AD 2000-Merkblatt ICS 23.020.30 May 2006 edition

Design of

pressure vessels

Design of plain rectangular tubes and sectional headers

AD 2000-Merkblatt

B 5/1

The AD 2000-Merkblätter are prepared by the seven associations listed below who together form the “Arbeitsgemeinschaft Druck-behälter” (AD). The structure and the application of the AD 2000 Code and the procedural guidelines are covered by AD 2000-Merk- blatt G 1.

The AD 2000-Merkblätter contain safety requirements to be met under normal operating conditions. If above-normal loadings are to be expected during the operation of the pressure vessel, this shall be taken into account by meeting special requirements.

If there are any divergences from the requirements of this AD 2000-Merkblatt, it shall be possible to prove that the standard of safety of this Code has been maintained by other means, e.g. by materials testing, tests, stress analysis, operating experience.

Fachverband Dampfkessel-, Behälter- und Rohrleitungsbau e.V. (FDBR), Düsseldorf Hauptverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften e.V., Sankt Augustin Verband der Chemischen Industrie e.V. (VCI), Frankfurt/Main Verband Deutscher Maschinen- und Anlagenbau e.V. (VDMA), Fachgemeinschaft Verfahrenstechnische Maschinen und Apparate, Frankfurt/Main Stahlinstitut VDEh, Düsseldorf VGB PowerTech e.V., Essen Verband der Technischen Überwachungs-Vereine e.V. (VdTÜV), Berlin

The above associations continuously update the AD 2000-Merkblätter in line with technical progress. Please address any proposals for this to the publisher:

Verband der Technischen Überwachungs-Vereine e.V., Friedrichstraße 136, 10117 Berlin

Contents

0 Foreword 1 Scope 2 Calculation quantities and units 3 General

4 Required wall thicknesses 5 Calculation against mainly static loading

due to internal pressure 6 Minimum permitted wall thickness 7 Literature

0 Foreword The AD 2000 Code can be applied to satisfy the basic safety requirements of the Pressure Equipment Directive, principally for the conformity assessment in accordance with modules “G” and “B + F”. The AD 2000 Code is structured along the lines of a self-contained concept. If other technical rules are used in accordance with the state of the art to solve related prob-lems, it is assumed that the overall concept has been taken into account. The AD 2000 Code can be used as appropriate for other modules of the Pressure Equipment Directive or for differ-ent sectors of the law. Responsibility for testing is as specified in the provisions of the relevant sector of the law.

1 Scope

1.1 The following design rules apply to the design of plain rectangular tubes and sectional headers with and

without rows of holes. The design rules apply principally to ductile materials (δ5 ≥ 14 %). They can also be used for less ductile materials if account is taken of the lower duc-tility by having a higher safety factor and a wall thickness ≤ 30 mm.

1.2 The design rules take into account only loadings caused by internal pressure. Any considerable additional loads and moments shall be taken into account sepa-rately. In this case, the manufacturer indicates the magni-tude of the loads and moments and provides evidence that these have been noted.

2 Calculation quantities and units See AD 2000-Merkblatt B 0. Table 1 applies in addition.

AD 2000-Merkblätter are protected by Copyright. The rights of use, particularly of any translation, reproduction, extract of figures, transmission by photomechanical means and storage in data retrieval Systems, even of extracts, are reserved to the author. Carl Heymanns Verlag has taken all reason-able measures to ensure the accuracy of this translation but regrets that no responsibility can be accepted for any error, omission or inaccuracy. In cases of doubt or dispute, the latest edition of the German text only is valid. w

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AD 2000-Merkblatt Page 2 AD-2000-Merkblatt B 5/1, 05. 2006 edition

Table 1. Calculation quantities with symbols and units

Symbol Calculation quantity Unit

b half inside width of the rectangular mm tube parallel to the wall to be calculated

dA1 diameter of the openings or inside mm diameter of the branches

e distance of the opening under mm consideration or of the row of openings from the centre line of the side to be calculated

l half inside width of the rectangular mm tube perpendicular to the wall to be calculated

r1 inside corner radius mm

sv wall thickness of the rectangular tube mm with weakening point and no allowances

t1 centre-to-centre distance of adjacent mm openings in the axial direction

tϕ centre-to-centre distance of adjacent mm openings less than angle ϕ

VA ligament efficiency for a single opening –

VL ligament efficiency for a single opening – in tha axial direction

Vϕ ligament efficiency for two openings – with a diagonal pitch less than angle ϕ

