Ad Hoc Chair: Aidan McMurrayCrisis Director: Steve Mnuchin Ohio State University Model United Nations - Collegiate Council on World Affairs

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March 14, 2014 - Russia vetoes a UN Security Council draft resolution that would have declared a planned referendum on the status of Ukraine's Crimea region invalid. China abstains, further isolating Moscow on the Ukraine crisis.

The Annexation of CrimeaIn August of 1991, the Ukrainian parliament declared their independence from the

Soviet Union. In December, they held a nationwide referendum. Ninety percent voted for independence. In 2004, reports of widespread vote-rigging cast doubts on the legitimacy of pro-Russian candidate Viktor Yanukovych and the Orange Revolution breaks out. A re-run of the election was held and opposition leader Viktor Yushchenko was elected President. In 2010 Viktor Yanukovych (Pro- Russian candidate) was elected President and his political rival, Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko, was subsequently arrested and jailed for “abuse of powers.” Yanukovych, seeking to move Ukraine closer to Russia, cut negotiations on a trade deal with the E.U. which then sparked small protests throughout Ukraine. As frustration grew, a 100,000 protesters gathered in Kiev to express their dissatisfaction with the current administration and economic state of affairs. By early December, that number had grown to 800,000 and the protesters occupied Independence Square and Kiev city hall.

On December 17, Putin bailed out Yanukovych and bought 15 billion USD of Ukrainian debt, bringing Kiev even closer to Moscow. Protests continued through January despite an anti-protest laws passed by Parliament. Protests turned to clashes with Ukrainian forces by mid-February leaving over a hundred dead. Then, in late February the chaos completely consumed the country. President Yanukovych disappeared and a warrant was soon issued for his arrest, an interim President and Prime Minister were nominated, and the elite Berkut police force was disbanded after being blamed for the deaths of the protesters. Taking advantage of a weak, transitioning government, pro-Russian gunmen seized key buildings in the Crimean capital, Simferopol.Unidentified gunmen in combat uniforms also appeared outside Crimea's main airports. Then, on March 1, Russia’s parliament approved Vladimir Putin’s

request for force in Ukraine with the goal of protecting Russian interests. A referendum on

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Putin signs the Ukrainian-Russian Action Plan on December 17, 2014.

Protestors in Kiev, December 2013.

Crimean secession and subsequent union with Russia was then held and backed by 97% of voters. The vote was seen by the West has a complete sham. This quickly prompted response from the international community and the EU and US imposed travel bans and asset freezes on several officials from Russia and Ukraine. On the 18th of March, President Vladimir Putin signed a bill in to law absorbing Crimea into the Russian Federation.

In response, an emergency meeting of the United Nations security council is called. Our committee will begin, March 19, 2014.

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Protesters fighting government forces in Kiev on February 18, 2014.

On the Security Council

The Security Council of March 2014

Permanent Members: France, United Kingdom, United States of America, Russian Federation, People’s Republic of China.

Non-Permanent Members: Chad, Nigeria, Rwanda, Jordan, Republic of Korea, Chile, Argentina, Australia, Luxembourg, and Lithuania.

History and Mission

The Charter of the United Nations, signed by 51 original nations in 1945, established 6 primary organs tasked with the purpose of ensuring international peace and cooperation. The Security Council is one (and arguably the most important) of the six organs. All members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council. While other organs of the United Nations make recommendations to member states, only the Security Council has the power to make decisions (aka “binding resolutions”) that member states are then obligated to implement under the Charter.

The Security Council’s mission, along with the rest of the organs, is: • to maintain international peace and security; • to develop friendly relations among nations; • to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for

human rights; • and to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

NOTE: Any party (being a person, nation, state, etc) can bring forth a complaint or a threat to the Security Council. The body will usually address the issue by first attempting to solve it peacefully, perhaps by undertaking investigation and mediation. If a conflict leads to hostilities, the Council could take further measures to issue a cease- fire or dispatch UN peacekeepers, for example. Beyond this, the council may opt to use additional enforcement measures. Keep in mind that the Security Council has a much broader scope than a traditional general assembly. This includes the ability to impose sanctions as well as control of the UN Peacekeeping forces and other military capabilities. The Security Council can also request advice from a General Assembly to use (or not use) for Security Council resolutions. Security Council resolutions may contain stricter language than a traditional GA, with language such as “condemn” and “impose.”

