructivist and realistic.

The work completed allows establishing ten findings and twelve recommendations, presented below in

three sections, namely, those dealing with institutional aspects, conceptual aspects and methodological

aspects.

INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS:

Finding 1: In the light of studied cases, many institutional factors appear to exert influence on the use of

adaptation to climate change indicators.

Variables: The availability of historic data and reliable information; the involvement and support of local

communities; the acknowledgement of climate change issues within the population and among decision

makers: the allocation of time and financial resources; resorting to vulnerability indicators; the

establishment of an M&E cycle; the development of, and access, to knowledge and technical expertise;

the centralization / decentralization of responsibilities; the implementation of a legal framework to

regulate climate change adaptation activities; integrated coastal management.

Finding 2: Government authorities can play a central role in orienting M&E of adaptation to climate

change initiatives in coastal zones.

Recommendation 1: Support and regulate the M&E of adaptation to climate change efforts by

developing reliable measurement indicators and by collecting accessible data and its regular update.

Finding 3: The magnitude of anticipated impacts and the direct experience of extreme climatic events

foster decision makers to participate in adaptation to climate change efforts in coastal zones.

Recommendation 2: Accompany coastal communities in the development and adoption of adaptation to

climate change indicators which respond to the local context and priorities.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

4

Finding 4: Systematic and institutionalized experiences of use of adaptation to climate change indicators

remain fragmented and limited. Despite the development of pertinent indicators, few tangible examples

demonstrate indicators are influencing decision making. Additionally, the most widespread object of

measurement is vulnerability assessment.

Recommendation 3: Encourage the use of adaptation to climate change indicators in decentralized

decision-making processes.

Recommendation 4: Guarantee the availability of resources (financial, human, information and material)

to realize data collection, analysis and interpretation for the purpose of developing adaptation to

climate change indicators and regulating knowledge sharing.

Finding 5: Adaptation to climate change plans and strategies irregularly incorporate coastal

management: some take a global approach while others specify the sectors of activity.

Recommendation 5: No matter the approach implemented (cross-sectional, sectorial or both), ensure

the integration of issues related to coastal zones and include indicators adapted to the context in the

different tools and publications developed.

Finding 6: Devolution of responsibilities at the implementation of measures level is common.

Subsidiarity of powers cause pressure on local teams with reference to the political will to act and the

access to resources in sufficient size and quality.

Recommendation 6: Stimulate, support and regulate lower government levels and local initiatives in the

M&E of adaptation to climate change practices.

CONCEPTUAL ASPECTS:

Finding 7: The implementation of adaptation to climate change measures in coastal zones is subject to

numerous sources of uncertainty and is contingent on many contextual elements.

Recommendation 7: Foster ownership of adaptation to climate change and the measuring of progress at

all levels: government, regional, municipal, local, etc.

Finding 8: The design and utilization of adaptation to climate change indicators in coastal zones appears

dissonant and fragmented based on the approaches advocated and the disciplines of their promoters.

Recommendation 8: Encourage knowledge sharing related to M&E between regions, sectors and actors.

Improve communication channels between the scientific community and the community of practice in

order to diminish the conceptual fragmentation surrounding the key concepts associated with

adaptation to climate change.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

5

Finding 9: Little systematic investigation has been done concerning adaptation to climate change, thus

making it difficult to identify findings likely to be applied to a plurality of contexts.

Recommendation 9: Offer more encouragement to investigations adopting approaches likely to look

further into the identification of critical components associated with the exercise of elaboration and

utilization of M&E adaptation to climate change indicators.

METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS:

Finding 10: The M&E of adaptation to climate change faces many methodological issues, notably those

related to the intangible characteristics of the effects to be measured, and those reporting on the

dynamics by which the impacts associated with adaptation to climate change interventions are

materialized.

Recommendation 10: Encourage conducting case studies which use some elements of cost-benefits

analysis.

Recommendation 11: Encourage a more widespread use of multiple-criteria analysis for decision

making.

