lNSTIT\ TT\TM ROMANVM NORVEGIAE

ACTA AD ARCHAEOLOGIAM ET ARTIVM HISTORIAM

PER TINENTIA

1.:: u 1 1, __ ,"c. 1 · .\" 7

HJAUIAE TORJJ :.\L-\ k\ E : :_\U L-\:(<~ El<

"L'ERMA" di BRETSCHNEIDER - · ROMA

1969

Poppies, not pomegranates

AXEL SEEBERG

Pl ate Ia , b, d :-:ho"· t\\·o object-; in the collect ion of anci en t pottery at the In st itut e of Art Histor y and Classical A.rchaeo logy, Gniwr sity of Oslo, on loan from th e Eth nographical :VIuseum. One of them ,ms pub lished before in Corpus Va sorum, the other omitte d throu gh my fault, an d one purpo se of this articl e is to rect ify th e omission. Anoth er purpose, hinted at in th e titl e, is to prese nt \Yhat seems an impro\ ·ement on th e cu rrent int erpretation. The idea belongs t o :\Iiss :\I. \Yerenskiold, who put it fonrnrd at a seminar; the workin g out of it would not hav e been possible wit hout the expert adYice of P rofessor Rolf Nordhagcn (1). In conclusion 1 want to :;J1m Y tentativeh- how th e interpretati on affects oth er is;;ues in th e st udy of early Greek cerami cs .

Th e two ar c alike in e;;sential rcspech. Th e_\· arc not ,·a ses. i. c. they haYe no open ing and can h:l\"e sen ·ed no oll\ ·iou,; pra ctical purpos e. Eac h cons ist:S of a cylindri cal handle or stalk at ­tached to a bod_\· of more or less truncated conical shape ; both are dec0ra t ed with carefully drawn geometric ornament" in dar k (black i o rt:'cl} e) lXLint on a light gro un d . Th e clay in one case i:-: t_\·picalh- ((lrin thian , wry pa le buff \,·ith a gre.:::nish ine-e. in the othe r (Pl. la) dark er ancl browni sh - a ~trikin g dilit·:·uK,' . hut not ,;iimificant : both arf of Corinthian manufacture, as Prof essor . .\nl\"x has a,;surcd me .

(r) Im· . E:\I 6908 (publi:<hcd in C l· .Yur,r.·ay r pl. r, 2-3) . Plate l b, d. ~o not e on proYe­nience (3). Intact . Ht. 88 mm. Th e stalk ~hort , ,,·ith echinu s-shaped ba se p ierced for susp ension ; the shoulder set off shar ply , continuou s C\·enh · co1ffex belly outl ine, and a ridg e with 26 notche;; about th e flat to p . Within this ridge, S\\·ast ika; on the should er a clentil-lik c border of black and rcsen ·ed rectangles; th e oth er decoration consists of thin par alle l lines an d group s of chevron;;.

(2) In v. E:'II 6906 (not pr e\·iousl_\· publi shed ). Plat e la. ' From Corin t h ' . Comp lete and in good condition, the st alk reattach ed . ht. 133 mm. Sta lk without base, pierced at the end and \\·ith a ridge near th e t op . Body profi le broke n, but not sharply, at t he ,should er and an inch or so below the top , which ha s no raise d edge (but may have had one that was tooled off). On t he upp er offset part of th e hotly, zigzag with i~ crib ed

(1) .My , ·cry bc,t thanks arc tluc to both th ese. Prof. Kor dl1age n helped to pr o,· ide illustrati ons of botani ca l specimen s , and nea rly al l m y b ot anical in ­fo rmati on is owed to his great helpful ness ; I can onl y ho p e that I h ave not seriously misr epresented am· of it. O thers t o wh om I am obli ged for help of various ki nd s include Profe sso r D . .-\ .. . .\my x , Profess or J(. Fr iis J oh an sen, Dr. J . H. C. E ern, and Mr. F. 01-lend orff.

7

(21 l n no . E:\l 0906 the d istinctio n of dark greyi sh ­brown and purpl e (for the N-b orders) looks delib era t e, but it is difricult to be ce rt ai n b eca use of some misfir­ing .

(3) T h is part of th e collection , acq uired by a roy a l gift t o the uni,·ersity in 1887, h ad b ee n ia. the p osses ­sio n of H. Schli emann, wh o presumably provided the not es on proveni ence {of so m e of the objects) recorded in t he m11se11m inYentorv.

