adaptable membranes PART II

MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008

tutors I PROF.MCHAELl U. HENSEL I Prof. Dr. Birger SevalDSon i Defne Sunguroğlu // student I YÜ CHEN


17

adaptable membraneindividual projectyü chen



a

b

c

MOtION CAPABILItIES OF MEM-BRANE StRUCtURES

a elastic membrane streched bet-ween a square frame with moveab-le joints.

the streched textile forces the frame to become a saddleshape.With a elastic textile it is possible to flaten the surface, but at a certain point the membrane bends itself back to a saddleshape as befor.

this kind of physical mechanism is used alot in the nature in the movement of Plants, for example reactions on contacts.Maybe this could be used to make a membrane a active reacting membrane to changes in the env-ironment, like a biological memb-rane.

a. diagramm of forces during the bending of the frameb. venus flytrapc. sequenz of bending the memb-raned. merged pictures of the sequenz

MOvEABLE MEMBRANE

18

b

d


a

b

d

e

f

i wanted to create a surface out of moveable membranes.But obviosly if all membranes are working seperatly they all would need a own frame.

to decrease the amount of frames i tried to merge several saddles-hapes into one big membrane

first i introduced two compression members with a moveable joint, to close and open the minimal ho-les. But one would still need one compression stick for each hole, to move the controlpoint.

the next step was to delete the compression member, by finding a solution to move the cntrol points in another way.i decided to introduce a second layer

For a better control of the motion idecided to connect them along the whole edge

the idea is now narrowed down to a double layerd moveable memb-rane.the approche is to create different sizes of openings by moving one of the membranes

for geometry studies a paper mo-dell was generated.

closed state

opened statea. two saddleshapes in moveable framesb. idea of having several saddles-hapes forming a surfacec. moveable surfaced. merging these saddleshapes into one saddleshape. e. moving controllpoints by adding a secon layerf. moving one layerg. paper model for geometry stu-dies

A P P R O A C H

g

c

19



a

b

c

d

e

f

X

2X

X

Layer Top

Layer Bottom

X

2X

X

Layer Top

Layer Bottom

X

2X

X

Layer Top

Layer Bottom

X

2X

X

Layer Top

Layer Bottom

X

2X

X

Layer Top

Layer Bottom

60˚

X

2X

X

Layer Top

Layer Bottom

60˚

X

2X

X

Layer Top

Layer Bottom

60˚

b

X

2X

X

Layer Top

Layer Bottom

60˚

b

X

2X

X

Layer Top

Layer Bottom

60˚

b

Layer Top

Layer Bottom

a

CUttINg PAttERN

to generate the cutting pattern i made a grid with a density of X.and a cut of 2X width and X height.In the following part of the portfolio i will always refer to X as the height of the cut.

a. first cut on the bottom layerb. second cut on the top layerc. place of the third cut on the bot-tom layerd. follwing cutse. whole cutting patternf. sheme of the openingssmall openings, biggest openings,closed

If the connection surface is in a angle of 90 to the both layers the cut on the top layer has to be at - (-X i 0) according to the fist cut in the bottom layer

this would generate a problem of material thickness if a want a over-lapping of holes in the upper and bottom layer.

So i decided to move the top layer a bit more, so the connection surface would be in a angle of 60 degrees to the layers to generate the biggest possible overlapping opening.

to have the biggest overlapping of openings with a connection surface of 60 degrees, the next cut on the bottom layer must be at (-X I - 1 1/2 X) according to the first cut. The second row does not depend on the first one. But in order to create the most openab-le surface without weakening the material by keeping the distance b , the second row ist offseted from the first one with ( 2X i -X).

Summerized:if the cut for the minimalhole is the size of 2X,X. one can describe the pattern in a XY Cartesian coordina-te system . Bottom layer: the next cut would be at (-X I - 1 1/2 X)and the next row would be at ( 2X I -X) For the top layer all the cuts would be offseted by the therm - (-X I 0).

