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ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY. Hande Özüt, Yunus Arıkan and Gülçin Özsoy 19-20 November 2007 Budapest. Urban Water Crisis in Turkey. Central Government? Local Government? or Climate Change?. Who was responsible?. Water Resources of Turkey. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN
URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Hande Özüt, Yunus Arıkan and Gülçin Özsoy
19-20 November 2007Budapest
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Urban Water Crisis in Turkey
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Who was responsible?
Central Government?Local Government?
or Climate Change?
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Water Resources of TurkeyPer capita usable water
1642 m3 / year (2007) 1000 – 1667 m3 / year (water stress)
1000 m3 /year (2030) ≤ 1000 m3 /year (water scarcity)
Sectoral distribution Irrigation IndustryDomestic
2007 203074 % 65 %11 % 12 %15 % 23 %
Source: www.dsi.gov.tr
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Water Management and Main Responsible BodiesOrganization
Responsibility
Ministry of Environment and Forestry
Environmental management, setting policies and rules coordination of national and internationla activities on water resources
General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSİ)
Under Ministry of Environment and ForestryMain investor large dams and large water supply investments
Municipalities Urban water supply and treatment services and all related infrastructure investments belongs to the municipalities and metropolitan municipalities.
Municipal Water Administrations
Constructing, operating, and maintaining water supply and treatment facilities
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Climate Change Policy in TurkeyYear Events/Actions
1992
• Upon negotiations at the meeting of UNFCCC Intergovernmental Negotiation Committee at New York Turkey was included in the Annex I and Annex II lists
• Turkey did not sign the UNFCCC
1997Turkey was not a Party to the UNFCCC when the Kyoto Protocol, thus no quantified emissions limitation or reduction commitment was defined in Annex-B.
2001COP7 –Taking into account her special circumstances, Turkey shall be placed in Annex-I and deleted from Annex-II, in a position that is different than other Annex-I Parties.
2004
Turkey acceded as the 189th Party to the UNFCCC in a different situation from that of other Parties included in Annex-I to the Convention and has the following commitments.
• Submission of regular reports; national communication and GHG inventories• Implement policies and measures in climate change mitigation, adaptation,
systematic research, education, training and public awareness.
2006Preparation of 2004 GHG Inventory by TURKSTAT
Voluntary carbon offset projects initiated as a business opportunity.
2007
Turkey’s first national communication was submitted to the UNFCCC.
Supreme Council on Science and Technology decided to establish Climate Research Programme
Grand National Assembly of Turkey Climate Change Research Commission was established. A draft report is prepared and Commission was re-established after general elections.
Key speeches at the UN Summits
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Climate Change and Turkey
“...analysis of the current situation and the projections based on IPCC further indicate that warming will vary by region, and will be accompanied by both increases and decreases in precipitation, depending on region and locality. There will also be changes in the variability of the climate, including rainfall and snowfall, and an increase in the frequency of some extreme climate phenomena, such as floods and droughts”. (First National Communication, 2007)
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Temperature: observed changes
Source: First National Communication of Turkey on Climate Change, 2007
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Changes in Temperatures for Turkey for All Seasons by 2100 Source: First National Communication of Turkey on Climate Change, 2007
Temperature: projections
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Source: First National Communication of Turkey on Climate Change, 2007
Precipitation: observed changes
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Precipitation Decrease in Turkey in winter 2006-2007
Source: State Hydraulic Works
Regions Precipitation Decrease
(%)
Western Anatolia (Aegean Region) 43
Northwest Anatolia (Marmara Region) 40
Central Anatolia 18
Southeast Anatolia 14
Southern Anatolia (Mediterranean Region) 9
Eastern Anatolia 5
Northern Anatolia (Black Sea Region) 5
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Seasonal Precipitation Difference in Turkey by 2100
Source: First National Communication of Turkey on Climate Change, 2007
Precipitation: projections
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Climate Change Projections :Snow Depth
Cilo Mountain
Ağrı Mountain
Süphan MountainKaçkar Mountain
• Reduction in snow water equivalent is 20 mm over the high plains of eastern Anatolia and the eastern part of the Black Sea mountains
• %97 of the glaciers at the Ağrı, Cilo, Süphan and Kaçkar mountains melted within the 107 years of time scope
• The glaciers at Erciyes ve Aladağlar are totally disappeared
Erciyes M.
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Climate Change and Basins
Simulation Study by Dokuz Eylül University
Nearly 20% of surface water in the study areas will be diminished by the year 2030
Source: First National Communication of Turkey on Climate Change, 2007
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Predictions of Hadley Centre ModelPossible Scenarios
Predictions by 2080
Annual Average Temperature
Annual Average Precipitation
Annual flow of main river basins
CO2 Concentration exceeding 750 ppmv (No Control of GHG Emissions)
Increase by nearly 3-4°C
Decrease between 0 to 1
mm/day
Decrease by nearly 20-50%
CO2 concentration limited to750 and 550 ppmv
Increase by nearly 2-3°C
Decrease between 0 to 0.5
mm/day
Decrease by nearly 5-25%
CO2 concentration below 550 ppmv
Increase by nearly 1-2°C
Decrease by nearly 0-15%
UKMO/DETR. Climate Change and Its Impacts, Stabilisation of CO2 in the Atmosphere, United Kingdom Meteorological Office and Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (UKMO/DETR), the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Bracknell, 1999
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Vulnerability
AEGEAN AND MARMARA REGIONTemperature: Increase in summer temperaturePrecipitation: Decrease in winter precipitationSnow Level: No available dataNumber of Metropolitan Municipalities: 5
CENTRAL ANATOLIA REGIONTemperature: Decrease in winter temperaturePrecipitation: Increase in fall precipitationSnow Level: No available dataNumber of Metropolitan Municipalities: 4
MEDITERRANEAN REGIONTemperature: Increase in summer temperature, Decrease in winter temperaturePrecipitation: Decrease in winter precipitationSnow Level: No available dataNumber of Metropolitan Municipalities: 3
BLACK SEA REGIONTemperature: Decrease in winter temperaturePrecipitation: Increase infall precipitationSnow Level: Reduction in snow water equivalentNumber of Metropolitan Municipalities: 1
EASTERN REGIONTemperature: Increase in winter temperaturePrecipitation: Increase in fall precipitationSnow Level: Reduction in snow water equivalentNumber of Metropolitan Municipalities: 3
•Adaptation capacity?