BK, BW, BZ design factors

δ5 elongation at fracture (measured ratio 5) %

ϕ angle of the connecting line of two ° openings to the axial direction of the rectangular tube

3 General

This AD 2000-Merkblatt shall be applied only in conjunc-tion with AD 2000-Merkblatt B 0.

4 Required wall thicknesses

The required wall thicknesses shall be determined accord-ing to clause 9 of AD 2000-Merkblatt B 0. In this:

s = sv + c1 + c2 (1)

and

s = s0 + c1 + c2 (2)

For the recalculation of completed components with wall thickness se,

sv = se – c1 – c2 (3)

5 Calculation against mainly static loading due to internal pressure

5.1 Maximum loading values can occur:

(1) in the corners,

(2) in the middle of the side,

(3) in the ligament between two openings with the calcu-lations for the points designated I to III in Figure 1 to be carried out according to the arrangement of the openings.

Figure 1. Plain rectangular tube with rows of holes

5.2 According to the designs in 5.1, the wall thickness is determined

(1) in the corners as

pSKB

BSK

bps z

/·10··4+

/·10·

= K20 (4)

(2) in the middle of a side as

pSKB

bSKbp

s/·10··4

+/·10

·= W

2

2

v (5)

(3a) in the ligament between two openings in the middle of the side (Figure 1 (section I-I) as

pvSKB

bvSKbp

s LW2

2

Lv

·/·10··4+

·/·10·

= (6)

(3b) in the diagonal ligaments (Figure 1, section II-II) as

xcos··/·10

·=v ϕ

vSKbp

s

p

vSKB

b

·/·10··4+cos·x W2

2

2

ϕ

(3c) in the ligaments with eccentric rows of openings (Figure 1, section III-III) where e shall not exceed 0,5 b

x·/·10·4

+·/·10

·= L

2

2

Lv p

vSK

bvSKbp

s

·)+(–x 2

2

KWWb

eBBB

l

l

l

ϕ

ϕ

(7)

(8)

l

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5.3 The ligament efficiency for two adjacent openings according to Figure 1, section I-I or III-III is

l

AilL

–=

tdt

v (9)

according to Figure 1, section II-II

t

dtv Ai–

= (10)

and for a single opening

bd

v·2

–1= AiA (11)

5.4 If a higher values result from equation (9) and/or (10) than from equation (11), then VA from equation (11) is to be inserted in equations (6) to (8) instead of VL from equa-tion (9) and Vϕ from equation (10).

5.5 Design factors BK, BW and BZ are to be taken from Figures 2, 3 and 4.

Figure 2. Design factor BW for calculating the wall thick-ness of rectangular tubes

Figure 3. Design factor BK for calculating the wall thick-ness of rectangular tubes

l/b

Figure 4. Design factor BZ for calculating the wall thick-ness of rectangular tubes

6 Minimum permitted wall thickness

The minimum permitted wall thickness se is 3 mm.

7 Literature

[1] Schwaigerer, S: Festigkeitsberechnung von Bauele-menten des Dampfkessel-, Behälter- und Rohrleitungs-baues. (Strength calculation for components for steam boiler, vessel and pipework construction). 2nd revised edition (1970), Springer-Verlag.

[2] TRD Technische Richtlinie Dampfkessel (Technical Guidelines for Steam Boilers) – TRD 320 – April 1975 edition. Carl Heymanns Verlag.

[3] WBV Werkstoff- und Bauvorschriften für Anlagen der Dampf- und Drucktechnik (Material and construction requirements for steam and pressure equipment. BV 12-9/74. VEB-Verlag Technik, Berlin

ϕ ϕ

ϕ

Des

ign

fact

or B

W

Des

ign

fact

or B

K

Des

ign

fact

or B

Z

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