X

Y

C U t t I N g

bottom layer

connecting surface

angle of the sur-face regarding the bottom layer

size of the cut

top layer

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a. three digital modelsb. close up view of the holesclosedc. half opend d. completly opende. shadow cast of the closed sys-temf. shadow cast of the half opened systemg. shadow cast of the opened systemh. composition of serveral membra-nes to see the shadow pattern

DIgItAL MODELS

buidling a first digital model to try out the tension factors and how to weld edges t each other.it also gives a first impression of the geometry and shape.the same model with shifted top layer.

close up look at the holes and the size of openings

different shadow pattern generated by the shifted membranes, at three different angles of the sun.

possible shadow pattern of a complex system consisting of the double layerd membranes.

D I g I t A LM O D E L L I N g

a

b c d

e f

h

g

21



X

2X

X

Layer Top

Layer Bottom

60˚

b

MODELLINg OF ONE ELEMENt

for studying the geometry i modelt just a representative patch of 4 interconnected holes.the top layer will be moved in teh direction of the orange arrow. On the next page is a sequenz of the movement from top, front and left view.

g E O M E t R Y S t U D I E SD I g I t A L

MODELLINg DIgItAL

to weld the edges one needs to have teh same point amount on both edges and at exactly the same place. this is sometimes a hard task becouse of the huge amount of points in the model itself.A solution is to import the model into 3D max and set the tolerance of welding to high value and import it back to rhino fo relaxation.

SIDE vIEW

tOP vIEW

FRONt vIEW

MEMBRANE

COMPRESSIONMEMBERS

MOvINg DIRECtIONOvERLAPPINg HOLES

PERSPECtIvE

After buidling a bigger patch with more holes in the computer, i de-tected that i couldn`t avoid the two membranes getting very very close to each other in the middel of the structure. I tried several tension factor combinations for the exterior and the interior tensions.to avoid both layers to get too close i introduced compression members in form of sticke going from the corne of one cut in to the corne of the cut in the next row on the top layer.

CONNECtINg SURFACE

a. wireframe model of one element

b. distance problems

c. place compression sticks in the cutting pattern

d. diagramm of the forces

22

a b

c d e


g E O M E t R Y S t U D I E SD I g I t A L

CONNECtINg SURFACE At AN ANgLE OF 120o





AXONOMEtRY

SIDE vIEW

FRONt vIEW

tOP vIEW

SIzE OF tHE ACHIEvABLE OvERLAPPINg OF tHE HOLES , accorDing To The DigiTal MODEL. 200% OF tHE tOP vIEW

it shows that it is possible to shrink the overlapping to 10% of the maximum gap, regarding the front view.CURvAtURE ANALYSIES.

since Rhino cannot do a curavture analysies on meshes i analysed the angle of the meshes according to the z plane.most of it is blue, but on the connecting surface it shows a gradient of green to yellow, which means the surface is curved and two points are more green, so i concluded that there is a double curvature.

23

a

b



a

a.top view of the double layerd membrane system

b,c.motion of the membraen sys-tem from the side

d,e.motion from the membranesys-tem from the frontf. sewing techniqueg. introducing a extra patch to keep the right geometry

PHYSICAL MODEL

this one hole model is studied to find geometry problems, which could appear due to the connection during the movement.

SIDE-vIEW

FRONt-vIEW in a former model, were i sewed the both edged by overlapping them, the membrane alway gets wrinkles when streched.to avoid this geometryprobleme i intrduced a extra patch of fabric, as shown in the second scetch.

g E O M E t R Y S t U D I E SP H Y S I C A L

b c

d e

24

f g


a.top view, different openingsb.merged picturec.side view motion of the connec-ting partd.merged picturee.bottom view, different openingsf.merged picture

PHYSICAL MODEL 2

In the second model i generate only one row of holes to see if there will be geometry problems with more than one hole. the top and bottom view of the different states shows the different density of pe-netration in the system.