.-\XEL SEEBER G

triangles; on the belly a zone of chessboard-p attern with flanking borders of N-strokes; oth er decorati on consist s of parallel lines.

All ornam ent s were curr ent at Corinth in the lat er 8th century and probably int .o the 7th; some are prac tically confined to Corinth (1). The zigzag-and-triangles of EM 6906 and the dentib of E~f 6908 are not of the usual reperto ire, th ough closely related standard motifs exist. El\i 6906 has th e mor e old-fashion ed look, but need probabl y be no older; since both are in remar­kab ly good condi tion and of one very ra re type, and were ac quir ed together, there is a certain pr esumpt ion that th ey were found together e) . In any case a spa n of t,rn generations seems requ ired to accommod ate thi s unequal pa ir and th e th ird surYiving spe cimen:

(3) Ath ens (?) fr om Perachora. P eraclwra I (ed . H. Pay ne, 1940) pl. 25, r-2, whence our Plat e I c: cf . vol. II (ed . T. J. Dunbabin , 1962), p . 129. From votive deposit of Hera Akra ia :, Restor ed from sherd s, th e sta lk and oth er pieces missing, ht. 85 mm. Profile as El\I 6908, with ind ented upp er edge (section s alternately black and reserved). Broa d chessboard zone, chevron bord ers, ton gues on shoulder and near top , row of Protoco rint hian rosett es and oth er filling-shapes. Date d l\IPC/LPC (mid-7th centur y).

Publ ishe d as an 'ob ject of uniqu e shap e ' , th is was th ough t by :II. Robert son to be 'r elat ­ed to the conYent ional pomegranat e' (Pl. III a), ob,·i ously a good suggest ion , and , as I supp ose, literally tru e (3) . Bu t is it a pomegranate ~ . .\rcbaeologically, one mu st a k, now th at the Perachora spec imen is seen not to be an i:;olated freak : wh>· shou ld th ere be t ,rn dist inct clay ty pes of pomegranates cu rrent in Protocorinth ian ~

Botai'iically , thi,: dum b-bell shape i,:; not a good likcne~s . -hapes in nature do ,·ar y, and in Greek an pomegranates may be r prc<;cnt ed either broaclish and e, ·enly rounded like th e early clay types, 0r else \\·ith a flatt ish base an d angula r body(') . But a flat top with a raised in­den ted edge docs not occur in either ,·ersion, or in nature. Th e remn an ts of th e calyx on th e ac­tua l fruit prot ru de from a small area at its apex, " ·ithout interfer ing - at least not mu ch - " ·ith its contou r.

Poppy -petals lea,·e their mark not a t t he top but at the base of the fruit, a ra ised ring at the trans it ion from the sta lk to th e 'tai l ' (g>;nophorcJ of the cap sule, more or lc·s as we sec in Pl. la . The top of th e caps ule is form ed by a wide flat disc (discus stigmaticus) " ·host rad ial di,· isions corr espond to ind enta tions at th e edge and to seed-compa rtment s with in the frui t , norm ally 8-12 in the opiu m-poppy . Plat e l b, d an d I c appe ar to ha, ·e a credible styl­izat ion of thi s. Poppy-h eads, all thi ngs cons idered, ar e a pref era ble interpr etation of our object s from th e bota nist's point of view.

l\lore p recisely , th e~- should be opium -poppy caps ule. , ,\·hich ar e fuller '·in shap e th an tho se of other species and taper from a broad and fair ly flat bas Plate IIa -c sho~ the resemblanc e,

(1) E. Friis Joh::msen , Lts vases sic~·uui , 11:; (1923) -quoted in th,, followi ng :?s 1·s - pp . 46 sqq ., wi th fig. 14-:?7.

(2) Pomegranates of ten occ ur in p airs, both in tombs and t em pl es : H ahla nd, in F estsch, ift Iii;· F. Zucller (193 4], p. 187; P. J aco bst ha l, Creel! Pi ns (1956) , p . 187. Thi s evid ence is overlooked hy Boa rd ­m a n, « JHS », lxxxv i (1966) , p. 5 .

(3) c JHS », lx (1940 ). p. 102 . T he su ggest ion

8

seem~ w ha,·c escaped J aco bst ha l, wh ose Greek Pi·11s is oth erw ise; a m ine of in form a t ion on pomegra nat e:; in Gr ee k a rt (esp . pp . 36 sq q ., 185 sqq . - usefu l o bsen-a t ions a bout p opp y -hea ds also) .

