ADAPTATION ISSUE Resilient City

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KACCC NEWSLETTER 2014 Vol . 2ADAPTATION ISSUE

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Resilient City

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Model of Integrated Impact and Vulnerability Evaluation (MOTIVE) Development Research Group Holds KEI International Workshop 2014

Resilience and Resilient City to Reinforce Disaster Prevention Capabilities of Cities in Times of Climate Change

Comprehensive Research of Climate Change Strategies

Climate Change and Pine Trees

Construction of Resilient City through Disaster Prevention Urban Planning

Resilient City Strategies and Policy Direction for Climate Change Adaptation

Resilient City

kaccc newsletter · 2014 Vol.2 Kaccc's news

The Korea Adaptation Center for Climate Change of the Korea Environment Institute (KEI, President Kwangkook Park) held the KEI International Workshop 2014 of the Model Of Integrated Impact and Vulnerability Evaluation (MOTIVE) Development Research Group at the KEI auditorium on the 16th and 17th of October. This event was designed to introduce overseas examples of MOTIVE technology development and discuss the future directions of MOTIVE tech-nology development with domestic and international climate change experts.

The MOTIVE Development Research Group will operate for seven years (May 2014~April 2021) as a climate change adaptation environmental technology development project of the Korea Environmental Industry & Technology

As part of its publicity project for climate change adaptation, the Korea Adaptation Center for Climate Change (KACCC) is promoting the development and dissemination of educational materials for elementary school students. This project was designed to provide elementary school students, our future generation, with regular education on the dangers of climate change and the need for climate change adaptation. The advisory panel consisting of 10 current elementary school teachers produced the educational materials through four advisory meetings during the summer vacation season in July and August. Elementary school educational materials were produced on the basis of the outputs from the operation of the first to third climate change adaptation supporters and contain the concepts and dangers of climate change, concepts and needs for climate change adaptation, and examples of climate change adaptation. Furthermore, they include various activity sheets that help elementary school students to easily understand and effectively learn about climate change and adaptation, as well as instruction guides for teachers. The advisory teachers performed demonstration classes using these edu-cational materials in six elementary schools for two months from September to October. The educational materials revised after the demonstration classes will be distributed to elementary schools.

Development and Dissemination of Elementary School Educational Materials on Climate Change Adaptation


KACCC Newsletter 2014 Vol.2What's inside

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KACCC NEWSLETTER · 2014 Vol.2 ADAPTATION ISSUE_RESILIENT CITY04 05

The shelters of life of people are being threatened increasingly by natural disasters caused by climate change. Especially urban areas that have high population density and a large number of social infrastructure facilities are directly exposed to the dangers of disasters. The size of damages from disasters in cities is beyond estimation in our country where over 90% of the population is living in cities and major industrial facilities and economic activities are concentrated in urban areas. The possibility of major calamity is greater if a natural disaster occurs in areas where physical deteriorations have progressed or the disadvantaged class lives. Therefore, response measures of cities that can decrease the effects and damages from climate change and quickly recover from such damages are required. In this context, discussions on Resilient City are expanding in advanced large cities to make cities that adapt to climate change and are protected from extreme weathers. Even though it is impossible to prevent the occurrence of natural disasters, we can reduce the negative effects of climate change by improving the physical environment and resilience of urban communities. In this issue, we introduce Resilient City as a blue print to minimize vulnerability and risks of cities from climate change even though it is unrealistic to prevent climate change

Resilient City

ADAPTATION ISSUE

KACCC's News 1

K O R E A A D A P T A T I O N C E N T E R F O R C L I M A T E C H A N G E

KACCC NEWSLETTER 2014 Vol . 2ADAPTATION ISSUE

KACCC'S NEWS ADAPTATION ISSUE

Resilient City

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION RESEARCH

ADAPTATION STORY


Resilience and Resilient City to reinforce disaster prevention capabilities of cities in times of climate change

Comprehensive research of climate change strategies



Resilient city strategies and policy direction for climate change adaptation

RESILIENT CITY

Development and Dissemination of Elementary School Educational Materials on Climate Change Adaptation


Resilience and Resilient City to Reinforce Disaster Prevention Capabilities of Cities in Times of Climate Change


Resilient City Strategies and Policy Direction for Climate Change Adaptation

Comprehensive Research of Climate Change Strategies


Institute (KEITI). The Research Group will develop a MOTIVE to carry out climate change impact and vulnerabil-ity evaluations, which were performed separately in the past, in an integrated manner. The development of MOTIVE is expected to help us better understand the effects of climate change and establish adaptation plans and provide a foundation for creating a society in which people can live safely without worrying about climate change.

In this workshop, Mr. Hwa-Jin Han, Director of KEI, introduced the main contents of MOTIVE and presented the topics for discussion on technol-ogy development. In sessions I, II and III, international experts in various technologies introduced overseas examples of MOTIVE technologies. In session I, George Cojocaru from the

TIAMASG Foundation (Foundation for Applied Information Technology in Environment, Agriculture and Global Changes) introduced the Climsave technology of Europe. In session II, Tokuta Yokohata from NIES (National Institute for Environmental Studies Center for Global Environmental Research) introduced the NEXUS/ICA-RUS technology of Japan. In session III, Adam Daigneault and Suzie Greenhalgh from Landcare Research introduced the LCR (Landcare Research) technology of New Zealand.