BOttOM -vIEW

tOP-vIEW

SIDE- vIEW a b

c d

e

f

25



a.close up at the seamb.minimalhole from the topc.minimalhole from the sided.joint of the tip of one M. with the corner of the other M.e.spatial experinces from thetopf.spatial experinces betweenthe layersg. spatial experinces, closed up.h.spatial experinces of the whole sytem.

PHYSICAL MODEL 2

Close up look at the holes to see possible wrnikles. During building this modell i discovered that mini-malholes requieres more control points at the edges to strech the farbric fully.the best would be a edgecable.But the diagonal seam, does not cause any wrinkles as i suspected.

SHADOW StUDIES

in this first studies i wanted to see if there is a reasonable difference of the shadow cast of the system in different states.Digital filters helps to increase the contrast for a better understanding of the pattern.

shadow pattern of the membrane , picture untreated.

shadow pattern of the membrane , higher contrast

shadow pattern of the membrane , greyscale

SHADOW StUDIES

after the one row membrane iÜve buildet a membrane with a cluster interconnected minimalholes. With a high density of penetration.Investigating on 3 different states (fully opend 60o, half opend 90o, closed 20o), i can now ensure 3 totally diffrent lightning conditions, with one membrane system.Shadow pattern are on the next page.

g E O M E t R Y S t U D I E SP H Y S I C A L

b c d e

f

a

hg

2626

MEMBRANE SPACES studio course AHO fall 2008FULLY OPEND StAtE (60) HALF OPEND StAtE (90) CLOSED StAtE (20)

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MULtI PERFORMANCE SkIN

as this double layerd membrane is able to change the perforation ofitself and therefore alow a cont-rolled permeabilty, it reminds of a biological semipermeable memb-rane. a semipermeable membrane will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion and occasionally specialized „facilita-ted diffusion.“ the rate of passage depends on the pressure, con-centration, and temperature of the molecules or solutes on either side, as well as the permeability of the membrane to each solute. Depen-ding on the membrane and the solute, permeability may depend on solute size, solubility, properties, or chemistry.

Compared to this my approach is to controll the permeability of light, air and visibility through the doub-lelayerd interconnected membrane system.

to detect the potential lying within this structure, the approach is to test it in different taskfields and situations. this will lead to a suitable scale for the perforation and a application for the system.

tASkFIELDS

AIR FLOW CONDItIONS

PERFORMACE IN DIFFERENt SCALES

SPAtIAL qUALI-tIES

vISUAL tASk

LIgHt DIStRI-BUtION (RE-FLECtION)

OPACItY

PERFORAMANCE DUE tO tHE SIzE OF PERFORAtION

DIFFERENt SCALES OF tHE PROjECt

vISIBILItY RESEARCH ON LIgHt

RESEARCH ON AIR FLOW

SPAtIAL INvES-tIgAtIONS

vISIBILItY IN DIF-FERENt ANgLES

SCALE DECIS-ION AND APPLICA-tION

SHADOW ANA-LYSIS

REFLECtINg ANgLE AND AMOUNt

g O A L S FOR tHE S Y S t E M

28

a. semipermeable membrane

b. sketch of a physical model with

a moveable frame

c. physical model

a

b c


PHYSICS OF LIgHt

Definition: electronmagnetic radia-tion, with a speed of 299,792,458 m/s(which means that our m sys-tem is now defined by the speed of light). the perceptable part for humans has a wavelenght from 380 till 750 nm. Light can exhibit properties of both waves and particles (photons). this property is referred to as wave–particle duality.

PARtICLE tHEORY

light pushes on objects in its path, just as the wind would do. this pressure is most easily explainable in particle theory: photons hit and transfer their momentum. Light pressure can cause asteroids to spin faster, acting on their irregu-lar shapes as on the vanes of a windmill. the possibility to make solar sails that would accelerate spaceships in space is also under investigation.

WAvE tHEORY

the wave theory predicted that light waves could interfere with each other like sound wavess noted around 1, and that light could be polarized. Different colors are caused by different wavelengths of light, and a explaination for color vision in terms of three-colored receptors in the eye.