(4) E xa mpl es a nd d isc uss ion , J ac ob st ha l, op. cit. , pp. 185 sq .; a d d th e series fro m t he Sa m ian Hera ion , « At h '.\Iitt », lxx ii (1957), B eil. 60-61; and th e comp o­s ite , ·ase ib id . , ·ol. lx xvi (196 1), Beil. 24 sqq.

POPPJES, SOT PG.:\!EGR.AX:\TE,

and show that the shape , it s salient characteristics apart, is variable in nature on similar lines to the pom egranate. Infact, here as there art had th e choice of a rounded and an angular sty­lization; later art, as exemplified by the Tellus relief of Ara Paci s (Pl. IV), preferred the rounded variety (1). This and other late pictures faithfully indicat e th e corrugation in the sides of the capsule, denied to the early votive mod els by the t echniqu e of th e potter's whe el. On the other hand , t he Geomet ric ratio of width to lengt h is tru er to nat ur e than th e extreme br ead th of the Ara Pa cis capsules - which is a concession , no doubt , to th e symbol ic function: flamboyant , ex­pressi,·e fulln ess of form is appropri ate to the idea of fecundit y .

Perhaps the many notches at th e upp er edge of Oslo E:'11 6908, sugges tin g as the,· do a remarkable nu mber of seeds, are a stylizati on wit h a similar purpose I In his comment s on E:i\1 6906, Prof essor Nordha gen pointed out that the zigzag -and-triangl es th ere may \\"ell reflect , with comparable exagge rati on, another bota nical featur e, th e pit s under the upper disc with their va lves \\"hich open as the fruit dr ies to release th e seeds (cf. Pl. II a). And as we saw , t his orn­ament is not 'standard' . :\Iirnesis, then , is not confined to plastic shap e. Pl. II d shO\\"S the appearance of a capsu le aft er the valYes have opened (not an opium -poppy, but the effect is sim­ilar) . Th e resembla nce to the 'dentil s ' of th e other Oslo poppy-head is suggest i,·e, though they are ,u ongl_\· located . Ho\\. much mim esis is there alt oget her in Geometr ic ornament ? Is it such 'pure form' as most of us fondly ima gine, or shou ld "· e do better bY assuming that it norma lly depicts some thin g )

\ "oti,·e moc.lcb of popp\·-ll eac.ls are not surpri sing, th eir absence had been frlt before n' and one may st ill ,,·ondcr at th eir scarceness . Th e sun·i Ying three sho ,1· that th e t_\·pe had a con­t inuous hi,,tor .'· ~ more were certainh· made in th e inten·als of our chronolog ical · ser ies. It is stran::,e , despite the h:1zards of smT i,·al a.ncl pub licari on, that not a single iden tifiabl e fragment e:-:isE. Perishable mate rial is the archaeoloiist\ con~olation in such case,:, and it is belic,·ablc that thi s sha pe ex isted in ,1·ood , th ough less easy to und erstand \\'hy ,1·ood -rn rners shou ld have had a ,·inual monopoly of YotiYe poppies . In pott ery there is one similar ::hape \\·ith a long history, lid-knoh: , of the kind illustr ated in Pl. \' 6 from a Corinth ian (c. 600 B . C.) 1·ase at Leid..:::: n; in that fabr ic they are characteristic of kot_'·lc-pyxid.::s and conca,·e -sided pyx ides. Th eir form . not ob, ·iously funct ional, h;i.s three elem ents - stem. con ical body and upp er disc. Wh en due a llo\\'ance is mad e for reduced size and for he contrast of a self-conta ined object and ;in acccsson-, th e knobs conlcl no doubt be regarded as adclitiomll_\· stylized pop py-heads, thou gh here one cannot point to th e dinchin g c,·i dence of notches in the upper edge or rid ge about the c:;:ern. 1t is te mpting to accep t them, becaust> this ,,·ould neatl_\· soh·e another minor archae -

(1) ]<icubst bal, op. cit., p. 3::l, points tu possi bll' early :" e t::il examples of the roun ded form (fig . 160-162); cf. als o the 'pomegr;inate' lid -k nob Perncl; nrn JI, nr. 1263 , pl. 56,