The KEI International Workshop 2014 provided an opportunity for sharing international technology development experiences and for contributing to the development of MOTIVE through interactions with experts in MOTIVE development.

kaccc newsletter · 2014 Vol.2 AdAptAtion issue_Resilient City 05

The shelters of life of people are being threatened increasingly by natural disasters caused by climate change. Especially urban areas that have high population density and a large number of social infrastructure facilities are directly exposed to the dangers of disasters. The size of damages from disasters in cities is beyond estimation in our country where over 90% of the population is living in cities and major industrial facilities and economic activities are concentrated in urban areas. The possibility of major calamity is greater if a natural disaster occurs in areas where physical deteriorations have progressed or the disadvantaged class lives. Therefore, response measures of cities that can decrease the effects and damages from climate change and quickly recover from such damages are required. In this context, discussions on Resilient City are expanding in advanced large cities to make cities that adapt to climate change and are protected from extreme weathers. Even though it is impossible to prevent the occurrence of natural disasters, we can reduce the negative effects of climate change by improving the physical environment and resilience of urban communities. In this issue, we introduce Resilient City as a blue print to minimize vulnerability and risks of cities from climate change even though it is unrealistic to prevent climate change.

Resilient City

ADAPTATION ISSUE

kaccc newsletter · 2014 Vol.2 adaptation issue_resilience and resilient city to reinforce disaster prevention capabilities of cities in times of climate change

Definition and Operating Principle of ResilienceResilience comes from the Latin word "resiliere" which means 'to jump back' and is often used as a synonym of bouncing back, and is interpreted as a force to go back to the previous state. In the disaster field, resilience is defined in connection with various areas such as physics, ecology, so-ciety, city, community, and the individual. In most cases, the ability to successfully adapt to chaos, stress and adversity is stressed. Researchers define resilience differently as shown in [Table 1] below, but it can be defined in a nutshell as the "ability to adapt to and recover from a disaster."

The principle for reinforcing resilience is to reduce the size of the triangle by improving the working capacity of the in-frastructure (vertical axis) and decreasing the time required for recovery as shown in [Figure 1]. McDaniels et al. (2003) explained that activities to reduce dangers and decision-making for response activities before and after a disaster for the improvement of robustness, which is the scope of system maintenance in a disaster, and rapidity, which is the

time required for restoration of operation and production, can improve resilience.

Reinforcing Resilience for Resilient CityMany researchers are discussing the reinforcement of resilience in various ways as shown in [Table 2]. Bruneau presented R4, i.e., robustness, resourcefulness, rapidity, and redundancy. Other factors include redundant, diverse, efficient, autonomous, strong, and community competence.

Resilience and Resilient City to reinforce disaster prevention capabilities of cities in times of climate change

Jin-Dong Shin researcher

Hyun-Joo Kim senior researcher

(national Disaster Management Institute)

These studies all include R4, but do not include community competence. In other words, the R4 factors can lower the possibility of failure of an engineering system, but they exclude the restoring force of the natural environment or the social factors of the community level. In the uncertainty of disaster environment due to climate and social changes, Hyun-Joo Kim et al. (2010) recognized the need for a para-digm shift of disaster prevention plans that focus on the types of disasters that happened in our country and stressed the need for introducing the concept of resilience. In this respect, they proposed four functions of urban disaster prevention and the components of each function as shown in [Table 3] including social factors as well as the existing physical systems of R4.

Each of the five functions that can reinforce the disaster pre-vention capabilities of a city is explained below. Robustness refers to the robustness of the natural environment, infrastructure, and buildings that are safe in a disaster and the maintenance of the functions of each element by solid economic structure. Redundancy refers to the ability to acquire surpluses that can replace the original function, including redundant infrastructure, surplus resources, and the diverse means of finance, economy, and communica-tion. Rapidity refers to the ability to rapidly accept losses and restore it to better than original functions while avoiding confusions. From the aspect of urban disaster prevention, this is the planning and management activities to prevent

disaster situations such as the rapid, accurate delivery and sharing of information and the fast transportation of re-sources. Resourcefulness refers to the function that diagnoses problems and determines priorities. This includes committee activities to acquire the information and technologies that are necessary for problem diagnosis and to determine the priorities of dangerous situations or disaster prevention projects. Furthermore, continuous monitoring of risks and the distribution of resources are included as well. Regional Competence refers to the improvement of the disaster prevention competitiveness of a community through the voluntary participation of citizens. This includes the solidarity of a community, adaptation resulting from risk recognition and disaster experience, education and training, and related factors.

author (Year) definition

Bruneau (2003)abilities to carry out restoration activities that reduce the effects of disaster while minimizing social chaos by decreasing disaster risks and controlling the effects of disaster.

Godschalk (2003) a city that is resistant to disasters through a sustained network of human communities

pelling (2003)abilities to adapt to threats and to reduce or avoid damages through a social system that adapts to disas-ters and architecture that prevents dangers

campanella (2006) abilities and physical systems to restore a destroyed city

paton (2006) a measure of adapting to a changed reality and a new environment by people and society

cutter (2008) a process of a social system that accepts the effects of a disaster and adapts to them while responding to threats

table 1. Various definitions of Resilience

author (Year) components

Bruneau (2003) robustness, resourcefuless, rapidity, redundancy

Godschalk (2003) redundant, Diverse, efficient, autonomous, strong, Interdependent, adaptable, collaborative

campanella (2006) strong and diverse economic infrastructure, Planning, redundant capacity

o’Rourke (2007) awareness, leadership, resource allocation, Planning

norris (2008) economic development, social capital, Information and communication, community competence

o’Rourke (2007) robustness, rapidity

cutter (2008) community competence

table 2. components for reinforcement of resilience

Infrastructure Operation rate(%

) Time

50

100

t0 t1

Figure 1. Resilience triangle

Tie

rney &

Bru

neau, 20

07

source : tae-Hyun Kim et al., 2010

kaccc newsletter · 2014 Vol.2 adaptation issue_resilience and resilient city to reinforce disaster prevention capabilities of cities in times of climate change

