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8/2/2019 Ad is 16060
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ad-is-16060 1/12
Xo`n Bml`xo`pf
_mx Rmpn Hrkuekyn xopf UYO
M@OU=1919
Rnq, 9Olakrjmpokl a~rloufn b Mlmckh @nqoenu ou bnconqn pk bn mee~rmpn ml rncombcn, Fkxnqnr# lkrnuykluobocop ou muu~jn b Mlmckh @nqoenu akr opu ~un# lkr akr ml olarolhnjnlpu ka ympnlpu kr kpfnrrohfpu ka pfor ymrponu pfmp jm rnu~cp arkj opu ~un, Uyneoaoempoklu u~bgnep pk efmlhn xopfk~p lkpoen, Lkcoenlun ou hrmlpn b ojycoempokl kr kpfnrxoun ~l nr ml ympnlp kr ympnlp rohfpu ka Mlmckh @nqoenu,Prm njmrdu ml rnhoupnrn prm njmrdu mrn pfn yrkynrp ka pfnor rnuynepoqn kxlnru,
Kln Pneflkckh Xm# Y,K, Bkv ?=91# Lkrxkk`# JM 92912*?=91# ^,U,MPnc7 86=,52?,0899 xxx,mlmckh,ekjAmv7 86=,01=,5==5 ¯2996 Mlmckh @nqoenu# Ole, Mcc rohfpu rnunrqn`
ANMP^RNU
Ekjycnpn mlh~cmr rmpn ohopmc hrkuekyn
=0*bop rnukc~pokl
Uemcmbcn jnmu~rnjnlp rmlhn
Olopomc rmlhn7 ½69¹+une &pyoemc/
Olernmun rmlhn xopf nvpnrlmc rnuoupkr
W*mvou &mx rmpn/ rnuyklun
UYO `ohopmc k~py~p olpnramen
Fohf qobrmpokl rngnepokl kqnr xo`n arn}~nle
2999 h*ykxnrn` ufked u~rqoqmbocop
= dFw bml`xo`pf
Uncnepmbcn ~uolh nvpnrlmc emymeopkr
Nvpnrlmcc eklprkccn` unca*pnup
Olpnrlmc pnjynrmp~rn unlukr k~py~p@~mc m~vocomr =0*bop M@E oly~pu
Mbukc~pn rmpn k~py~p akr yrneouokl myycoempoklu
> Q uolhcn*u~yyc kynrmpokl
6,2 jj Ø 6,2 jj Ø >,2 jj ymedmhn
−09¹E pk $=9>¹E kynrmpokl
RkFU ekjycomlp
MYYCOEMPOKLU
Ycmpakrj upmbocowmpokl
Ojmhn upmbocowmpokl
H~o`mlen ml` eklprkc
Olnrpom jnmu~rnjnlp ~lopu
Rkbkpoeu
HNLNRMC @NUEROYPOKL
Pfn M@OU=1919 ou m mx rmpn hrkuekyn xopf ml olpnhrmpn`
unromc ynroyfnrmc olpnramen &UYO/, Op anmp~rnu ml nvpnrlmcc
uncnepmbcn bml`xo`pf rnuyklun ml` uemcmbcn lmjoe rmlhn,
Pfn UYO ykrp yrkqo`nu meenuu pk pfn rmpn unlukr# ml olpnrlmc
pnjynrmp~rn unlukr# ml` pxk nvpnrlmc mlmckh uohlmcu &~uolh
olpnrlmc M@E/, Pfn `ohopmc `mpm mqmocmbcn mp pfn UYO ykrp ou
yrkykrpoklmc pk pfn mlh~cmr rmpn mbk~p pfn mvou pfmp ou lkrjmc
pk pfn pky u~ramen ka pfn ymedmhn,
Ml m``opoklmc k~py~p yol yrkqo`nu m yrneouokl qkcpmhn rnanrnlen,
M ohopmc unca*pnup a~lepokl ncneprkjnefmloemcc nveopnu pfn unlukr
pk pnup pfn kynrmpokl ka pfn unlukr ml` pfn uohlmc*ekl`opoklolh
eore~opu,
Pfn M@OU=1919 ou mqmocmbcn ol ml 6,2 jj Ø 6,2 jj Ø >,2 jj#
=1*pnrjolmc# ynroyfnrmc cml` hro` mrrm &CHM/ ymedmhn,
A^LEPOKLMC BCKED @OMHRMJ
RMPNUNLUKR
UECD
QEEAOCP RMPN
HL@
M@OU=1919
@OL
@K^P
JUNC=
J^V
JUNC2
=0*BOPM@E
@OHOPMCEKLPRKC
MOL=
MOL2
PNJYNRMP^RNUNLUKR
9 8 = 9 5 * 9 9 =
Aoh~rn =,
8/2/2019 Ad is 16060
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M@OU=1919
Rnq, 9 s Ymhn 2 ka =2
PMBCN KA EKLPNLPUAnmp~rnu,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, = Myycoempoklu,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, = Hnlnrmc @nueroypokl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, = A~lepoklmc Bcked @omhrmj ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, = Rnqouokl Foupkr ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 Uyneoaoempoklu,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5
Pojolh Uyneoaoempoklu ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, > Mbukc~pn Jmvoj~j Rmpolhu,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1
NU@ Em~pokl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 Yol Eklaoh~rmpokl ml` A~lepokl @nueroypoklu,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8 Pyoemc Ynrakrjmlen Efmrmepnroupoeu ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6 Pfnkr ka Kynrmpokl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?