(2 ) By 1-!a hl;ind, J. c. His rcinterpr eta ti ()n oi norm a : pomegran;:nc -, ·ases as pop py-heads is un cdn­,·in cing (sec a bove ) . The Atti c Geo metr ic ,·ase -pi ctu­r cs w he r e he sees suc h ,· esse ls r epresented (his pl s. 7 sqq.) a~e not c lear enough for id entificati on : th e ob ­jects i:1 question <lo n ot loo k like poppy-head s b ut could probably be pomeg ranates. The pi ctures sh o"· figure ~ ent hroned, usually a bout an a lt a r(' ) ; J. :If. Cook took th e things in th eir hands for ' rattl es ' (« BCH ", lxx, 194 6, pp . 97 sqq.; a pprov ed b y \V eb­ster, " BSA ,,, l, 1955, p. 42), and J. Boardm an gi,·e s

9

:m 1mprm·ecl ,·ersi on of tl1is t heo ry , « JHS , , lxxx,·i (I</,61, pp. 4 sq . .\11 se em agreed that the pictu re s rcpr,-scnt chth onic ritual or l:l m cnt. ' .Th e thrones, IJ(,w,-,·cr, m:-,· tend io remon, ti1e scen~s i,·clm tlw sphc:·c, of Geometr ic contcmporc.r ,· life ; if tbcse should be: 2,,,c'mblie; oi wor thi es, recipients ra t her than pay­ers c,i cli, ·ine honours, th e obje ct s in th e ir hands arc less likely t o be inst rument s of cult of any kind, bu t m ay be chthonic sym bols.

13) H. Payne, .\' ecrocorinthia (1931), no. 706.\; ] . Brants , Descr-i pt ion of the _,1 nciwt P ottery (193 0). pl. 12 no. 2. Such kn obs occu r in Boeotia,1, e. g., « JHS n, lxxx,·ii (1967) , pl. r4; and in Atti c, c . g., «.\ A " 1940, col. 313, fi g . 4; CV J[iinchen (1), p l. 100, 1-'2.

_-\XEL SEEBERG

ological puzzle: on some sites a great many such lids were found , but fe,y Yase-fragments with which to combine them (1). If the y were votiYes in their own right, th e lids do not require va ses, and they make up for some of the apparent shortage of votiYe images of the popp y-capsule .

A typological connexion with pyxi s-lids ,rnuld account for the wooden app earance of the full­size votive models, for that shape notoriously has a nexus \Yith ,,·oodcraft (2

).

If we pursue the knob - hap e in question ba ck into Proto corintb.ian , ,Ye get lost among seem­ingly related types , some mu ch less convincingly poppy -like (Pl. III b). It may, I suppose, be argued that a shape in pottery, eYen if not derind from a plant-shape, could be assimilated to it - <<little is needed to convert ab strac t forms into fruits>,, says Jacobsthai (3). Pomegranate ­knobs are plent iful, and sometim es stro ngly stylized (Pl. \' a) (;), a fact \\·hich makes poppy­knobs seem plausible, and ind eed sculptural knob s are so common - in the Geometric schools and later - that one natura lly suspects any elaborate knob-shap e of belongin g to that category. A pomegranate -knob often found in Late Archaic .-\.ttic ware occasionally looks as if th e potter was t hinkin g rath er of a poppy-h ead placed upsid e dO\Yll (5). In late fabrics our poppy -shape reappea rs: Pl. Ve shows the knob of an Apulian globu lar pyx is in Dramm en l\Iuseum (G). It s rela tion to the Corinthi an knob s resembles th at of the poppy- heads in Classical painting and relief to our votive model s - broad and rounded, instead of t all and an gular.

Some elements of decoration (ch;efly chessbo::trd and its de ri,·atiYes) ::tre characte risti c of Corinth ian poppies and Corin thian pomegranate:::, \\·hether as knobs or as full-size models (7). One is led to wonder if the orna ment s had a meaning- that dictated the cho ice (8

) . One also "·on­ders why chtho nic symbol s arc so common in the plastic decoration of vases - horses and snakes are other consp icuou s th emes, and so, by the ,1·ay. :ire minia tur e 1·<tse,; C'). It is true that rela ­ti,·ely fc,1- ,·ases haYe such decorntinn. :rnd 1lnt rn,1,-1 of thos, 2 ];c-long 10 a fo11· type;; - but i~ th ere really a distinction of principle lw ,\·ecE tl K,:, :·,_-\': :rnd th e othrr i1nc painted pottery of the Greeks, snonger than the distinc ion bern ·een ,--uch potter :-· and coarse · household \\·are' ) In stress ing the utilitarian and neglecting the rc:ligi0u,: · :,JKCl, are we harking up the \\Tong tree ~