Figure 2. Resilience and sustainable development

• Provide basic services and a post-disaster safety net for everyone

• secure stability of every space for economic activity and residence

• Participation of various interested parties in each step and reinforcement of social networks and collaboration

• leadership and inter-departmental cooperation to reduce disaster risks

• Prepare a resource allocation and institutional capacity system

• Define risk reduction principles for urban/regional developments

• reinforce protection and restoration of ecosystem, springbrunnen types, unstable slopes, and coasts.

• risk management based on ecosystem• reduce pollution and greenhouse gases, and

reinforce waste management capabilities

• Diversify local economic activities and prepare measures to reduce poverty

• Plan for business continuity in disasters• reward and punishment system for the improve-

ment of compliance with safety standards and the enhancement of resilience

Government Society

Environment Economy

Resilience and

Sustainable

Development

Functions (5Rs) components of each function

Robustnessnatural environment that is safe against disasters, robustness of infrastructure and buildings, and robust economic structure

Redundancy redundant infrastructure, surplus resources and finances, diversity (economy, transportation, etc.)

Rapiditysystem (planning, management), information (rapid, accurate delivery and sharing), transportation of resources

Resourcefulnessacquisition of resources (relief supplies and equipment, information, technology, finance, and manpower), operation of resources (leadership, plans, priorities, evaluation, and fairness), management of resources (resource monitoring and distribution)

Regional competencecohesion (trust, autonomy, cooperation, participation, and communication), adaptation (recognition of dangers, experience of disasters), education and training

table 3. components for strengthening the disaster prevention capacities of cities by introducing resilience concepts

source: Hyun-Joo Kim et al., 2010

This includes the ten essential elements for making a resil-ient city by the UN ISDR (International Strategy for Disaster Reduction), which are organization, budget, up-to-date data on disasters, reduction of infrastructure dangers, safety of schools and hospitals, regulation on the use of buildings and lands, education and training, environmentally friendly approach, early warning system and management, and countermeasures centered on victims. This allows us to systematically respond to expected disasters and minimize damages of unexpected disasters such as those due to cli-mate change so that we can decrease social confusion and quickly adapt and restore. Furthermore, we can also refer to the National Infrastructure Resilience Strategy of Australia regarding the details. Australia recognizes the provision of services without interruption of national infrastructure facilities as an important factor for securing social safety at the national security level and has established resilience

strategies to cope with all kinds of disasters. They established response plans for predictable risks and unpredictable parts, and they are reinforcing their response abilities through the reinforcement of mutual cooperation systems of related agencies through the building of organizational capabilities, adaptability and information systems. The resilience concept for response to climate changes and the reduction of disaster risks is a key element for sustainable development in environ-ment, economy, society, and politics. As shown in [Figure 2], we can achieve this through an extension of the sustainable development that we have pursued as a major paradigm for climate change adaptation and efficient national land plan-ning and development.

Climate change makes disaster prevention by human power even further beyond human control, but damages can be minimized through various sustained efforts. In this aspect, resilience is emerging as a new paradigm of

disaster management, which reduces original damagers by managing predictable and manageable risks in advance, minimizes damages and quickly restores the society even if an unexpected disaster occurs. Furthermore, interest in resilient cities that have applied the the resilience concept is increasing. However, to create resilient cities, institutional support on the base of space formation in which we are living in is required. In particular, we need an institutional foundation in which the functions for resilience enhance-ment such as robustness and redundancy can be connected organically with one another. In our country, there are over 500 legal provisions related to urban disaster prevention and safety, but there are no provisions required for resilient cities or they are weak and not organically interconnected

among them. Therefore, institutional improvement needs to be preceded. Furthermore, in the case of infrastructure, which is an important part of a resilient city, the facilities are designated and managed legally in consideration of mutual connectivity. Thus, we can see that Resilience and Resilient City are new paradigms of disaster management that can respond to the disasters that have become more diverse and complex in the times of climate change. However, domestic applications have limitations due to different interpretations by researchers and insufficient systems. Therefore, localiza-tion work through continuous studies is required before resilience can be applied to urban space planning and other areas. More caution is needed especially considering that this is regarding disaster management.

kaccc newsletter · 2014 Vol.2 adaptation issue_construction of resilient city through Disaster Prevention Urban Planning

There are divergent opinions about the concept of the Resilient City, which is being discussed recently as an important issue in climate change adaptation and urban disaster prevention areas. According to the definition in the ecology where academic approach to resilience first started, resilient city is a "city that can maintain its functions and sustainability by absorbing the impacts of a disaster and restoring its functions." Therefore, it is critical for a resilient city to find the vital spots that can paralyze city functions due to the impact of a disaster and to be equipped with a protection system in advance.