COULORS

Usual white light consist of the spectrum of all wavelenghts of light, all coulors are contained.objects of a certain coulor reflect only one wavelength and absorbs the rest. For example a red fabric would appear grey under green light, because there is no red light which could be reflected,

AttRIBUtES OF LIgHt:

intensityfrequencyquantityquality

In the photometry system light is measured in 4 quantities.:

I, luminous intensity of light ( in cd candela)

φ, luminous flux (light flow) in lm, lumen

E, illuminance, illumination of a surface in lx (lux)

L, luminance, brightness of a sur-face from a certain direction in cd/m2

IMPORtANCE OF gOOD LIgHt CONDItIONS.

good lighting is not only important for performing tasks like reading or sewing and for a safer environment by prevent accidents.But it is also very important for peoples mood and therefor their behavior and pro-ductivity.It is nessecary to know for what kind of task, or situation what kind of light is requierd. It has ever been a big case in Architectur to provide people with suitable lightning conditions. the demands changes from case to case, for exp. ss you age, the amount of light en-tering the eye is reduced, causing a reduction in visual acuity, cont-rast and color intensity. the type of lighting and its intensity, color and direction all affect an individuals visual performance.too much OR too little light can be a problem for one task but maybe provids a proper atmosphere for another task. that is why it is so important to controll the lighneing conditions.

vARIANt tYPES OF LIgHt:

daylightsunlightmoonlightartificial lightdirect lightdiffuse light

780-630

630-600

600-570

570-550

550-520

520-500

500-450

450-380

WAvELENgtH

Daylight : is a diffused sunlight by atmosphere /clouds5000 lux( not to be confused withL)

Sunlight: direct sunlight 1650 000 000 cd/m2

artificial light: all kind of lamps. Sunlight is up to 40 times stronger than a artificial light, 8000-7 000 000 cd/m2

Moonlight: indirect sunlight, with just 0,00015% l (thats why we only see greyscale in he night)2500 cd/m2

LIgHtINg REqUIERMENtS:

A suitable lightining must always be well balanced between providing the best conditions and the energy end economic efficiancy.It consist of four components:-Colour appearence and coulor rendering, due to light quantitiy. -Psychological and aesthectic effects. coulor appearence ist as-sosiated with our expectations and experiences-Direction of light must suit the task and the intended atmosphere.indirect light may is usulay more comfotable but causes also a hazy or eerie atmosphere. Direct light is important for 3D perception, light (sports etc.) , because the shodows helps the brain to calulate the distances.- glare should be avoided.by using a to strong light the visiual perception is also siturbed or could cause seriouse demages in the eye.

POSSIBLE PERFORMANCESREgARDINg tHE vISIUAL tASkS

- PREvENDINg gLARE AND DIR-CEt SUNLIgHtPROvIDINg OPACItY.

-PROvIDINg A SUItABLE DIS-tRIBUtION OF SUNLIgHtREFLECtION AND DIFFUSIONOF SUNLIgHt. tO BRIgHtEN OvERSHADOWED AREAS.

- DIFFERENtIAtED vISIUAL PE-NEtRAtIONCONtROLL tHE vISIBILItY tHROUgH tHE MEMBRANE.

R E S E A R C H O N L I g H t

a. light in the wave theory

b. splitting the light with a prisma.

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a

b



SHADOW ANALYSIS

for a more accurate shadow ana-lysies i decided to set up an digital experiement ( illustrated on the next page) for the equinox day.I haven*t decided on a specific site neither on a specific application. My goal is to show the potential of this adaptable sytem. therefor the equinox date seems to my appro-priated, since i cannot do the analy-sies for each day.

outcome:direct sunlight:0%

single layerd shadow: 6%

double layerd shadow: 90%

triple layerd shadow: 4%

Intensity of shadow

190%

25%

35%

1 2 3

Intensity of shadow 20

190%

27%

33%

1 2 3

shadow intensity 60

185%

24%

311%

1 2 3

shadow intensity 90

171%

219%

310%

1 2 3

shadow intensity 120

168%

220%

312%

1 2 3

















EqUINOX

equinoxes occur twice a year, when the tilt of the Earth‘s axis is oriented neither from or to the Sun, causing the Sun to be located vertically above a point on the equator. the name is derived from the Latin aequus (equal) and nox (night), because at the equinox the night and day are equally long.the latitude for the sun for a spe-cific reagion can be calculated just by adding a degree.