Mlmckh*pk*@ohopmc Eklqnrpnr Oly~p,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ? Rmpn Unluopoqn Mvou ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?
Bmuoe Kynrmpokl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =9 Unromc Ynroyfnrmc Olpnramen &UYO/,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =9 K~py~p @mpm Akrjmppolh,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =9 M@E Eklqnruokl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =9
Myycoempoklu Olakrjmpokl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, == U~yyc ml` Ekjjkl Ekluo`nrmpoklu ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, == Unppolh Bml`xo`pf,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, == Olernmuolh Jnmu~rnjnlp Rmlhn ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, == @lmjoe @ohopmc Unluopoqop Uemcolh ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, == Pnjynrmp~rn Jnmu~rnjnlpu ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, == Unca*Pnup A~lepokl ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ==
K~pcoln @ojnluoklu,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =2 Kr`nrolh H~o`n ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =2
RNQOUOKL FOUPKR_
=+96‐Rnqouokl 97 Olopomc Qnruokl
8/2/2019 Ad is 16060
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M@OU=1919
Rnq, 9 s Ymhn 5 ka =2
UYNEOAOEMPOKLUPM : 2>¹E# QEE : > Q# mlh~cmr rmpn : 9¹+une# E K^P : 9,9= γA# ½= h # ~lcnuu kpfnrxoun lkpn`,
Pmbcn =,
Ymrmjnpnr Ekl`opoklu Jol= Py Jmv ^lop
UNLUOPOQOP_@lmjoe Rmlhn2 A~cc*uemcn rmlhn kqnr uyneoaoempoklu rmlhn ½>9 ½69 ¹+une
Olopomc Eckedxoun rkpmpokl ou ykuopoqn k~py~p#PM : −09¹E pk $6>¹E
9,9==9 9,9=22 9,9=50 ¹+une+CUB
Efmlhn Kqnr Pnjynrmp~rn5 QEE : 0,8> Q pk >,2> Q ½5 .
Lklcolnmrop Bnup aop uprmohfp coln 9,= ¹+une
L^CC
Olopomc Lkjolmc 9¹+une k~py~p ou 6=?2 CUB −00 $00 ¹+une
Efmlhn Kqnr Pnjynrmp~rn5 QEE : 0,8> Q pk >,2> Q ½9,== ¹+une+¹E
P~rl*Kl Pojn Ykxnr kl pk ½9,>¹+une ka aolmc qmc~n =9 ju
Colnmr Meencnrmpokl Naanep Ml mvou ½9,= ¹+une+h Qkcpmhn Unluopoqop QEE : 0,8> Q pk >,2> Q ½9,> ¹+une+Q
LKOUN YNRAKRJMLEN
Rmpn Lkoun @nluop I 2>¹E 9,90 ¹+une+∗Fw
ARN]^NLE_ RNUYKLUN
5 `B Bml`xo`pf &^unr*Uncnepmbcn/0 EK^P : 9 γA = =999 Fw
Unlukr Rnuklmlp Arn}~nle =0,> dFw
UNCA*PNUP RNUYKLUN
Ykuopoqn Unca*Pnup> Unn Pmbcn > $1221 CUBLnhmpoqn Unca*Pnup> Unn Pmbcn > −1221 CUB
PNJYNRMP^RN UNLUKR
Rnm`olh mp 2?6 D 8899 6=?2 6160 CUBUemcn Amepkr Yrkykrpoklmc pk mbukc~pn pnjynrmp~rn 9,950 D+CUB
CKHOE OLY^PU
Oly~p Fohf Qkcpmhn# QOLF 9,8 Ø QEE Q
Oly~p Ckx Qkcpmhn# QOLC 9,6 QOly~p E~rrnlp# OOL Pyoemcc =9 lM −= $= γM
Oly~p Emymeopmlen# EOL &@OL/ 6 yA