Until now, the preventive measures for vulnerable areas in a city were mainly structural measures based on installations such as sewerage and pump sites. However, these individual structural disaster prevention measures have limitations in effectively reducing disaster risks and we need comprehensive responses in which every facility

shares the risk. In order to absorb the impacts of a disaster due to climate change and improve resilience, we should make use of non-structural measures that can be effective even without installing structures such as the movement from dangerous areas and the use of non-flood defense public facilities such as parks and greens, in addition to structural measures. Therefore, we need integrated 'disaster prevention urban planning' that uses land, infrastructure, and buildings besides structural measures centered on disaster prevention facilities.

Byung-Jae Lee senior researcher

national Urban Disaster Prevention research center of the Korea research Institute for Human settlements

It is imperative to construct a defense system in areas that could paralyze urban functions due to the impacts of a disaster

Integrated disaster-preven-tion urban planning through land use, infrastructure, and buildings is needed


The goal of disaster prevention urban planning is to establish integrated long-term strategies that balance the current needs with sustainability of the future. It is particularly important to recognize the potential changes of risks in the future together with the current risk level and characteristics. Therefore, disaster-prevention urban planning means a spatio-temporal adaptation strategic planning that comprehensively considers the arrangement of land uses in the disaster-vulnerable areas and surround-ing areas, the location and installation of infrastructure facilities, and site formation and buildings for the construc-tion of urban spaces that are safe in times of disaster.

More research is required on the concept of and system-atic strategies for disaster prevention urban planning, but in advanced countries, active attempts for disaster prevention urban planning are being made.

[expected effects of disaster-preventing urban planning]

[Rainwater management example of potsdamer platz in Berlin]

[Lid application example of seattle and Bellingham, Washington in the u.s.a.]

spatio-temporal changes of disaster risks in a city (current trend)

spatio-temporal changes of disaster risks in a city (when disaster prevention urban planning is introduced)

after 20 years

after 10 years

now

disaster Vulnerable sitethis area is directly under the influence of disaster and requires the introduction of active disaster reduction measures such as lim-itations of spatial structures, uses, locations, and types of facilities.

urban Responding Regionthis area is indirectly under the influence of disaster and requires the introduction of risk reduction strategies using urban planning facilities around the disaster vulnerable area.

source: Monthly national land, July 2014, Korea research Institute for Human settlements

source: International rainwater Forum, tae-Goo lee, 2009

use of rainwater

Rooftop gardens

Rainwater gutters in parking lots using Lid techniques

Rooftop gardens

Vegetation waterways

Rainwater reservoir Rainwater purification

kaccc newsletter · 2014 Vol.2 adaptation issue_construction of resilient city through Disaster Prevention Urban Planning

An example of preparing for heavy rain can be found in Potsdamer Platz1) in Berlin, Germany. Germany is trying to preserve groundwater by actively using rainwater and to manage rainwater in environmentally friendly ways in preparation for floods and droughts. First, they built ecological ponds to store and purify rainwater at various places at Potsdamer Platz. Ecological ponds are connect-ed to an existing ecological river for the use and storage of rainwater during ordinary times, and the excess water is discharged outside of the complex. Furthermore, waterways are connected through the site around the ecological river, through which all the groundwater goes through biological purification and are reused in wet-lands and ecological parks to maintain the sustainability of the city.

In the U.S.A., Low Impact Development (LID) techniques are actively used for the construction of resilient cities. To manage rain runoff2) and improve the basin water circu-lation structure for urban development, LID techniques use various methods to acquire green spaces, form natural spaces, and maintain hydrologic cycle3) functions in the natural state. LID techniques can be regarded as a combination of low-cost, small-scale techniques to maintain the rainwater-runoff pattern in its natural state unlike traditional engineering approaches. The basin management strategy of LID is to minimize the pollution

source effluent load and manage the peak runoff and total runoff during rain in small-scale blocks. Furthermore, the goal of LID technique is to maintain the hydrologic cycle structure, minimize surface runoff, and minimize the effects of non-point pollution sources in the discharge waters including marshes, lakes, rivers, and seas. The 2nd Avenue Street in Seattle saved 25% in rainwater manage-ment costs by decreasing the impervious covering rate by over 18% through the LID techniques such as ecological reservoirs. Furthermore, Bellingham City in Washington State reduced rainwater management costs by 80% by changing the city parking lots with LIM techniques.

In Japan, they are actively promoting methods to acquire reservoir spaces by utilizing public facilities such as parks. The downtown basin in Tokyo to which the Setagayaku Futakotamagawa Park belongs is a flood danger area with up to 2m flood depth in precipitation of 100 mm per hour. To prepare against flooding, they are installing under-ground reservoir penetration facilities in the sidewalks of the park and the roads around the park. Furthermore, Fukuoka City established the Total Plan for Urban Flooding

by collecting basin measures such as stream channel reorganization, conversion of reservoir into flood control site, and reservoir reorganization, as well as various measures to reduce damages including the preparation of an emergency evacuation route map in the event of a flood. For the Sannou reservoir in particular, they installed a storm-water reservoir for flood control and water discharge pump sites underground and above ground by using a park.

Western Australia designated setback lines by taking into consideration the sea level rise in accordance with the Western Australian State Coastal Planning Policy. The setback lines absorb the impact of typhoons and protect the coast from changes such as movement of coast line, rising sea level, and other natural changes. Furthermore, the Coast Development Committee of Western Australia considers sea level rise of 1 m when permitting developments, and is actively promoting land use measures including coastal gaps and coast development limitations.