Recommendation 12: Encourage conducting case studies based on the realistic evaluation approach

APPENDIX

6

APPENDIX 1: INDICATOR OF AUSTRALIA

Indicator of Australia

Indicator Concept measured Type of data Recurrence Special note Reference

Number of major climate risks satisfying all criteria for good risk allocation.

Adaptation capacity (current/future)

Qualitative Other No measure or timescale completed but indicators formulated by the federal Australian government.

Australia. Commonwealth of Australia, 2013a

Effect of climate hazards on land prices.

Sensibility (current/future)

Quantitative Other No measure or timescale completed but indicators formulated by the federal Australian government.


Percentage of corporations disclosing climate risk.




Percentage of the public who accept that some things may need to be done differently in a


Quantitative Other No measure or timescale completed but


APPENDIX

7

changing climate. indicators formulated by the federal Australian government.

Percentage of organisations considering climate change in long-term planning




Proportion of tertiary courses in engineering, architecture, planning, natural resource management and other relevant disciplines where climate change is integrated into training.




Change in the replacement value of built assets in bushfire, flood and coastal erosion and inundation zones.




APPENDIX

8

Damages from natural disasters.




Sensitivity of the value of agricultural production to climate extremes.




Extent and condition of key climate-sensitive ecosystems.




SPECIFIC TO COASTAL CONTEXT Capacity of planning frameworks to support effective management of climate risks in the coastal zone.


Qualitative Other No measure or timescale completed but indicators formulated by the federal Australian government.


APPENDIX

9

SPECIFIC TO COASTAL CONTEXT Number of local governments considering climate change risks in land use planning.




Percentage of Council’s carbon footprint is reduced (mitigation indicator and not adaptation).

Others Quantitative Other Indicator offered in the 2009-2014 strategic plan but no measure is available or reported.

Gold Coast City Council, 2009

Percentage of relevant Council decisions and policies contain climate change considerations.


Mixed Other Indicator offered in the 2009-2014 strategic plan but no measure is available or reported.


Percentage of Council staff that undertake training for climate change considerations as part of routine risk assessment.


Quantitative Other Indicator offered in the 2009-2014 strategic plan but no measure is available or reported.


APPENDIX

10

Percentage of the city’s economic growth attributed to climate change related industry and technology




Percentage of Council’s budget dedicated to Gold Coast specific climate change research initiatives.

Means (inputs) Quantitative Other Indicator offered in the 2009-2014 strategic plan but no measure is available or reported.


Percentage of Gold Coast specific information available compared to broader information for decision making purposes.

Means (inputs) Mixed Other Indicator offered in the 2009-2014 strategic plan but no measure is available or reported.


Percentage of Gold Coast mapped for the impacts of climate change.




Percentage of government funding and grants received by Council for climate change initiatives.

Means (inputs) Quantitative Other Indicator offered in the 2009-2014 strategic plan but no measure is available or


APPENDIX

11

reported.

Percentage of Council participation in state, national and international climate change partnerships




Percentage decrease in the city’s carbon footprint (mitigation indicator not adaptation).



Percentage increase in uptake of government programs by the Gold Coast community.




APPENDIX

12

Percentage increase in Council staff enquiry for climate change related information and resources.




Percentage of city assets and infrastructure that meets climate change design standards.




Percentage Council buildings with 40Percentage or better Greenhouse 5 Star Rating (mitigation indicator not adaptation).



Percentage decrease in energy consumption across Council buildings and assets.



Percentage increase in public transport services available for the Gold Coast community.

Others Quantitative Other Indicator offered in the 2009-2014 strategic plan but no measure is available or


APPENDIX

13

reported.

Percentage of food available to the Gold Coast community is locally grown.



Percentage increase in the implementation of Council strategies, plans and policies that meet climate change requirements and responsibilities.


Mixed Other Indicator offered in the 2009-2014 strategic plan but no measure is available or reported.


APPENDIX

14

APPENDIX 2: INDICATOR OF CANADA

Indicator of Canada


Agricultural Land protected. Exposure (current/future)

Quantitative n/a Flanders, 2011*

Impacts to wildlife habitat. Sensibility (current/future)

Qualitative n/a Flanders, 2011

Land base protected. Exposure (current/future)

Quantitative n/a Flanders, 2011

Transportation road protected. Exposure (current/future)


Infrastructure: Dikes and seawall raised and left as is.