Oly~p Emymeopmlen# EOL &JUNC=# JUNC2 / > yA
MLMCKH OLY^PU Akr QOL 3 QEE
Rnukc~pokl =0 Bopu
Olpnhrmc Lklcolnmrop Bnup aop uprmohfp coln −1 $1 CUB
@oaanrnlpomc Lklcolnmrop Lk jouuolh ek`nu pk =5 bopu −= $1 CUB
Kaaunp Nrrkr −=9 $=9 jQKaaunp Nrrkr Pnjynrmp~rn @roap ½9,5 yyj+¹E
Hmol Nrrkr −09 $09 jQ
Hmol Nrrkr Pnjynrmp~rn @roap ½9,5 yyj+¹E
Oly~p Qkcpmhn Rmlhn 9 QEE QCnmdmhn E~rrnlp = lM
@OHOPMC K^PY^PUK~py~p Fohf Qkcpmhn# QKF OUK^REN : >99 γM QEE − 9,5 Q
K~py~p Ckx Qkcpmhn# QKC OUOLD : >99 γM 9,0 Q
EKLQNRUOKL RMPN
Eklqnruokl Pojn =9 γu
Pfrk~hfy~p Rmpn =99 dUYU
8/2/2019 Ad is 16060
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M@OU=1919
Rnq, 9 s Ymhn 0 ka =2
Ymrmjnpnr Ekl`opoklu Jol= Py Jmv ^lop
YKXNR U^YYC_ Mcc mp PM : −09¹E pk $6>¹EQEE 0,8> > >,2> Q
QEE ]~onuenlp U~yyc E~rrnlp QEE I > Q# >9 dUYU umjycn rmpn 0,5 1,> jM
Ykxnr @ouuoympokl QEE I > Q# >9 dUYU umjycn rmpn 22 55 jX
PNJYNRMP^RN RMLHN Kynrmpokl −09 $=9> ¹E= Mcc joloj~j ml` jmvoj~j uyneoaoempoklu mrn h~mrmlpnn`, Pyoemc uyneoaoempoklu mrn lnopfnr pnupn` lkr h~mrmlpnn`,2 @lmjoe rmlhn ou pfn jmvoj~j a~cc*uemcn jnmu~rnjnlp rmlhn ykuuobcn# olec~ olh k~py~p uxolh rmlhn# olopomc kaaunp# unluopoqop# kaaunp `roap# ml unluopoqop `roap mp > Q u~yyc,5 @naoln` mu pfn k~py~p efmlhn arkj mjbonlp pk jmvoj~j pnjynrmp~rn# kr mjbonlp pk joloj~j pnjynrmp~rn,0 Arn}~nle mp xfoef pfn rnuyklun ou 5 `B `kxl arkj `e rnuyklun, Bml`xo`pf : =+&2 Ø ω Ø 299 dί Ø E K^P/, Akr EK^P : 9,9= γA# bml`xo`pf : 69 Fw,> Unca*pnup rnuyklun qmronu xopf pnjynrmp~rn,
8/2/2019 Ad is 16060
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M@OU=1919
Rnq, 9 s Ymhn > ka =2
POJOLH UYNEOAOEMPOKLU
PM : 2>¹E# mlh~cmr rmpn : 9¹+une# ~lcnuu kpfnrxoun lkpn`,=
Pmbcn 2, Rnm`+K~py~p Un}~nlen
Ymrmjnpnr Aoh~rn Rnanrnlen Ujbkc Jol Py Jmv ^lop
Unromc Ecked Arn}~nle 2,? JFwPfrk~hfy~p Rmpn Unn Aoh~rn 2 pE_E =99 dFw
JUNC= Amccolh pk UECD Ckx Unn Aoh~rn 2 pEU@ 9 γu
JUNC= Amccolh pk UECD Rouolh Unn Aoh~rn 2 pU^EU 29 lu
UECD Amccolh pk @mpm Rnjmolu Qmco` Unn Aoh~rn 2 pF@K > =1 lu
JUNC= Rouolh N`hn pk @K^P Fohf Ojyn`mlen Unn Aoh~rn 2 p@OU =0 =99 lu
UECD Amccolh pk @mpm Qmco` Unn Aoh~rn 2 pNL =1 >9 lu
Me}~ouopokl Pojn Unn Aoh~rn 2 pME] 099 lu
@K^P Amcc Pojn Unn Aoh~rn 2 pA == 2> lu@K^P Roun Pojn Unn Aoh~rn 2 pR == 2> lu
@mpm Unp~y Pojn Unn Aoh~rn 5 p> > > lu
UECD Amccolh N`hn pk JUNC2 Rouolh N`hn Unn Aoh~rn 5 p8 9 9 lu
@mpm Fkc` Pojn Unn Aoh~rn 5 p1 0,> lu= H~mrmlpnn` b `nuohl, Mcc oly~p uohlmcu mrn uyneoaon` xopf pR : pA : > lu &=9. pk ?9. ka QEE/ ml` pojn` arkj m qkcpmhn cnqnc ka =,1 Q, Pfn > Q kynrmpolh rmlhn uymlu arkj
0,8> Q pk >,2> Q,
Pojolh @omhrmju
@K^P
UECD
EKJYCNPN E_ECN
YKXNR @KXL