A representative example of heavy snow measures is the Winter Path Creation Plan of Sapporo City in Japan. Various groups including the administration, citizens, and academic circles shared their opinions to establish the Winter Town Building Plan (2009-2018) for sustain-able response to heavy snow. They opened about 70 snow deposits for storing removed snow in the city and used parks and squares where the sites for snow deposits were insufficient. Furthermore, they prevent damages from heavy snow through the installation of snow melting holes and snow melting tanks for melting snow by collecting treated wastewater warmed with the residual heat of plants and the night residual heat from district heating in large water containers. They also built

waterways under the roads to transport snow to the river using treated wastewater and river water.

To secure traffic safety, they installed heating wires under curved roads, tunnels, roads with a six degree or higher slope. In addition, to build a winter town, the Sapporo city local government, local residents and snow-removing companies cooperated to produce a map containing heavy snow status, problems, and countermeasures.

The concepts of safety and disaster prevention are the basic frameworks of urban planning, but disaster pre-vention approaches have been insufficient in land use, infrastructure, and building areas, with the exception of disaster prevention facilities for rivers and sewerages. In recent years, however, with the sharp increase of disasters due to climate change, the need for adapting to climate change through the reinforcement of resilience to disas-ters in urban planning is rising. As the above examples of developed countries show, comprehensive efforts to build a resilient city using various physical and non-physical components of the city are essential.

Comprehensive construction of a resilient city using various physical and non-physical components of the city

To build a city that is safe in disasters, spatio-temporal adaptation strategic plans must be established by recog-nizing the potential changes of risks in the future

[Example of under-ground reservoir

penetration facilities in Japan]

[Example of snow deposits in Sapporo, Japan]

kaccc newsletter · 2014 Vol.2 adaptation issue_resilient city strategies and policy direction for climate change adaptation

Busan

Why do we talk about the resilience of cities? More than half of the global population is living in cities, and over 80% of our total population in Korea is living in cities. People’s lives in cities exist in a network of organizations, mechanisms, infrastructure, information, etc. that are in-terconnected in complex ways. People in cities engage in economic activities and create new opportunities and in-novations, but they are also put under stress and suddenly exposed to dangers (economic and physical). If cities do not have resilience from such dangers, social weakening, mate-rial breakdown, and economic deprivation will accelerate. Especially with increasing natural disasters due to climate change, cities are more exposed to dangers and our lives are being threatened more than ever. The World Bank pub-lished the increasing damages from disasters on Earth for 30 years from 1980 to 2012 [Figure 1]. To reduce such dan-gers, we need to establish plans to increase the resilience of

cities from the urban planning stage. Resilience is defined as the restoring force or possibility from impact that can cause changes in the system. The concept of resilience first ap-peared in the ecological field in 1970s, which was expressed as the ability to maintain and restore the system in a situ-ation of disturbances and disabilities. Like the ecosystems, cities form a complex system and are continually exposed to unpredictable dangerous situations such as physical, social, and natural threats to which they must adapt to. As a con-sequence, such concept of resilient city is drawing people’s attention.

According to Dae-Wook Jeon and Kyung-Ho Cho (2014), the four attributes of resilience are robustness, redundancy, rapidity, and resourcefulness. ① Robustness refers to how well a system can endure external impacts. According to the traditional concept, investments of the society in physical infrastructure reinforce robustness. ② Redundancy refers to

surplus ability or a backup system that can replace a core function of a system when it is lost by external impact. According to the conventional meaning, it includes social surplus reserved force that is required to carry out specific functions as well as the acquisition of surplus resources in preparation for emergencies. ③ Rapidity is the competency for restoring the original state and responding within the shortest possible time when the system is damaged and its functions are deteriorated by impact. Rapidity is further reinforced if the members of the society are trained for rapid response and restoration at ordinary times, are aware of the resources that they have, and have relationships of strong cooperation and trust. ④ Resourcefulness is also called ‘resource competency’ and refers to the ability to di-agnose the phenomena and their causes, ability to organize response abilities, creativity for new alternative solutions, and adaptability to changes in system state. It can also in-clude the individual and group response capabilities of the individuals, families and communities in a society. Resilient City refers to a city as a system that is analyzed with the attributes of resilience. Along with the attributes of re-silience, there are nine values and indices that a resilient society pursues: diversity, ecological variability, modular-ity, acknowledging slow variables, tight feedbacks, social capital, innovation, overlap in governance, and ecosystem services.

① Diversity: A resilient society increases biological, social and economical diversity. Diversity is a core factor for devel-oping the response abilities of a system to various changes and impacts. ② Ecological Variability: A resilient society embraces and cooperates with ecological variability, rather than artificially controlling or reducing variants which are a representative example of ecological variability. ③

Modularity: The systems of a resilient society are modular-ized by function. If the systems are overly interconnected, they are vulnerable to dangers and damages in a crisis rapidly spread to the entire systems. ④ Acknowledging Slow Variables: Concentration on slow help form an in-dependent socio-ecological system and certain standards and cultivates abilities to manage resilient systems. ⑤ Tight Feedbacks ⑥ Social Capital: In a resilient society, so-cial network, leadership, and trust are social capitals. Social networks and leadership allow members to effectively re-spond to crises and reinforce their abilities. ⑦ Innovation:

A resilient society emphasizes the acceptance of learning, experiments, changes, and advanced systems. Furthermore, it provides opportunities and fosters creativity and innova-tions for changes. ⑧ Overlap in Governance: In a resilient society, redundancy plays the role of improving the diver-sity and flexibility of responses of the system in the event of dangerous situations. A top-down governance structure may be effective in the short term, but tends to fail in abrupt changes. Therefore, an organization of a network structure is more effective. ⑨ Ecosystem Services: A resilient society applies ecosystem services to the planning and evaluation of policies.