Exposure (current/future)


Public acceptability of adaptation measures (visual impact).



Public acceptability of adaptation measures (acceptability of the concerns selected by the working group).



Number of critical facilities protected.



Number of building protected. Exposure (current/future)


APPENDIX

15

Number of culturally and historically significant features protected.



Government cost to implement adaptation measures.

Means (inputs) Quantitative n/a Flanders, 2011

Damage cost on public and private owned properties in case of flooding.



Proportion of people over 65 years of age in the community.


Quantitative n/a This indicator considers that people over 65 years of age are more sensitive to flooding as they have limited mobility, health-related problems and longer recovery time.

Hebb and Mortsch, 2007**

Proportion of people under 19 years of age in the community.

Sensibility Quantitative n/a This indicator considers that people under 19 years of age are generally physically and mentally weak and are than older individuals.

Hebb and Mortsch, 2007

APPENDIX

16

Level of knowledge of official languages.


n/a n/a This indicator supposes that the language barrier; may cause a misunderstanding of the risks leading to a bad preparedness to flooding.


Proportion of Low Income Households (spend more than 54Percentage of their income on food, shelter and clothing).


Quantitative n/a This indicator supposes that Low Income Households have limited resources to prepare or respond to flooding events.


Proportion of Single Parent Families.


Quantitative n/a This indicator considers Single Parent Families have limited resources to prepare or respond to flooding events.


Proportion of people relying on Public Transit.


Quantitative n/a This indicator considers that people relying on Public Transit may lack mobility.


APPENDIX

17

Proportion of renters in the community.


Quantitative n/a Hebb and Mortsch, 2007

Housing Type. Sensibility (current/future)

Qualitative n/a Low structures are more vulnerable to damage from flooding events.


Period of Construction (pre 1970)


Quantitative n/a Older homes may be more vulnerable to flooding events.


APPENDIX

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APPENDIX 3: INDICATOR OF THE UNITED STATES

Indicator of the United States


Percent of federal consistency projects reviewed where the project was modified due to consultation with the applicant to meet State CZM policies.

Operational results (outputs)

Quantitative Annual NCZMP measurement of performance system monitors and evaluates through the national measures of performance the progress and advancement in coastal zone management. The annual performance objectives cover five categories: coastal habitats, coastal risks, coastal community development, public access and public participation and

United States. Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, 2011

APPENDIX

19

coordination.

Number of acres of a) permit-estimated loss and b) required gain or mitigation due to activities subject to CZM regulatory programs, by category


Quantitative Annual United States. Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, 2011

Number of coordination events offered by the CZM Program and number of stakeholder groups participating, by category.

Progression (activities)


Number of a) education activities; b) training events related to government coordination offered by the CZM Program and number of participants.



Number of public access sites a) created through acquisition; b) enhanced with assistance from CZM funding.



Number of public access sites a) created and b) enhanced through CZM regulatory requirements.



APPENDIX

20

Number of a) education activities b) training events related to public access offered by the CZM Program and number of participants.



Number of acres of a) coastal habitat protected by acquisition; b) coastal habitat under restoration with assistance from CZM funding or staff.



Number of a) marine debris removal activities; b) pounds of marine debris removed during those activities.



Number of a) education activities; b) training events related to coastal habitat offered by the CZM Program and number of participants.



Number of communities in the coastal zone that completed projects to a) reduce future damage from hazards; b) increase public awareness of hazards with assistance from CZM funding.



APPENDIX

21

Number of a) education activities; b) training events related to coastal hazards offered by the CZM Program and number of participants related to coastal hazards.



Number of coastal communities that a) developed or updated sustainable development plans; b) completed a project to implement a sustainable development plan; c) developed or updated port or waterfront redevelopment ordinances, policies, and plans; d) completed a project to implement a port with assistance from CZM funding or staff.



Number of coastal communities a) that developed or updated polluted runoff management policies; b) completed projects to implement polluted runoff management plans with assistance from CZM funding or staff.