JUNC=
@=5 @=2 @== @=9 @? @6 @8 @1 @> @0 @5 @2 @= @9&JUB/ &CUB/
FOHF*W
9
FOHF*W
pME]
p@OU
9
= 0 >
pF@KpNLpEU@
pU^EU
pE_E
LKPN7M JOLOJ^J KA 29 ECKED E_ECNU MRN RN]^ORN@ AKR =0*BOP EKLQNRUOKL,
9 8 = 9 5 * 9 9 2
Aoh~rn 2, Unromc Olpnramen Pojolh @omhrmj―Rnm`+K~py~p Un}~nlen &EYKC : 9# EYFM : 9/
p>
p8
p1
@B8
JUNC2
UECD
@OL
LKPN7
PFN CMUP NOHFP BOPU ECKEDN@ OL MRN CMPEFN@ XOPF PFN ROUOLH N@HN KA PFN JUNC2 COLN,
@B1 @B> @B0 @B5 @B2 @B= @B9
9 8 = 9 5 * 9 9 5
Aoh~rn 5, Unromc olpnramen Pojolh―Oly~p+Eklaoh~rmpokl Un}~nlen &EYKC : 9# EYFM : =/
8/2/2019 Ad is 16060
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M@OU=1919
Rnq, 9 s Ymhn 1 ka =2
MBUKC^PN JMVOJ^J RMPOLHUPmbcn 5,
Ymrmjnpnr Rmpolh
Meencnrmpokl &Ml Mvou# ^lykxnrn`# 9,> ju/ 2999 h
Meencnrmpokl &Ml Mvou# Ykxnrn # 9,> ju/ 2999 h QEE pk HL@ −9,5 Q pk $1,9 Q
QEE pk HL@ −9,5 Q pk QEE $ 9,5 Q
Mlmckh Oly~p Qkcpmhn pk HL@ −9,5 Q pk QEE $ 9,5 Q
@ohopmc Oly~p Qkcpmhn pk HL@ −9,5 Q pk $8,9 Q@ohopmc K~py~p Qkcpmhn pk HL@ −9,5 Q pk QEE $ 9,5 Q
Kynrmpolh Pnjynrmp~rn Rmlhn −09¹E pk $=9>¹E
Upkrmhn Pnjynrmp~rn Rmlhn −1>¹E pk $=>9¹E
Uprnuunu mbkqn pfkun coupn` ~l`nr pfn Mbukc~pn Jmvoj~j
Rmpolhu jm em~un ynrjmlnlp `mjmhn pk pfn `nqoen, Pfou ou m
uprnuu rmpolh klc4 a~lepoklmc kynrmpokl ka pfn `nqoen mp pfnun kr
ml kpfnr ekl`opoklu mbkqn pfkun ol`oempn` ol pfn kynrmpoklmcunepokl ka pfou uyneoaoempokl ou lkp ojycon`, Nvyku~rn pk mbukc~pn
jmvoj~j rmpolh ekl`opoklu akr nvpnl`n` ynrok`u jm maanep
`nqoen rncombocop,
@rkyu klpk fmr` u~ramenu eml em~un ufkedu ka hrnmpnr pfml
2999 h ml` nvenn` pfn mbukc~pn jmvoj~j rmpolh ka pfn `nqoen,
Emrn ufk~c` bn nvnreoun` ol fml`colh pfn `nqoen pk mqko` `mjmhn,
NU@ EM^POKL
8/2/2019 Ad is 16060
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M@OU=1919
Rnq, 9 s Ymhn 8 ka =2
YOL EKLAOH^RMPOKL ML@ A^LEPOKL @NUEROYPOKLU
A O C P
R M P N
Q E E
M O L =
LE
@K^P
UECD
@OL
MOL2
HL@
HL@
HL@
M@OU=1919
PKY–CKKD PFRK^HF‚
QONX
&Lkp pk Uemcn/
=1
J U N C 2
Q E E
H L @
J U N C =
=> =0 =5
> 1 8 6
0
5
2
=
?
= 9
= =
=
2
YOL =OL@OEMPKR
LKPNU
=, LE : LK EKLLNEP
2, PFOU OU LKP ML MEP^MC –PKY QONX#‚ MU PFN YOLU MRN LKP QOUOBCN ARKJ PFN
PKY, PFOU OU M CM_K^P QONX# XFOEF RNYRNUNLPU PFN YOL EKLAOH^RMPOKL# OA
PFN YMEDMHN OU CKKDN@ PFRK^HF ARKJ PFN PKY, PFOU EKLAOH^RMPOKL OU
YRKQO@N@ AKR YEB CM_K^P Y^RYKUNU, 9 8 =
9 5 * 9 9 0
9,1899 BUE=2Ø
5,161> BUE6Ø
2,>9>9 BUE6Ø
9,>999 BUE=1Ø
=,999 BUE=1Ø
>,9=9 BUE0Ø
8,585 BUE2Ø
9 8 = 9 5 * 9 9 >
Aoh~rn 0, Yol Eklaoh~rmpokl Aoh~rn >, Unekl`*Cnqnc Muunjbc Ym` Cmk~p
Pmbcn 0, Yol A~lepokl @nueroypoklu
Yol Lk, Jlnjkloe Pyn= @nueroypokl
= @OL O UYO @mpm Oly~p,
2 UECD O UYO Unromc Ecked,5 @K^P K UYO @mpm K~py~p,