Population growth and the development of industries and economy increased greenhouse gases in the air, and this led to climate changes on a global scale. Unlike tornadoes and tropical cyclones that occur in one region for a short term, the dangers from climate change go beyond one region in their spatial range and span over several decades to a centu-ry in their temporal range. Climate change increases natural hazards and exposure to dangers and vulnerability, which gradually heightens risk of disaster.

[Figure 2] shows how natural disasters, exposure and vulner-ability are combined to raise risks of disasters. As climate change increases natural disasters, exposure to dangers and vulnerability, and causes long-term effects on our lives, we must consider the basic characteristics of climate change when establishing mid- to long-term plans for our response strategies in relation to resilient city.

Resilient city strategies and policy direction for climate change adaptation

In-Su Choi chief researcher

security and Unification research center of Korea research Institute for local administration

source : the world Bank, 2013

Figure 1. changes in worldwide damages by disastersFigure 2. effects of natural hazards:

increase of exposure and vulnerabilitysource : the world Bank, 2013

kaccc newsletter · 2014 Vol.2 adaptation issue_resilient city strategies and policy direction for climate change adaptation

By interpreting the dangers from climate change (e.g., infectious diseases, super typhoons, changes of vegeta-tion, rising sea level) in terms of the resilience attributes (robustness, redundancy, rapidity, resourcefulness, and regional competence), we can analyze which attributes ap-pear strong or weak according to the danger. Furthermore, it is meaningful to analyze the effects of climate change by stages (for example, before danger, at the arrival of danger, during danger, and after danger).[Figure 3] shows a 5-step process consisting of risk identi-fication, risk reduction, preparedness, financial protection, and resilient reconstruction. By analyzing the risks of a city by the attributes of resilience, we can establish plans for each risk such as in which step a city must reinforce which attribute of resilience and which of the nine indices must

be emphasized as a measure to reinforce the resilience at-tribute. This becomes the resilience reinforcement strategy for climate change adaptation from which various policies of the city to reinforce the attributes of resilience and the nine values can be derived. A report of the Rockefeller Foundation divides a resilient city into the following four areas and each area consists of detailed indices described below [Figure 4]. ① Health and Wellbeing consists of minimal human vulner-ability, diverse livelihoods and employment, and adequate safeguards to human life and health; ② Economy and Society consists of collective identity and mutual support, social sta-bility and security, and availability of financial resources and contingency funds; ③ Urban System and Services consists of reduced physical exposure and vulnerability, continuity of critical services, and reliable communications and mobility;

and ④ Leadership and Strategy consists of effective lead-ership and management; empowered stakeholders, and integrated development planning. In short, the establish-ment of resilient city strategies and policy directions for climate change adaptation requires us to understand the essential elements of the system and to set up and carry out detailed tasks to reinforce those elements. To carry out specific policy projects that are closely tied like a web that solidify each task closely is the process of building a resil-ient society.

Climate change adaptation measures from the economic aspect may include the cultivation of environment and energy-related enterprises and support for energy coopera-tives or village companies such as the Sunlight Power Plant. Such organizations as social enterprises, village companies, and cooperatives decrease dependence on a centralized economic system and contribute to the enhancement of resilience because it improves the diversity and viability of local economies. Let us assume that we are going to build a park on an idle land available in a city to improve the quality of life in the city. To enhance the resilience of the city, it is better to build small-sized parks in small village units that can be easily used in the living space rather than to build a

large standardized park. Also, for ecological resting spaces where residents can easily meet and communicate and for the preservation and propagation of species diversity, small-sized parks are more meaningful.

Resilient city is closely connected with the policy to rein-force local communities or village communities. This is because the entities that responds and adapts to various risks due to the effects of climate change that can happen in a village or local community are the residents of the vil-lage or local community. We need projects that reinforce the communication and cooperation of the community members and the competency of communities. Whether it is a citizen autonomy committee or an individual random organization of residents, it is important to allow local communities and villages to establish independent climate change adaptation policies. Administrative organizations such as local governments should provide administra-tive support so that residents can independently suggest, establish and carry out plans. In particular, a financial foundation must be prepared to help the successful imple-mentation of small meaningful village community projects to reinforce climate change adaptation abilities. As the level of government moves up from primary local govern-ments of cities, counties and boroughs to metropolitan cities and provincial governments and central government, they will be farther from the needs of local residents mak-ing it difficult to carry out community projects. Therefore, the formation of local funds such as village funds can be considered a way to promote various community projects in the right places in response to the needs of residents while being less controlled by central, metropolitan city, or primary local governments. The core components of a resilient city include not only the physical infrastructure of the city, but also villages and local communities. To rein-force the competency of communities by expanding these community projects and enhance the resilience of com-munities is to reinforce the resilience of a city. We call this "Community Resilience." To decentralize by going beyond the conventional physical, infrastructure and hardware projects based on the finances of the central government and to carry out software and human-centered community projects in smaller units, climate change adaptation resil-ience policy of cities and communities are necessary.