•Comprehensive vulnerability analysis is needed
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Metropolitan Municipality
Water levels of urban water reservoirs
June 2006 June 2007
İstanbul 86% 40%
Ankara 67% 17%
Bursa 108,5% 66%
İzmir 48% 30%
Climate Change Impact on Urban Water Reservoirs
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Impact of Climate Change on Urban Water Reservoirs
Loss of Precipitation (Winter 2006-
2007)
Loss of Volume of Stored
Water (2006-2007)
İstanbul 40% %60
İzmir 43% %70
Ankara 18% %83• Climatic conditionsClimatic conditions: Increased evaporation, surface profile of reservoirs and increased temperatures,
• Water Management:Water Management: Consumption and saving attitudes of urban communities; management practices of authorities,
• MMiscalculation of storage or consumption valuesiscalculation of storage or consumption values.
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Existing Efforts for Adaptation in Urban
Water Management
• Demand management
• Supply management
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Demand Management
Institution Method
NGOs Water saving campaigns
Municipalities Penalties and restrictionsWater saving campaigns
Municipalities and Municipal Water Administrations
Reduce Loss and leakages:Rehabilitation of Urban Water Management Infrastructure Monitoring
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Examples to Campaigns
İzmir Greater Municipality
TEMA-NGO
WWF-Turkey
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Examples of Water Loss and Leakages Prevention Projects
Greater Municipalities
Water Loss and Leakages Prevention Projects
Target/Result
Kocaeli Modernizing leakage detection instrumentsCapacity building of technicians by field studies about losses from network to groundwater Implementation of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system to get information about dams and reservoirs, detect leaks and failures at the network.
In 2 months, 7776 m3/day of leakages were prevented.
Ankara Pump stations, water level at tanks, flow and quantity at water treatment plants, water supply system are scanned with SCADA system.
Not specified
İstanbul SCADA system application to help optimization of efficient water distribution has been done.
Not specified
İzmir Efforts were started in 2000. Weekly and day and night water consumptions are monitoring by SCADA system. Leakage detection is controlled by instruments. Water network system and old gauges were improved.
Minimizing loss from 65% to 45%
Mersin By 2006, Leak survey is done by using efficient leakage detection instruments and skilled operators.Pipe leakage repairement and aged pipes replacement were accomplished.
Minimizing loss from 65% to 35%
Antalya Starting from June 2007, SCADA system is utilized for minimizing losses in production and pipelines.
Minimizing loss from60% to 20%
Adana SCADA system; an automated control system; is applied to help optimization of efficient water distribution.Improving water network system by means of installing check valve, flow and pressure meters to monitor and control network systems is accomplished.
Not specified
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Supply Management
Organisation type
Method Activities
Municipalitiesand Municipal Water Administrations
Increasing Supply of Water
Water transfer to urban areas from basins
Central Government
Increasing Supply of Water
Regulatory depots will be built along large water transmission channels and projects for transferring water between water basins
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Examples of Water Transfer Projects
İSTANBUL
180 km
125 km
ANKARA
KONYA PLAIN
Blue Tunnel Project 169 km
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Existing Efforts
Needs
Short-term relief efforts Adjusting existing policies and planning approaches in the various sectors is crucial for the adaptation to climate change
Fragmented, local level initiatives
Integrated, National Strategy, according to a comprehensive vulnerability analysis
Reactive Proactive
Conventional efforts (ecological effects, not sustainable, may not cope with the uncertainty arising from CC)
Integrate with the “softer” adaptation methods such as education, extension services, regulations, penalties etc.
Limited to the voluntary action of consumers
Integrate with appropriate management structures, policies, laws, promoting incentives and technical measures.
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Best PracticesThe Water Services Regulation Authority (OFWAT) in England and Wales
OFWAT
(economic regulator) Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and the Welsh Assembly Government; the Consumer Council for Water, the Drinking Water Inspectorate
Water Companies Customers
•Sets performance indicators
•Total leakage
•Risks and droughts
•Water efficiency
•Declare results to customers
•Penalties
•Incentives
•Water efficiency campaigns
•Leakage investment
•Supply pipe repairs
•Improve transfer capacity of the network
•...
Better service
Monitorregulate
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Recommendations
Priority 2. Balancing Water Supply and Demand
Priority 1. Development of an Integrated Strategy for Adaptation
Establishment of a Decision Making Body
National Adaptation Plan and Strategy
Capacity Building
Local Level Planning for Adaptation
Data Management and Access to Information
Measures and technological solutions
Public Awareness
www.rec.org.trADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Thank you for your attention