APPENDIX

22

Number of a) education activities related to coastal dependent uses and community development; b) training events related to coastal dependent uses and community development offered by the CZM Program and number of participants.



Amount a) spent by the CZM, b) financed by CZM funds, by category.

Means (inputs) Quantitative Annual United States. Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, 2011

Amount of CZM a) spent on technical assistance; b) provided as financial assistance to local governments.

Means (inputs) Quantitative Annual United States. Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, 2011

Number of acres in the coastal zone that are available for public access.


Quantitative Other Frequency : 5 years


Miles of shoreline available for public access.



United State. Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management,2011

Number of coastal and Great Lake water bodies where water quality was monitored with assistance from CZM funding or staff.




APPENDIX

23

Number of communities in the coastal zone that use setbacks, buffers, or land use policies to direct development away from areas vulnerable to coastal hazards.




Number of marinas in the coastal zone pledged or have a cleaning program.




Population in the coastal zone. Exposure (current/future)


Percentage of the population residing in the coastal zone.



Five-year change in the population of the coastal zone.



Population density in the coastal zone.



Land cover change in coastal watersheds.


Mixed Other Frequency : 5 years


Freshwater use in the coastal zone.


Mixed Other Frequency : 5 years


APPENDIX

24

Percentage of the economy attributable to the coastal zone.


Quantitative Other Frequency : periodical


Value of coastal zone tourism and recreation.


Mixed Other Frequency : periodical


Percentage of employment in the coastal zone.




Percentage of coastal zone employment dependent on coastal and ocean resources.




Number of coastal zone establishments dependent on coastal and ocean resources.




Overall condition of coastal waters i) Water quality index ii) Sediment quality index iii) Coastal habitat index iv) Benthic index v) Fish tissue contaminants index.


Qualitative Other Frequency : periodical


Number of non-native species detected in tidal waters.


Quantitative Other Frequency : continuous


Proportion of Federal Disaster Declarations occurring in coastal states and territories.




APPENDIX

25

Proportion of coastal Federal Disaster Declarations directly related to coastal hazards.




Total estimated cost of all billion-dollar weather disasters related to coastal hazards.



i) Exposure to wave and tidal energy, ii) Biological productivity and sensitivity, iii) Shoreline type, iv) Shoreline slope, v) Ease of cleanup and to restore.


Mixed Other Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps provide a concise summary of coastal resources that are at risk if an oil spill occurs nearby. This rating system scales from 1 (low sensitivity) to 10 (high sensitivity). Frequency: irregular.

United States. NOAA, 2015a

Population Density and Infrastructure Index (PDII).

Sensibility (current/future) and Exposure (current/future)

Mixed Other Frequency undetermined

United States. USACE, 2015a

APPENDIX

26

Social Vulnerability Characterization Index (SVCI).




Environmental and Cultural Resources Index (ECRI).




NACCS composite Exposure Index (EI).

Sensibility (current/future), Exposure (current/future) and Adaptation capacity (current/future)



APPENDIX

27

APPENDIX 4 : INDICATOR OF FRANCE

Indicator of France


Average global level of oceans by radar systems.

Climatic event/ risk Quantitative Other Updated every two months since 1992; very macro, does not refer only to France.

France. MEDDE, 2013a

Sea water surface temperature by remote sensing space system.

Climatic event/ risk Quantitative Other Frequently updated since 1992, accounts the evolution of surface sea water temperature in oceanic neighbors territories of the outermost extended European region.


APPENDIX

28

Ocean colour (a chlorophyll concentrations)

Climatic event/ risk Quantitative Other Last update in February 2011; informs of the concentration evolution in A chlorophyll (major phytoplankton pigments) measured by satellite in oceanic regions.


Sea water surface temperature for overseas sites.

Climatic event/ risk Quantitative Annual According to IRD, the linear trends will be recalculated each year as soon as the surface temperature data of the current year will be available.


Sea water surface salinity. Climatic event/ risk Quantitative Other Monthly; also enables the calculation of the linear trend of sea water surface salinity during 1950-2003 for the Pacific sites and during 1970-2002 for the


APPENDIX

29

Atlantic sites.