Flexib

leResourceful

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e Inte

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ed

Health & wellbeing

Lead

ersh

ip & str

ategy

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ciety

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ReflectiveRobust

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contingency funds

Empo

wered

& se

curity

Effe

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e le

ader

ship

& m

utua

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port

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Safeguards to

critical services

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anag

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9City Resilience Framework - The Rockefeller Foundation | Arup

“Resilience is based on the shifting relationship between scales, and between autonomy on the one hand and connectivity on the other.”Allan, P. & Bryant, M. (2011) ‘Resilience as a framework for urbanism and recovery’. Journal of Landscape Architecture 6(2), p. 43

© Ove Arup & Partners International Limited

Risk identificationenhancement of identification and understanding of disasters and climate risks through the improvement of evaluation and analysis methods

Preparednessimprovement of

crisis management through predictions, early warnings, and

emergency measures

Step 2

Step 1

Step 3 Step 4 Step 5

Risk ReductionReduction of new dangers

and social dangers through consideration of disasters and climate

risks in policies and investments

Financial Protectionenhancement of the financial resilience of

the government and the private sector through

financial protection strategies

Resilient Reconstruction

Rapid reconstruction of resilience

through support for reconstruction plans

Figure 4. Resilient city Framework

Figure 3. selective framework of climate change and disaster risk managementsource : the world Bank, 2013

kaccc newsletter · 2014 Vol.2 Kaccc's newskaccc newsletter · 2014 Vol.2 Climate Change Adaptation Research

Comprehensive research of climate change strategies

Climate Change Adaptation Research Soo-Jae Lee senior research Fellow, Korea environment Institute

study objective and direction

[study process and Flowchart]

introduction

climate change

adaptation trends

domestic adaptation

system introduction

methods (introduction of adaptation-related laws)

conclusions

design of domestic climate change adaptation strategies

adaptation legislation and step-by-step implementation plan

Future directions and suggestions for the intro-duction of climate change adaptation system

investigation and analysis of overseas adaptation strategies

international trends of climate change adaptation

domestic adaptation strategies and trendsclimate change adaptation Forum 2013

analysis of the climate change

adaptation strategies of the u.k.

(strategic frame and case study)

Review of the promotion of

legal/institutional adaptation support

(expert seminar on the preparation for

adaptation legislation)

Our country establishes 5-year legal plans for national climate change adaptation based on the Framework Act on Low Carbon Green Growth. The National Climate Change Adaptation Plan 2011-2015 was established as the first. The legal organization, which is the Committee on Green Growth, deliberates on the establishment and revision of national strategies, receives re-ports on the implementation and revisions of the central plans, and presents opinions on the implementations of strategies. However, in spite of large and small adaptation measures in the past, adaptation at the national policy level is still in the early stage of concept propagation and detailed actions according to adaptation strategies are insufficient.Therefore, in this study, national strategies for climate change adaptation were re-examined, follow-up measures to effectively carry out the strategies were investigated, and measures to introduce and enforce adaptation systems to improve effective-ness were proposed. Furthermore, information on the possibility of activation of the domestic adaptation industry was provided, considering that climate change adaptation has become a subject of interest in the industries.In this study, to check and devise domestic adaptation strate-gies and countermeasures, the measures of major developed countries related to adaptation were researched and analyzed, and examples that are applicable to our situation were derived. In addition, for the introduction of systems according to the climate change strategies, success stories of the climate change adaptation industry were investigated and the potential market was analyzed to ultimately deliver them to the private sector and relieve adaptation of the private industry. To effectively spread climate change adaptation and obtain results, the national government needs to reinforce the laws and institutions in addition to autonomous adaptation. If adaptation progresses slowly, it is difficult to predict the damages and to realistically feel its urgency. Considering this, therefore, legalization and institutionalization of the response and implementation of 'adaptation' is strongly proposed. To address the above themes in detail, this paper was written in 6 chapters in total and each chapter is briefly introduced below. Chapter 1, Introduction provides the background and objec-tive of study, study method and implementation system, and a discussion of previous studies. The core objective of this study is to argue the need for introducing the climate change adaptation report system and propose measures to enhance its effects. To obtain objective results, a review of related domestic and international literature and case studies, expert forums

and seminars were carried out. The direction of this study was adjusted through the 'Climate Change Adaptation Forum' and the 'Expert Seminar for Legislation.'

In Chapter 2, to understand the domestic climate change adaptation trends, the degree of national adaptation measures was investigated through an examination of the national climate change response system, the Framework Act on Low Carbon Green Growth, climate change adaptation policies, and implementation systems. Furthermore, a survey was conducted on the awareness of climate change adaptation in each professional area in the Climate Change Adaptation Forum. To identify the movements outside the country, the climate change adaptation strategies of the U.K., U.S.A., Germany, and Japan were examined and suggestions were derived.

The U.K. is analyzed in detail in Chapter 3 because they are implementing an advanced legal system on climate change adaptation strategies and carrying out excellent follow-up measures. What is remarkable is that to raise adaptation behav-iors after the passing of the Climate Change Act in 2008, they prepared three frameworks: i) adaptation report (ARP), ii) climate change risk assessment (CCRA), and iii) national adaptation program (NAP) which is a long-term strategy of the government to address the risks and opportunities found through the risk assessment. Furthermore, they established the Adaptation Subcommittee inside the Climate Change Committee for adap-tation separately from reduction and relief measures. The U.K. is expected to emerge as a country with strong resilience in the event of any danger from climate change in the future because they are steadily internalizing adaptation to their policies and lifestyles such as the preparation of an adaptation-related legal system, designation of responsible agencies and persons in charge, periodic publications of various research papers and reports (five year unit), and feedback through assessment.

