Animal Adaptations

What is ecology?

• The study of the interactions that take place among organisms and their environment

Adaptations

How do adaptations help animals survive in their environment?

• An adaptation is a body part or behavior that helps an animal survive in a particular environment.

• Adaptation can help an animal breathe, catch food, or hide.

• All animals are adapted to live in certain habitats.

• Animals that cannot adapt will die out.

body part or behavior that helps an animal survive in a particular environment.

help an animal

breathe, catch

food, or hide.

adapted to live in certain habitats.

We can separate adaptations into two categories:

Physical

AND

Behavioral

body part or behavior that helps an animal survive in a particular environment.

help an animal

breathe, catch

food, or hide.

adapted to live in certain habitats. Physical Behavioral

•Physical adaptations are body structures that allow an animal to find and

consume food, defend itself, and to

reproduce its species.

•Physical adaptations help an animal survive in its environment.

© A. Weinberg

body part or behavior that helps an animal survive in a particular environment.

help an animal

breathe, catch

food, or hide.

adapted to live in certain habitats. Physical Behavioral

body structures that allow an animal to find and consume food, defend itself, and to reproduce its species.

help an animal survive in its environment

Physical adaptation

Camouflage (use of color in a surrounding)

The chameleon can change its color to match its surroundings. Can you do that?

body part or behavior that helps an animal survive in a particular environment.

help an animal

breathe, catch

food, or hide.

adapted to live in certain habitats. Physical Behavioral

body structures that allow an animal to find and consume food, defend itself, and to reproduce its species.

help an animal survive in its environment

Camouflage use of color in a

surrounding

Mimicry (looking or sounding like another living organism)

The Viceroy butterfly uses mimicry to look like the Monarch butterfly. Can you tell them apart?

Poisonous

Not poisonous

Physical adaptation

I’m the Monarch!

I’m the Viceroy!

body part or behavior that helps an animal survive in a particular environment.

help an animal

breathe, catch

food, or hide.

adapted to live in certain habitats. Physical Behavioral

body structures that allow an animal to find and consume food, defend itself, and to reproduce its species.

help an animal survive in its environment

Camouflage use of color in a

surrounding

Mimicry (looking or

sounding like another living

organism)

Chemical defenses (like venom, ink, sprays)

Physical adaptation

body part or behavior that helps an animal survive in a particular environment.

help an animal

breathe, catch

food, or hide.

adapted to live in certain habitats. Physical Behavioral

body structures that allow an animal to find and consume food, defend itself, and to reproduce its species.

help an animal survive in its environment

Camouflage use of color in a

surrounding

Mimicry (looking or

sounding like another living

organism)

Chemical defenses

(like venom, ink, sprays)

Body coverings & parts (claws, beaks, feet, armor plates, skulls, teeth)

Physical adaptations

The elephant’s trunk is a physical adaptation that helps it to clean itself, eat, drink, and to pick things up.

body part or behavior that helps an animal survive in a particular environment.

help an animal

breathe, catch

food, or hide.

adapted to live in certain habitats. Physical Behavioral

body structures that allow an animal to find and consume food, defend itself, and to reproduce its species.

help an animal survive in its environment

Camouflage use of color in a

surrounding

Mimicry (looking or

sounding like another living

organism)

Chemical defenses

(like venom, ink, sprays)

Body coverings & parts

(claws, beaks, feet, armor plates, skulls,

teeth)

Behavioral Adaptations allow animals to

respond to life needs.

body part or behavior that helps an animal survive in a particular environment.

help an animal

breathe, catch

food, or hide.

adapted to live in certain habitats. Physical Behavioral

body structures that allow an animal to find and consume food, defend itself, and to reproduce its species.

help an animal survive in its environment

Camouflage use of color in a

surrounding

Mimicry (looking or

sounding like another living

organism)

Chemical defenses

(like venom, ink, sprays)

Body coverings & parts

(claws, beaks, feet, armor plates, skulls,

teeth)

allow animals to respond to life needs.