(1 ) Ch. \\- al dstein (ed.), Argi ve Hera eu111 lI (1905. µ. 136; Pc1achor a l], p. 175. E. F. J ohansen (l .S, p. 32,; suggests that the lids ,,·ere used a;-; In:1keshif1:-­

on other ,-a, cs than pyxid~s: H opper (Pna , l;om, I. c. • mentions bet rejects the possibility 1.hat ,hey "·er<: dedicated s<::parately. At T(,cra i.he discrcp .1ncy eh'. not exist (]. Boardman and J . Hayes, Exca, a/i v; .. , a l T., I, 1906 , p. 23 ) , at .-\.etos there was ;1j1parc111h· a slig ht di sc repancy («BSA ", xliii, r 94S, pp. 30 sq .J.

(z) « _-\_-\ " 1940, col. 620 sqq .; J acobsth al, op. cir.. p . 40; Atlirnia n .,-Jgora VIII (1962 ), pl. 10, nu . 2-;::

" ] dI "• lxxx (1965), p . 38. (3) Op. cit., p. 37 . P. 40 on AH JI. fi.c:. 75,.=,

- « not quite n pom egra nate, but frnit-lik,· l'r, ,i. ):°ordhagcn ,rn nld accept th e fuJly clc,·el opcd type :,~ a styl ized poppy -h e<1d, but is he sitant a bt,u l Pro1 .. -corinthian predecessors like VS pl. 12 , 1-3.

(4) Pyxis, Leiden VZV~ 4 (VS pl. rr ,1; Jacobs ­th 2.l, op. cit., fig . 169). On Attic and B oeo ti an p o­m egra na te-kn obs combined wi t h h orses see Canciani in« JdI " 1965, p. 3811. 78; othe r p om cgranntcs in Ci ­Be di n (1) pl. 14,1 (Protoattic); CV Heidelbe rg (3) pl. 124, 4-5 (Cycladic?); ibid. pl. 127,1 (Protocorin -

lU

Lh:~111, ,·1.:·ry large - fur \\·hat kind of , ·asc ?). J:Jera­

(:. · u 1 I l no . 1 2r_J3, pl. 56, is dain1c d as a po1ncgra­:: 2 1,;· lni: ;,1i!:;ilt, in ·,m it~ upp er disc, be a p<lpp\· -hcad < i tht: r, a1nded Yt.:rsion.

' _';°1 l'. _\nas and :\I. Hirin er, Tause11d .Jahrc (19Go), ;): . ::,.~.

u, Ex Thanlc ,\\· Collection; tn appe :.n in Cl/ Sor­', r fr,,c. 1. L itc 4th ccntun ·, nC'ar thC' J,;::rntharos

c;r .. rnp.

17; 1·.~·, pp. 4S :-q (81 Chc,slloar<l u,,ed rcali,ri\:a .lly for l>as ketn-,

j,,;,1;;;t1"!.r"· \". 1 : 1,_i5.1l, pl. IIS ~cf. H. ·r11ornpson, ,L::nm,1ri z,-c1 .-ltl!r: .i(111 .4~n;a \"Ill, p . 14; J,;: SchC'fold, !J :·t" (.;; :·r(id :1 1t11d i ;, re .Yaril&ai ;i 1 I 967 , p. 53) ; fur ro<Jf­tiks, " I:l:C-:.\ ", xli1i, pl. 45, pp. ror sq. (te mpl e- model irnm :\ct vs) ; els ew here npparenr l\· for "· o, ·en ma ic­nal. The textile idea m a y apply here if we supp ose th a t an offe ring might appropriately h a ,·e n fine rib­bon ,icd a bout it.

(9) References for hor ses and miniatur e vases , ,, Jdl ", 1965 , pp. 38 sq.; hors es and snak es , cf. also Xera1J1e·ik os \" 1, p. 27, and liternture there cited.