Sea level measured by tide gauge station.

Climatic event/ risk Quantitative Other Daily; measure by tidal gauge station in Brest, Noumea, Pepeete and Rikitea.

Population exposure to climate risks.


Quantitative Annual Cross-referencing the population density and the number of climatic risks identified as natural risks: avalanches, cyclones and storms, forest fires, floods.


Climatic rigor. Climatic event/ risk Quantitative Other Frequently updated, as data from France weather forecast (Météo France) arrives: shows the evolution of the climatic rigor indicator used in the calculation of energy consumption to


APPENDIX

30

remove the climatic effect. The weighting of the regional observations is based on the National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE) population data. An indicator of 0,9 shows the sum of degree days for the annual winter period is considered smoother than the average for the reference period.

Number of Wave Rider Buoy installed, use of data by competent state services, online release of digital atlas.


Quantitative Other Measured at the end of the implementation of the shoreline factsheet of the National Plan of Climate Change Adaptation (PNACC). Support the knowledge on

France. MEDDE, 2011

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31

wave climate.

Disposition of data on the geoportail and the frequent campaigns (each 10 years), use of products.


Quantitative Other Measured at the end of the implementation of the shoreline factsheet of the National Plan of Climate Change Adaptation (PNACC). Obtain data on shoreline evolution with an aerial photography campaign during low tide.

France. MEDDE, 2011

Potential publication of catalogues.


Quantitative Other Measured at the end of the implementation of the shoreline factsheet of the National Plan of Climate Change Adaptation (PNACC). Develop knowledge on marine and

France. MEDDE, 2011

APPENDIX

32

fluvial sediment transit.

Production of maps on national and three regional level (Seine estuary, Languedoc-Roussillon and Reunion island.


Quantitative Other Measured at the end of the implementation of the shoreline factsheet of the National Plan of Climate Change Adaptation (PNACC). Study the physical vulnerability of the French shoreline to the coastal hazards (erosion and submersion) in the context of climate change: comparison of current state (2010) and future (2070).

France. MEDDE, 2011

Production of identification criteria for dunes which play a role of natural protection, mapping of dude state, calculation of the total length of dunes playing a role of


Quantitative Other Measured at the end of the implementation of the shoreline factsheet of the National Plan of

France. MEDDE, 2011

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33

natural protection and the evaluation of their state.

Climate Change Adaptation (PNACC). Evaluate the potential efficiency of dunes belts against the marine submersion risks.

Number of indicators, documentation spread.


Quantitative Other Measured at the end of the implementation of the shoreline factsheet of the National Plan of Climate Change Adaptation (PNACC). Study the role of coral reefs and mangrove natural protection against coastal erosion phenomena.

France. MEDDE, 2011

Use of data during cost-benefice analysis, data upload on the observatory website.


Quantitative Other Measured at the end of the implementation of the shoreline factsheet of the National Plan of

France. MEDDE, 2011

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34

Climate Change Adaptation (PNACC). Obtain new exhaustive and good quality information regarding leisure use of the French shoreline front.

Annual elaboration of a factsheet on use evolution of the sea enhance scheme (SMVM) among coastal communities and an indicator on the monitoring of coastal coherence scheme and SMVM.


Quantitative Other Measured at the end of the implementation of the shoreline factsheet of the National Plan of Climate Change Adaptation (PNACC). Adapt regulations and type of governance.

France. MEDDE, 2011

Annual supply of the coastal observatory and support to observatories of the shoreline.


Quantitative Other Measured at the end of the implementation of the shoreline factsheet of the National Plan of Climate Change Adaptation (PNACC). Support the coastal zone

France. MEDDE, 2011

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35

methodology and adjust the different management strategies.

Delivery of handbook, number of multi-criteria analysis completed.


Quantitative Other Measured at the end of the implementation of the shoreline factsheet of the National Plan of Climate Change Adaptation (PNACC). Develop a multi-criteria methodology to evaluate the relevance of coastal management options.