I distinguished between the shadow cast by of different amount of layers.the method was to get the shadows in pure greyscale. the percentage of teh pixels in different greys counts for the per-centage of the surface of casted shadow.the whole experimanet cn only be valuated in comperison to each other.

S H A D O W A N A L Y S E SDIgItAL AND PHYSICAL

30


5.00N

W

SO 40˚

7x


For comparison i made shadow studies of the physical model.the shadow apptern looks so different becouse of the opacity of the textile. all diffrent shadow are merged into on grey, only the direct light could be distinguished.But the diffrence of size is also shown in this experiment.

double layerd

single layertriple layered

direct light

10o 30o 60o 90o 120o

100%

Latidtude an azimuth of the sun for central europe on the equinnox date sun

membranesurface for shadow set in a distance of 7 X

azimut

altitude

out come;

the sytem can provide beneath a varity of diffrent shadow pattern ( from heartshapes to butterflys-hapes) a covering of the complete area and also allows 18% of direct sunlight if requierd. At a shifted lay-er with angel of 30-60 O the shadowpattern is most even.


a. shadow at a shift of 10O

b. shadow at a shift of 30O

c. shadow at a shift of 60O

d. shadow at a shift of 90O

e. shadow at a shift of 12O

f. Diagramm of teh percentage of different shadow intensitiesg. illustration of the set up for the shadow analysies.

31

a b c d e

f g



7:00 9:00 11:00 12:00 14:00 16:00

7:00 9:00 11:00 12:00 14:00 16:00

7:00 9:00 11:00 12:00 14:00 16:00

7:00 9:00 11:00 12:00 14:00 16:00

7:00 9:00 11:00 12:00 14:00 16:00


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a. shadows from 7-16h 10o

b. shadows from 7-16h 30o

c. shadows from 7-16h 60o

d. shadows from 7-16h 90o

e. shadows from 7-16h 120of.

a

b

c

d

e



60

70

80

90

100

110

1 2 3 4 5

Series1Series2Series3Series4Series5Series6

60

70

80

90

100

110

1 2 3 4 5 6

Series1Series2Series3Series4Series5

60

70

80

90

100

110

1 2 3 4 5

Series1Series2Series3Series4Series5Series6

60

70

80

90

100

110

1 2 3 4 5 6

Series1Series2Series3Series4Series5

7h9h11h12h14h16h

10o

30o

60o

90o

120o

7h 9h 11h 12h 14h 16h

10o 30o 60o 90o 120o

between 11-14 h no direct sun will go through the membrane as long as it is more closed than 90o

at 9h something in the geometryallows more sun penetrationexept in the 90o state

percentage of over-all shadow

percentage of over-all shadow

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Diagramm with the diffrent shifts on the Y-achsis

Diagramm with the timeon the Y-achsis

I decided to evaluate the data in two different diagramms with the parameters angle and time, to gain more inforamtion about the perfor-mance in shadow casting.

In the almost closed state (10 o) no direct sunlight is on the surface

at 60o there seems to be a geome-tric special situation which allows very little sun from different ang-les, but the sun from 16h could go through. at 90o the shadow casting seem to be linear, the amount of shadow is increasing during the day. the 16h sun is already low and can penetrate the membrane, becauseof its geometry.

outcome:

the system can provide a overall shadow in the most heated hours of the day from 11-14 h. due to its flexibility and geometry.

this anaysis is just one example how i would investigate on the system. turning the whole system upside down or change the direc-tion would change a lot in the data and the outcome.



vISUAL PENEtRAtION

A visual cover generates twospaces, inside and outside.But a semi permeable visual co-vering can generate a wide range of spaces between this both, at the same a certain tension is created between both sides of the „wall“.It makes a person coriouse about the things behind the seperation the goal of this investigations is to find out how i can influence the visual permeability of the membra-ne systemand of what range it is, if invisibility is 0% and fully visible is 100%.In this experiments i also followed a dual, digital and physical process.