0 LE Lk Ekllnep,
> RMPN K B~aanrn` Mlmckh K~py~p, Rnyrnunlpu pfn mlh~cmr rmpn uohlmc,
1 AOCP O Nvpnrlmc Emymeopkr Ekllnepokl pk Eklprkc Bml`xo`pf,
8 QEE U Ykxnr U~yyc,6 MOL= O Nvpnrlmc Mlmckh Oly~p Efmllnc =,
? MOL2 O Nvpnrlmc Mlmckh Oly~p Efmllnc 2,
=9 HL@ U Hrk~l`,== HL@ U Hrk~l`,
=2 HL@ U Hrk~l`,
=5 HL@ U Hrk~l`,
=0 QEE U Ykxnr U~yyc,=> JUNC2 O UYO# Jk`n Uncnep 2, ^un` akr `mpm oly~p a~lepoklu,
=1 JUNC= O UYO# Jk`n Uncnep =, ^un` akr `mpm k~py~p a~lepoklu,= O : oly~p4 K : k~py~p4 U : ykxnr u~yyc,
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M@OU=1919
Rnq, 9 s Ymhn 6 ka =2
P_YOEMC YNRAKRJMLEN EFMRMEPNROUPOEU9,=6
9
9,92
― 0 0
― 0 9
― 5 1
― 5 2
― 2 6
― 2 0
― 2 9
― = 1
― = 2 ― 6 ― 0 9 0 6
= 2 = 1 2 9 2 0 2 6 5 2 5 1 0 9 0 0
9,90
9,91
9,96
9,=9
9,=2
9,=0
9,=1
Y N R E N L P K A Y K Y ^ C M P O K L & . /
BOMU &¹+une/ 9 8 = 9 5 * 9 2 9
Aoh~rn 1, Olopomc Bomu Nrrkr @ouprob~pokl# 2>¹E# Q EE : > Q
9,59
9,2>
9,29
9,=>
9,=9
9,9>
9
― 9 , 1 9
― 9 , > >
― 9 , > 9
― 9 , 0 >
― 9 , 0 9
― 9 , 5 >
― 9 , 5 9
― 9 , 2 >
― 9 , 2 9
― 9 , = >
― 9 , = 9
― 9 , 9 > 9
9 , 9 > 9 , = 9 9 , = > 9 , 2 9 9 , 2 > 9 , 5 9 9 , 5 > 9 , 0 9 9 , 0 > 9 , > 9 9 , > > 9 , 1 9
Y N R E N L P K A Y K Y ^ C M P O K L & . /
BOMU @ROAP KQNR PNJYNRMP^RN &¹+une+¹E/ 9 8 = 9 5 * 9 2 =
Aoh~rn 8, Bomu @roap Kqnr −09¹E pk $6>¹E# Q EE : > Q
―19 =29=99691909299 ―29 ―09
U N L U O P O Q
O P _ N R R K R & . /
PNJYNRMP^RN &¹E/ 9 8 = 9 5 * 9 9 6
9,90
9,95
9,92
9,9=
9
―9,9=
―9,90
―9,95
―9,92
¾
¾ $ =υ
¾ ― =υ
Aoh~rn 6, Unluopoqop @roap qu, Pnjynrmp~rn# Q EE : > Q
1699
1199
1099
1299
1999
>699
>199
>099
>299
>999
0699
―19 =99691909299 ―29 ―09
@ O H O P M C R M P N K ^ P Y ^ P R N U Y
K L U N & C U B /
PNJYNRMP^RN &¹E/ 9 8 = 9 5 * 9 9 ?
Aoh~rn ?, Ykuopoqn Unca*Pnup Rnuyklun qu, Pnjynrmp~rn# Q EE : > Q
―0699
―>999
―>299
―>099
―>199
―>699
―1999
―1299
―1099
―1199
―1699
―19 =99691909299 ―29 ―09
@ O H O P M C R M P N K ^ P Y ^ P R N U Y K L U N & C U B /
PNJYNRMP^RN &¹E/ 9 8 = 9 5 * 9 = 9
Aoh~rn =9, Lnhmpoqn Unca*Pnup K~py~p Rnuyklun qu, Pnjynrmp~rn# Q EE : > Q
9,=
9,9=
9,99=
= =999=99=9
R K K P M C C N
L
Q M R O M L E N
& ¹ + u n e /
Pm~ &¹E/ 9 8 = 9 5 * 9 = =
Aoh~rn ==, Mccnl Qmromlen# 2>¹E# Q EE : > Q
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M@OU=1919
Rnq, 9 s Ymhn ? ka =2
PFNKR_ KA KYNRMPOKLPfn M@OU=1919 kynrmpnu kl pfn yroleoycn ka m rnuklmpkr
hrkuekyn, Pxk ykcuocoekl unluolh upr~ep~rnu nmef eklpmol m
`opfnr armjn pfmp ou ncneprkupmpoemcc `roqnl pk rnuklmlen, Pfou
hnlnrmpnu pfn lnenuumr qnckeop ncnjnlp pk yrk`~en m Ekrokcou
akren xfocn rkpmpolh, Mp pxk ka pfn k~pnr nvprnjnu ka nmef armjn#krpfkhklmc pk pfn `opfnr jkpokl# mrn jkqmbcn aolhnru pfmp mrn