France. MEDDE, 2011

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36

Factsheet delivery of a prime cost-benefice analysis which explains different elements including; number of scenarios, number of years for the scenarios elaborated, number of indicator taken into account in the economic analysis, degree of precision of the costs and advantages, consideration of uncertainty regarding specific parameters and data.


Quantitative Other Measured at the end of the implementation of the shoreline factsheet of the National Plan of Climate Change Adaptation (PNACC). Develop the resort to a multi-criteria analysis to evaluate the relevance of coastal management options, as part of any project related to coastal planning.

France. MEDDE, 2011

Editing of 4 factsheets including options in the national strategy report on coastal management for strategic retreat and protection against the sea.


Quantitative Other Measured at the end of the implementation of the shoreline factsheet of the National Plan of Climate Change Adaptation (PNACC). Study the conditions and the questioning

France. MEDDE, 2011

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37

related to the implementation of coastal management.

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38

APPENDIX 5: INDICATOR OF NEW ZEALAND

Indicator of New Zealand


Marine areas with legal protection


Quantitative Other Latest update; December 2012.

New Zealand. New Zealand Government, 2013b

Suitability for swimming Sensibility (current/future)

Mixed Other Latest update: July 2013.


Fishing activity (status of fish stock and impact of bottom trawling on fish communities


Mixed Other Latest update: November 2010 (status of fish stock) and March 2010 (impact of bottom trawling on fish communities).


Soil erosion risk. Exposure (current/future)

Quantitative Other Latest update: December 2007.


Freshwater quality (river condition, lake water quality, groundwater quality and suitability for swimming).


Mixed Other Latest update: July 2013 (river condition), November 2010 (lake water quality), January 2012


http://mfe.govt.nz/node/17328/





APPENDIX

39

(groundwater quality), July 2013 (suitability for swimming).

Coastal developments at risk. Exposure (current/future)

Quantitative Other Latest update: 2012

Waikato Regional Council, 2015*

Shoreline change. Exposure (current/future)


Waikato Regional Council, 2015

Shoreline protection structures.




Shoreline ownership. Climatic event/ risk Quantitative Other Latest update: 2002


Extent of coastal habitat. Exposure (current/future)

Quantitative Other Latest update : 2007 (Coromandel), 2003 (West coast)


Protected coastal area. Exposure (current/future)



Natural hazards awareness and readiness.


Mixed Other Latest update: 2006


Estuarine water quality. Sensibility (current/future)



Land care groups. Adaptation capacity (current/future)



People's environmental attitudes.

Adaptation capacity



http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Environmental-information/Environmental-indicators/Natural-hazards/Coastal-hazards/shoreline-change-keypoints/

http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Environmental-information/Environmental-indicators/Natural-hazards/Coastal-hazards/co15-keypoints/

http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Environmental-information/Environmental-indicators/Natural-hazards/Coastal-hazards/co15-keypoints/

http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Environmental-information/Environmental-indicators/Coasts/Coastal-water-quality/Estuarine-water-quality--keypoints/

http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Environmental-information/Environmental-indicators/Community-and-economy/Communities-and-their-views/attitudes-keypoints/

http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Environmental-information/Environmental-indicators/Community-and-economy/Communities-and-their-views/attitudes-keypoints/

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40

(current/future)

People's attitudes to environmental regulations.




People’s environmental concerns.




People’s environmental knowledge.




People’s personal environmental actions.




People’s public environmental actions.




People's satisfaction with the environment.

Other Mixed Other Latest update: 2013


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41

APPENDIX 6: INDICATOR OF THE NETHERLANDS

Indicator of the Netherlands


Relative sea level rise. Climatic event/ risk Quantitative n/a Netherlands. Directorate-General for the Environment, 2004

Shoreline evolution trend status.


Qualitative n/a Netherlands. Directorate-General for the Environment, 2004

Shoreline changes from stability to erosion or accretion between the 2 versions (CCEr and CEL).


Quantitative n/a Netherlands. Directorate-General for the Environment, 2004

Highest water level. Exposure (current/future)


Reduction of river sediment supply.



Geological coastal type. Exposure (current/future)

Qualitative n/a Netherlands. Directorate-General for the Environment, 2004

Elevation. Exposure (current/future)


Engineered frontage (including protection structure).