30O

60O

90O

120O

150O180O

0O

0O 30O 600 90O 120O 150O 180O

0 1 00 1 00 00

15,03

0

52,3

40,02

20,1

7,9

38,6

20

42,3

7,1

36,137,8

86 1

29,9

18

2,990

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

30 ˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚

120˚90˚ 60˚ 30˚

0 1 00 1 00 00

15,03

0

52,3

40,02

20,1

7,9

38,6

20

42,3

7,1

36,137,8

86 1

29,9

18

2,990

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

30 ˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚

120˚90˚ 60˚ 30˚

membrane

background

angle of the observer

distance of the observer to the membraen is 7 X

forground (blue membrene)

background (yellow)

PROCESS

for the analysies of visual penetrati-on i used the same tools as for teh shadow analysies.i took pictures from specific angles in a distance of 7X from the mem-brane. With a photoshop filter i distinguis-hed the forgraound from the back-ground. An evaluated the amount of pixels of yellowish coulors (visi-ble part of the background) in the picture compared to the amount of blueish coulours (visual protection of the background).

OUt COME:

the visibility from a angle of 30O is always very high, even when the ,membranes are very close to each other.the structure looks almost like a net from this angle.From the other side (120o )it the background is barely visible in any state of the membrane.But from the fangle of 60O -90O the different states of the membrane system causes a diffrence in visibi-lity of 30%.

% of visibility

observers angle

shifting of the layers

v I S U A L P E N E t R A t I O N

probably a mistake

34

a. physical model in opened and closed statesb. gradiationcurvec. treated pictures for the visual anlysiesd. experiment set upe. evaluation of the data as a dia-gramm

a

b

c

d

e


observers angle

REFLECtION (DIStRIBUtION OF LIgHt)

brightning certain areas/prevention of overshadowing

Specular reflection is the perfect, mirror-like reflection of light (or sometimes other kinds of wave) from a surface, in which light from a single incoming direction (a ray) is reflected into a single outgoing direction. Such behavior is descri-bed by the law of reflection, which states that the direction of incoming light (the incident ray), and the direction of outgoing light reflected (the reflected ray) make the same angle with respect to the surface normal, thus the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection; this is commonly stated as θi = θr.

diffuse reflection, where incoming light is reflected in a broad range of directions. the most familiar example of the distinction between specular and diffuse reflection would be glossy and matte paints. While both exhibit a combination of specular and diffuse reflection, matte paints have a higher propor-tion of diffuse reflection and glossy paints have a greater proportion of specular reflection.

REFLECtION EXPERIMENtS

i wanted to see if the connecting surface could also be used for reflecting sunlight for a better distri-bution of light. Since the surface is curved (as shown in the geometry studies) the reflection would be diffuse, as illustrated in the second picture. the geometry question was if the opening are in the right place regarding the reflction angle of the connecting surface to be able to conduct light out of the membran system not only back into the membrane. to simplify it a made geometry studies in 2D taking refelction as a specular reflection. In the experiment i just want to show that a reflection is possible.I covered the surface with a coulou-red foil to distinguish the refelction from direct light.