POPPIES, ~OT PO>fEGl{.\~XfE'.' ---------------------- ---------

Th e clay drinking-cup as an amb i,·alent symbol we meet in a cou plet of th e Anthoi ogy,

il6~ µoL -:-oUz ycd·ljc; 7t"E7tO'rr,µ£,,c·; 0:0'.J z ..:,;:$/.i.cNl

;c;; yc.v6t,.t·ljv, xcxl Ucp' ~ xe:Lcroµ' O:no?&lµ£vo~. (1)

To int erpr et Yases in this spi rit is unfa sh ionab le - since Jahn - and ,•;e shall do well to re ­member hi s injunction neYer to specu lat e beyond our texts. Still, practical versus ritu al is not a Greek distinction. Wh en fea sts were religious, and religion a function of man's daily expe­ri ence, eYeryday things natuially had this sort of ambiYalence, as the pomegranates and poppies can usefully remind us (2) .

The distinction betll'een th ese tw o fruit,.; in art, ,,·hich we: haH: tried to draw, cYiden tly of­ten did not matter to th e artists (3) . 1t i~ interesting to obserH th e extent to which poppies and pomegranates becam e interc hangeable, and useless to spec ul a te \Yhy in our context (which is unkno\\'n ) t\rn poppy-head s made by t,rn craftsmen took the pbce of a pa ir of pomegranates . But \Ye can at least see that th e two syrnboJ s differed in their or igins, and that a difference of emph asis persisted: both facts are reflected in poctn- and :i.rt, which usually couple poppy -cap­su les with ears of corn (Pl. IV, , -d) (4 ) . :\[oclerns will :1.ssociate poppies with sleep and death, and accordi ngly think of them as expressi,·e - as pomegran:i.tes 2.re - cf the dark, mystic side of the 'chthonic '. Th at thou ght of course 11·2.s not foreign to the Greeks (0) ,,·bo from lon g fami ­liarit_1· "·ith the plant kne,r of the narcutic propert ies of rhe j~1icc c".:Lracted from unripe capsules; hut the art -type suggests that our a,:,;ociativns should mn:·,. ofren be ,rith :\lc man's µ7.zc.i,1lo2~

:zp:-c.i and other delicacies of the clas:;ical lnkery ("). _.\ large part of its Yaluc as a rdi giuu~ ~n11hol 1,r1/>.,;·,r ~,1;:1:/,-r:1111 1i1a_1· m,·e, not simply to

its copiou" seeds ('), lm t to the foct tkn 111< · ,;L'cd~ ,rl-r,· ::-, c, -~, -:t: cup ·- unlike th e p, imeg-!·:rna te. l l had in thi~ re;;pl'ct a mn~t ,·en <:rabk importanc,.• 1- ;,!:J i,- l':dl matchcJ 11·i1h barlc,-. Th e manner nf its use in classical fare (nu d,1uln ,,,-.,-uciatcd 111.ci1,i\' \1·:,'.t fc~t i\·:ib ) ,,·a;;, like th e popp_1· in art, ::i cultu ral relic, compar:i.blL'. tu th,· ,·illl:..l u:-l' /\[ ; .,: '.··:: i:1 ,:.;,,,·ificcs: a reflect ion of past ,;lage;; of ccononl\- in rdiginu,: u~age. Sm1·ing poppic, :-till 111,;.t;:.:::-L·d 10 Yirgil's husbandman , though his commentator in later .\ntiq11it1· thought the'. p:1s,.:2.:;e n ca11ed for an explanatory not e, est ,'s11i sirn! fnu,1,·11!11111. He might Jiaq; referred tu Thuc_1·clide.,; l\-.26, whi ch shows that a Greek rustic population in clas::ical times was con-..ciou- of tl:e ,·:due of poppy -;;eccl :15 a su~­taining and concentrated food in an cnwr;;ency sitli:tti,1,.. Fh probably already in Yirgil's day his mention of the poppy had a touch of the unrc~d, nf a :·ctu;·n to the Golden .-'l.ge, the same idea th:i.t is expressed in the Tdlu ,; rl'lid of Ara P aci~.

(1J :\nth. Pal. XI. 43 (Lttc H ell(;!1istic), d . J~cit­zc11stein in NL\- , col. 661 : the scntirm·nt hanlk an ill\· cnt i,,n of the tr aditionalist poet .