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42

Population living within the RICE.



Coastal urbanization (in the 10 km land strip).



Urban and industrial living within the RICE.



Areas of high ecological value within the RICE.



Demand for property on the coast.


Quantitative Annual DEDUCE Consortium, 2007

Area of built-up land. Sensibility (current/future)


Rate of development of previously undeveloped land.



Demand for road travel on the coast.



Pressure for coastal and marine recreation.



Land taken up by intensive agriculture.



Amount of semi-natural habitat.



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43

Area of land and sea protected by statutory designations.



Effective management of designated sites.



Change in significance costal and marine habitats and species.



Loss of cultural distinctiveness. Other Quantitative Annual DEDUCE Consortium, 2007

Patterns of sectorial employment.



Volume of port traffic. Sensibility (current/future)


Intensity of tourism. Sensibility (current/future)


Sustainable tourism. Sensibility (current/future)


Quality of bathing water. Other Quantitative Annual DEDUCE Consortium, 2007

Amount of coastal, estuarine and marine litter.

Other Quantitative Annual DEDUCE Consortium, 2007

Concentration of nutrients in coastal waters.



APPENDIX

44

Amount of oil pollution. Climatic event/ risk Quantitative Annual DEDUCE Consortium, 2007

Degree of social cohesion. Adaptation capacity (current/future)


Relative household prosperity. Adaptation capacity (current/future)


Second and holiday homes. Sensibility (current/future)


Fish stocks and fish landings. Sensibility (current/future)


Water consumption. Sensibility (current/future)


Sea level rise and extreme weather conditions.

Climatic event/ risk Quantitative Annual DEDUCE Consortium, 2007

Coastal erosion and accretion. Exposure (current/future)


Natural, human and economic assets at risk.



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45

The destination has a system to identify challenges and opportunities associated with climate change. This system encourages climate change adaptation strategies for development, siting, design, and management of tourism facilities. The system contributes to the sustainability and resilience of the destination.


Qualitative n/a QualityCoast, 2013

Percentage of nature area. Exposure current/future)

Quantitative n/a QualityCoast, 2013

Percentage protected nature area; (inter)national; local & regional.



Percentage of protected marine area.



Percentage of open and unbuilt area.



Opportunities to observe coastal & marine fauna.



Number of beaches awarded with a Blue Flag.

Other Quantitative n/a QualityCoast, 2013

Number of marinas awarded with a Blue Flag.


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46

Percentage of excellent bathing water points.


Percentage of good bathing water points.


Percentage of permanent open water.


Percentage of waste water treated before discharged into sea.


Percentage of solid waste collected separately.


Air pollution in the destination. Other Quantitative n/a QualityCoast, 2013

Exposure to noise, of airports in particular.

Other Qualitative n/a QualityCoast, 2013

Percentage of renewable energy consumption.


Local production of renewable energy per 100 inhabitants.


Percentage of coastline length with seawalls and revetments.



Percentage of coastline length with groynes and breakwaters.



Climate adaptation: protection and resilience of the coast.



APPENDIX

47

Presence of touristic bathing beaches.



Presence of marinas. Sensibility (current/future)


Cultural heritage with UNESCO World Heritage status.



Number of important monumental buildings.



Number of museums (including modern museums).



Percentage of small scale cultural landscape.



Villages, towns and city centre(s) in local or traditional style.



From independent source: Assessment of satisfaction of the destination by visitors.

Other Qualitative n/a QualityCoast, 2013

From independent source: Transparency index (Transparency International).


From independent source: Gender Gap index.


From independent source: Maplecroft Human Rights Risks index.


APPENDIX

48

Subsidies received for the construction or modernization of fishing boats.

Means (inputs) Quantitative n/a QualityCoast, 2013

Subsidies received for scrapping fishing boats.

Means (inputs) Quantitative n/a QualityCoast, 2013

Impact of the destination on the marine ecosystem.



Tourism seasonal pressure: number of busy months.



Number of accommodations with a sustainability or eco-label recognised by QualityCoast.