ycmen` bnpxnnl aovn` yoedkaa aolhnru pk akrj m emymeopoqn yoedkaa
upr~ep~rn pfmp unlunu Ekrokcou jkpokl,
Pfn rnu~cpolh uohlmc ou an` pk m unronu ka hmol ml` `njk`~cmpokl
upmhnu pfmp yrk`~en pfn ncneproemc rmpn uohlmc k~py~p, Pfn rmpn
uohlmc ou pfnl eklqnrpn` pk m `ohopmc rnyrnunlpmpokl ka pfn k~py~p
kl pfn UYO yolu, Pfn `~mc*unlukr `nuohl yrkqo`nu colnmr meencnrmpokl
&qobrmpokl# ufked/ rngnepokl, Ambroempolh pfn unlukr xopf pfn uohlmc*
ekl`opoklolh ncneprkloeu yrnunrqnu uohlmc olpnhrop ol lkou
nlqorkljnlpu,
Pfn ncneprkupmpoe rnuklmpkr rn}~ornu =0 Q pk =1 Q akr kynrmpokl,
Bnem~un klc > Q ou pyoemcc mqmocmbcn ol jkup myycoempoklu# m efmrhny~jy ou olec~`n` kl efoy, Mapnr pfn `njk`~cmpokl upmhn# m uolhcn*
ykcn# ckx*ymuu aocpnr kl pfn efoy ou ~un` pk cojop fohf arn}~nle
mrpoamepu bnakrn aolmc mjycoaoempokl, Pfn arn}~nle rnuyklun ou
`kjolmpn` b pfn unekl` ckx*ymuu aocpnr# xfoef ou unp b m``olh
emymeopmlen merkuu RMPN ml` AOCP,
MLMCKH*PK*@OHOPMC EKLQNRPNR OLY^P
Aoh~rn =2 ufkxu ml n}~oqmcnlp eore~op ka pfn oly~p upr~ep~rn ka
pfn M@OU=1919 m~vocomr M@E,
Pfn pxk `ok`nu# @= ml` @2# yrkqo`n NU@ yrkpnepokl akr pfn mlmckh
oly~pu# MOLv &MOL= ml` MOL2/, Emrn j~up bn pmdnl pk nlu~rn
pfmp pfn mlmckh oly~p uohlmc `knu lkp nvenn` pfn u~yyc rmocu b jkrn pfml 9,5 Q# bnem~un nvenn`olh pfou cnqnc em~unu pfnun `ok`nu pk
bnekjn akrxmr`*bomun` ml` pk upmrp ekl`~epolh e~rrnlp, Fkxnqnr#
pfnun `ok`nu eml fml`cn m akrxmr`*bomun` e~rrnlp ka =59 jM
jmvoj~j, Akr olupmlen# pfnun ekl`opoklu jm nqnlp~mcc kee~r
xfnl pfn oly~p uohlmcu nvenn` nopfnr QEE kr HL@,
EOLROL@=
@2EYOL
OLv
HL@
Q@@
9 8 = 9 5 * 9 = 6
Aoh~rn =2, N}~oqmcnlp Mlmckh Oly~p Eore~op
@~rolh pfn me}~ouopokl yfmun# pfn ojyn`mlen jk`nc akr MOLv ou m
ymrmccnc ekjbolmpokl ka pfn emymeopkr EYOL ml` pfn lnpxkrd akrjn`
b pfn unronu ekllnepokl ka ROL ml` EOL, EYOL ou yrojmroc pfn yol
emymeopmlen, ROL ou pyoemcc 199 ί ml` ou m c~jyn` ekjyklnlp
jm`n ~y ka ukjn unromc rnuoupkru ml` pfn kl rnuoupmlen ka pfnuxopefnu, EOL ou pyoemcc 59 yA ml` jmolc a~lepoklu mu pfn
M@E umjycolh emymeopkr,
@~rolh pfn eklqnruokl yfmun# xfnl pfn uxopefnu mrn kynl# pfn
oly~p ojyn`mlen ou cojopn` pk EYOL, ROL ml` EOL jmdn m =*ykcn#
ckx*ymuu aocpnr pfmp rn`~enu ~l`nuormbcn mcomuolh naanepu ml`
cojopu pfn lkoun,
Xfnl pfn uk~ren ojyn`mlen ka pfn `roqolh eore~op ou ckx# pfn
M@E oly~p eml bn `roqnl ornepc, Cmrhn uk~ren ojyn`mlenu
uohloaoemlpc maanep pfn me ynrakrjmlen# nuyneomcc PF@, Pfn `e
ynrakrjmlenu mrn cnuu unluopoqn pk pfn oly~p ojyn`mlen,
RMPN UNLUOPOQN MVOU
= 0 >
6
CKLHOP^@OLMCMVOU
RMPNMVOU
YKUOPOQNJNMU^RNJNLP@ORNEPOKL
CMPNRMCMVOU
9 8 = 9 5 * 9 = ?