Each organism has unique methods of adapting

to its environment by means of different

actions.

Behavioral Adaptations are animals’ actions.

Remember that Physical Adaptations are body structures.

body part or behavior that helps an animal survive in a particular environment.

help an animal

breathe, catch

food, or hide.

adapted to live in certain habitats. Physical Behavioral

body structures that allow an animal to find and consume food, defend itself, and to reproduce its species.

help an animal survive in its environment

Camouflage use of color in a

surrounding

Mimicry (looking or

sounding like another living

organism)

Chemical defenses

(like venom, ink, sprays)

Body coverings & parts

(claws, beaks, feet, armor plates, skulls,

teeth)

allow animals to respond to life needs.

animals’ actions

Homeostasis

• Maintenance of constant internal conditions in the face of a varying external environment.

• Examples: – The thickening of fur in winter. – The seeking of shade in heat. – The production of more red blood cells at

high altitude.

Maintenance of constant internal conditions in the face of a varying external environment

Endotherms vs.

Ectotherms

Maintenance of constant internal conditions in the face of a varying external environment

Endotherms Ectotherms

Endotherms

• Endotherms are animals that warm their bodies mainly from their own metabolism. – We call these animals warm-blooded. – Maintain a constant body temperature

regardless of changes in the surrounding temperature

Maintenance of constant internal conditions in the face of a varying external environment

Endotherms Ectotherms

animals that warm their bodies mainly from their own metabolism

Warm-blooded

Body temp the same regardless of weather

How do endothems adapt? • Fat layers, fur, and feathers

insulate the body and retain heat.

• Shivering muscles contract to increase body heat.

• Some animals hibernate. Hibernation enables animals to survive long periods of cold and lack of food.

• Canines, like this Brittany, use panting as a means of temperature regulation.

Maintenance of constant internal conditions in the face of a varying external environment

Endotherms Ectotherms

animals that warm their bodies mainly from their own metabolism

Warm-blooded

Body temp the same regardless of weather

How do endothems adapt?

Fat layers, fur, and feathers

Shivering Muscles

Hibernation

Ectotherms

• Ectotherms are animals that warm their bodies by absorbing heat from their surroundings. – We call these animals cold-blooded – Body temperature fluctuates with

changes in the surrounding temperature.

Maintenance of constant internal conditions in the face of a varying external environment

Endotherms Ectotherms

animals that warm their bodies mainly from their own metabolism

Warm-blooded

Body temp the same regardless of weather

How do endothems adapt?

Fat layers, fur, and feathers

Shivering Muscles

Hibernation

animals that warm their bodies by absorbing heat from their surroundings

Cold-blooded Body Temp

changes with weather

How do ectotherms adapt? • Most marine fish and

invertebrates, however, live in water that stays the same temperature.

• When the weather is warm, they become active. They slow down when the temperature drops. – To warm up, reptiles find sunny

places, and stretch out for maximum exposure. If it gets too warm, lizards alternate between sun and shade.

– Amphibians warm up by moving into the sun or diving into warm water. They cool off by entering the shade.

Maintenance of constant internal conditions in the face of a varying external environment

Endotherms Ectotherms

animals that warm their bodies mainly from their own metabolism

Warm-blooded

Body temp the same regardless of weather

How do endothems adapt?

Fat layers, fur, and feathers

Shivering Muscles

Hibernation

animals that warm their bodies by absorbing heat from their surroundings

Cold-blooded Body Temp

changes with weather

How do ectotherms adapt?

weather is warm, they become active. They slow down when the temperature drops.

warm up by moving into the sun or diving into warm water

cool off by entering the shade

Example of Adaptation • The shape of an

animal’s teeth is related to its diet. – Herbivores, such as

deer, have many molars for chewing tough grass and plants.

– Carnivores, such as lions, have sharp canines to kill and tear meat.