Percentage of hotels with a sustainability or eco-label recognised by QualityCoast.


Percentage of total shoreline that is eroded.


Quantitative n/a INTERREG IVC and European Union, 2012

Percentage of coastline that has hard coastal defences.


Quantitative n/a INTERREG IVC and European Union, 2012

APPENDIX

49

APPENDIX 7: INDICATOR OF THE UNITED KINGDOM

Indicator of the United Kingdom


The average benefit cost ratio across the capital programme based upon the present value whole life costs and benefits of projects delivering in the CSR10 period.

Means (inputs) Quantitative Other Quarterly United Kingdom. EA, 2014

Number of households moved out of any flood probability category to a lower category.


Quantitative Other Quarterly United Kingdom. EA, 2014

Number of households for which the probability of flooding or coastal erosion is reduced from the very significant or significant category to the moderate or low category.



Number of households in the 20% most deprived areas moved from the very significant or significant flood probability category to the moderate or low category.



Number of households better protected from coastal erosion



http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140328084622/http%3A/www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/planning/122070.aspx










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50

Number of households protected against loss in 20 years from coastal erosion.



Number of households in the 20% most deprived areas protected against loss in 20 years from coastal erosion.



Hectares of water dependent habitat created or improved to help meet the objectives of the Water Framework Directive.



Hectares of intertidal habitat created to help meet the objectives of the Water Framework Directive for areas protected under the EU Habitats/Birds Directive.



Kilometres of rivers protected under the EU Habitats/Birds Directive improved to help meet the objectives of the Water Framework Directive.



The proportion of households and businesses in highest risk areas that receive the Floodline Warnings Direct (FWD) service.



Proportion of residential units within planning decisions where the application has been refused or has been amended in line with Environment Agency advice.















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51

Developement in floodplain. Exposure (current/future)

Quantitative Other n/a United Kingdom. CC, n. d.b

Developement in areas at significant flood risk (unprotected or poorly protected).


Quantitative Other n/a United Kingdom. CC, n. d.b

Planning approved despite flood risk.


Quantitative n/a United Kingdom. CC, n. d.b

Paved surfaces in urban areas. Operational results (outputs)

Quantitative n/a United Kingdom. CC, n. d.b

Investment in flood defences. Means (inputs) Quantitative n/a United Kingdom. CC, n. d.b

Uptake of measures to reduce flood risk.


n/a n/a United Kingdom. CC, n. d.b

Extent of coastal habitats. Exposure (current/future)

Quantitative Other from 1945 to 2010

United Kingdom. ASC, 2013

Condition of protected coastal habitats.


Qualitative Other from 1988 to 2006


Length of coastline realigned (km).




Amount of habitat creation, following managed realignment.




Number of properties (houses and businesses) in areas of flood or coastal erosion risk (not accounting for defences).


Quantitative Other 2001, 2008 and 2011


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52

Annual rate of development (houses and businesses) in areas of flood or coastal erosion risk (not accounting for defences).


Quantitative Other 2001, 2008 and 2011


Number of properties (houses and businesses) built in floodplain, accounting for defences.


Quantitative Other 2001, 2008 and2011


Change in hard surfacing. Operational results (outputs)



Vulnerable populations at flood risk.




Design of new development in areas at flood risk.




Provision of flood defences. Operational results (outputs)



Retrofitting property-level measures.




Management of surface water in built-up areas.




Provision of early warning systems.




Flood damages. Sensibility (current/future)



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53

Deaths and injuries from flooding.




Number of buildings at risk of flooding.


Quantitative n/a Moss et Martin, n. d.

Exposure to extreme events such as flooding.


Qualitative n/a Moss et Martin, n. d.

Number of properties flooded. Sensibility (current/future)


Number of road and rail closures due to flooding.



Mortality and morbidity due to extreme events.



Insurance claims related to flooding.



Increases to habitat connectivity.



Number of building with flood defences.



Creation of natural flood management schemes.



Uptake of extreme weather warning system.



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ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE, ACCLIMATIZING PUBLIC … · orientation and documents to guide decision making at the local level. Globally, New Zealand is at a planning and risk identification