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Questions to Consider1. Is the annexation of Crimea a violation of Ukraine’s sovereignty? 2. What is the state of Crimea’s sovereignty? 3. What actions, if any, can be taken to end the military conflict? Should UN

Peacekeeping forces be deployed into Crimea/Ukraine? 4. Will harsh economic sanctions be enough? 5. What should be done to ensure long term peace and prosperity in the region?

ProcedureThis committee will be run as a General Assembly. However, it will be run much

differently than a typical collegiate style GA. The Speaker’s List will be the epicenter of debate and moderated conferences will be used sparingly, if at all. There are a few benefits to this method. First, debate will be far more fluid and responsive. Instead of lopping committee time in to moderated caucuses centered around a single topic, delegates are able to shape and guide debate as they see fit. With one continuous flow, debate should feel more natural less forced and constricting. Second, delegates have the option to yield to questions, opening themselves up to the committee’s inquiries. This forces delegates to think quickly and requires them to have solid evidence to back up claims in speeches. The opportunity to ask questions also urges delegates to carefully listen to all speeches, the end result been a far more engaged committee. Third, delegates will have longer time to make their point, requiring delegates to more deeply develop their arguments and to introduce more evidence. Hopefully, this will result in more interesting, more substantive debate.

There will also be a crisis component implemented. Action taken as a committee will be passed in the form of resolutions, not directives. In the back room, delegates will be writing to their nations’ leader, recommending actions they take as a country. Reality will be suspended here, as diplomats will have significant influence over their country’s military and diplomatic actions. Packets will be provided with detailed information on each country’s military and diplomatic capabilities.

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List of Security Council Representatives

LIU JIEYI (China)

Jieyi is a Chinese diplomat. From 2013 to September 2017, he has been China's Permanent Representative to the United Nations (UN) in New York. Liu was born in Beijing. He attended Beijing Foreign Studies University and from 1981 to 1987 worked as a translator at the UN offices in Geneva. In 1987, he joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, where he worked in various positions until 2009. From 2009 to 2013, Liu was the Vice Minister of the International Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. In 2013, Liu succeeded Li Baodong as China's Permanent Representative to the UN in New York.

GÉRARD ARAUD (France)

Aruad is a French diplomat, who since 2014 has served as Ambassador of France to the United States. He has also served as France's Permanent Representative to the United Nations as well as Director General for Political and Security Affairs of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development. Gérard Araud was born in Marseille. He holds engineering degrees from the École polytechnique and the École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique. Araud graduated from the Institut d'études politiques de Paris and is also an alumnus of the École nationale d'administration.

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VITALY CHURKIN (Russian Federation)

Churkin is a Russian diplomat and former child actor. Since 2006, Churkin has served as Russia's Permanent Representative to the United Nations. Previously he was Ambassador-at-Large at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (2003–2006), Ambassador to Canada (1998–2003), Ambassador to Belgium and Liaison Ambassador to NATO and WEU (1994–1998), Deputy Foreign Minister and Special Representative of the President of the Russian Federation to the talks on Former Yugoslavia (1992–1994), Director of the Information Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR/Russian Federation (1990–1992). Churkin was fluent in English, French and Mongolian.

MARK LYALL GRANT (United Kingdom)

Grant is a former senior British diplomat who was previously the United Kingdom's National Security Adviser and currently serves as Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations. Grant was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 2003 New Year Honours before being promoted to Knight Commander (KCMG) in the 2006 Birthday Honours.

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SAMANTHA POWER (United States)

Power is an Irish-born American academic, author, political critic, and diplomat. Power began her career by covering the Yugoslav Wars as a journalist. From 1998 to 2002, she served as the Founding Executive Director of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School, where she later became the first Anna Lindh Professor of Practice of Global Leadership and Public Policy. In January 2009, President Obama appointed Power to the National Security Council, where she served as a Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Multilateral Affairs and Human Rights. On June 5, 2013, U.S. president Barack Obama announced her nomination as the new United States Ambassador to the United Nations.