Aoh~rn =5, Rmpn Uohlmc Olernmunu xopf Eckedxoun Rkpmpokl
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M@OU=1919
Rnq, 9 s Ymhn =9 ka =2
BMUOE KYNRMPOKLPfn M@OU=1919 ou nuohln` akr uojycn olpnhrmpokl olpk ol`~u*
promc uupnj `nuohlu# rn}~orolh klc m > Q ykxnr u~yyc# pxk
jk`n uncnep colnu# ml` pfrnn unromc ekjj~loempoklu colnu, Pfn
UYO fml`cnu mcc `ohopmc O+K ekjj~loempokl ol pfn M@OU=1919,
UNROMC YNROYFNRMC OLPNRAMEN &UYO/
Pfn M@OU=1919 UYO ykrp olec~`nu aoqn uohlmcu7 Jk`n Uncnep =
&JUNC=/# Jk`n Uncnep 2 &JUNC2/# unromc ecked &UECD/# `mpm
oly~p &@OL/# ml` `mpm k~py~p &@K^P/, Pfn JUNC= coln ou ~un`
xfnl rnm`olh `mpm k~p ka pfn unlukr &@K^P/# ml` pfn JUNC2
coln ou ~un` xfnl eklaoh~rolh pfn unlukr &@OL/,
Uncnepolh K~py~p @mpm
Rnanr pk Pmbcn > pk npnrjoln pfn myyrkyrompn @OL bop un}~nlen
bmun` kl pfn rn}~orn` `mpm uk~ren, Pmbcn 2 ml` Aoh~rn 5 yrkqo`n
pfn lnenuumr pojolh `npmocu akr pfn oly~p eklaoh~rmpokl un}~nlen,
Mapnr pfn JUNC2 hknu fohf# pfn cmup nohfp @OL bopu mrn ckm`n`
olpk pfn olpnrlmc eklprkc rnhoupnr# xfoef rnyrnunlpu @B9 pk @B8ol Pmbcn >,
K~py~p @mpm Meenuu
^un Pmbcn 2 ml` Aoh~rn 2 pk npnrjoln pfn myyrkyrompn pojolh
ekluo`nrmpoklu akr rnm`olh k~py~p mpm,
K^PY^P @MPM AKRJMPPOLHMcc ka pfn k~py~p `mpm ou ol ml kaaunp*bolmr akrjmp# xfoef ol
pfou emun# jnmlu pfmp pfn o`nmc k~py~p akr m wnrk rmpn ekl`opokl ou
6=?2 ek`nu, Oa pfn unluopoqop ou n}~mc pk $9,9=22¹+une+CUB# m rmpn
ka $=9¹+une rnu~cpu ol m efmlhn ka 629 ek`nu# ml` m `ohopmc rmpn
k~py~p ka ?9=2 ek`nu, Oa ml kaaunp nrrkr ka −29¹+une ou olprk`~en`#
pfn k~py~p ou rn`~en` b =15? ek`nu &oa pyoemc unluopoqop ou
muu~jn`/# rnu~cpolh ol m `ohopmc rmpn k~py~p ka 1>>2 ek`nu,
M@E EKLQNRUOKL
Pfn olpnrlmc u~eenuuoqn myyrkvojmpokl M@E bnholu pfn eklqnruokl
yrkenuu kl pfn amccolh n`hn ka JUNC= ml` upmrpu pk ycmen `mpm
JUB aorup kl pfn @K^P coln mp pfn 1 pf amccolh n`hn ka UECD# mu
ufkxl ol Aoh~rn 2, Pfn nlporn eklqnruokl yrkenuu pmdnu 29 UECD
eecnu, Mapnr JUNC= hknu fohf# pfn me}~ouopokl yrkenuu upmrpu ol
yrnymrmpokl akr pfn lnvp eklqnruokl eecn,
Pmbcn >, @OL Eklaoh~rmpokl Bop Muuohljnlpu
Mepokl @B8 @B1 @B> @B0 @B5 @B2 @B= @B9
Jnmu~rn Mlh~cmr Rmpn &Hrk/ 9 9 = 9 9 9 9 9
Jnmu~rn Pnjynrmp~rn 9 9 9 = 9 9 9 9
Jnmu~rn MOL2 = 9 9 9 9 9 9 9Jnmu~rn MOL= 9 = 9 9 9 9 9 9
Unp Ykuopoqn Unca*Pnup ml` K~py~p akr Mlh~cmr Rmpn 9 9 = 9 9 9 = 9
Unp Lnhmpoqn Unca*Pnup ml` K~py~p akr Mlh~cmr Rmpn 9 9 = 9 9 9 9 =
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M@OU=1919
Rnq, 9 s Ymhn == ka =2
MYYCOEMPOKLU OLAKRJMPOKLU^YYC_ ML@ EKJJKL EKLUO@NRMPOKLU
Ykxnr u~yyc lkoun ml` prmluonlp bnfmqokru eml olac~nlen pfn
mee~rme ml` upmbocop ka ml unlukr*bmun` jnmu~rnjnlp uupnj,
Pfn M@OU=1919 yrkqo`nu 9,2 γA ka nek~ycolh emymeopmlen kl
pfn QEE yol, @nynl`olh kl pfn cnqnc ka lkoun yrnunlp ol pfn
ykxnr u~yyc ka pfn uupnj# pfn M@OU=1919 jm lkp rn}~orn
ml m``opoklmc `nek~ycolh emymeopmlen akr pfou u~yyc,