Chapter 4 is on the adaptation industries. If adaptation is only dealt with by public policies, a problem in the viability of the country may arise because of the enormous costs for adapta-tion. Therefore, the national public response system can work more efficiently if private industries respond actively rather than passively to climate change. Even though the adaptation industry in still in its infancy and the development and applica-tion of adaptation technologies is still at an elementary level, the climate change adaptation industry is highly likely to grow into a major industry of the future. Therefore, we should make efforts to build the foundation and nurture the climate change adaptation industry starting from now. Therefore, examples of

climate change adaptation industries and technologies in the U.K., U.S.A., Germany, and the United Nations were investigated and suggestions were derived from an analysis of the potential domestic markets related to the adaptation industries and technologies.

Climate change occurs as natural phenomena by human and natural causes, and there are a few areas that the government must take the leadership in, but the private sector needs to build capabilities to adapt to climate change and protect their assets and markets on their own. The national government should take responsibility in the provision of scientific information about climate change, the establishment and implementation of adaptation measures, the development and dissemina-tion of adaptation technologies, and the establishment of proper guidelines, while the private sector should make sufficient preparations in line with their capabilities con-sidering examples of actual damages. Especially for the adaptation insurance area, if public funds are invested in the early stage and recovered after the private sector allocates some profits, our industry can have very strong resilience in responding to damages from climate change.

In Chapter 5, among the various measures to reinforce the climate change adaptation abilities of the na-tional land and people through the establishment and implementation of systematic climate change adaptation strategies, the introduction of the 'adaptation report system' for the public sector is proposed. For this purpose, domestic and international laws and systems related to climate change were investigated and analyzed, and the objective, basic direction, structure, reporting procedure, subjects of application, legislation method and step-by-step implementation plan were derived. Rather than full-scale implementation, we could select a few domestic public agencies that are interested and write the adaptation report through mutual information exchange and collaborative work. In this way, the adaptation report system can grow as an autonomous system that is different from the existing environmental impact assessment system.

In summary, climate change adaptation is a kind of 'vigi-lance' state. Even an army with high fighting power can be incapacitated in actual battle if they neglect vigilance and receive a surprise attack. Hence, we must not neglect vigilance for climate change to be sufficiently prepared for the future and we should raise national viability through the acquisition of strong resilience through steady and sincere cultivation of adaptation capabilities for effective response in the event of actual crises.

kaccc newsletter · 2014 Vol.2

Pine trees have been loved by Korean people from ancient times as a symbol of determination and long life because it stays green in all seasons. Pine trees were always easy to see throughout the Korean Peninsula, but we were surprised by a recent news report that it may become difficult to find pine trees in Korea before long.

Due to the rapid withering of pine trees, Jeju Island declared a "war against the pine wilt disease." As a result of large-scale pest control work since the summer of 2013, 545,000 dead pine trees were cut out, which accounted for 39% of the total pine tree forest area of Jeju Island, and 18% of the total forest area of Jeju Island. 44.7 billion won was invested in pest control work, and almost 110,000 people

were mobilized. Jeju Island plans to start the second pest control of pine wilt disease from October this year. Over 22 billion won will be invested in this second pest control work that will continue until early 2015.

Experts diagnosed climate change as the cause of the withering pine trees that are increasing rapidly of late. The growth and survival of trees are being threatened not only by the rising temperature due to global warm-ing, but also by extreme weather such as extreme droughts, heat waves, and cold waves. In fact, the large-scale withering of pine trees in some southern areas including Milyang in the spring of 2009 was caused by a dry stress. Due to the abnormal weather by the effect of climate change, pine wilt disease is in full swing and pine trees are withering, but there is nothing much that we can do.

As a result of global warming, it is predicted that needle leaf tree forests including pine trees will disappear and warm-temperature forests includ-ing evergreen trees and broadleaf trees will spread in most parts of South Korea. In 2013, the Korea Forest Research Institute of the Korea Forest Service presented a specific forecast based on an experiment that pine trees will gradually disappear due to climate change. It was found that the optimal growth range of pine trees in South Korea at around 2090 will be diminished to a part of the mountains in Gangwon-do, the northern part of Gyeonggi-do, a part of Chungbuk, top area of Jiri Mountains, and Uljin Seogu in Gyeongbuk. Outside the optimal growth range, living trees may survive but they are difficult to produce the next generation.

After precise investigation of pine trees that suffered the wilt disease, Jeju Island will start pest control work from October in accordance with the Wilt Control Manual. Instead of incinerating or fumigating the cutout trees, they will bury and crush them to increase the recycling rate of waste resources, and the buried pine trees will be used for cogeneration. In 2015, they will carry out a pheromone trap project to reduce the incidence of pine wilt disease to 5% or lower by 2018.

Furthermore, the government plans to conduct research on new forest resources to cope with the increasing incidence of tree diseases and pests due to climate change. The common opinion of experts is the need for research of plants that have adaptability against changing climate. We need to shift our pine tree growth strategy from the conventional growth-oriented strategy to a new strategy that also considers environmental adaptability.


[Climate Change Adaptation Newsletter] AdApTATioN is published to share important information about climate change adaptation. You can also acquire a variety of information about climate change adaptation through the homepage of Korea Adaptation Center for Climate Change. http://ccas.kei.re.kr/english/eng_index.do

kaccc newsletter · 2014 Vol.2

adaptation story

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ADAPTATION ISSUE Resilient City