(2) Sec E . Langlotz. « \YZRo stoc:, ,,, x\·i (r967), G ,/8, pp. 473 sqq.; B. Shdton, , Jib,, hxx,· (1965 ), p. 257. Cf. also E. Simun, « _-\mik e Kunst »,

,·i (1963), pp. 6 sqq., 011 ,·a.scs and .\mhcstc:ri:1. (3) ] aco bsthal, op. cit., p. 4c. (4) So Callim . liy,11:1. i11 Cer. 44 ; Th eocr. ,·ii, 157

(eel. Go\\·, lI, 1950, p. 169). Pl. Vd sho \\·,; an Earh· Imp eria l bronze coin of Erythroc, in t h,' C.i bi:ict (;f

Coias and :\Icclals, Oslo (the type Syll. Sunnu. Gr., Danish ~ at ional :\In senm 2: Toni:1, 1946, no. 744 , pl. 17).

II

(5) Jmp 1;,:it ,lim:ich · in 11. ,·iii. 306 sq., xi,· . 499 ' Th e ,t, ,·\· that Demeter ate poppy-s(l ed to forget her snrrow :1;a\· be n]d, hut should not be compared for rl'ligi uu:-; :--.1gnirlcc..:1(l' t.(J the 111yth of 1hc pun1cgranatc.

((>) Ycm,.11 ::·. 55 Ui"hl (a weclding-fc.i,,t, ,;ay~

Bo,n a, Greek L.; ic Poein·, 1961, p. 6 ). Athcnaeu~ iii_ 113 cl(::,.;,ib<:~ a b,ead made with poppy-~1.:ed and m oulded rnto mushro 0m-shape, perhaps lik e Pl. Ve )

(7) _.\s maintained in RE XV, col. 2445. (8) Fmcls i 1 lake-, ·illages of the Bronze ,\ge, e.g.,

IC Ben eh, Pa !ii,;uota;1ische .'l!fo11ographie drs Fc der ­scericdes (1931), pp . 41 sq. (\Yasserburg) , 46 (:\1oor­dorf Dullenriecl ). CL RE XV, col. 2435 sq., 2438 .

(9) Geo 1'r;. i. 2r2, with Serv ius ' commentary.

,.,

:\. Sec berg, P oj>j>ics. 110/ j>o111c{!,nn wlcs

- · _...., ·­_..... -------- .. r""' • .s;..-.. -..!, ... ~ Iii·-·~

PLATE I

,/)

a/ O~lo, l 'nin' rsit\· E:11 6906. \' otin' popp,· -h ca<l. b) . ri 1 <l- " · l'n in•rsit,· lc:11 1>00, \'oii,·e poppY-h<'ad. C/ \'oti,·c popp,·­bcad from P crac hora. After P e,.ac/io,-a, J. pl. 25. 1-2 . (Coun cs,· . Briti~h ~chuol at ,\lh ens.J

A. S<:cberg, Poppies, 110/ p n111egm11alt'.~ PLATE 11

IJ) ,/1

1.1), /J), c I' apa ,·er ,,,111111/< r1t111 L. '.')ccd-capsuks. d) Pupp y scccl-capsule , detail.

1,1

.-\. Sechcrg , PoppiC's, 110! ji0111egm11atcs

'J II ' I /".'.

l o-­- :, I

12_::; 1

•

I . II . I) , I/ :,

' ,, ,

PL\TE Ill

:t II. I I II ' ·

/

' ' .

: - : •;

! - .::: ~

I : ' • •.

a_/ Pom, ·gra11.itt· ·rn<'<il'IS .. \ ftc r 1·5 pl. S. 1-3. /,1 l'rut,, c,,ri nrh ia n 1w:-.i~ lid-kn ubs .. \ fkr P eraclwr a JI. pl. .56. (Court esy, 13ritish Schoo l at . .\:hens. )

A. Sccberg, Poppies, 'IIOf pomrgrrnrnlr.\ Pl.:\ TE I\"

Ara P acis , IZomc (dc l a il / .

A. Seeherg, P oppies, 110! pomegrrmates PLU E,.

o ) 1,1

cl .,,

a) L e ide n VZ \' ~ 4, d eta il (Court esy , Rijk smus <:um v;rn O udh c·clen 1 1,J i.c'iclcn I 1 ,,0.<; ri. <lei.a il (Courte ,\· R ijksrn u ­se um Yan O nclhcdc n ) . c) l \ ·xis lid- kn ob , Ap uli an , ~th Cl'n lun·. (C" un e~\· . )) ra111111cn :'IJuse um ). d) Enrh- l rnpt' ri a l coin

o f l ~rythr ae (Co unc,;y, Cab in <.:t of Coi ns a nd :'11,·cla l,. U, lu ) .