MARÍA CRISTINA PERCEVAL (Argentina)

María Cristina "Marita" Perceval is an Argentine politician and member of the Justicialist Party. She was appointed Permanent Representative of Argentina to the United Nations in September 2012. She began a career in academia as a university professor and in

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public administration, coordinating projects for the provincial governments of Mendoza and Buenos Aires Provinces as well as the Argentine Chamber of Deputies. Perceval was the Project Director of Research on Epistemology, Gender Studies, and Human Rights at UNCuyo from 1988 to 1992; Assistant Professor of the History of Sciences, Philosophy, and Metaphysics at her alma mater between 1990 and 2001; and Professor of Advanced Epistemology at UNCuyo between 1998 and 2001. She founded and served as Director of the Institute of Social Management at the University of Aconcagua, and served as President of the Institute for Women in Mendoza from 1993 to 1995.

GARY QUINLAN (Australia)

Gary Quinlan is the Permanent Representative of Australia to the United Nations. Quinlan's overseas assignments have been as Deputy Head of Mission, Australian Embassy Washington DC (2005–07); High Commissioner to Singapore (2001–05); First Secretary, Australian Mission to the United Nations, New York (1981–85); Australian Deputy Permanent Delegate to UNESCO, Paris (1979–81); and Second Secretary in Dublin (1974–77). He was attached to the Economic Development Institute, World Bank in Washington D.C. (1984). He was named Permanent Representative in September 2013.

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MAHAMAT ZENE CHERIF (Chad)

Cherif is a Chadian diplomat. Since September 2013, Zene has been the Permanent Representative of Chad to the United Nations in New York. Zene has a Master of Laws degree from the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. He joined the Chadian foreign ministry in 1993. From 2007 to 2013, he was the ambassador of Chad to Ethiopia and Chad's Permanent Representative to the African Union and the UN Economic Commission for Africa. Zene has worked in a variety of other government posts and was Business Director of Air Chad in 1997 and 1998. In December 2014, Zene was the President of the United Nations Security Council.

OCTAVIO ERRÁZURIZ (Chile)

Errázuriz is a Chilean diplomat. Entre 1963 y 2001 sirvió en el Servicio Exterior de su país. En su currículum destaca el haber sido embajador de su país en Ecuador entre 1985 y 1988, en los Estados Unidos entre 1989 y 1990, y en China entre 1997 y 2000. En el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores ocupó, entre otros cargos, el de director general de política exterior,

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asesor para asuntos del Pacífico y director de Asia-Pacífico y Oceanía. Como representante de Chile en Washington D.C. debió encarar el conflicto diplomático que desencadenó entre ambos países la detección de dos granos de uva contaminados con cianuro en marzo de 1989. Este hecho gatilló una orden de embargo contra toda la fruta chilena, medida que perjudicó económicamente a los exportadores del país sudamericano por un monto superior a los US$ 330 millones. En 2010 fue nombrado embajador ante las Naciones Unidas por el presidente Sebastián Piñera. Dejó el cargo en 2014. (AWAITING TRANSLATION)

Dina Kawar (Jordan)

Dina Kawar was appointed to the post of permanent representative in March 2014. (NOTE: During the crisis Eihab Omaish served termporarily. However, for our purposes Kawar will be the Jordanian representative.) Prior to her position in New York, Her Excellency Dina Kawar served as the Ambassador of Jordan to France from 2001 to 2013, with concurrent accreditation to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and to the Holy See, since 2002. She also served as Ambassador of Jordan to Portugal from 2005 to 2013. Ambassador Kawar holds a master's degree in international affairs from Columbia University and a bachelor's degree in international relations from Mills College, both in the United States. She attended Harvard’s Center for International Affairs from 1986 to 1987. She speaks Arabic, French and English.