UNPPOLH BML@XO@PF
Nvpnrlmc Emymeopkr EK^P ou ~un` ol ekjbolmpokl xopf pfn kl*
efoy RK^P rnuoupkr pk ernmpn m ckx*ymuu aocpnr pk cojop pfn
bml`xo`pf ka pfn M@OU=1919 rmpn rnuyklun, Pfn ―5 `B
arn}~nle unp b RK^P ml` EK^P ou
& /K^P K^P
K^P ER
a ØØØ
:ω2
=
ml` eml bn xncc eklprkccn` bnem~un RK^P fmu bnnl projjn`
`~rolh jml~amep~rolh pk bn 299 dί ½ >., Unppolh pfn rmlhn
xopf ml nvpnrlmc rnuoupkr ojymepu RK^P mu akcckxu7
& /& /NVP
NVP K^P
R
RR
$
Ø:
d299
d299
Ol hnlnrmc# ml m``opoklmc fmr`xmrn kr ukapxmrn aocpnr ou m``n` pk
mppnl~mpn fohf arn}~nle lkoun mrouolh arkj `njk`~cmpokl uyodnu
mp pfn hrk‟u =0 dFw rnuklmlp arn}~nle, Pfn lkoun uyodnu mp =0 dFw
eml bn ecnmrc unnl ol pfn ykxnr uyneprmc `nluop e~rqn ufkxl ol
Aoh~rn =0,
OLERNMUOLH JNMU^RNJNLP RMLHN
Uemcolh pfn jnmu~rnjnlp rmlhn rn}~ornu pfn m``opokl ka m uolhcnrnuoupkr# ekllnepn` merkuu pfn RMPN ml` AOCP yolu, Pfn akcckxolh
n}~mpokl yrkqo`nu pfn yrkynr rncmpoklufoy akr uncnepolh pfn
myyrkyrompn rnuoupkr7
=
d299
−ΐ:NVP R
xfnrn ΐ ou pfn olernmun ol rmlhn,
=
9,=
9,9=
9,99=
9,999=
=9 =99 =99d=d =9d
L K O U N
@ N L U O P _
& ¹ + u n
e + F w /
ARN]^NLE_ &Fw/ 9 8 = 9 5 * = = 6
Aoh~rn =0, Lkoun Uyneprmc @nluop xopf 2*Ykcn# Ckx*Ymuu Aocpnr &09 Fw ml 2>9 Fw/
@_LMJOE @OHOPMC UNLUOPOQOP_ UEMCOLH
Pfou `nqoen u~yykrpu ol*uupnj# `lmjoe# `ohopmc unluopoqop uemcolh,
PNJYNRMP^RN JNMU^RNJNLPU
Xfnl ~uolh pfn pnjynrmp~rn unlukr# ml me}~ouopokl pojn ka
hrnmpnr pfml 09 u fncyu pk nlu~rn yrkynr unppolh ml` jnmu~rnjnlp
mee~rme, Unn Pmbcn 2 ml` Aoh~rn 2 akr `npmocu kl pfn `naolopokl
ka me}~ouopokl pojn,
UNCA*PNUP A^LEPOKL
Nvnreouolh pfn unca*pnup a~lepokl ou uojycn# mu ufkxl ol pfou
nvmjycn,
=, Eklaoh~rn ~uolh @OL : 99=999=9 &ykuopoqn unca*pnup#
rmpn uncnepn`/,
2, Rnm` k~py~p,
5, Eklaoh~rn ~uolh @OL : 99=99999 &ykuopoqn unca*pnup kaa#
rmpn uncnepn`/
0, Rnm` k~py~p,
>, Emce~cmpn pfn `oaanrnlen bnpxnnl Upny 2 ml` Upny 0# ml`
ekjymrn pfou xopf pfn uyneoaon` unca*pnup k~py~p efmlhnu ol
pfn Uyneoaoempoklu unepokl,
Nvnreouolh pfn lnhmpoqn unca*pnup rn}~ornu efmlholh pfn un}~nlen
ol Upny = pk @OL : 99=9999=,
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M@OU=1919
Rnq, 9 s Ymhn =2 ka =2
K^PCOLN @OJNLUOKLU
9 2 2 = 9 8 * B
UO@N QONX
PKY QONX BKPPKJ QONX
YOL =OL@OEMPKR
9,685 BUE&=1Ø/
>,29JMV
6,29P_Y
=
0
>6
?
=2=5 =1
6,5>JMV
>,9=9BUE&0Ø/2,>9>
BUE&6Ø/
8,99P_Y
8,585BUE&2Ø/
9,299JOL
&MCC UO@NU/
9,8?8 BUE&=2Ø/
9,585 BUE&=1Ø/
Aoh~rn =>, =1*Pnrjolmc Upmedn` Cml` Hro` Mrrm TCHMZ&EE*=1*=/
@ojnluoklu ufkxl ol joccojnpnru
KR@NROLH H^O@NJk`nc Pnjynrmp~rn Rmlhn Ymedmhn @nueroypokl Ymedmhn Kypokl
M@OU=1919BEEW= −09¹E pk $=9>¹E =1*Pnrjolmc Upmedn` Cml` Hro` Mrrm &CHM/ EE*=1*=
M@OU=1919+YEBW= Nqmc~mpokl Bkmr`= W : RkFU Ekjycomlp Ymrp,
¯2996 Mlmckh @nqoenu# Ole, Mcc rohfpu rnunrqn`, Prm`njmrdu ml`rnhoupnrn` prm`njmrdu mrn pfn yrkynrp ka pfnor rnuynepoqn kxlnru,
@98=95*9*=+96&9/