R E F L E C t I O NA N A L Y S E SON A PHYSICAL MODEL

board

reflection

membrane

sunlight

reflection

membrane

speculare refelction

diffudse refelction

membrane

light

board

membrane

light

OUt COME:According to the 2D and physical experiments reflection of light is possible. At an angle of 120 O of the connecting surface the possible refelctions are of the widest range.the amount of refelction idepends on the properties od the employed textile.

membrane

incoming light

reflection

different states of the membrane in section

a. specular refelctionb. thesis about the refelction pathc. refelction experiment d. set up of the experimente. set up of the experiment, top viewf. illustration of the set upg.2D geometry studies of the refelction in diffrent states of the membrane

35

a

b

c

d e

f

g



AIR FLOW/CONDUCtION

A membrane as a lightweight struc-ture already deals with enourmous windloads. the double curved surface prevent ithe fluttering, due to this perfaor-manceMembranes are also often used as wind protection.

But airflow and ventilation is reque-sted at the same time. Providing one bigger opening for ventilation would causes strong droughts. A perforated skin might be a good solution to controll the flow of air, for providing a comfortable climate

The flow of air through openings in a structure follows laws simi-lar to those describing air flow through orifices and capillaries. Flow through a capillary is directly proportional to the pressure drop across it; flow through an orifice is proportional to the square root of the pressure drop. the relationship for building openings or cracks falls between these limits; the flow rate also depends on the effective area of the openings perpendicular to the direction of flow.

Flow through a single opening of uniform cross-section large in relation to its length can be appro-ximated from the relationship for a sharp-edged orifice.

: turbulence

in aerodynamics, turbulence is characterized by chaotic, stochastic property changes in the flow. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and ve-locity in space and time. Flow that is not turbulent is called laminar flow.

HUMAN PERCEPtION

three parameters are important for a good climate.

temperature: around 20 o

Air flow:usually a Windflow in the speed range of 0,1-0,2 m/s is percepted as comfortable, as the temperatur rises over 28O a windspeed up to 0,9 m/s provides cooling.

humidity:15 -20 %rF humidity is percepted as comfortable. to dry air would causes irritation of the mucosae in eyes nose and mouth.to much humidity would cause a stuffy atmosphere.

these three parameteres are linked to each other.

A natural ventilation can be con-ducted by temperatur diffrencies bewteen two areas.Warm air will alway go up and col-der air will drift to the bottom.

outside inside outside inside

opened statet almost closed statet

drwaing of the section drwaing of the section

less air flow,lower speed of air,less ventilati-on.

higher permeability of air,more ventilationhigher air speed.

The efficiancy for the system to conduct air, depends on the scale.In a small scale (´X is 10 cm) the whole construction will be more like a real skin, allowing ventilation and wind protection at the same time.In a big scale (X is 2 m)the effects for people will be com-pletly different.Warm air could probably gathered between the layers, providing a ventilation drought.in a opend state themembrane offers almost no wind protection.

A I RF L O W

36

a. idea of air flow through the mem-braen system

b. membrane in a state with big openings

c. membaren in a state with small openeings

a

b c


SPAtIAL qUALItIES

since the project started without a certain scale,the spatial quality can be evaluated in different ways.I want to refer to X (size of the ho-les) in different scales, and try to point out the qualities of each scale.

X : 1m

My favourite scale, because the beatiful shape of the structure is fully perceptable and the space in between the layers can be used. the openings are slightly smaller than a door, so one could actually climb through it is but not necessarly used as a port.

X : 40 cm

this size would be useful to provide visual permeability and ceiling in one.

X : 20 cm

the same for this scale.It provides also a visual shelter in a urban scale.

X : 10 cm

Probably the best scale for the per-formances i investigated on.Sun protectionWind protectionvisual protection...

37



1:?

SPAtIAL qUALItIES

in this pictures i tried to explore the spaces generated by the membra-ne system.I was espacially sur-prised by the inbetween space, it was mor exciting than i expected.In a smaller scale the whole structer turned to a ornament like fassade.

S P A t I A Lq U A L I t I E S

38

a

b

c

d

e

a.b.c.d.e.Scale studies.


S P A t I A L q U A L I t I E S

39

a

b c

d e f

g

g

a.b.c.d.e.f.g.h.i.Scale studies.

Documents

adaptable membranes PART II