RAIMONDA MURMOKAITÉ (Lithuania)

Murmokaitė is a Lithuanian diplomat, serving as Permanent Representative of Lithuania to the United Nations since 25 October 2012, when she presented her credentials to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. She served as President of the United Nations Security Council for February 2014. From October 2009 until her latest appointment, Ms. Murmokaitė served as Director of the United Nations, International Organizations and Human Rights Department in Lithuania’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs.  She was Ambassador–at-large in the

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Minister’s Office from August 2008 to September 2009. During her previous service in New York, she was Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations between August 2004 and July 2008.  Ms. Murmokaitė previously served as Director of the Department of the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania from April 2003 to August 2004, prior to which she headed the Ministry’s Policy Planning Division from February 2001 to March 2003.

SYLVIE LUCAS (Luxembourg)

Lucas is a diplomat from Luxembourg. From 1990 to 1995 she worked at the Luxembourg Ministry of Foreign Affairs, first for a year in the Department of Political and Cultural Affairs, and then in the Department of International Relations and Economic Affairs.[3] From 1995 to 2000 she was the deputy permanent representative of Luxembourg to the United Nations. She then returned to the Department of Political Affairs as deputy director from 2000 to 2003. In 2003, Sylvie Lucas became Luxembourg's ambassador to Portugal and Cape Verde, In 2004 she again returned to the Department of Political Affairs, this time as director. On 25 August 2008, ambassador Lucas became the United Nations' permanent representative from Luxembourg. In September 2008 she was elected vice-president of ECOSOC to fill the unexpired term of ambassador Jean-Marc Hoscheit who had left the UN. On 15 January 2009 she was elected to a one-year term as president of ECOSOC.

USMAN SARKI (Nigeria)

Sakri joined the Permanent Secretariat of the African Union (AU) to the United Nations in Geneva as Minister Plenipotentiary, and in 2007 he was seconded to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) as Consultant in the newly established Development Agenda

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Coordination Division. Sarki returned to Headquarters in November 2011 and was appointed Director, Office of the Permanent Secretary, ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 2012, Ihe was appointed Ambassador/Deputy Permanent Representative at the Permanent Mission of Nigeria to the United Nations, New York where he assumed duty on Monday, 16th July, 2012.

OH JOON (Republic of Korea)

Oh Joon is the South Korean Ambassador to the United Nations (UN). He became South Korean Ambassador to the United Nations in September 2013. He was formerly Ambassador of the Republic of Korea in Singapore from 2010-13 and Deputy Minister for Multilateral and Global Affairs in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade in Seoul from 2008-10. He received a Master’s degree in International Policy Studies from Stanford University (1991-92). He is married with two children.

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EUGÈNE-RICHARD GASANA (Rwanda)

Eugene-Richard Gasana was appointed Ambassador of Rwanda to the United Nations on July 17, 2009. Gasana was Ambassador to Germany from April 2004 to April 2009, with accreditation also to Austria, Bulgaria, Russian Federation, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic and Romania. In May 2005 he was appointed Alternate Governor ad hoc at the Fortieth Annual Meeting of the African Development Bank, during the election for that institution’s new President. He was Chairman of the Board of ARTEL Telecommunications in Rwanda from October 2002. Gasana’s previous diplomatic experience includes a posting as Permanent Representative to the United Nations in Geneva and other international organizations -- the World Trade Organization, World Intellectual Property Organization and the International Telecommunication Union -- from 2001 to 2002. Gasana studied banking and business at the University of Applied Sciences in Cologne, Germany, completing his training at Commerzbank and undertaking an Executive Master of Business Administration course at the European Business School in Maastricht, the Netherlands.

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Referenced Articles and Helpful Readingshttps://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/03/15/russia-vetoes-un- resolution-crimea/6456495/

http://origins.osu.edu/article/ukrainian-crisis-russias-long-shadow/page/0/1

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/02/27/world/.../ukraine-divisions- crimea.html

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26248275

www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/world/ukraine-primer/news.nationalgeographic.com/news/.../140305-maps-crimea-history-russia- ukraine/

https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/...russias...crimea/ 284154/

http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/03/18/wheres-natos-strong-response-to-russias- invasion-of-crimea/

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