Who experiences adaptations?

• All species have experienced adaptation and will continue to slowly adapt as the next generations are born.

• We will identify certain species from each of these groups and the reasons for their success: – Mammals – Birds – Reptiles – Amphibians

Mammals

• Endothermic or warm-blooded • All have some type of

“hair” – Some are very

specialized, such as white polar bear fur

• Method of locomotion • Care for young

Birds

• Leg Length – Roseate Spoonbill

(top right)

• Foot Webbing – Laughing Gull (top

left)

• Beak Shape – Long Billed Curlew

(bottom)

Reptiles • Ectothermic or cold-

blooded • Scales • Some undergo hibernation

and estivation (a type of hibernation when food/water become scarce)

• Lay eggs on land • Leg structure and position

Amphibians

• Ectothermic • Lay eggs in water • Partially of fully

webbed feet • Have lungs or can

absorb oxygen through their skin

Animal Defense • Some animals use these

methods of defense to protect themselves: – Camouflage

• Snake

– Mimicry • Mexican Milk Snake

– Bright colors • Skunk and Poison Arrow

Frog

– “Hair” projections • Hedgehog quills • Deer Antlers

Adaptation Applications: Lions • Why are the eyes of a

lion set in front of the head rather than on the sides?

• Answer: Eyes in front of the head allow for depth perception and ability to judge distances when hunting.

Adaptation Applications: Lions

• What is the purpose of the mane on a male lion? What is the reason for the lion’s color?

• A thick mane helps the male to appear larger and serves as protection for the throat. The tawny brown coat color camouflages the animal and young among vegetation.

Adaptation Applications: Giraffe • Why are giraffes able

to go for long periods of time without water?

• Answer: Giraffes drink water when available, but can go weeks without it. They rely on morning dew and the water content of their food.

Adaptation Applications: Giraffe

• How are their long necks adapted to their lifestyle?

• Answer: This extra length is thought to have evolved to help the giraffe spot predators and other giraffes in the distance. Interestingly, giraffes and humans have the same number of vertebrate in their necks.

Adaptation Applications: Zebras

• How do zebras defend themselves?

• Capable of running up to 40 mph. Zebras defend themselves by kicking and biting. Coloration also plays a role in evading predators, although theories have not reached an agreement.

Plant Adaptations

• Most plants produce seeds.

• A plant embryo is called a seedling.

• Certain conditions will nourish the seed, allowing it to grow.

• Seeds can lie DORMANT and NOT GROW for many years, if the conditions are not right for growth.

Plant Adaptations

GYMNOSPERMS are plants that do not use flowers to produce seeds.

Examples are pine trees.

• Male pinecones produce POLLEN, (male sex cells)

• Female pinecones produce ) OVULES (female sex cells)

http://www.scetv.org/index.php/naturenotesvid/entry/female_male_pine_cones_long

leaf/

Plant Adaptations

• For a seed to develop, it must be fertilized.

• Gymnosperms use the wind to blow pollen from male pine cones to females.

• POLLINATION is the movement of pollen.

Plant Adaptaions

• ANGIOSPERMS use flowers to produce seeds.

• Many have male and female parts in the same flower.

• The male parts produce pollen

• The female parts produce the ovules.

• Birds and insects help pollinate flowers.

Resources • This PowerPoint is partially adapted from Ms.

Weinberg. The original PowerPoint can be viewed at – http://www.quia.com/files/quia/users/amiew/

Animal-Adaptations-PPT • It is also partially adapted from an animal

adaptation powerpoint created by City of Corpus Christi Museum of Science and History the original can be viewed at – http://www.ccmuseumedres.com/Animal%20Ad

aptations.ppt • http://science.jrank.org/pages/6750/Temperature

-Regulation-Internally-heated-animals.html • http://science.jrank.org/pages/6749/Temperature

-Regulation-Externally-heated-animals.html